Historical Weather Accounts from Wales: an Assessment of Their

Aberystwyth University

Historical Weather Accounts from Wales: An Assessment of their Potential for Reconstructing Climate Macdonald, Neil; Jones, Cerys Ann; Davies, Sarah Jane; Charnell-White, Cathryn Angharad

Published in: Weather DOI: 10.1002/wea.418 Publication date: 2010 Citation for published version (APA): Macdonald, N., Jones, C. A., Davies, S. J., & Charnell-White, C. A. (2010). Historical Weather Accounts from Wales: An Assessment of their Potential for Reconstructing Climate. Weather, 65(3), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.418

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Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 72 Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 potential for reconstructing climate Wales: anassessmentoftheir weatherHistorical accounts from Jacobeit term (Starkel, climate variability 2002; nized asvaluableinunderstandinglong- records documentary areHistorical recog- Introduction 3 2 1 Charnell-WhiteCathryn Sarah J. Davies Cerys A.Jones Neil Macdonald ies suchasEdinburgh (Dawson for cit- instrumental seriesexist,particularly Scotland ismore limited. long-term Some the valueofthesearchives in Wales and detailed climate record for England, but weather catalogue(1861–)provide a Temperature (1772–)andtheLamb Series et al Macdonald et al. andothernotable eventsextremes (Brazdil andmagnitude of thefrequency in particular inrural regions,ing ofclimaticvariability and potential for developing abetter understand- records offerDocumentary considerable of uplandandrural areas (Symons, 1878). and cities, resulting inpoorrepresentation sites wereMost located inlowland towns 96 precipitation monitoring sites in Wales. (Mayes, 2000). Atlantic to variationsintheNorth sensitivity the western for fringesofBritain,known its would provide valuable information from last several hundred years. Sucharecord andweather duringthe ability extremes a detailed reconstruction ofclimate vari- historical documentsfrom Wales to provide ences. This article examines thepotential of any detailedexaminationofregional differ- instrumental period(~1750–),preventing areaswestern duringthe andnorthern inthese understanding ofclimate variability stations in and Scotland Wales have limited area and alower ofinstrumental density The distance from thecentral England University ofLiverpoolUniversity National Library ofWalesNational Library University, WalesAberystwyth The listed 1877volume ofBritishRainfall ., 2006a). In the UK, theCentral theUK, ., 2006a).In England , 2005). In , 2005).In Wales, there hasbeenlittle et al et al. ., 2003;Lamb, 2005;Brazdil , 2008),buttheseare few. 2 2 1 and et al. , 2004; 3 historical climate analysis within theUKhave surprising thatprevious studiesaddressing numerous regional archives, itisperhaps of in theNationalLibrary Wales, alongwith ing. Given thewealth ofdocumentshoused account mean- lenges indefiningtheexact may beregionally specific– presents chal- – even theterminology withintheaccounts accessing andunderstandingthesesources increasing inlocatingthem; thedifficulty (unless contained withinspecialcollections), sourcesHistorical are widelydispersed often and Welsh, whichare unreadable by many. ten recorded in Welsh, of English oramixture assources areperhaps beenundertaken of- ysis ofthehistorical climatology of Wales has events around the Welsh coast. Limited anal- tsunami identification ofearthquake-related (2007)focused onthe by HaslettandBryant climatic source materials, andrecent work (1958; 1967)providing briefreviews ofagro- from historical documents, withOliver detailed assessmentofthe climate record Chronological sequence of the principalsources examined todate. Table 1 Brut y Tywysogion 684 1330 Intermittent (The Chronicles Intermittent (The Intermittent 1188 Summer Carols 1330 954 I’r 1555 HafOer ofweather records Description 1188 Records Carreglwyd Estate Finish 684 Giraldus Cambrensis 682 Brut y Tywysogion Start Annales Cambriae ofSource Name/type Daniel Walters 1780s Daily diary entries Dailydiary 1780s Travelogue 1781 (Gwallter Mechain) Walter Davies April 7 Daniel Walters 1773 Llandeilo 1762 of Dafydd Wiliam Thomas Pennant William Thomas rne ald ihenhCnuyFor aspecificyear 1Jan Eighteenth Century D. O. Jones Printed Ballads 6517 For aspecificsummer and/or Poem ononespecificyear 1776 Intermittent 1555 1625 1864 1555 1329 1797 1846 Daily diary entries(intermittent) Dailydiary 1846 Balladononespecific year 1797 1785 1785 1934 31 Jan 1795 2000 are potentially available, andisthusneither illustrate therangeofarchival sources that presentedtion oftexts here isdesigned to weather andclimate in Wales. The selec- sourcesably withinthetext) relating to multiple languagesare used interchange- English andbilingual(ormacaronic –where materials from tion ofdocumentary Welsh, (Tabletexts investiga- 1)from apreliminary records, andballads. andeven poetry farm andestate records, council andparish ofsourcesvariety includespersonaldiaries, chronicle theweather orclimate. The wide document, butoccasional sources directly as atangentialpointto themainfocus ofthe and climate, inadescriptive often manner are numerous sources discussing weather intheworld.lections Within theseaccounts of col-Welsh andhistory languageliterary Wales managesoneofthelargest collections sources from Wales. of The NationalLibrary overlooked thepotential contribution of In this article, we identifyaseriesofkey thisarticle, In Tours ofWales of thePrinces) Daily diary entries Daily diary the previous winter and Reports Daily diary entries Daily diary Historical weather accounts from Wales Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 73 . . produces produces when crops when crops . However, there are are there . However, . Interestingly, Gerald . Interestingly, (Gerald of Wales, 1978) Wales, of (Gerald temperate and healthy, the and healthy, temperate The wind blew with such unprecedented The wind blew with such unprecedented of South that the shores Wales violence and the denuded of sand, completely were subsoil which had been buried deep for so revealed. more once was centuries, many standing in the visible, trunks became Tree and with the sea with their tops lopped off, as clear as if they the axes cuts made by sea had been felled only yesterday…the of a a forest took on the appearance shore at the time of the Flood… cut down grove, that conger- so fiercely The tempest raged up on driven other fish were eels and many the high rocks of different weather descriptions in the the in descriptions weather of different It that the dictionary is anticipated future. the research as evolve and will develop of further the examination expands through not been have monastic records Whilst texts. potentially they may date, to considered study. future valuable dataset for a provide con- of a selectionA review of key sources follows. date to sidered Geographical descriptions descriptions Geographical and travelogues of description of the topography earliest The Born in Cambrensis. is that of Giraldus Wales Gerald 1145 at Manorbier in Pembrokeshire, known, has become as he was Wales, of and part Norman. He was veryWelsh part connected with the higher echelons of well society and travelled Welsh both English and to books relevant two He wrote extensively. in Wales a diary of based on his tour Wales: 1188 and a description of the geography in conditions and social and economic a unique insight into represent These Wales. of the twelfth at the close century. life Welsh in these accounts Most of the references general climatic conditions. describe more the climate Llanthony, around example, For is described as air soothing and clement Here, specific references. more occasionally he describes the impacts Sands at Newgale that storm of a terrific in Pembrokeshire in 1171/1172: Wales of the coast battered An abundance of wine for sale is referred sale is referred of wine for An abundance birthplace of Manorbier Gerald’s around to although this does not nec- (Pembrokeshire), warmer climatic conditions. essarily indicate Gerald also provides us with an insight into us with an insight into Gerald also provides The being practised. the types of agriculture of Brecknock,County example, for amount of corn a great in often brought that supplies were notes the neighbouring partfrom of England during times of shortage, an example of Similarly, stress. to in response cooperation the notable fertility to of the island referring that Gerald states of Anglesey, this island, in all other regions, failed have the richness of its soil and its abundant from has been able to supply all Wales produce,

