Identified Wildlife in the Invermere

TSA

Dustin Oaten, MSc., RPBio. Planning Biologist Forsite Consultants Ltd. 1274 McGill Rd. Kamloops, BC V2C 6N6 Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Species Overview Table…………………………………………………………………………… 2

Birds

Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern………………………. 7

Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk…………………... 9

Otus flammeolus Flammulated Owl……………………… 11

Great Blue heron, herodias Ardea herodias herodias 13 subspecies……………………………...

Melanerpes lewis Lewis's Woodpecker………………….. 15

Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher………………… 17

Williamson's sapsucker, nataliae Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae subspecies……………………………... 19

Mammals

Taxidea taxus Badger………………………………...... 21

Ovis canadensis Bighorn Sheep…………………………. 23

Martes pennanti Fisher…………………………………… 25

Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear……………………………. 27

Southern Red-backed Vole, galei Myodes gapperi galei subspecies……………………………... 29

Gulo gulo luscus Wolverine, luscus subspecies……….. 30

Reptiles

Western Painted Turtle - Chrysemys picta Intermountain - Rocky Mountain 32 Population………………………………

Table of Contents

Fish

Salvelinus confluentus Bull Trout……………………………….. 34

Acrocheilus alutaceus Chiselmouth……………………………. 35

Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi Cutthroat Trout, lewisi subspecies…... 36

Salvelinus malma Dolly Varden…………………………… 37

Cottus bairdii Mottled Sculpin………………………… 38

Invertebrates

Butterflies

Boloria alberta Albert's Fritillary………………………... 39

Chlosyne whitneyi Rockslide Checkerspot……………….. 39

Colias meadii Mead's Sulphur………………………… 39

Colias pelidne Pelidne Sulphur………………………... 39

Danaus plexippus Monarch………………………………… 40

Silver-spotted Skipper, clarus Epargyreus clarus clarus subspecies……………………………... 40

Euphydryas gillettii Gillette's Checkerspot………………… 40

Hesperia nevada Nevada Skipper……………………….. 40

Lycaena dione Dione Copper………………………….. 41

Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper………………………… 41

Oeneis jutta chermocki Jutta Arctic, chermocki subspecies….. 41

Old World Swallowtail, dodi Papilio machaon dodi subspecies………………………...... 41

Table of Contents

Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper, themistocles

themistocles subspecies……………………………... 42

Pyrgus communis Checkered Skipper……………………. 42

Aphrodite Fritillary, manitoba Speyeria aphrodite manitoba subspecies……………………………... 42

Aphrodite Fritillary, whitehousei Speyeria aphrodite whitehousei subspecies……………………………... 42

Mormon Fritillary, eurynome Speyeria mormonia eurynome subspecies……………………………... 43

Speyeria zerene garretti Zerene Fritillary, garretti subspecies… 43

Dragonflies and Damselflies

Libellula pulchella Twelve-spotted Skimmer……………... 44

Gomphus graslinellus Pronghorn Clubtail…….………………. 44

Argia vivida Vivid Dancer…………………………… 44

Snails and

Slugs

Pristiloma chersinella Black-footed Tightcoil…………………. 45

Physella columbiana Rotund Physa………………………….. 45

Magnipelta mycophaga Magnum Mantleslug…………………... 45

Kootenaia burkei Pygmy Slug…………………………….. 45

Hemphillia camelus Pale Jumping-slug…………………….. 46

Gastrocopta holzingeri Lambda Snaggletooth………………… 46

Anguispira kochi Banded Tigersnail……………………... 46

Table of Contents

Oreohelix strigosa Rocky Mountainsnail………………….. 46

Snails

Cryptomastix mullani Coeur d'Alene Oregonian…………….. 47

Fluminicola fuscus Ashy Pebblesnail……………………… 47

Oreohelix subrudis Subalpine Mountainsnail……………… 47

Valvata humeralis Glossy Valvata………………………… 47

Vallonia cyclophorella Silky Vallonia…………………………... 48

Ecological

Communities

Betula nana / Equisetum spp. Scrub Birch / Horsetails………………. 49

Carex lasiocarpa / Slender Sedge / Common

Drepanocladus aduncus Hook-moss…………………………….. 49

Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hairgrass Community………… 49 Community

Equisetum fluviatile - Carex Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge…... 49 utriculata

Festuca campestris - Rough Fescue - Bluebunch

Pseudoroegneria spicata Wheatgrass…………………………….. 49

Juncus balticus - Carex Baltic Rush - Field Sedge…………….. praegracilis 50

Picea engelmannii x glauca - Hybrid White Spruce – Trembling Populus tremuloides / Aralia Aspen / Wild Sarsaparilla…………….. 50 nudicaulis

Picea engelmannii x glauca / Hybrid White Spruce / Black Ribes lacustre / Aralia Gooseberry / Wild Sarsaparilla………. 50 nudicaulis

Table of Contents

Pinus contorta / Alnus viridis Lodgepole Pine / Sitka Alder / ssp. sinuata / Calamagrostis Pinegrass………………………………. 50 rubescens

Pinus ponderosa - Populus Ponderosa Pine – Trembling Aspen / tremuloides / Rosa woodsii Prairie Rose……………………………. 50

Pinus ponderosa / Ponderosa Pine / Bluebunch Pseudoroegneria spicata - Wheatgrass – Silky Lupine…………… 51 Lupinus sericeus

Populus balsamifera ssp. Black Cottonwood / Red-osier trichocarpa / Cornus stolonifera Dogwood – Nootka Rose…………….. 51 - Rosa nutkana

Pseudoroegneria spicata - Bluebunch Wheatgrass – Junegrass... 51 Koeleria macrantha

Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens - Douglas-fir / Pinegrass – Twinflower... 51 Linnaea borealis

Pseudotsuga menziesii - Larix Douglas-fir – Western Larch / occidentalis / Calamagrostis Pinegrass………………………………. 51 rubescens Pseudotsuga menziesii / Douglas-fir / Dull Oregon-Grape / Mahonia nervosa / Parsley Fern…………………………… 52 Cryptogramma acrostichoides Pseudotsuga menziesii / Douglas-fir / Shrubby Penstemon – Penstemon fruticosus - Pinegrass………………………………. 52 Calamagrostis rubescens Pseudotsuga menziesii / Douglas-fir / Common Snowberry / Symphoricarpos albus / Arrowleaf Balsamroot…………………. 52 Balsamorhiza sagittata Puccinellia nuttalliana - Nuttall's Alkaligrass - Foxtail Barley… 52 Hordeum jubatum Purshia tridentata / Antelope-brush / Bluebunch Pseudoroegneria spicata Wheatgrass…………………………….. 52

Salix drummondiana / Drummond's Willow / Bluejoint Calamagrostis canadensis Reedgrass……………………………… 53

Table of Contents

Symphoricarpos occidentalis / Western Snowberry - Idaho Fescue… 53 Festuca idahoensis Thuja plicata / Paxistima Western Redcedar / Falsebox - Utah myrsinites - Lonicera utahensis Honeysuckle…………………………… 53

Thuja plicata - Tsuga Western Redcedar - Western heterophylla / Equisetum Hemlock / Common Horsetail………... 53 arvense Trichophorum cespitosum / Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star-moss... 53 Campylium stellatum Typha latifolia Marsh Common Cattail Marsh………………. 54

BEC Associations…………………………………………………………………………………… 55

Introduction

Preface Information and illustrations sourced included: This document was developed to assist field staff working within Bunnell, F.L., L.L. Kremsater., R.W. Canfor’s FDA in identifying species Campbell. 2007. Species of global, and ecological communities national and provincial concern identified by COSEWIC as occurring within and near the endangered, threatened or of special Radium DFA, and the actions concern as well as by the British undertaken to sustain and monitor Columbia Conservation Data Centre them. Forest Science Program (CDC) as red- or blue-listed species. Project Y073045. Only those species that are known to Eder, T., and D. Pattie. 2001. occur within Canfor’s FDA are Mammals of British Columbia. Lone included in this document. Other Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC. 296 species are noted through both pp. COSEWIC and CDC but are not included here as their habitat Matsuda, B.M., D.M. Green., and preferences are outside of forested P.T. Gregory. 2006. Amphibians and ecosystems, their occurrence is Reptiles of British Columbia. Royal documented as accidental, or they BC Museum, Victoria, BC. 266 pp. are not indicative of forest practices.

The intention of this document is to Ministry of Environment. 2009. BC provide basic species specific keys Species and Ecosystems Explorer: to identification, BEC zone and Species and Ecosystems Search. elevation distribution, key habitat [online]http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atri characteristics as well as an sk/toolintro.html overview of management strategies for each species. A number of provincial Accounts and

Measures documents were also This guide includes birds, mammals used to guide the development of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and, strategies and standard operating ecological communities identified by procedures. These are available COSEWIC and CDC. online at:

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/frpa/iw

ms/accounts.html

Species Overview Table

BC Category Scientific Name English Name COSEWIC Status

Western Painted Turtle - Reptile Chrysemys picta Intermountain Rocky Blue Endangered Mountain Population Ardea herodias Bird Great Blue heron, herodias Blue herodias subspecies

Bird Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern Blue

Bird Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk Blue

Bird Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher Blue Threatened

Bird Melanerpes lewis Lewis's Woodpecker Red

Special Bird Otus flammeolus Flammulated Owl Blue Concern Sphyrapicus thyroideus Bird Williamson's sapsucker, Red Endangered nataliae nataliae subspecies

Fish Acrocheilus alutaceus Chiselmouth Blue

Fish Cottus bairdii Mottled Sculpin Blue

Oncorhynchus clarkii Cutthroat Trout, lewisi Special Fish Blue lewisi subspecies Concern

Fish Salvelinus confluentus Bull Trout Blue

Fish Salvelinus malma Dolly Varden Blue

Wolverine, luscus Special Mammal Gulo gulo luscus Blue subspecies Concern

Mammal Martes pennanti Fisher Blue

Mammal Myodes gapperi galei Southern Red-backed Blue Vole, galei subspecies

Mammal Ovis canadensis Bighorn Sheep Blue

Mammal Taxidea taxus Badger Red Endangered

Species Overview Table

BC Category Scientific Name English Name COSEWIC Status Special Mammal Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear Blue Concern

Invertebrate Anguispira kochi Banded Tigersnail Blue

Invertebrate Argia vivida Vivid Dancer Red

Invertebrate Boloria alberta Albert's Fritillary Blue

Invertebrate Chlosyne whitneyi Rockslide Checkerspot Blue

Invertebrate Colias meadii Mead's Sulphur Blue

Invertebrate Colias pelidne Pelidne Sulphur Blue

Invertebrate Cryptomastix mullani Coeur d'Alene Oregonian Blue

Invertebrate Danaus plexippus Monarch Blue

Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper, Invertebrate Blue clarus clarus subspecies

Invertebrate Euphydryas gillettii Gillette's Checkerspot Red

Invertebrate Fluminicola fuscus Ashy Pebblesnail Red

Invertebrate Gastrocopta holzingeri Lambda Snaggletooth Blue

Invertebrate Gomphus graslinellus Pronghorn Clubtail Blue

Invertebrate Hemphillia camelus Pale Jumping-slug Blue

Invertebrate Hesperia nevada Nevada Skipper Blue

Invertebrate Kootenaia burkei Pygmy Slug Red

Species Overview Table

BC Category Scientific Name English Name COSEWIC Status

Invertebrate Libellula pulchella Twelve-spotted Skimmer Blue

Invertebrate Lycaena dione Dione Copper Red

Invertebrate Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper Blue

Invertebrate Magnipelta mycophaga Magnum Mantleslug Blue

Jutta Arctic, chermocki Invertebrate Oeneis jutta chermocki Blue subspecies

Invertebrate Oreohelix strigosa Rocky Mountainsnail Blue

Invertebrate Oreohelix subrudis Subalpine Mountainsnail Blue

Old World Swallowtail, dodi Invertebrate Papilio machaon dodi Red subspecies

Invertebrate Physella columbiana Rotund Physa Red

Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper, Invertebrate Blue themistocles themistocles subspecies

Invertebrate Pristiloma chersinella Black-footed Tightcoil Blue

Invertebrate Pyrgus communis Checkered Skipper Blue

Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary, Invertebrate Blue manitoba manitoba subspecies Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary, Invertebrate Blue whitehousei whitehousei subspecies Speyeria mormonia Mormon Fritillary, Invertebrate Red eurynome eurynome subspecies Speyeria zerene Zerene Fritillary, garretti Invertebrate Blue garretti subspecies Invertebrate Vallonia cyclophorella Silky Vallonia Blue

Invertebrate Valvata humeralis Glossy Valvata Red

Species Overview Table

BC Category Scientific Name English Name COSEWIC Status Betula nana / Ecological Community Scrub Birch / Horsetails Blue Equisetum spp. Carex lasiocarpa / Slender Sedge / Common Ecological Community Drepanocladus Blue Hook-moss aduncus Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hairgrass Ecological Community Blue Community Community Equisetum fluviatile - Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Ecological Community Blue Carex utriculata Sedge Festuca campestris - Rough Fescue - Bluebunch Ecological Community Pseudoroegneria Red Wheatgrass spicata Juncus balticus - Carex Ecological Community Baltic Rush - Field Sedge Blue praegracilis Picea engelmannii x Hybrid White Spruce - glauca - Populus Ecological Community Trembling Aspen / Wild Red tremuloides / Aralia Sarsaparilla nudicaulis Picea engelmannii x Hybrid White Spruce / Ecological Community glauca / Ribes lacustre Black Gooseberry / Wild Blue / Aralia nudicaulis Sarsaparilla Pinus contorta / Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata / Lodgepole Pine / Sitka Ecological Community Blue Calamagrostis Alder / Pinegrass rubescens Pinus ponderosa - Ponderosa Pine – Ecological Community Populus tremuloides / Trembling Aspen / Prairie Red Rosa woodsii Rose Pinus ponderosa / Ponderosa Pine / Pseudoroegneria Ecological Community Bluebunch Wheatgrass - Red spicata - Lupinus Silky Lupine sericeus Populus balsamifera Black Cottonwood / Red- ssp. trichocarpa / Ecological Community osier Dogwood - Nootka Red Cornus stolonifera - Rose Rosa nutkana Pseudoroegneria Bluebunch Wheatgrass - Ecological Community spicata - Koeleria Red Junegrass macrantha Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis Douglas-fir / Pinegrass - Ecological Community Blue rubescens - Linnaea Twinflower borealis

Species Overview Table

BC Category Scientific Name English Name COSEWIC Status Pseudotsuga menziesii / Mahonia nervosa / Douglas-fir / Dull Oregon- Ecological Community Red Cryptogramma grape / Parsley Fern acrostichoides Pseudotsuga menziesii / Penstemon fruticosus Douglas-fir / Shrubby Ecological Community Blue - Calamagrostis Penstemon - Pinegrass rubescens Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir / Common / Symphoricarpos albus Ecological Community Snowberry / Arrowleaf Red / Balsamorhiza Balsamroot sagittata Puccinellia nuttalliana - Nuttall's Alkaligrass - Ecological Community Red Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley Purshia tridentata / Antelope-brush / Ecological Community Pseudoroegneria Red Bluebunch Wheatgrass spicata Salix drummondiana / Drummond's Willow / Ecological Community Calamagrostis Blue Bluejoint Reedgrass canadensis Symphoricarpos Western Snowberry - Idaho Ecological Community occidentalis / Festuca Red Fescue idahoensis Thuja plicata / Western Redcedar / Ecological Community Paxistima myrsinites - Falsebox - Utah Blue Lonicera utahensis Honeysuckle Thuja plicata - Tsuga Western Redcedar - Ecological Community heterophylla / Western Hemlock / Blue Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail Betula nana / Ecological Community Scrub Birch / Horsetails Blue Equisetum spp.

American Bittern – Botaurus lentiginosus

Description and notes:

• Brownish streaked medium sized bird. • Usually found in fresh water marshes. • Large and heavy bodied with relatively long neck, tapering to a pointed bill. • Defined stripes down neck to chest. • Often seen flying low over marshes on at waters edge. • Solitary and secretive.

• Information is even lacking on basic habitat information, such as the minimum size of wetland required for successful breeding.

BEC Zones: BG, BWBS, CDF, CWH, ICH, IDF, PP, SBPS, SBS

Elevation: 0 – 1300 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Primarily large freshwater marshes including lake and pond edges where cattails, sedges, and bulrushes are plentiful. o Marshes where there are patches of open water and aquatic-bed vegetation. o Also occurs in areas with dense herbaceous cover such as shrubby marshes, bogs, and wet meadows. o Nests primarily in inland freshwater wetlands. o Sparsely vegetated wetlands and dry grassy uplands are sometimes used. o Usually breed in wet areas with dense growths of tall emergent vegetation or tall grasses adjacent to freshwater sloughs, marshes, swamps, and shallow, protected sections of lakes.

Birds

American Bittern – Botaurus lentiginosus

Management Strategies

i) The main objective is to protect small wetlands that may be used by American bitterns for breeding through forestry practices that maintain cover adjacent to these wetlands. ii) Consider establishing Wildlife Habitat Areas or Wildlife Tree Retention Areas on critical nesting habitats. iii) Develop wetland management strategies that benefit nesting, migrant, and wintering individuals.

Birds

Broad-winged Hawk – Buteo platypterus

Description and notes:

• Mostly dark brown with mottled upperparts and brown-barred, white underparts. • Pale underwings with black margins visible in flight. Tail is dark banded. • Adult birds range in size from 34 to 45 cm, weigh from 265 to 560 g and have a wingspan from 81 to 100 cm. • Females are slightly larger than males. • Adults have dark brown upper parts and evenly spaced black and white bands on the tail.

BEC Zones: IDF, MS, ESSF

Elevation: 300-2500 m

Important Habitat Features:

o This species appear to be a habitat specialist of contiguous deciduous of mixed-deciduous forest, especially stands containing trembling aspen. o Hardwood and mixed-wood stands containing trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) appear to be most important to this species.