1773; cenllysg ), the use of (fourteenth (fourteenth rhewog , meaning ‘old ‘old , meaning rhewlyd hendre

(eighteenth–nineteenth (eighteenth–nineteenth c. 1730; c. within the property name. ) and graze their animals in the their animals in ) and graze rhewllyd; rhewin During the winter months, ani- months, During the winter . used in the south, but rhewaidd hendre hafod 1837; llifiad; llifad; llifiant; llifant llifiad; llifad; or cesair The spatial distribution of dialects, the The in the north), and the evolution of words in the north), of words and the evolution frosty: (e.g. alternative words in differing regions (e.g. (e.g. regions in differing words alternative hail: century); rhewol of earli- are provided – the dates centuries)) the complexity – increased est attestations the historical and analysing of compiling a consid- issues represent These accounts. of source erable challenge in the analysis a dictionary of weather- Therefore materials. facilitate was constructed to terms related of and aid in the recognition this research the whilst recording unfamiliar language, allowing variability, spatial and temporal determination reliable a quicker and more Sources has significant- Wales political historyThe of the spatial distribution and ly influenced types of documentary recorded material or a mixture English, two of the Welsh, in and suppressed Initially invaded languages. Welsh I in the thirteenth Edward by century, and are not uncommon were rebellions until the sixteenth century recorded (Davies, and subsequent subju- invasion The 1994). in a strong resulted gation of the populace history local a result, As is identity. Welsh through (or retold Welsh in often recorded language), whilst official (gov- Welsh the in English are ernmental and legal) records in Over time this resulted (or Latin/French). writing in both English Welshmen educated reflect this accounts Numerous Welsh. and bilingualism, such as the writings of Iolo 1747–1826 (Charnell-White, Morganwg of the Morris brothers 2007) and the letters 1993). 1907; Johnston, of Anglesey (Davies, of a single defined historically absence (e.g. and terms words many spelling for flood: is a strong contrast between the upland the upland between contrast is a strong uplands The Wales. of regions and lowland via- of commercially at the margins are hill to over given and largely ble farming coastal whilst lower-lying sheep farming, fertile more much and are areas and alluvial climatic favourable more with productive cen- eighteenth Until the late conditions. common was of transhumance a form tury, the of (some regions Wales practice across still farmed using Mountains are Cambrian this practice). months, During the summer resi- their summer to move farmers would ( dence mountains mals were brought down to shelter in val- shelter to down brought mals were the farmer relocating areas, and coastal leys ( the main residence to dwelling’). Today many homes across Wales Wales across homes many Today dwelling’). transient farm- the historic the links to retain buildings retaining with many ing practices, hafod accord- 2001). The The 2001). et al., less favourable less favourable Agriculture has historically played a vital a vital played has historically Agriculture The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) NorthThe (NAO) Oscillation Atlantic role in the economy of Wales, particularly Wales, of in the economy role a have communities where in rural areas link with the natural environment strong 80% of Approximately and its variability. as designated land is increase in precipitation is brought about is brought in precipitation increase of Atlantic- in the occurrence an increase by westerly in the strong born depressions airflow (Wheeler 1997). and Mayes, is based on the EU (this designation ing to both socio-economic and environmental sensitivityThe of farming commu- factors). climatic variability to Wales nities in west the devastating impact by is highlighted on the snowiest of the 1946/1947 winter, in January, snowstorms Severe record. 1947 caused the loss and March February numbers of sheep in the moun- of large to example, for leading, tains of mid-Wales in permanent abandonment of farmsteads (Jones, 2007). Sheep Valley Tywi the upper consid- also suffered farmers in the region erable losses during earlier harsh winters There 2005). in 1814 and 1895 (Howells, has a strong relationship with precipita- relationship has a strong phases winters NAO tion: during positive dur- whereas mild, and typically wet are drier and phase they are ing the negative 1995; Hurrell (Hurrell, colder Wales and the weather Wales although gener- Wales, of topography The main of three consists ally hilly throughout, In the south, running west upland areas. (Bannau Beacons the Brecon are east to Brycheiniog) and the Black Mountains (Y Cambrian Duon), whilst the Mynyddoedd in a north–south oriented Mountains are highest The mid-Wales. direction through in the north- be found to mountains are peaks over with several of the country, west the Wyddfa), (Yr1000m, including Snowdon Wales. highest mountain in England and an importantpresents control Topography and local weather, regional in determining evident along rainfall gradient with a strong reflecting the steep coast, much of the west Over three-quartersWelsh relief. of the making the coastline, is defined by border country changes in the to highly sensitive mid-latitude circulation westerly prevailing the North over originating Atlantic. systems chronologically continuous, nor exhaustive. exhaustive. nor continuous, chronologically language dictionary and Welsh of current A types of different for terms past regional 1, after the (Appendix is presented weather not of terms aware are if you References); We contactincluded please authors. the study of historical this pilot how consider can be further devel- Wales from records weather insights into new provide oped to variabilityand climate the on the fringes of of social North the nature and into Atlantic climatic extremes. to responses 74 Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 Historical weather accounts from Wales multiple sources for cross-validation. lighting theneedfor cautionwhenusing for theinformation inthesesources, high- tury. Pennant appears to bethemainsource travelogues from theearlynineteenth cen- incident isreferred to innumerous other the oldestinhabitants by sogeneralknown adelugeintheseparts ing height river rose atRuthin(River Clwyd) Pennant notes thatonthesameday, the and muchofthevillagePandy destroyed. livestockstones transported, swept away lowing atorrential downpour, withhuge Llyn Tegid (BalaLake),burstitsbanksfol- Twrch, whichflows from BwlchyGroes into ofanewspaper account. insertion The River is describedinsomedetailthrough the ofNorth which affectedWales, large parts at Llanuwchllyn, nearBala,on20June1781, dates are notgiven. However, amajorflood is mentioned, againspecificlocationsand are notdated andwhilstregular flooding and 1783.Unfortunately, mostdescriptions 1773 and1776,produced initiallyin1781 largely onthree separate journeys between was publishedintwo volumes andbased Catherall, in1851.Pennant’s Cambrian Tourists He hasbeenreferred to as the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries. of many travelogues describing Wales in Thomas Pennant wasoneofthefirstauthors for scenic pleasure through theBritishIsles. leading to anincrease inpeopletravelling als ofthePicturesque rose to prominence, subject matter.subject composed by awoman anditsremarkable to thatitwas two novelty factors: survival in ofthegentry preserve Wales. owes It its whichwasthe of formal poetry strict-metre in Welsh. This poembelongsto therealm source specificallyaddressing theweather the cold summer of1555;itprovides anearly I’r 1555 HafOer cold summerof1555) I’r 1555(The Haf Oer Poetry During thelate 1700s, theaestheticide- Mewn camamser hannerha’.Mewn oerfel eira gwynt Mae wnbyth, a’iNi gwela’; miagoelia’ ryfeddod, Gwyliwch –beth hi. ynllehafyw Gaeaf Am waithDuwniwaethdewi, A chynllwyn poboerni; chenllysg glaw addawGwynt morddifri–a Ond troi gaeaftragywydd. gwresNid odesundydd dailnewydd; Yn dryllio drallod buan,cadarna’rGwynt coedydd –ar I’r Oer, Haf 1555 andclaimedthat is auniquepoemdetailing by alater traveller, William (Pennant, 1810). This there never was A

the Father of Tour inWales to anamaz-

unidentified. have beenrecorded, andasyet remain likely thatmore accounts ofthisnature drawing assuchitis themalltogether; individual pieces, withnosinglesource spelt ‘Tregeiriog’). The summercarols are central Wales, Y Pandy, Trerhiwedog (now to subject Welsh laws andcustoms) and, in Norman rule, lyingwest ofOffa’s but Dyke, –commotesnear Mold were under districts (Snowdonia) and Ystrad Alun(acommote Wales thearea reflecting around Trefriw three principalregions: two areas innorth given year. Carols have beenidentified from insight into thegeneral climate for the previous winter, andsoprovide avaluable ofthedescribe thesummerincontext atownoften orvillage. Generically, they and 1776. The carols cover aspecificregion, ofthesesourcesfifteen existbetween 1625 within theform ofa a seriesofindividualrecollections recorded tion by C.A.Jones.) edited by C.Charnell-White, Englishtransla- The summer of1785 Wiliam’sDafydd poemofthedry Carolau Haf(Summercarols) and (Modern Welsh version of version Welsh(Modern sangthis Hywel sonof Catherine daughter ofGruff: tive [too]. [And] itisholdingthewholeworld cap- This madnesshasconfined one/me, Alas we don’t believe init; sought, Merlin’s way, theeloquentsorcerer, was [in]midsummer.Mistimed There isacold windlikesnow wind across before; thethingwhichI’veIn never come believe Beware thewonder whichIsee– iswinter instead ofsummer.It God’s work, keepingquietabout isnotworth It ofcoldness; Plotting allkinds Driving rainandhailcome soearnestly, Only eternal winter. even] oneday, There isnoheatfrom thesunshine[for Scattering newleaves; distress strongSwift, windandthetrees –in To thecold summer, 1555 apHowelCathering verch aik.’ Gruff: Fo byd dry’r igyd yngaeth. Fo droes unydrudaniaeth, choeliwnni Ni ‘sywaeth; chwilied Y ffordd ganFerddin, ŵrffraeth–a Carolau Haf, or Summer carols, carol I’r 1555 HafOer (song);over repre sent

bont, asfollows: hymnist, Dafydd Wiliam ofLlandeilo Tal-y- by summerof1785isdepicted the the dry lads oftheeighteenth century. For example, climatic extremes, includingtheprinted bal- of theweather events. andextreme vide aninsightinto prevailing perceptions Furthermore, thesepoemsand hymns pro- other sources from thesametimeperiod. vide areference pointfor comparison with ed inpopularliterature. These may pro- which were significant enoughto berecord- However, theydopointto individualevents considered reliable descriptionsofweather. throughout numerous similarsources. and divineretribution, acommon theme between thevagariesofweather C. Charnell-White). ruining allourfruitsandyield summer’s rivers, wiltingwoods, day–isdrying righteousness –thewarmth andheatofa we reap of whatwe Godwithhissickle sow; about by oursins;thescripture tellsusthat ( Difa’n a’n ffrwythydd hollgnwd. Sychu ’fonydd, gwiwo’n coedydd, Gwres brwd, aphoethderhaf-ddydd Duwâ’rMae ogyfiawnder, crymman y’sgrythur, Medd hebddimcwyn; Yr hadahauirhwnnw fedir, einpechodauyneiddwyn; Mae Dyma’r crop, athyma’r ffrwythau, Glamorgan to takethepositionof teacher, was educated inOxford andreturned to Glamorgan duringthe1780s. Daniel Walters 1787) describetheweather inthe Vale of document weather-related comments. of theoriginal scriptswere examined to the original manuscripts. copies Microfiche concerning theweather contained within version omitted many ofthediscussions published by Denning(1995),but this of thewritings William Thomas was been lost.Anabridgedandedited version have beenwritten andhave subsequently earlier diariesareas aschoolmaster; likelyto villages withinwhich William Thomas lived thetowns in1762and reflect and start aswellactivities, astheweather. The diaries focus onlocalpeopleand a particular record manyofeveryday life, aspects with in the Vale ofGlamorgan. The diaries (1762–1795) of thelate eighteenth century provide avaluableinsightinto theweather The diariesof William Thomas (1727–1795) WaltersDaniel The diariesofWilliam Thomasand Personal diaries Here isthecrop, here are thefruitsbrought Other popular literary sources refer popularliterary Other to Taken inisolation,theserecords cannotbe isinteresting toIt note theclearlink The diariesofDaniel Walters (1762– ) (Translation ) (Translation Rhuf. 8.7. 2 Cor. 9.6. Rhuf. 2.6. Gal. 6.8. Historical weather accounts from Wales Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 75 , 1999) , 1999) et al. , 1999) accounts. , 1999) accounts. et al. (2007) and compared to to (2007) and compared et al. In order to produce a time series of cli- produce to In order and fluvial (Brazdil and fluvial (Brazdil in the diaries of contained information The a series of into Jones was converted D.O. applied 2) using the approach (Table indices Gimmi by records the mean daily gauged river-flow are slices time Two catchments. nearby from examine the suitability to of the considered of this period, with comments relating to the the to relating comments with period, of this the weather. of the farm and daily running recorded predominantly are accounts The sections; English with occasional Welsh in of particular made the comments are note of 1947 and 1963 winters the concerning 1988 (an of 1976 and and the summers diaries The 2). in Figure is shown excerpt of particular Jones are interest of D.O. in which many a period as they cover instrumental startedcatchments provide to the documentarydata (1960s– ), allowing in comparison be analysed to accounts examine the series to the instrumental to and suitability for of the records reliability past reconstruction. docu- from information matic variability, mentary be classified to needs accounts for (numeric form) of indices a series into applied this studies have previous analysis; climatic (Pfister to approach