Birds

Broad-winged Hawk – Buteo platypterus

Management Strategies

i) Retained deciduous trees, primarily in clumps as incorporated into Wildlife Tree Patches, although some scattered individual stems should also be retained; ii) Incidental removal of deciduous tress may occur during regular harvest activities as removing a component of the mature deciduous stems often results in increased suckering, and is encouraged, especially on blocks within Ungulate Winter Range; iii) A component of the deciduous regeneration should be retained in cutblocks, i.e. brushing or spacing operations will not result in complete removal of the deciduous component from a stand; iv) Aspen, cottonwood, birch, willow and alder within riparian management zones will be considered brush competition when determining free growing stocking status unless it is determined, by a qualified professional and approved by the District Manager for specified sites that these species will not impede the growth and yield of preferred and acceptable species defined for the ecosystem of that site; and, v) Basic understandings of habitat/territory use and knowledge of associated landscape characteristics at identified nest site locations is limited; as such, all identified nest sites should be protected and buffered by 30-m.

Birds 10

BirdsBirds Flammulated Owl – Otus flammeoulus

Description and notes:

• Very small owl (15-19 cm; 55-60 g). • Dark eyes surrounded by rust-brown, pale-gray facial disk, and white eyebrows that start at the bill. • Small indistinct ear tufts. • Plumage is variegated red and grey. • 2° Cavity nester. • Migratory. • Breeding habitat generally comprises open stands of widely-spaced, uneven-aged Douglas-fir, often

interspersed with ponderosa pine and thickets of young Douglas-fir that serve as security and foraging habitats.

BEC Zones: BG, IFD, MS, PP

Elevation: 400 – 1375 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Multi-age class stands with multiple canopy layers, including a veteran tree component for nesting and roosting.

o Foraging habitat is characterized by small forest openings (<1 ha) adjacent to Douglas-fir thickets and/or large veteran Douglas-firs or ponderosa pines.

o Wildlife trees with large live branches (class 1) provide considerable security cover for roosting, calling, and snags with cavities (wildlife tree classes 3–6).

o Large diameter ponderosa pine selected disproportionately to Douglas-fir for nesting (average DBH of known nest trees: 63.8 cm).

o Nests are most often found in woodpecker cavities (northern flicker and pileated woodpecker).

Birds 11

Flammulated Owl – Otus flammeoulus

Management Strategies

i. Use partial harvesting systems designed to maintain suitable habitat features (i.e. recruitment nest trees, brushy understory); ii. Avoiding harvesting xeric sites; iii. Retain >50% of the dominant or codominant trees on mesic or subhygric/hygic sites; iv. Retain high value Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine and aspen wildlife trees >35cm dbh, where possible; v. Maintain Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine thickets and veteran trees adjacent to openings for security cover, particularly within 100m of high value snags suspected of providing possible cavities for Flammulated Owls; vi. plan for recruitment of ponderosa pine, aspen, and other species into >35cm dbh class; vii. Avoid knock down of any known or suspected nest trees and buffer these trees by 50-m where possible; viii. Avoid conducting activities, where possible, June 1 st and August 30 th ; ix. Consider Flammulated Owl Known Locations when establishing Wildlife Tree Retention Areas; and, x. Not complete any overstorey removal treatments within known WHA’s and implement additional general wildlife measures.

Birds

Great Blue Heron – Ardea herodias herodias

Description and notes:

• Largest wading bird in North America. • Length of 1.1 to 1.3 m with a wingspan of 1.7 m. • Mostly white head with a black stripe above the eye, a grayish blue back and wings and dark underparts. • Large yellow or pale coloured bill. • Yellowish legs. • Flies with deep, slow moving wing beats with necks folded in an s-shape. • Nests in colonies in coniferous or deciduous forests.

BEC Zones: BG, BWBS, CDF, CWH, ICH, IDF, MS, PP, SBPS, SBS

Elevation: lowlands and valley bottoms with occurrences up to 1100 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Great Blue Heron colonies occur in relatively contiguous forest, fragmented forest, and solitary trees. o The most common trees used for nesting include black cottonwood (54% of nest sites) Douglas-fir, western white pine. Hydrid white spruce, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, western redcedar, and western hemlock. o Important foraging habitats include aquatic areas such as riverbanks, lakeshores, and wetlands. o Structural stages (breeding): 5 (young forest), 6 (mature forest), and 7 (old forest).

Birds

Great Blue Heron – Ardea herodias herodias

Management Strategies

vi) All identified breeding areas should be buffered from any primary forest activities by 100-m where possible; vii) Minimize disturbance during the breeding season (February 15 to August 31 and between November 1 and March 31 for colonies that occupy areas year round; viii) Maintain important structural elements for nesting and foraging (i.e. suitable nest trees, non-fragmented forest around nest trees, wetland characteristics for foraging if applicable, roost trees, and ground barriers to exclude mammalian predators; ix) When developing WTRAs, consider the colony size, location, proximity of foraging sites, relative isolation, and degree of habituation to disturbance; and, x) WTRAs should include habitat features important to Great Blue Herons including large trees for roosting and nesting and historical nesting sites, where known.

Birds

Birds Lewis’s Woodpecker – Melanerpes lewis

Description and notes:

• Large woodpecker (27 cm). • Red face. • Gray collar around neck. • Pinkish red belly. • Its overall large size, dark appearance, and slow, steady wing beats give it a crow-like appearance.

BEC Zones: BG, PP, IDF, ICH

Elevation: 250 – 1160m

Important Habitat Features:

o Deciduous groves, mature cottonwood stands, open ponderosa pine forests, recent burns, sagebrush.

o Breeding habitat characterized by an open canopy (eg. <25% crown closure), the availability of suitable dead or dying trees (>30cm dbh), and abundant understorey vegetation.

o Nest trees: Ponderosa pine and black cottonwood comprise the majority of nest tree species. Live trees and dead trees with heartrot provide suitable nesting trees.

o In closed canopy riparian stands, nests are usually located near the edge of the stand.

o Important structural stages: 2 (herb) – foraging for ants, beetles and other insects 3 (shrub) – for foraging when insects are abundant 5 (immature forest) – particularly in black cottonwood stands 6 (mature forest) – black cottonwood, ponderosa pine and oak stands 7 (old-growth forest) – black cottonwood and ponderosa pine

Birds

Lewis’s Woodpecker – Melanerpes lewis

Management Strategies

i) Retain, where practicable, all ponderosa pine and black cottonwood and trembling aspen (live and dead) ≥30cm dbh; ii) Maintain, where practicable, at least six standing dead trees per hectare, focusing on large ponderosa pine and black cottonwood; iii) Where practicable, retain live large mature trees; iv) Maintain open forests, dominated by ponderosa pine, black cottonwood, or Douglas-fir, with some large snags and recruitment trees; v) Provide naturally vegetated linkages between riparian areas, semi-open forest, and reserve areas of similar quality; vi) Provide wildlife tree retention in clumps and dispersed when salvaging burned areas; vii) Consider Lewis’s woodpecker known locations when establishing Wildlife Tree Retention Areas; focus WTRA’s on areas with large ponderosa pine and black cottonwood snags – hazardous snags or trees can be incorporated into group reserves; and, viii) Not complete primary forest activities within known WHA’s and implement additional wildlife measures.

Birds

Birds Olive-sided Flycatcher – Contopus cooperi

Description and notes:

• A rather large (18-20 cm) flycatcher, large-

headed, with a proportionately short tail.

• Plumage is brownish-olive above (browner on juveniles) with a dull white to yellowish throat, breast, and belly. • The streaked or mottled chest patches are darker.

BEC Zones: IDF, MS, PP, CDF, CWH, MH, BWBS, ICH, SBPS, SBS, SWB, ESSF

Elevation: mid to high elevation

Important Habitat Features:

o Breeding occurs primarily occurs in burned-over areas with standing dead trees, in taiga, subalpine coniferous forest and mixed coniferous- deciduous forests. o Most nesting sites contain dead standing trees, which are used as singing and feeding perches, and are bordered by forest. o Nests are placed most often in conifers on horizontal limbs from two to 15 m from the ground. o Includes a variety of forest, woodland, and open situations with scattered trees, especially where tall dead snags are present. o Preferred habitat consists of mid- to high-elevation montane and coniferous forests, often associated with forest openings and edges. o Presence in early successional forests appears to depend on availability of snags or live trees that provide suitable foraging and singing perches.

Birds 17

Olive-sided Flycatcher – Contopus cooperi

Management Strategies

i) Habitat loss and alteration of forest management practices may limit breeding success. However, numerous studies suggest that several types of harvested forest are beneficial to the species (possibly recreating preferred post-forest fire habitat mosaics); and, ii) Maintain a mosaic of dead standing and live trees within harvested areas to ensure the availability of nesting and perching sites.

Birds

Birds Williamson’s Sapsucker – Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae

Description and notes:

Males: • Black head with white stripes behind and below eyes. • Black back and black wings with large white wing patch. • Yellow belly. • Mature males with red throat, immature with white.

Females: • Pale brown head. • Yellow belly. • Pale brown back with black bars.

BEC Zones: IDF, MS, PP, ESSF (rare)

Elevation: 850 – 1500 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Mixed western larch ( Larix occidentalis ), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ), and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) forests are important nesting habitats. o Requires large, live or recently dead trees with advanced heartwood decay (i.e. >30 cm DBH). Conifers usually >50 cm DBH. o Mixed coniferous forests that contain western larch in particular are important for foraging. o Ant colonies important for foraging.

Birds

Williamson’s Sapsucker – Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae

Management Strategies

i) Avoid conducting any activities between June 1 st and August 30 th ; ii) Retain all large coniferous species (>50cm DBH) focusing on Western larch, ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, and deciduous species ( ≥30cm DBH) focusing on trembling aspen and black cottonwood (live and dead); iii) Where practicable, retain all veteran Western larch and ponderosa pine trees. iv) Consider Williamson’s sapsucker known locations when establishing Wildlife Tree Retention Areas; focus WTRA’s on areas with large Western larch, ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, trembling aspen, and black cottonwood snags (>30cm DBH) – hazardous snags or trees can be incorporated into group reserves; v) Leave advance regeneration, pole-saplings, and deciduous vegetation around wildlife trees to enhance their habitat quality. vi) Avoid completing any primary forest activities within known WHA’s and implement additional wildlife measures. vii) Increase retention of mature and old stands with mixed western larch, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine on south-facing slopes in the ICH, MS, and on north-facing slopes in the IDFxh1 and IDFdm1. Increase retention of large diameter ponderosa pine in the IDFdk; and, viii) Due to the importance of mature and old western larch for breeding and foraging habitat for Williamson’s Sapsucker, areas known to contain large, decadent western larch should be included in landscape level planning strategies that can incorporate areas with suitable habitat attributes for this species (e.g., OGMAs, ungulate winter range).

Birds

Birds Badger – Taxidea taxus

Description and notes:

• Heavy-bodied, short-legged with long front claws and a short bushy tail. • Long, grizzled, yellowish-grey hair. • White stripe originates on nose and runs back onto shoulders. • Black patches on the face and Cheeks. • Head 45-56 cm; weight 6-12 kg.

BEC Zones: BG, PP, IDF, ICH, MS, ESSF

Elevation: 300 – 800m; maximum 2800m

Important Habitat Features:

o Inhabits flat to steep terrain from valley bottom to alpine. o Silty, clayey, loamy, and sandy soils are important for burrowing and foraging. o Occurs in a variety of habitats although grasslands and dry forests are most common.

20-30 cm

Mammals

Badger – Taxidea taxus

Management Strategies

i) Deactivate any and all newly constructed roads after primary forest activities are completed; ii) Consider Badger Known Locations when establishing Wildlife Tree Retention Areas; in particular, around known den locations;

iii) Not complete any overstorey removal treatments within known

WHA’s and implement additional general wildlife measures;

iv) Not carry out a primary forest activity within 20 meters around a Badger burrow or maternal den that is occupied or reasonably capable of being occupied; and, v) Not carry out a primary forest activity within 20 meters around a Badger burrow or maternal den between May 1 and August 15.

Mammals 22

Bighorn Sheep – Ovis canadensis

Description and notes:

• Brown to grayish brown ungulate with white rump, belly, inside of legs, and muzzle. • Males weigh 119-125 kg and are 160-170 cm in length.

• Males have large curled horns which can be over 1- m in length. • Females weigh 45-65 kg and are up to 150 cm in length.

BEC Zones: BG, IDF, PP, MS, ICH, ESSF, SBS, AT

Elevation: 300 – 3,000m

Important Habitat Features:

o Habitat use varies daily and seasonally with changes in requirements for food, rest, safety, thermal cover, rutting, and lambing.

o Habitats include open grasslands, alpine, subalpine, shrub-steppe, rock outcrops, cliffs, meadows, moist draws, stream sides, talus slopes, plateaus, deciduous forest, clearcut or burned forest, and conifer forest, all on moderately steep to steep slopes. o Open grasslands, alpine, subalpine, shrub-steppe, rock outcrops, cliffs, meadows, moist draws, stream sides, talus slopes, plateaus, deciduous forest, clearcut or burned forest, and conifer forest.

o Moderately steep to steep slopes.

o Most populations winter on low-elevation, southerly exposed slopes close to rocky escarpments or scree slopes, and summer in high elevation alpine an subalpine areas.

Mammals

Bighorn Sheep – Ovis canadensis

Management Strategies

i) Identify critical area sheep habitat areas;

ii) Do not harvest or salvage in the critical area except for treatments designed to maintain suitable habitat features;

iii) Avoid silvicultural activities in the critical habitat area during lambing or rutting periods (1 April to 15 July with a peak during mid-June and during October and November);

iv) Avoid use of helicopters for primary forest activities during critical times;

v) Limit the use of domestic sheep for silviculture activities to minimize epizotics, predators, and competition for forage; and,

vi) Maintain sensitive ranges other than winter range.

Adult: 3½ “ Young:

Mammals

Fisher – Martes pennanti

Description and notes:

• Fishers have long, thin bodies that are characteristic of most mustelids. • Pointed face, round ears, and short legs. • Fur is dense, long, brown, with considerable grizzling patterns around the shoulders and back. • Tail is dark and more than half as long as the body.

• There may be a white chest spot.

• Length: 79-100 cm.

• Weight: 2.6 kg (female) – 4.8 kg (male).

BEC Zones: IDF, CDF, BWBS, ESSF, ICH, MH, MS, PP, SBPS, SBS, SWB

Elevation: low elevations – 2,500m

Important Habitat Features:

o Preferred habitat resembles that found in SBS, SWB, and BWBS biogeoclimatic zones and more specifically riparian and dense wetland forest habitats within those zones. o Prefers areas with large spruce trees (>25cm dbh) with broom rust. o Large (>75 cm dbh) cottonwood or fir trees are used as resting and maternal denning sites. o 30% canopy closure with a productive understorey that supports a variety of small and medium-sized prey species. o Coarse woody dedris (decay class 2-6) important for resting sites and habitat for prey species. o The presence of suitable resting and maternal den sites is also important as is riparian-riparian and riparian-upland connectivity.

Mammals

Fisher – Martes pennanti

Management Strategies

i) Areas managed for fishers should contain 30-45% mature and old forests. ii) Where possible, retain all large coniferous and deciduous species focusing on spruce (>25 cm dbh) and fir and cottonwood (>60cm dbh) along riparian and riparian associated habitats. iii) Maximize landscape connectivity through the use of corridors of mature and old seral forests. Ideally, connectivity should be centred on stream systems and can be achieved by maintaining large riparian buffers (100m where feasible) on either side of the stream. iv) Maintain important structural attributes and natural structural complexity of forests. v) Silviculture prescriptions should avoid producing stands void of CWD and strive to conserve stands with large amounts of CWD and >30% crown closure. vi) When developing WTRA’s, maximize the inclusion of important habitat features such as large spruce, cottonwood, and fir trees as well as riparian habitats. vii) Potential WTRA’s should also be focused on areas with relatively high CWD volumes. Ensure suitable den sites are sufficiently buffered.

Mammals

Birds Grizzly Bear – Ursus arctos

Description and notes:

• Large, heavy-bodies bears (to

500 kg).

• Coat colour varies from black to

nearly white.

• Face has a concave profile.

• Typically has a large hump at

the shoulders.

• Eyes are relatively small and

has short, rounded ears.

BEC Zones: BWBS, CWH, ESSF, ICH, IDF, MH, MS, SBPS, SBS, SWB

Elevation: All elevations

Important Habitat Features:

o Avalanche tracks are a critical habitat component.

o Dens usually on steep north-facing slopes.

o Riparian areas seasonally important.

Mammals

Grizzly Bear – Ursus arctos

Management Strategies

i) Complete an Evaluation prior to Cutting Permit or Road Permit Submission that will include reference to the Grizzly Bear Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife (Identified Wildlife Management Strategy Version 2004); ii) Use temporary access structures where ever practicable to minimize the amount of area occupied by permanent access. In addition, remove ballast from roads across avalanche chutes. Close permanent roads by removing bridges. Remove bridges when permanently deactivating roads. Revegetate temporary access (e.g., excavated or bladed trails), roads, and landings with non-forage species to minimize mortality risk of attracted bears. iii) Do not conduct any activities within WHA’s. If no other practical option exists, implement additional general wildlife measures. iv) Consider seasonally important habitats during prescription stage and during physical works. v) Consider Grizzly Bear Habitat in high priority Grizzly Bear Watersheds when establishing WTRA’s. vi) Identify avalanche tracks that are associated with high value spring feeding grizzly bear habitat utilizing the Class 1 and 2 Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping; vii) Where primary forest activities are to occur adjacent to important avalanche tracks apply the following management techniques: viii) retain a 25-m forested edge around highly productive portions of an avalanche track; ix) maintain mature and old forest cover attributes no less than 50-m wide and preferably 100-m; x) around highly productive portions of an avalanche track; xi) minimize right of way clearing through avalanche zone retention areas; xii) retain cover a minimum vertical rise of 50-m above and below highly productive portions of avalanche tracks; and, xiii) retain narrow forested strips situated within avalanche complexes. xiv) Schedule operational activities, which are in close proximity to critical avalanche habitats, to avoid the time between May 15 and July 15.

Mammals

Southern Red-backed Vole – Myodes gapperi galei

Mammals

Description and notes:

• Reddish dorsal strip makes the SouthernMammals red-backed vole easily recognizable. • The sides are grayish buff and the undersides and feet are grayish white.

• The short slender tail is scantily haired and is grey below and brown above. • The rounded ears project somewhat above the thick fur.

BEC Zones: MS, ESSF

Elevation: 850 – 1500 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Prefer cool moist forests, especially areas with a lot of ground cover where they can build nests under logs, stumps, and roots. o They are primarily herbivores that feed on vegetation, seeds, and fungi, as well as some insects.