Figure 2. Account from the diary of D.O. Jones from 6 to 9 March 1963. 6 to 9 March from Jones the diary from of D.O. 2. Account Figure (Walter Davies, 6 March 1822.) 6 March (Walter Davies, After an uncommon wet summer, Harvest summer, wet After an uncommon antic- dry much and Autumn, was weather appre- when in common ipated in Winter, hension Dry season would at that weather A nights frost, so. but not been frosti have yet have all we was three maueby or two, in the day then it thawed had; and even metero- Which led for by is auon time. on the theoryrologists earth wet that is a or preserver conductor of heat in greater the interior of the earth than a dry earth 1821). Winter (Walter Davies, saw. the RhiwThe highest flood in I ever a very high flood: In April was 1808 there find To inches higher. but this is several must go back to the flood we a greater and flood in the year Rodney Hurricane 1782. The diaries of D.O. Jones are the most most the Jones are diaries of D.O. The His chronicle documents considered. recent his family around the weather records of Ifan in the upland region Ysbyty farm at until 1934 (near Bala) from Wales northwest diaries include daily The his death in 2000. the duration for descriptions of the weather The weather chronicle of D.O. Jones of D.O. chronicle The weather (1934–2000) Figure 1. Excerpt from the diaries of Walter Davies (Davies, 1810). (By per- the diaries of Walter from 1. Excerpt Figure National Library of Wales). Genedlaethol Cymru/The mission of Llyfrgell Walter Davies (also known by his bardic known (also his bardic Davies by Walter Mechain) name of Gwallter was an educated in Montgomeryshire born and Welshman, Com- Cambridge. and at Oxford educated in of Agriculture the Board missioned by undertake1797 to a survey of the economic was later his remit Wales, situation of North the whole coun- encompass to broadened vol- published in three His findings were try. 1810, 1815a, umes in 1810 and 1815 (Davies, he travelled his life, Throughout 1815b). often recording Wales, widely throughout weather the general concerning information 1) and describing notable events (Figure within his diaries and field notebooks. The diaries of Walter Davies The diaries of Walter (1761–1849) and subsequently Head, of Cowbridge of Cowbridge Head, subsequently and The SchoolGrammar (Warburton, 1985). known better are Walters Daniel writings of with Iolo the detailed correspondence for of Edward name (the bardic Morganwg during this period. 1747–1826) Williams: represent sets of diaries two these That time period means cross- an overlapping confidence and greater validation is possible climatic reconstruction in any can be placed this time period. over 76 Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 Historical weather accounts from Wales season of1988. These are bothidentifiedas wet September(1976),andthewet summer given summerwitha astheyrepresent adry approach: theperiods1976and1988are (1 June – 30 September 1988). (1 June–30September Figure weather 4.Relationshipbetween indices andregional river discharge (1 June – 30 September 1976). (1 June–30September Figure weather 3. Relationshipbetween indices andregional river discharge range appliedinFigures 3and4). Weather indices (thenumerical tr 5 4 3 2 1 Storm 0 / Rain Wet Showers Drizzle /Foggy /FairDry /Close Drought /Hot Table 2 ete yeIndiciesvalue Weather type son for therecord; inassessingafarmer’s helpstoas thisoften determine therea- of therecorder’s motive important, isoften assessing ahistorical account, consideration historical records detailingtheweather. In days raisesaconcerndry whenconsidering between theeveningdisparity storms and orevening withafternoon storms. dry The state thatdaysoften would bewarmand diarised accounts clarifiesthis, asthediaries ticularly the ‘storms’. Further analysis ofthe accounts, andpar-against documentary summer of1988appearto correlate poorly records, buttheriver-flow records for the (Figure 3)relate well to thegaugedriver-flow within theUK(Figures 3and4). representing seasonalexamples extreme The accounts from thesummerof1976 not carefully considered. inwhichtheywereif thecontext written is focus) thatmay provide amisrepresentation (e.g.highlights someoftheaspects recorder tive accounts. analysis also This preliminary fidence thatcanbeplaced within descrip- valuable tool inverifying thevalueandcon- region. The diariesofD.O. Jonesprovide a event ofanextreme onthe the likelyimpact roleevents in canalsoplay animportant ofthe weatherspatial andtemporal extent the likelygenerating mechanismsandthe ofthedescription.Anunderstanding ity relatively low flows compared to thesever- are located inlowland reaches), hence the lowland rivers (mostoftheriver gauges would rarely causeanincrease inflow within summer storms, which,althoughintense, the accounts thenature reflect ofconvective normal. The descriptionsofstorms within humidday thatrepresentsdry theseasonal chronicled ingreater detailcompared to a (e.g. thestorm thatdamagedcrops) willbe uponthefarmer that may impact directly diary, itshouldbeanticipated thatevents mental change. andsocial responsesvariability to environ- to yieldvaluable information onclimatic families, thesesources have thepotential from ethical issuesandagreed co-operation However, withdueconsideration to such due to thepotential intrusion to thefamily. diaries may notbepossibleorappropriate family. somecasesextensive reviews In of heirlooms torepresent surviving important of adeeplypersonalnature, andassuch containoften familydetailsandcomments considerable amountsofinformation, but diaries, suchasthoseof D.O. Jones, contain inprivateoften familycollections. Personal records; theseare widelydispersedand have become aware ofnumerous similar tool. we onthisproject, Since embarking accounts providedocumentary avaluable exist inmany rural areas; intheseregions mental period, few longinstrumentalseries accounts overlapmentary withtheinstru- yet barely examined. Althoughsomedocu- farming communities isconsiderable, butas potential for documented accounts within that, to date, have notbeenanalysed. The contain weather andclimate information considerable numberofsources to known remains to beexaminedfor Wales, witha the late century. twentieth good instrumentalcoverage isunlikelyuntil interest inremoteof particular areas where ering pastweather andclimate. Diariesare represent anuntappedresource inconsid- theweather,and particularly andasyet relationship between farming, environment for several generations theclose reflecting Diaries are regularly maintainedonfarms Discussion A wealth of documentary informationA wealth ofdocumentary Historical weather accounts from Wales Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 77