Management Strategies Mammals

i) Generally, the Southern red-backed vole appears little affected by forest practices, provided woody debris and shrubs are retained after harvest.

Mammals Mammals 29

Wolverine – Gulo gulo

Description and notes:

• Bulky, somewhat bear-like with stout bodies and moderately bushy tails. • Males range from 12-18 kg and females from 8-12 kg. • Easily identifiable by their dark chocolate brown fur over most of the body with lighter coloured hair around forehead and a long lateral stripe extending from the ears or shoulders to the rump.

• Light patches of fur in front of ears.

BEC Zones: BWBS, CWH, ESSF, ICH, IDF, MH, MS, SBPS, SBS, SWB

Elevation: from valley bottoms to alpine meadows

Important Habitat Features:

o Wolverines require a suite of habitat variables that occur at large spatial scales. o Mature and old forest structural stages (6 and 7) are used predominately. o Females tend to use ESSF forests during winter and AT zones during the summer. Males tend to use lower elevation zones during winter and switch to ESSF zones during summer. o Natal and maternal dens are often associated with early-successional small scale forest stand openings (e.g. <100m across) at high elevations. Dens generally found in masses of fallen trees or rocky colluvium.

Mammals

Wolverine – Gulo gulo

Management Strategies

i) Retain refugia which are designed using suitable portions of watersheds in juxtaposition with protected areas and no trapping areas that are determined in consultation with the Ministry of Environment.

ii) Plan forest development to occur on one side of a watershed at a time where practicable. Limiting concurrent development will concentrate the activity at any one time and allow wolverines to avoid operational areas as much as possible during their daily movements. This will reduce the mortality risk (e.g., road kill, trapping) and displacement associated with forest development and will help facilitate normal movement throughout the landscape.

iii) Minimize road access (i.e., number of km and length of time active). The increase in access associated with forest development into previously pristine areas (especially large drainages) exposes resident wolverines to a much higher mortality risk from hunting, poaching, and road traffic.

Mammals

Western1 Painted Turtle – Chrysemys picta

Description and notes:

• A small freshwater turtle (<25cm) with a low, smooth, dark shell and vivid red and yellow patterns on its limbs and breastplate.

• The only native freshwater turtle in BC. • Yellow stripes on its head, neck and legs.

• Irregularly shaped bright red and yellow

markings on underside of the shell.

BEC Zones: BG, ICH, IDF, PP

Elevation: up to 1000 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Shallow waters of ponds, lakes, oxbows and marshes, in slow-moving stream reaches, or the quiet backwater sloughs of rivers. o Ideal habitat contains muddy substrates, ample emergent vegetation, exposed cattail mats, logs, and open banks. o Nesting usually occurs in warm, unvegetated south-facing sites with soils that are dry, light in texture and free of roots or large stones. o Ideal habitat also includes a cluster of breeding and overwintering ponds, their riparian zones, and the habitat connecting them.

Reptiles

Western Painted Turtle – Chrysemys picta

Management Strategies

i) Where possible, implement management activities that work to protect critical habitats for painted turtles such as small wetlands and lakes. ii) Implement standard riparian reserve and management zones. iii) Work to protect a cluster of breeding and overwintering ponds, their riparian zones, and the habitat connecting them through the establishment of WTRA’s or other reserve zones.

Reptiles

Birds Bull Trout – Salvelinus confluentus

Description and notes: • Large head and jaws in relation to their long, slender body. • Head is broader and flatter than Dolly Varden. • Colour ranges from green to grayish-blue with lake resident fish often displaying silvery sides. • The pelvic and anal fins of mature male Bull Trout develop a tri-colour sequence beginning with white leading edges progressing to a black band fading to grey and ending with a bright orange trailing edge. • Mature female Bull Trout exhibit a similar pelvic and anal fin colouration, though the colour contrast is not as pronounced as that of male fish. • Length from 20-33 cm. • The key to identification is the absence of black spots on the dorsal fin (this distinguishes it from other species of char and trout).

BEC Zones: BG, BWBS, CWH, ESSF, ICH, IDF, MS, PP, SBS, SBPS, SWB

Elevation: water temperature most important for distribution.

Important Habitat Features:

o Cold water specialists (generally not found in water >15°C). o Spawn in flowing water <9°C and show preference fo r gravel and cobble sections in smaller, lower order rivers and streams. o Spawning sites are characterized by gradients of ~1.0 to 1.5%, clean gravel that is <20mm in size, slow water velocities of 0.03 to 0.80 m/s, and presence of cover objects, debris jams, pools, and overhanging vegetation. o

Fish

Chiselmouth – Acrocheilus alutaceus

Description and notes: • Body color is dark grayish brown on back with lighter sides and a grayish white belly. • Head is blunt, snout rounded, lower lip is curved with a hard cartilage that has a straight cutting edge (like a chisel). • Average length 20-25 cm. • Short, blunt head with large eyes.

BEC Zones: BG, ICH, IDF, PP, SBPS, SBS

Elevation: not available

Important Habitat Features:

o Appears to prefer warmer sections of streams with moderately fast to fast water. o In British Columbia, it is found in a variety of relatively warm water bodies: small creeks to backwaters of larger rivers and small kettle lakes to large lakes. o Spawns in streams. Although spawning has not been observed, eggs have been found both on the open bottom and buried among boulders.

Fish

Cutthroat Trout – Oncorhynchus clarkia lewisi

Description and notes: • Distinctive red slash that occurs just below both sides of the lower jaw. • Small irregular-shaped spots along their back, dorsal, and caudal fins. • Bright yellow, orange, and/or red colours along the belly, especially among males during spawning season. • Adults rarely exceed an overall length of 50 cm in lake- or stream-dwelling populations.

BEC Zones: IDF, ICH, MS, SBS, ESSF

Elevation: 450 – 2,300 m

Important Habitat Features:

o Spawning: Low gradient stream reaches that have gravel substrate ranging from 2 to 75mm in diameter (low sediment loads), water depths near 20 to 40 cm, and low mean water velocities from 0.25 to 1.05 m/s. o Spawning stream temperatures: 7-10°C. o Feeding and rearing habitat are characterized by availability of cover (deep pools, undercut banks, LOD) in conjunction with riffles and pools. o Low tolerance for warm water (>20°C). o Deep pools (>2m) are used for overwintering. o Structural stages: 5-7 (for large woody debris).

Fish 36

Dolly Varden – Salvelinus malma

Description and notes: • Body elongate and trout-like (30-60 cm). • Back and sides marked with yellow, orange, and red spots (distinguishing characteristic). • Spots usually smaller than the pupil of the eye. • Lower fins are white an creamy on the leading edge with single thin black red line behind. • Large eyes in relation to head. • Blunt snout. • Tail broad, shallowly forked. • Turn red or pink on the lower abdomen with bright red spots during spawning.

BEC Zones: BWBS, CDF, CWH, ESSF, ICH, MH, SBS

Elevation: not available

Important Habitat Features:

o Cold water specialists. o Spawn in flowing water and show preference for gravel and cobble sections in smaller, lower order rivers and streams. o Spawning sites are characterized by low gradients (~1.0-1.5%); clean gravel <20 mm; water velocities of 0.03-0.80 m/s; and cover in the form of undercut banks, debris jams, pools, and overhanging vegetation. o

Fish

Mottled Sculpin – Cottus bairdii

Description and notes: • The species is often difficult to identify because of its close relationships to other sculpin species. • Mottled Sculpins are a variable species that generally have papillae on the top of the head, well-developed palatine teeth, and an anal fin that is pigmented with fine, black spots. • Columbia Basin specimens exhibit prickles behind the pectoral fin and have a complete lateral line.

BEC Zones: BG, BWBS, ESSF, ICH, IDF, MS, SBS

Elevation: not available

Important Habitat Features:

o Mottled Sculpins live in clear, cool rivers and lakes over gravel and rocky bottoms. Sexual maturity is reached in their second year and spawning usually occurs April through June. o Females adhere eggs to the underside of rocks in nests prepared and guarded by males. o Clear, cold to warm (typically cool) headwaters, creeks, springs, small rivers, and lakes, with sand and gravel or (more typically) rocky substrate; habitat preference varies geographically; often under rocks or vegetative cover. o Male selects a spawning site under flat rock or ledge, in crevice among large gravel, among aquatic plants, or in tunnel.

Fish

Butterflies

Albert’s Fritillary – Boloria alberta BEC Zones: MS, IDF, ESSF, ICH, IMA

• Wingspan: 38 - 45 mm. • Overall appearance is described as melanic and greasy. • Females have smoky brown ventral forewing colouration, with hindwing colouration smoky orange. • Males have ventral wing surfaces that are an overall smoky orange. • Both males and females have black and grey markings with blurred edges.

Rockslide Checkerspot - Chlosyne whitneyi BEC Zones: MS, IDF, ESSF, SBS, IMA

• Upperside is slightly glossy black with pale orange to creamy white bands. • Females may be much darker. • Underside of hindwing with a light orange marginal band, then alternating orange and creamy white bands on remainder of wing.

Mead’s Sulphur - Colias meadii BEC Zones: MS, IMA, BAFA, ESSF

• Underside deep orange with purple sheen, especially visible in males, over entire surface of wing. • Females paler orange than males, but the dorsal wing surface is still entirely orange. • Rarely females are white in BC, while white males are extremely rare. • Mature larvae dark yellow green with short black hairs.

Pelidne Sulphur - Colias pelidne BEC Zones: MS, IMA, ESSF, ICH

• Wingspan: 33 to 44 mm. • Upperside pale yellow, medium to narrow black borders and dark scales at the wing base. • Females white or yellow with black borders reduced or absent, spot in centre of hindwing faint, pink fringes to the wings. • Hindwing underside dark olive-coloured with a pink- rimmed spot.

Invertebrates

39 Butterflies

Monarch – Danaus plexippus BEC Zones: BG, CWH, MS, IDF, ESSF, ICH, PP, CDF

• Breeding occurs in all areas of milkweed concentration. • Bright orange butterfly with heavy black veins and a wide black border containing two rows of white spots. • Wingspan is about 100mm. • Monarchs can be distinguished from the Viceroy by the absence of an inner margin of black on the hind wings. • Larvae or caterpillars are striped yellow, black and white.

Silver-spotted Skipper, clarus subspecies – Epargyreus clarus clarus

BEC Zones: IDF, ICH, PP, ESSF

• Wings are brown-black; hindwing is lobed. • Forewing has transparent gold spots. • Underside of hindwing has a metallic silver band. • Favours pea spp., common milkweed, red clover, blazing star, and thistles.

Gillette’s Checkerspot - Euphydryas gillettii

BEC Zones: CMA, MS, ESSF

• Medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of 36 to 45 mm. • The upperside is black, with a band of large orange-red spots and smaller white spots. • It is the only one of the Euphydryas with a broad orange-red band close to the margin of each wing. • Lonicera involucrata is the primary foodplant.

Nevada Skipper - Hesperia nevada BEC Zones: PP, MS, IDF, BG, ESSF

• Upperside tawny orange with wide dark borders blending gradually into brownish colour. • Undersides are greenish grey with large silvery-white spots. • Wingspan 23 - 30 mm. • Preferred habitat includes open grassland; grassy meadows, prairies, alpine meadows, openings and roadsides where meadowlike qualities are present .

Invertebrates

40 Butterflies

Dione Copper - Lycaena dione BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, IDF

• Dorsal wing surfaces are an overall dark grey. • The wing edges are fringed with a distinct pale orange and black band. • There are three to five distinct black spots on towards the

front of the wings. • Ventral wing surfaces are an overall light grey with distinct black spotting. • Wingspan >30mm.

Bronze Copper – Lycaena hyllus BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, ICH, BWBS

• Upperside of male iridescent copper-brown. • Female forewing yellow-orange with black spots. • Underside of forewing of both sexes orange with black spots. • Underside of hindwing is gray-white with black spots and a broad orange outer margin.

Jutta Arctic, chermocki subspecies – Oeneis jutta chermocki

BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, BG, ICH, IDF, SBS

• The upperside is a dark blackish brown; wingspan of 35–55 mm. • Both wings have a band of yellowish to orange spots. • Most of the forewing spots contain black eye-spots. • On the underside there are usually two forewing and one hindwing eye-spots. • The hindwing underside is lightly mottled with dark brown and grey, and the borders are checkered with dark brown and white.

Old World Swallowtail, dodi subspecies – Papilio machaon dodi

BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, ICH, IDF, PP

• Yellow with black wing and vein markings and a wingspan of 8 to 10 cm. • Hind wings of both sexes have a pair of protruding tails which give the butterfly its common name. • Just below each tail is a red eye spot.

Invertebrates

41 Butterflies

Tawny-edged Skipper, themistocles subspecies – Polites themistocles themistocles

BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, IDF, ICH, PP, IMA

• Upperside is dark brown with orange markings. • Orange along the costal edge of forewing enters the end of the cell. • Male has a sinuous forewing stigma. • Underside of hindwing is brassy with no markings.

Checkered Skipper – Pyrgus communis BEC Zones: BG, ICH, IDF, IMA, MS, PP, ESSF

• Upperside of male is blue-gray and female is black. • Both sexes have large white spots which form median bands across both wings. • Fringes of male checkered but black checks often reach

only halfway to edge of fringe. • Underside is dull white with dark gray or olive bands. • Spots of the hindwing marginal row are very small. • Spots of the submarginal row are larger.

Aphrodite Fritillary, manitoba subspecies – Speyeria aphrodite manitoba

BEC Zones: MS, BWBS, ESSF

• Upperside reddish orange-brown. • Male forewing with black spot below cell and with no black scales on veins. • Underside of hindwing has pale submarginal band narrow or missing.

Aphrodite Fritillary, whitehousei subspecies – Speyeria aphrodite whitehousei

BEC Zones: ESSF, IMA, MS

• Aphrodite whitehousei subspecies occurs within the Speyeria genera. • Similar to the manitoba subspecies but having tawny lower wings with white spots.

Invertebrates

42 Butterflies

Mormon Fritillary, eurynome subspecies – Speyeria mormonia eurynome

BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, IDF, ICH, PP, IMA

• One of the easiest of the greater fritillaries to distinguish because of its smaller size (wingspan: 40 to 50 mm). • The upperside is pale orange with narrow black markings, and the forewing apex is rounded. • The forewing underside is orange at the base with narrow black spots, and the hindwing underside is usually greenish with silver spots (often these are an unsilvered greenish-tan colour).

Zerene Fritillary, garretti subspecies - Speyeria zerene garretti

BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, IMA

• Upperside is bright to dull orange with heavy black markings. • Base of the forewing underside is usually flushed with reddish orange. • The hindwing underside is pale reddish brown with a slight olive cast. • The outer edge of the forewings is very slightly concave. This is a highly variable species and it can be confused with several other species. • Wingspan from 50 to 64 mm.

Invertebrates

43 Dragonflies and Damselflies

BEC Zones: BG, PP, IDF Twelve-spotted Skimmer - Libellula pulchella

• Wing pattern of black and white patches. • Brown head and thorax with an abdomen that is blue- brown with a pale yellow stripe down each side. • Likes to perch on slender stick or grass overhanging water. • There are 3 dark spots on each wing. • The males have white spots between the dark spots. • 60 mm length and 100 mm wingspan.

Pronghorn Clubtail – Gomphus graslinellus BEC Zones: BG, IDF, PP

• A medium-sized dragonfly with a length of 47 to 53 mm. • The face and thorax are olive green, with the thorax marked with dark brown stripes. • The abdomen is dark brown to black and is marked along the top with a line of elongated, triangular- shaped marks varying in color from greenish to yellow. • The underside of the tip of the abdomen is marked with yellow and is swollen as in other Clubtails.

Vivid Dancer – Argia vivida BEC Zones: MS, IDF, ESSF, ICH, IMA

• Males are vividly patterned in rich blue (with a slightly violet tinge); most females are garbed in a dull tan to chalky white. • Both sexes are identified by the backwards pointing arrowheads on the middle abdomen. • It is associated with warm or hot springs. • Because of the large number of hot springs in the Kootenays, the bulk of the province’s population lives there.

Invertebrates

44 Snails and Slugs

Black-footed Tightcoil – Pristiloma chersinella BEC Zones: ESSF, SBS

• Shell small (width, 3.3 mm), depressed-heliciform, glossy, slightly translucent, pale yellowish. • Aperture narrowly crescent-shaped and without denticles. • The animal has black pigmentation on the foot and edge of the mantle. • The shell appears dark with the animal showing through.

Rotund Physa – Physella columbiana BEC Zones: ICH

• Physella is a genus of small, left-handed or sinistral, air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Physidae. • These snails eat algae, diatoms and other detritus.

Magnum Mantleslug – Magnipelta mycophaga BEC Zones: ESSF, IDF, MS, ICH

• Magnipelta mycophaga does not closely resemble any other described North American slug • The foot is lighter colored than the mantle, spotted with black on the flanks posteriorly. • It has an irregular polygonal impressed reticulation. • The pedal margin is quite narrow, the pedal grooves meeting above the tail without any trace of a caudal pore.

Pygmy Slug – Kootenaia burkei BEC Zones: ICH

• It is a very small slug with the length of adults being 9- 14 mm when extended in movement. • The colour is pale grey or tan with blue flecking. • There are series of dark stripes on the tail, centered on pronounced, parallel grooves .

Invertebrates

Snails and Slugs

Pale Jumping Slug – Hemphillia camelus BEC Zones: CWH, IDF, MS, PP, ICH

• Found in dry to moist coniferous forests where it lives on and around mossy stumps, rocks and logs and leaf litter. • Large (>30 mm) slug.

Lamda Snaggletooth – Gastrocopta holzingeri BEC Zones: MS, ESSF, IMA

No Image Available • Limited information available for this species

Banded Tigersnail - Anguispira kochi BEC Zones: ICH, PP, IDF

• Shell large (width to 25.3 mm). • Outer lip only very slightly thickened and then only in very mature individuals. • Umbilicus medium-sized, about 20% of the width. • The animal is pale brownish or brownish-cream with a tinge of ochre. • Tentacles are darker, greyish-brown.

Rocky Mountainsnail – Oreohelix strigosa BEC Zones: ESSF, IDF, PP, ICH

• Shell medium-sized to large (width, 16-26 mm), • Variable in form, but typically depressed-heliciform, opaque, of rough texture. • Pale, greyish-white to dark brownish. • Often with darker bands of brown.