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. Translated by Thorpe L. Penguin L. Penguin Thorpe by Translated . Climatic Change Brazdil R, Valáˇ R, Brazdil Documentary of an economic evidence of the study for character a source as extremes and hydrological meteorological and their impacts on human activities. Annaler Geogfiska H, von Wanner C, R, Pfister Brazdil J. H, Luterbacher Storch climatology in Europe – the state of the – the state in Europe climatology art. Change C Charnell-White Brazdil R, Glaser R, Pfister C, R, Glaser R, Pfister Brazdil JM, Barriendos Antoine P, Dobrovolny Deutsch M, Enzi S, D, M, Camuffo Rodrigo FS. O, Kotyza Guidoboni E, of selected European events 1999. Flood in the sixteenth century. rivers Internal Improvement: London. London. Internal Improvement: WAM. Davies Improvement: and Internal Agriculture London. WAM. Davies of South and domestic economy agriculture of Brecon, the counties containing Wales; Caermarthen, Glamorgan, Cardigan, 2. Vol. Radnor, Pembroke, Improvement: and Internal Agriculture London. WAM. Davies agriculture and domestic economy of North and domestic economy agriculture of Anglesey, the counties containing Wales; Meirionydd, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint Montgomery. of South and domestic economy agriculture of Brecon, the counties containing Wales; Caermarthen, Glamorgan, Cardigan, 1. Vol. Radnor, Pembroke, Davies Walter 117) Diaries of (Crosswood 1822–1845. from various periods for 1757B. Request: NLW Non-OPAC Lockett P, A, Elliot L, Mayewski Dawson P, Wahams T, K, Holt Noone S, Hickey P, I. Foster in the North Atlantic ‘see-saws’ climate region. national, regional and personal identity and personal regional national, Morganwg. vision of Iolo in the bardic Cardiff. Press: Wales of University J. Davies 736 pp. London. Books Ltd: JH. Davies Morris of and John William Richard, Anglesey (Morrisiaid Môn) 1728–1765 Aberystwyth).(2 vols, published. Privately WAM. Davies Through Wales Through Wales Classics: London. Pfister C, J, Luterbacher Gimmi U, H. Wanner long precipitation series using system- long precipitation observationsatic descriptive in weather diaries: the example of the precipitation (1760–2003). Bern, Switzerland series for Climatol. Appl. Theor. Denning RTW (ed.) Thomas: of Michaelston-super-Ely, William 1762–1795 Glamorgan: near St Fagans, a transcript from abridged and edited Wales GH. South JB and Rhys Davies by County South Glamorgan Society, Record Libraries & Arts Dept: Cardiff. Wales of Gerald , et al.

Hydrolog. Sci. J. Hydrolog. 739–764. 2006a. Historical hydrology for studying for 2006a. Historical hydrology flood risk in Europe. 51: Bradzil R, Kundzewicz ZW, Benito G. ZW, R, Kundzewicz Bradzil Estate records are a logical development development a logical are records Estate References This articleThis on the preliminary focused has findings of a pilot project, which has identi- amount of mate-fied that a considerable and rial exists documenting past weather within the language Welsh in the mate cli key texts examined with a few British Isles, both of periods where analysis The here. documentary and instrumental series exist value of docu- the potential has exemplified understand- mentary for as a tool accounts increased and and climate ing past weather further in extending the record confidence the work, enabled by Future back in time. medium postgraduate Welsh of a awarding Cerysstudentship to Jones at Aberystwyth by the issues raised will address University, this article and further expand the current 2500 includes over date dataset, which to the twelfthentries between and the twenty- development Another future first century. of the project the scope broaden will be to of social responses examine the nature to and conditions environmental changing to plan to we Inclimatic extremes. particular, and lowland upland from records compare their differing examine to Wales in regions sensitivities. Conclusions 2006b). Numerous estate records are found found are records estate 2006b). Numerous of the National Libraryarchives within the of across archives in regional as as well Wales, documents In some cases, the country. a particular to back relating date estate papers example, For centuries. several on Anglesey, Estate the Carreglwyd from Wales, Libraryhoused within the National of 1329 and 1864. between the period cover within available typeThe of information but is variable, records individual estate bills include personal correspondence, may with along and farm records and accounts A legal documents. title deeds and other records of estate investigation systematic an importantwill form partnext of the Network Archives The phase of this project. is (www.archivesnetworkwales.info) Wales a helpful providing database, a searchable in sources means of identifying potential is This and national archives. both regional likely to are but there a valuable resource, opportunities undiscovered more be many collections. dispersed widely in private from the journals of individual farmers; of individual farmers; the journals from has been undertaken work extensive on (Brazdil within Europe such sources 78 Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 Historical weather accounts from Wales

Appendix 1 English–Welsh weather dictionary (with regional dialects/variations), compiled using Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru at www.aber.ac.uk/geiriadur Arid Cras, sychder, sychgras Aridity crasineb, crinedd, poethwg, sychdwr Autumn Cynhaeaf, cynhaef, echwydd (ŵy), elfed, hydref, hyddfref, hydrew, mesyryd, syrthiad y dail Autumnal equinox Alban Elfed, cyhydedd (y) cynhaeaf, cyhydnos yr hydref Autumn fallow Braenar Mihangel, branar Mihangel, brynar Mihangel Autumnal Cynaeafaidd, cynaeafol, hydrefol Autumn wind Hydrefwynt Wet Harvest Cynhaeaf brith Dry Caledu, celffeinio, clyd, cras, crasineb, craslyd, crimstio, crimstennu, crino, di-ddŵr, diddwfr, diffrwytho, dihysbydd, dyhysbydd, di-nodd, dinodd, dysychu, disychu, gogrisbin, gwyw, hyglyd, hysbydd, hisbydd, sbyngllyd, ysbyngllyd, sych, sychedig, sychiedig, sychgola, sychlyd Dry weather Hindda, himdda, hinda, sychin, teg Dryness Agarwedd, hysbedd, sychder, sychdod, sychdra, sychdwr, syched, sychedfod Dry land Crastir, Daearlan, sychdir, tir coch, tir cras, tir sych Drought Gwresog, poethni, sychder, sychdod, sychdwr, syched, sychedfod, sychin Earthquake Crynfa daear, crynfa’r ddaear, daear gychwyn, daeargryd, daeargryn, daear grŷn, daeargrynedigaeth, daeargrynfa, daear grynfa, daeargryniad, daear gryniad, dirgryniad, terfysgiad Fog / mist Caddug, ceden, crwybr, cwybr, ffasach, ffaslas, ffóg, ffeg, ffogen, mwrl, mwrllwch, mygdarth, mwgdarth, nifwl, niwl, niwyl, niwlach, niwliach, nudd, smwcan, ysmwcan, tarth Foggy / misty Caddugaidd, cadduglyd, caddugol, ffoglyd, mwll, mwrlaidd, myglyd, mwglyd, nifwlog, nifylog, niwlog, niwliog, tarthlyd, tarthog, tarthiog Flood (a) Aches, adlif, anlloedd, anlloeth, anllwyth, anoddun, anoddyn, bawdd, boddfa, cefnddwr, cefnfor, cenlli, cenllif, cefnllif, cyfor, dilyw, diliw, dŵr mawr, dyfrlif, dyfrllif, dylad, dylif, dylifiant, ffrwd, glawddwr, glawddwf, gorddwr, gorddwfr, gorlanw, gorllanw, gorlif, gorllif, gorlifiad, gorllifiad, gorlifiant, gorllifiant, gweilgi, gwylltlif, hèg (in river), llanw, lliant, llif, lli, llifair, llifddwr, llifddwfr, llifeiriant, llifddeiriant, llifiad, llifad, llifiant, llifant, mordwy, rhedlif, rhuthrlif, rhyferthin, rhyferthwy(ad), trenllif, ymchwydd (to) flood Boddi, dilywio, dylifo, llifeirio, llifhau Flood-water Dŵr llwyd Frost Chwipio rhewi (to freeze hard), crimprew, iâ, iaeth, iaaeth, rhew, tanr(h)ew (severe) Frosty Iaeth, iaaeth, llwydrewlyd, llwydrewllyd, rhewaidd, rhewin, rhewllyd, rhewlyd, rhewog, rhewol Hoar-frost Arien, barrug, crwybr, cwybr, glasrew, gorewi, gorwydr, iâ, iaf, llwydrew, llwytra, llwytro Free from frost Gwresogwlyb Jack Frost Jac y Rhew, Siôn Barrug Hail Cenllysg, cenllyst, cynllysg, cenllysglaw, cesair, ceseirlaw (mingled with rain), cesirio Hailstone Carreg genllysg, carreg gesair, cenllysg, cynllysg, cesair, maen cenllysg Ice Durew, iâ, rhew

Icy Durew, iaeth, iaaeth, rhewaidd, rhewllyd, rhewlyd, rhewog, rhewol (Continued )

Historical weather accounts from Wales Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 79

Continued ) (

Spring fallow braenar gwanwyn, branar gwanwyn, brynar gwanwyn brynar gwanwyn, branar gwanwyn, braenar fallow Spring

Spring Cyntefin, eilir, gwanwyn, gwaeanwyn, gwanhwyn, sbring, ysbring sbring, gwanhwyn, gwaeanwyn, gwanwyn, eilir, Cyntefin, Spring

Rain mingled with snow Glaw eira Glaw snow with mingled Rain

Snow-drift heod, lluch, lluchfa, lluchiad, lluwch, lluwchyn, llywch, lluwchfa, llochfa, lluwchiad llochfa, lluwchfa, llywch, lluwchyn, lluwch, lluchiad, lluchfa, lluch, heod, Snow-drift

Snowball Caseg eira, mopen, pêl eira, plu(f) eira plu(f) eira, pêl mopen, eira, Caseg Snowball

Snowflake Casnod, casna(d)d, clwyden o eira, fflochen, ffloch, hiff, hyff, ôd, tafell ôd, hyff, hiff, ffloch, fflochen, eira, o clwyden casna(d)d, Casnod, Snowflake

(fine), ôd, odi, odif odi, ôd, (fine),

Snow Eira, eiraf, eiry, nyf, Briwod (fine-driven), cribod (surface), cynneiry (first fall of), ffluwch, ffluch, gwyneiry, gwynne gwyneiry, ffluch, ffluwch, of), fall (first cynneiry (surface), cribod (fine-driven), Briwod nyf, eiry, eiraf, Eira, Snow iry (white/blessed), manod (fine-driven), nithod nithod (fine-driven), manod (white/blessed), iry

t)setOdi sleet (to)

Sleet Eirlaw, glaw eira, glaweir, llifeirlaw, odlaw, slap, slot eira slot slap, odlaw, llifeirlaw, glaweir, eira, glaw Eirlaw, Sleet

Partial rainbow Cyw drycin Cyw rainbow Partial

Rainbow Bwa, bwa enfys, bwa’r glaw, bwa’r cyfamod, bwa’r Drindod, bwa’r hin, bwa’r wrach, bwa’r wybren bwa’r wrach, bwa’r hin, bwa’r Drindod, bwa’r cyfamod, bwa’r glaw, bwa’r enfys, bwa Bwa, Rainbow

Frozen rain glaw iâ glaw rain Frozen

ae ffoe anglâsrew rain frozen of Layer

tayri gwastadlaw rain Steady

Abundance of rain Hidlaidd, hilaidd Hidlaidd, rain of Abundance

smitlaw, briwlaw, glaw mân, glaw smwc, glaw mynydd (on highlands), manlaw, mân law, piglaw law, mân manlaw, highlands), (on mynydd glaw smwc, glaw mân, glaw briwlaw, smitlaw,

Gentle/drizzling rain gwlith(i)o, gwlithen, gwlithgawod, gwlithgawad, gwlithlaw, ffrechan, ffrechen, lleithrin [weather], lleith [weather], lleithrin ffrechen, ffrechan, gwlithlaw, gwlithgawad, gwlithgawod, gwlithen, gwlith(i)o, rain Gentle/drizzling -hin [weather], pigo, pigan, pigach, sgip, sgip, pigach, pigan, pigo, [weather], -hin

wragedd a ffyn (cats and dogs), bwrw cyllyll a ffyrc(s) a cyllyll bwrw dogs), and (cats ffyn a wragedd

dymchwel hi, pis(i)o bwrw (glaw), ponlaw, rhyslaw, slasio bwrw (glaw), stid(i)o bwrw/glawio, tatsio, tatsian, tresio, tresian b tresian tresio, tatsian, tatsio, bwrw/glawio, stid(i)o (glaw), bwrw slasio rhyslaw, ponlaw, (glaw), bwrw pis(i)o hi, dymchwel wrw (glaw), bwrw hen hen bwrw (glaw), wrw

llyfreirlaw, pelt(i)o, pistyll(i)o, pistyllu, pistyllian, rhuthrlaw, curin, curing, cyrin, curlaw, curlawiog, glaw gyrru, glaw glaw gyrru, glaw curlawiog, curlaw, cyrin, curing, curin, rhuthrlaw, pistyllian, pistyllu, pistyll(i)o, pelt(i)o, llyfreirlaw, ‘Stiniog (Ffestiniog), yn ei ei yn (Ffestiniog), ‘Stiniog

Heavy downpour of rain Arllwys (y glaw), diffwys, diffwyster, diwel y glaw, diwelaf, diwin, glaw gochel, glaw gyrru, glaw tyrfau glaw gyrru, glaw gochel, glaw diwin, diwelaf, glaw, y diwel diffwyster, diffwys, glaw), (y Arllwys rain of downpour Heavy , glaw tarannau, hirlaw, horslaw, hyrddlaw, hyrddlaw, horslaw, hirlaw, tarannau, glaw ,