Invertebrates

Snails

Coeur d'Alene Oregonian – Cryptomastix mullani BEC Zones: ESSF, IDF, PP, ICH

• Cryptomastix is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Polygyridae. • These snails cannot be differentiated from related polygyrids solely on the basis of their shell characters. Instead, the details of the male anatomy must be examined.

Ashby Pebblesnail – Fluminicola fuscus BEC Zones: ICH

• Shell subglobular to trochoid, apex often eroded. • Shell height 7.0 – 11.2 mm. • 4.0 – 4.5 whorls. • Body whorl convex, periphery below midline of whorl, angulate sometimes strongly so. • Periostracum tan, brown or reddish.

Subalpine Mountainsnail - Oreohelix subrudis BEC Zones: ESSF, IDF, PP, ICH

• Shell medium-sized to large (width, 16-23 mm), variable in form, but typically heliciform or almost bee- hive-shaped, opaque, rough textured. • Pale, greyish-white to dark brownish. • Often with darker bands of brown.

Glossy Valvata - Valvata humeralis BEC Zones: ICH

• Shell is 4.5 mm high, and 4.5 mm width. • The shell is turbinate in shape, thin, translucent and shining. • It is a yellowish horn color at the apex, white or greenish white below the apex. • The shell has four whorls which are convex, regularly increasing, minutely striate, the uppermost shouldered, with a single, well-marked carina which becomes obsolete on the body whorl.

Invertebrates

Snails

Silky Vallionia - Vallonia cyclophorella BEC Zones: BG, PP, IDF

• Very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Valloniidae . • Occurs on bunchgrass slopes, in open, dry forests and in rocky areas in southern BC.

Invertebrates

Ecological Communities

Betula nana / Equisetum spp. – Scrub Birch/Horsetails

BEC Zones: IDFdm2/06.

Carex lasiocarpa / Drepanocladus aduncus - Slender Sedge/Common Hook-moss

BEC Zones: BWBSdk1/Wf05, ICHdk/Wf05, ICHmc1/Wf05, ICHmc2/Wf05, ICHmw1/Wf05, ICHmw3/Wf05, ICHvk1/Wf05, ICHwk1/Wf05, ICHwk2/Wf05, IDFdk1/Wf05, IDFdk3/Wf05, IDFdk4/Wf05, IDFdm2/Wf05, MSdk/Wf05, MSdm1/Wf05, MSdm2/Wf05, MSdm3/Wf05, MSdm3w/Wf05, SBPSdc/Wf05, SBPSmk/Wf05, SBPSxc/Wf05, SBSdk/Wf05, SBSmc2/Wf05, SBSmk1/Wf05, SBSwk1/Wf05.

Deschampsia cespitosa – Tufted Hairgrass Community

BEC Zones: IDFdk1/Gs04, IDFdk2/Gs04, IDFdk3/Gs04, IDFdk4/Gs04, IDFdm1/Gs04, IDFdm2/Gs04, IDFdw/Gs04, MSdc1/Gs04, MSdc2/Gs04, Sdk/Gs04, MSdm1/Gs04, MSdm2/Gs04, MSdv/Gs04, SBPSdc/Gs04, SBPSxc/Gs04, SBPSxc/W3.

Equisetum fluviatile / Carex utriculata – Swamp Horsetail – Beaked Sedge

BEC Zones: BGxh2/Wm02, BWBSdk1/Wm02, ESSFmw/Wm02, ICHmw3/Wm02, ICHwk4/Wm02, IDFdm2/Wm02, MSdc2/Wm02, MSdm3/Wm02, MSdm3w/Wm02, MSmw2/Wm02, MSxk/Wm02, MSxv/Wm02, SBPSdc/Wm02, SBPSmk/Wm02, SBPSxc/Wm02, SBSdk/Wm02, SBSdw3/Wm02, SBSmk2/Wm02, SBSwk1/Wm02.

Festuca campestris / Pseudoroegneria spicata - Rough Fescue – Bluebunch Wheatgrass

BEC Zones: BGxh2/06, BGxw1/06, IDFdk1a/91, IDFxh2a/91, PPdh2/00 .

Plant Communities

Ecological Communities

Juncus balticus – Carex praegracilis Baltic Rush – Field Sedge

BEC Zones: BG/Gs03, IDFdk1/Gs03, IDFdk2/Gs03, IDFdk3/Gs03, IDFdk3/W3, IDFdk4/Gs03, IDFdm1/Gs03, IDFdm2/Gs03, IDFdw/Gs03, PP/Gs03, BPSdc/Gs03, SBPSxc/Gs03, SBPSxc/W2.

Picea engelmannii x glauca - Populus tremuloides / Aralia nudicaulis – Hybrid White Spruce – Trembling Aspen/Wild Sarsaparilla

BEC Zones: IDFdm2/05.

Picea engelmannii x glauca / Ribes lacustre / Aralia nudicaulis – Hybrid White Spruce / Black Gooseberry / Wild Sarsaparilla BEC Zones: ICHmk1/05.

Pinus contorta / Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata / Calamagrostis rubescens – Lodgepole Pine / Sitka Alder / Pinegrass BEC Zones: ICHmk1/04.

Pinus ponderosa - Populus tremuloides / Rosa woodsii – Ponderosa Pine - Trembling Aspen / Prairie Rose BEC Zone: PPdh2/03.

Plant Communities

Ecological Communities

Pinus ponderosa / Pseudoroegneria spicata – Lupinus sericeus – Ponderosa Pine / Bluebunch Wheatgrass – Silky Lupine

BEC Zones: PPdh1/01, PPdh2/0.

Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Cornus stolonifera - Rosa nutkana – Black Cottonwood / Red-osier Dogwood - Nootka Rose

BEC Zones: PPdh2/04, PPdh2/04.

Pseudoroegneria spicata - Koeleria macrantha – Bluebunch Wheatgrass - Junegrass

BEC Zones: BGxh1/00, BGxh3/00, BGxw1/01, BGxw2/01, IDFdk1a/92, IDFdk3/00, IDFdm1/02, IDFun/00, IDFxh2a/00, IDFxh2a/92, IDFxm/00, MSxk/03, PPdh2/02a, PPdh2/02b.

Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens - Linnaea borealis – Douglas-fir / pinegrass - twinflower

BEC Zones: ICHmk1/03, IDFdm1/01, IDFdm2/0.

Pseudotsuga menziesii - Larix occidentalis / Calamagrostis rubescens – Douglas- fir – Western Larch / Pinegrass BEC Zones: IDFdm1/05, IDFdm2/04.

Plant Communities

Ecological Communities

Pseudotsuga menziesi i / Mahonia nervosa / Cryptogramma acrostichoides - Douglas-fir / Dull Oregon-grape / Parsley Fern

BEC Zones: ICHdw1/02.

Pseudotsuga menziesii / Penstemon fruticosus - Calamagrostis rubescens - Douglas-fir / Shrubby Penstemon - Pinegrass

BEC Zones: ICHmk1/02, IDFmw1/03, MSdm1/02.

Pseudotsuga menziesii / Symphoricarpos albus / Balsamorhiza sagittata - Douglas-fir / Common Snowberry / Arrowleaf Balsamroot

BEC Zones: IDFdm2/03.

Puccinellia nuttalliana - Hordeum jubatum - Nuttall's Alkaligrass - Foxtail Barley

BEC Zones: IDFdk1/Gs02, IDFdk2/Gs02, IDFdk3/Gs02, IDFdk4/Gs02, IDFdm1/Gs02, IDFdm2/Gs02, IDFdw/Gs02, MSdc1/Gs02, MSdc2/Gs02, MSdk/Gs02, MSdm1/Gs02, MSdm2/Gs02, MSdv/Gs02, MSxv/Gs02, SBPSdc/Gs02, SBPSxc/Gs02.

Purshia tridentata / Pseudoroegneria spicata - Antelope-brush / Bluebunch Wheatgrass

BEC Zones: IDFdm2/02, PPdh2/00.

Plant Communities

Ecological Communities

Salix drummondiana / Calamagrostis canadensis – Drummond's Willow / Bluejoint Reedgrass

BEC Zones: MSdk/Fl05, MSdm1/Fl05, MSmw2/Fl05, SBPSdc/Fl05, SBSdk/Fl05, SBSdw3/Fl05.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis / Festuca idahoensis – Western Snowberry - Idaho Fescue

BEC Zones: IDFdm2/00.

Thuja plicata / Paxistima myrsinites - Lonicera utahensis – Western Redcedar / Falsebox - Utah Honeysuckle

BEC Zones: ICHmk1/0.

Thuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Equisetum arvense – Western Redcedar - Western Hemlock / Common Horsetail

BEC Zones: ICHmw1/07, ICHmw2/07.

Trichophorum cespitosum / Campylium stellatum – Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star- moss

BEC Zones: BWBSdk1/Wf11, ESSFdc1/Wf11, ESSFdc2/Wf11, ESSFdc3/Wf11, ESSFdv d/Wf11, ESSFdv/Wf11, ESSFwc2/Wf11, ESSFwc3/Wf11, ESSFwk1/Wf11, ESSFxc/Wf11, ICHmc2/Wf11, ICHmw1/Wf11, ICHmw3/Wf11, ICHvk1/Wf11, MSdm2/Wf11, SBSdk/Wf11, SBSwk1/Wf11.