Rain drops clych glaw, dafnau glaw, dagr, degryn, deigryn, deigr, glaw bras [large] bras glaw deigr, deigryn, degryn, dagr, glaw, dafnau glaw, clych drops Rain

ieyt anclafaidd rain to Likely

Early rain/first rain cynharlaw, cynnar-law cynharlaw, rain rain/first Early

Brew for rain ceulo am law am ceulo rain for Brew

April rain Glaw tyfu Glaw rain April

Hail/snow with rain Ceseirlaw [hail], glaw eira [snow] eira glaw [hail], Ceseirlaw rain with Hail/snow

at the same time same the at

To rain and blow a high wind wind high a blow and rain To Chwiwio bwrw Chwiwio

Begin to rain taflu dafnau taflu rain to Begin

Rain Glaw, glawogydd, adlaw, cawod, cawad, cafod, cymunlaw cafod, cawad, cawod, adlaw, glawogydd, Glaw,

Flash of lightning llucheden, lluch(i)aden, llecheden, lluchedeniad, lluchediad, maen cawod (cawad), mellt, mellten, myllt, mell myllt, mellten, mellt, (cawad), cawod maen lluchediad, lluchedeniad, llecheden, lluch(i)aden, llucheden, lightning of Flash tenaid, melltluched, post melltluched, tenaid,

(unaccompanied by thunder) by (unaccompanied

Sheet lightning lightning Sheet Awyrddraig, draig, planedo draig, Awyrddraig,

flash) taranfollt(i)o

Lightning (to (to Lightning Ffleimfellt, bwrw golau, fflachiad mellten, gwreichioni mellt, llethrid, lluchedu, lluchedennu, melltennu, mellt(i)o, melltu, s melltu, mellt(i)o, melltennu, lluchedennu, lluchedu, llethrid, mellt, gwreichioni mellten, fflachiad golau, bwrw Ffleimfellt, aethu mellt, taflu golau, taflu tân, tân, taflu golau, taflu mellt, aethu

English–Welsh weather dictionary (with regional dialects/variations), compiled using using compiled dialects/variations), regional (with dictionary weather English–Welsh at www.aber.ac.uk/geiriadur at Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Prifysgol Geiriadur

Appendix 1 ( 1 Appendix Continued Continued ) 80 Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 Historical weather accounts from Wales

Appendix 1 (Continued ) English–Welsh weather dictionary (with regional dialects/variations), compiled using Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru at www.aber.ac.uk/geiriadur Storm Brochell, brythwch, cwthwm, gwthwm, cwthwn, gwthwn, rhyferthwy, storm, ystorm, stormen, (y)storm(i)o, (y)stormi, tymestl, temestl, temhestl, temest, tempestl, temystl, ystorm, ystormo, storm Stormy (weather) Corwyntog, dihinedd, dyhinedd, drycin, drycinllyd, drycinog, drycinol, egr, garw, gerwinol, gerwiniol, gwyllt, gwyll, gwynnog, gwnnog, gwyniog, gwyntog, gwyntiog, hagr, hyll, hyllig, mawr, rhyferthwyol, stormllyd, ystormllyd, (y)storm(l)lyd, stormus, ystormus, stryllwch, taranllyd, tranllyd, terfysg, trwblaethus, trwbliaethus, trwbledig, trwbliedig, trybliedig, trwblus, tryblus, tymhestlawn, tymhestlog, temhestlog, tempestlog, tymhestlol, tymhestlus, tyrfus, tywydd, ysgithrog, sgithrog, (y)sgythrog, sgethrog, ysgethrog, ystormedig, stormllyd, stormus, ystorml(l)yd, tymestlogrwydd Winter storm gaeafrawd Storm at sea Gweilgi, mordwy Blow a storm gorddyar,-u (to) brew a storm Darllaw, magu storm Summer Haf, hafgwaith, hefin Summery weather Gwresog, haf bach (gŵyl) Mihangel [around Michaelmas, 29 th September], hafol, mandes gŵyl Mihangel [around Michaelmas / Indian Summer], tes Mihangel [Indian summer] Wet summer Haf brith [partly dry but mostly wet] Summer solstice Alban Hefin, heuldro’r haf, haul-orsaf (yr) haf, heulorsaf (yr) haf, hirddydd haf Unsummerlike Anhafaidd Summer fallow Braenar haf, branar haf, brynar haf, hafar, hafra, hafru, hafarddu Midsummer Eve (23rd June) Noswyl Ieu(w)an (hanner haf), nos ŵyl Ieu(w)an (hanner haf) Midsummer (24th of June) Calan Ieuan Fedyddiwr, calan haf, dygwyl Ifan, dyddgwyl Ifan, dywgwyl Ifan, gŵyl Ieuan (Ifan) hanner (yn yr) haf, hanner haf, hirddydd haf Beginning of summer (1st of Calan Mai, C(a)lanmai, Clamai, cyntefin (May) May) Sun Cannaid [in North Wales formerly], cannwyll, haul, heul, heulyn, heulwen, haul-wen, huan, hyfelydd, lamp, llamp, lleufer, lleuer, llefer, llygad y dydd, llygad (y) goleuni, sol, sul Sunrise Codiad haul, cyfodiad haul, gwawr Sunset Achlud(d) yr haul, caer haul, cynnu, cyrraedd ei gaearu (am yr haul), digwyddo, dygwyd(o), digwyddedigaeth, gostwng haul, gostyngiad yr haul, haddau, haddef, (myned) haul dan ei gaerau, llewenydd, llywenydd, machlud haul, machluta, machludiad (yr) haul, machlad, machliad, machladiad, machlydu, machludd, ymachludd(o), ymachlud(o), ymachluddio Sunless Anaraul, diaraul Sunny Araul, arheul, braf, brwd, hafin, hefin, heulaidd, heuldeg, heulol, heulog, heuliog, heulwedd, heulwennog, heulwennol, hinonaidd, huan, hydes, llathraidd, tesog, tesol, heulwenddydd [day] Thunder (to) Gwneud trwst (trystau), taran, taranadu, taranu, tranu, trwst, trws, trybowndio, trybowndian, drybowndio, drybowndian, tryst(i)o, trystian, trwstio, trwstian, twrdd, twrddan, twrddanu, tyrddu, twrddo, twrdd, tyrddan(u), twrf, twrw, tyrfu Thunderbolt Bollt, bollten, bollt taran, carreg daran, carregtaran, maen cawod (cawad), maen mellt(en), maen taran (y daran), malltan, melltan, mylltan, taran, taranfollt Thunder-clap Dyrnod taran, marchdaran, taran, taraniad, taranad Thunder and lightning Mellt a tharannau Tornado Gyrwynt, hyrddwynt, tornado, tornedo, trowynt, troewynt Tsunami - Wave Defaid Dafydd Jos (waves), defaid Gwenhidwy, distrych, dylan, geirw, gwaneg, gwanegiad, gwendon, gwrym, hoywdon, llanwdon, llion, meirch Gwenhidwy, merin, mordon, môr-gaseg, môr-waneg, ton, ton lawn, tonial, toniar (Continued )