Plant Communities

Ecological Communities

Typha latifolia Marsh – Common Cattail Marsh

BEC Zones: BGxh1/Wm05, BGxh2/Wm05, BGxw1/Wm05, CDFmm/Wm05, CWHdm/Wm05, CWHxm1/Wm05, CWHxm2/Wm05, IDFdk1/Wm05, IDFdk2/Wm05, IDFdk3/Wm05, IDFdm1/Wm05, IDFdm2/Wm05, IDFmw1/Wm05, IDFmw2/Wm05, IDFxh1/Wm05, IDFxh2/Wm05, IDFxk/Wm05, PPdh2/Wm05, PPxh1/Wm05, PPxh2/Wm05.

Plant Communities

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations

BG – Bunchgrass

• American Bittern • Pronghorn Clubtail • Flammulated Owl • Silky Vallonia • Great Blue Heron • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Lewis's Woodpecker • Rough Fescue - Bluebunch • Badger Wheatgrass • Bighorn Sheep • Baltic Rush - Field Sedge • Western Painted • Bluebunch Wheatgrass – • Bull Trout Junegrass • Chiselmouth • Common Cattail Marsh • Mottled Sculpin • Monarch

PP – Ponderosa Pine

• American Bittern • Twelve-spotted Skimmer • Flammulated Owl • Pronghorn Clubtail • Great Blue Heron • Pale Jumping-slug • Lewis's Woodpecker • Banded Tigersnail • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Rocky Mountainsnail • Williamson's sapsucker • Coeur d'Alene Oregonian • Badger • Subalpine Mountainsnail • Bighorn Sheep • Silky Vallonia • Fisher • Rough Fescue - Bluebunch • Western Painted Turtle Wheatgrass • Bull Trout • Baltic Rush - Field Sedge • Chiselmouth • Ponderosa Pine - Trembling Aspen • Monarch / Prairie Rose • Silver-spotted Skipper • Ponderosa Pine / Bluebunch • Nevada Skipper Wheatgrass - Silky Lupine • Old World Swallowtail • Black Cottonwood / Red-osier • Tawny-edged Skipper dogwood - Nootka Rose • Checkered Skipper • Bluebunch Wheatgrass – • Mormon Fritillary Junegrass • Nevada Skipper • Antelope-brush / Bluebunch • Jutta Arctic Wheatgrass • Checkered Skipper • Common Cattail Marsh • Twelve-spotted Skimmer

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations

IDF – Interior Douglas-fir

• American Bittern • Silky Vallonia • Broad-winged Hawk • Scrub Birch / Horsetails • Flammulated Owl • Slender Sedge / Common Hook • Great Blue Heron Moss • Lewis's Woodpecker • Tufted Hairgrass Community • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Williamson's Sapsucker • Rough Fescue - Bluebunch • Badger Wheatgrass • Bighorn Sheep • Baltic Rush - Field Sedge • Fisher • Hybrid White Spruce - Trembling • Grizzly Bear Aspen / Wild Sarsaparilla • Wolverine • Bluebunch Wheatgrass – • Western Painted Turtle Junegrass • Bull Trout • Douglas-fir / Pinegrass – • Chiselmouth Twinflower • Cutthroat Trout • Douglas-fir - Western Larch / • Mottled Sculpin Pinegrass • Albert's Fritillary • Douglas-fir / Shrubby Penstemon – • Rockslide Checkerspot Pinegrass • Monarch • Douglas-fir / Common Snowberry / • Silver-spotted Skipper Arrowleaf Balsamroot • Nevada Skipper • Nuttall's Alkaligrass - Foxtail Barley • Dione Copper • Antelope-brush / Bluebunch • Jutta Arctic Wheatgrass • Old World Swallowtail • Western Redcedar / Falsebox - • Tawny-edged Skipper Utah Honeysuckle • Checkered Skipper • Common Cattail Marsh • Mormon Fritillary • Twelve-spotted Skimmer • Pronghorn Clubtail • Vivid Dancer • Magnum Mantleslug • Pale Jumping-slug • Banded Tigersnail • Rocky Mountainsnail • Coeur d'Alene Oregonian • Subalpine Mountainsnail

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations

MS – Montane Spruce

• Broad-winged Hawk • Old World Swallowtail • Flammulated Owl • Tawny-edged Skipper • Great Blue Heron • Checkered Skipper • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Aphrodite Fritillary, manitoba • Williamson's Sapsucker • Aphrodite Fritillary, whitehousei • Badger • Mormon Fritillary • Bighorn Sheep • Zerene Fritillary • Fisher • Vivid Dancer • Grizzly Bear • Magnum Mantleslug • Southern Red-backed Vole • Pale Jumping-slug • Wolverine • Lambda Snaggletooth • Bull Trout • Slender Sedge / Common Hook • Cutthroat Trout Moss • Mottled Sculpin • Tufted Hairgrass Community • Albert's Fritillary • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Rockslide Checkerspot • Bluebunch Wheatgrass – • Mead's Sulphur Junegrass • Pelidne Sulphur • Douglas-fir / Shrubby Penstemon – • Monarch Pinegrass • Gillette's Checkerspot • Nuttall's Alkaligrass - Foxtail Barley • Nevada Skipper • Western Snowberry - Idaho • Dione Copper Fescue • Bronze Copper • Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star • Jutta Arctic Moss

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations

ESSF – Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir

• Broad-winged Hawk • Nevada Skipper • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Dione Copper • Williamson's Sapsucker • Bronze Copper • Badger • Jutta Arctic • Bighorn Sheep • Old World Swallowtail • Fisher • Tawny-edged Skipper • Grizzly Bear • Checkered Skipper • Southern Red-backed Vole • Aphrodite Fritillary subspecies • Wolverine • Aphrodite Fritillary • Bull Trout • Mormon Fritillary • Cutthroat Trout • Zerene Fritillary • Dolly Varden • Black-footed Tightcoil • Mottled Sculpin • Magnum Mantleslug • Albert's Fritillary • Lambda Snaggletooth • Rockslide Checkerspot • Rocky Mountainsnail • Mead's Sulphur • Coeur d'Alene Oregonian • Pelidne Sulphur • Subalpine Mountainsnail • Monarch • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Silver-spotted Skipper • Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star • Gillette's Checkerspot Moss

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations

ICH – Interior Cedar Hemlock

• American Bittern • Magnum Mantleslug • Great Blue Heron • Pygmy Slug • Lewis's Woodpecker • Pale Jumping-slug • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Banded Tigersnail • Badger • Rocky Mountainsnail • Bighorn Sheep • Coeur d'Alene Oregonian • Fisher • Ashy Pebblesnail • Grizzly Bear • Subalpine Mountainsnail • Wolverine • Glossy Valvata • Western Painted Turtle • Slender Sedge / Common Hook • Bull Trout Moss • Chiselmouth • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Cutthroat Trout • Hybrid White Spruce / Black • Dolly Varden Gooseberry / Wild Sarsaparilla • Mottled Sculpin • Lodgepole Pine / Sitka Alder / • Albert's Fritillary Pinegrass • Pelidne Sulphur • Douglas-fir / Pinegrass – • Monarch Twinflower • Silver-spotted Skipper • Douglas-fir / Dull Oregon-Grape / • Bronze Copper Farsley Fern • Jutta Arctic • Douglas-fir / Shrubby Penstemon – • Old World Swallowtail Pinegrass • Tawny-edged Skipper • Western Redcedar - Western • Checkered Skipper Hemlock / Common Horsetail • Mormon Fritillary • Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star • Vivid Dancer Moss • Rotund Physa

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations

SBS – Sub Boreal Spruce

• American Bittern • Mottled Sculpin • Great Blue Heron • Rockslide Checkerspot • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Jutta Arctic • Bighorn Sheep • Black-footed Tightcoil • Fisher • Slender Sedge / Common Hook • Grizzly Bear Moss • Wolverine • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Bull Trout • Western Snowberry - Idaho • Chiselmouth Fescue • Cutthroat Trout • Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star • Dolly Varden Moss

SBPS – Sub Boreal Pine Spruce

• American Bittern • Slender Sedge / Common Hook • Great Blue Heron Moss • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Tufted Hairgrass Community • Fisher • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Grizzly Bear • Baltic Rush - Field Sedge • Wolverine, luscus subspecies • Nuttall's Alkaligrass - Foxtail Barley • Bull Trout • Western Snowberry - Idaho • Chiselmouth Fescue

BEC Zone Species and Ecological Community Associations • • • BWBS – Boreal White Black Spruce

• American Bittern • Mottled Sculpin • Great Blue Heron • Bronze Copper • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Aphrodite Fritillary, manitoba • Fisher • Slender Sedge / Common Hook • Grizzly Bear Moss • Wolverine • Swamp Horsetail - Beaked Sedge • Bull Trout • Tufted Clubrush / Golden Star • Dolly Varden Moss

MH – Mountain Hemlock

• Olive-sided Flycatcher • Fisher • Grizzly Bear • Wolverine • Dolly Varden

SWB – Spruce Willow Birch

• Olive-sided Flycatcher • Fisher • Grizzly Bear • Wolverine • Bull Trout

AT – Alpine Tundra

• Bighorn Sheep

Identified Wildlife in the Invermere TSA

Prepared by: Dustin Oaten, MSc., RPBio. Prepared For: Canfor Corporation