Historical weather accounts from Wales Weather – March 2010, Vol. 65, No. 3 81

levels on a regular basis. basis. regular a on levels

that recorded the weather, or lake/river lake/river or weather, the recorded that

in length) prior to the twentieth century century twentieth the to prior length) in

Flow Archives. Flow

running diaries (greater than 10 years years 10 than (greater diaries running

information is taken from the National River River National the from taken is information

Accounts of particular interest are long- are interest particular of Accounts

sion to photograph them. The river flow flow river The them. photograph to sion

details to arrange access in the future. future. the in access arrange to details

ing access to his diaries and giving permis- giving and diaries his to access ing

cally accessible, please provide contact contact provide please accessible, cally

to thank the family of D.O. Jones for provid- for Jones D.O. of family the thank to

tion of the source, and, if not publi- not if and, source, the of tion

DOI: 10.1002/wea.418 DOI:

Dr Neil Macdonald. The authors would like like would authors The Macdonald. Neil Dr

or Neil Macdonald with a brief descrip- brief a with Macdonald Neil or

(University of Wales, Aberystwyth) to to Aberystwyth) Wales, of (University © Royal Meteorological Society, 2009 Society, Meteorological Royal ©

contact Cerys Jones ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Jones Cerys contact

and a University Research Fund Award Award Fund Research University a and

[email protected] authors would be interested in, please please in, interested be would authors

Studentship to Miss Cerys Ann Jones Jones Ann Cerys Miss to Studentship

mentary account(s) that you believe the the believe you that account(s) mentary

Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK. 7ZT, L69 Liverpool

University through a Walter Idris Summer Summer Idris Walter a through University

If you are aware of a long running docu- running long a of aware are you If

Roxby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, of University Building, Roxby

This research was funded by Aberystwyth Aberystwyth by funded was research This

Department of Geography, Geography, of Department REQUEST

Acknowledgments Correspondence to: Neil Macdonald, Macdonald, Neil to: Correspondence

Severe winter weather Hèth, iaeth, iaaeth iaeth, Hèth, weather winter Severe

itrsomGaeafrawd storm Winter

Winter fallow Braenar gaeaf, granar gaeaf, brynar gaeaf brynar gaeaf, granar gaeaf, Braenar fallow Winter

Winter solstice Alban Arthan, byrddydd gaeaf, haul-orsaf (y) gaeaf, heulorsaf (g)aeaf, heuldro’r gaeaf heuldro’r (g)aeaf, heulorsaf gaeaf, (y) haul-orsaf gaeaf, byrddydd Arthan, Alban solstice Winter

itrGaeaf Winter

Light wind / Breeze Awel, awelyn, ffugl awelyn, Awel, Breeze / wind Light

Winter wind Gaeafwynt Gaeafwynt wind Winter

Strong wind Brythwch, drycwynt, drygwynt, gwyniar, lleibwynt, lluchwynt, lluwchwynt, morwynt lluwchwynt, lluchwynt, lleibwynt, gwyniar, drygwynt, drycwynt, Brythwch, wind Strong

[continually], sythawelog [breezy and chilly], chilly], and [breezy sythawelog [continually],

windy Awelog, chwaol, chwawiog, -ol, chwythlyd, ffuglog, -iog, gwyniarog, gwynnog, gwnnog, gwyniog, gwyntog, gwyntiog, gwyntol, gwyntol, gwyntiog, gwyntog, gwyniog, gwnnog, gwynnog, gwyniarog, -iog, ffuglog, chwythlyd, -ol, chwawiog, chwaol, Awelog, windy hirwynnog hirwynnog

whirlwind Awel dro, cwthwn tro, chwyrlwynt, ffalm, ffalmwynt, gorwynt, gyrwynt, hyrddwynt, lluwch, toredwynt, trowynt trowynt toredwynt, lluwch, hyrddwynt, gyrwynt, gorwynt, ffalmwynt, ffalm, chwyrlwynt, tro, cwthwn dro, Awel whirlwind

gwth o wynt, gwynnaeth, gwynt gwynnaeth, wynt, o gwth

Wind Anadlwynt, anadlyn, cawod wynt, cawad wynt, cafod wynt, cwthwm, gwth (o) wynt, gwthwm, cwthwn, gwthwn, chwa (o) wynt, chwif wynt, (o) chwa gwthwn, cwthwn, gwthwm, wynt, (o) gwth cwthwm, wynt, cafod wynt, cawad wynt, cawod anadlyn, Anadlwynt, Wind flyn, chwythwm, fflaw, ffugl, ffugl, fflaw, chwythwm, flyn,

[rainy], gwlybyrwch [rainy], gwlyborwch [rainy], gwlypin [wet], gwresogwlyb, hirwlyb [wet], oerni [cold], tywydd cyfatal, tywyd cyfatal, tywydd [cold], oerni [wet], hirwlyb gwresogwlyb, [wet], gwlypin [rainy], gwlyborwch [rainy], gwlybyrwch [rainy], d, tewy, towydd tewy, d,

drycinedd, drycinllyd, drycinog, drycinol, fflatio [to become dull], gerwindeb, garwindeb, gerwineb, garwineb, gwinau [cloudy], gwinau garwineb, gerwineb, garwindeb, gerwindeb, dull], become [to fflatio drycinol, drycinog, drycinllyd, drycinedd, gwlybaniaeth gwlybaniaeth

Bad weather (generally) Afrywiog, afrywog, afrywiogrwydd, agarwedd, anardymyr, annhymherus, annhymoreiddrwydd, anserchog, breith anserchog, annhymoreiddrwydd, annhymherus, anardymyr, agarwedd, afrywiogrwydd, afrywog, Afrywiog, (generally) weather Bad in, caled, ceulo (brew for), drycin, drycin, for), (brew ceulo caled, in,

weather], gweddaidd, hinfalch, hinon, irlwydd, llarieiddrwydd, llathraidd, meiriolin [thawing], moeldes [hot], sychgoli [to cle [to sychgoli [hot], moeldes [thawing], meiriolin llathraidd, llarieiddrwydd, irlwydd, hinon, hinfalch, gweddaidd, weather], ar up of the weather], the of up ar

Fine weather (generally) Arafin, ardymer, ardymyr, artemper, artempr, calm, codi aeliau (am y tywydd) [to clear up of the weathe the of up clear [to tywydd) y (am aeliau codi calm, artempr, artemper, ardymyr, ardymer, Arafin, (generally) weather Fine r], eglurder, ffeinhau [to become fine of of fine become [to ffeinhau eglurder, r],

Weather Amser, ardymer, ardymyr, artemper, artempr, awel, gytin, hin, hinon, tymer, tymyr, tywydd, tewy, towydd tewy, tywydd, tymyr, tymer, hinon, hin, gytin, awel, artempr, artemper, ardymyr, ardymer, Amser, Weather

Appendix 1 ( 1 Appendix Continued Continued )