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The Fujita Scale F‐Scale Intensity Wind Type of Damage Done Number Phrase Speed
Weather‐Wind Worksheet 2 L2 MiSP Weather-Wind Speed and Direction Worksheet #2 L2 Name _____________________________ Date_____________ Tornados – Pressure and Wind Speed Introduction (excerpts from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tstorms/tornado.htm ) A tornado is a violently rotating (usually counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere) column of air descending from a thunderstorm and in contact with the ground. The United States experiences more tornadoes by far than any other country. In a typical year about 1000 tornadoes will strike the United States. The peak of the tornado season is April through June and more tornadoes strike the central United States than any other place in the world. This area has been nicknamed "tornado alley." Most tornadoes are spawned from thunderstorms. Tornadoes can last from several seconds to more than an hour but most last less than 10 minutes. The size and/or shape of a tornado are no measure of its strength. Occasionally, small tornadoes do major damage and some very large tornadoes, over a quarter-mile wide, have produced only light damage. The Fujita Scale F‐Scale Intensity Wind Type of Damage Done Number Phrase Speed 40‐72 Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; F0 Gale tornado mph pushes over shallow‐rooted trees; damages sign boards. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; Moderate 73‐112 peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off F1 tornado mph foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed. Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; Significant 113‐157 mobile homes demolished; boxcars pushed over; large F2 tornado mph trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated. -
Kentucky Mesonet Weather Station Moves to Ephram White Park
Home / News https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/kentucky-mesonet-weather-station-moves-to-ephram-white- park/article_5c142169-496b-5905-90c0-fb3ac31cfab0.html Kentucky Mesonet weather station moves to Ephram White Park By AARON MUDD [email protected] 9 min ago A Kentucky Mesonet weather station was recently relocated to Warren County’s Ephram White Park from its previous location near the General Motors Bowling Green Assembly Plant. Submitted photo courtesy of WKU Visitors to Ephram White Park might notice a new feature – a Kentucky Mesonet weather station has been relocated to the park from its previous location near the General Motors Corvette plant. Stuart Foster, director of the Kentucky Mesonet and the Kentucky Climate Center, said the move comes after the station was damaged during a lightning strike. He said the new location shouldn’t afect forecasting in the area. On the contrary, the real- time weather information the station ofers could become even more valuable in its new location at the park at 885 Mount Olivet Road. “With the growing population, nearby schools and industrial park, we felt it was important to keep coverage in that area so we worked with Chris Kummer and Warren County Parks and Recreation and partnered with them on the site at Ephram White Park,” Foster said in a news release. Part of a statewide network of 71 stations in 69 counties, the Mesonet station collects real- time data on temperature, precipitation, humidity, barometric pressure, solar radiation, soil moisture, soil temperature, wind speed and direction. That data is transmitted to the Kentucky Climate Center at WKU every fve minutes, 24 hours a day throughout the year, and is available online at kymesonet.org. -
Wind Energy Forecasting: a Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy
Wind Energy Forecasting: A Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy Keith Parks Xcel Energy Denver, Colorado Yih-Huei Wan National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Gerry Wiener and Yubao Liu University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, Colorado NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. S ubcontract Report NREL/SR-5500-52233 October 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Wind Energy Forecasting: A Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy Keith Parks Xcel Energy Denver, Colorado Yih-Huei Wan National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Gerry Wiener and Yubao Liu University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, Colorado NREL Technical Monitor: Erik Ela Prepared under Subcontract No. AFW-0-99427-01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Subcontract Report 1617 Cole Boulevard NREL/SR-5500-52233 Golden, Colorado 80401 October 2011 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 This publication received minimal editorial review at NREL. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
Weather Station Handbook
PART 2A. MANUAL WEATHER STATIONS: MEASUREMENTS; INSTRUMENTS This portion of the handbook focuses on manual 5. Mechanical wind counte r equipped with a timer wea ther station instru ments and thei r operational fea (Forester IO-Minute Wind Counter), or other suitable tures. The individual chapters first define and describe read out device, such as the Forester (Haytronics) Total the weather elements or parameters that are measured izing Wind Counter. The counter enables measurement at fire-weather an d other stations. of average windspeed in miles per hour. The generator Observers with a basic understanding of weather in an emometers mentione-d above have a n electronic accu struments, and wha t the measurements re present, are mulator or odomete r that can give a digital readout of better prepared toward obtaining accurate wea ther data. IO-minute average windspeed. They will be better able to recognize an erroneous rea ding 6. Wind direction system-including wind vane and or defective instrumen t. Similarly, persona assigned the remote readout device. Again, no particular model has task will be more likely to properly install and maintai n been adopted as the standard. the instrume nts. 7. Nonrecording ("stick") rai n gauge, with support; In addition. a n increased understandin g of the instru gauge has 8-inch diameter and may be either large capac ments may bring greater satisfaction to what might other ity type or Fores t Service type. Measuri ng stick gives wise become a routine, mechan ical task. An understand rainfall in hundred ths of an inch. ing of the weather elements and processe s may further 8. -
Wind Characteristics 1 Meteorology of Wind
Chapter 2—Wind Characteristics 2–1 WIND CHARACTERISTICS The wind blows to the south and goes round to the north:, round and round goes the wind, and on its circuits the wind returns. Ecclesiastes 1:6 The earth’s atmosphere can be modeled as a gigantic heat engine. It extracts energy from one reservoir (the sun) and delivers heat to another reservoir at a lower temperature (space). In the process, work is done on the gases in the atmosphere and upon the earth-atmosphere boundary. There will be regions where the air pressure is temporarily higher or lower than average. This difference in air pressure causes atmospheric gases or wind to flow from the region of higher pressure to that of lower pressure. These regions are typically hundreds of kilometers in diameter. Solar radiation, evaporation of water, cloud cover, and surface roughness all play important roles in determining the conditions of the atmosphere. The study of the interactions between these effects is a complex subject called meteorology, which is covered by many excellent textbooks.[4, 8, 20] Therefore only a brief introduction to that part of meteorology concerning the flow of wind will be given in this text. 1 METEOROLOGY OF WIND The basic driving force of air movement is a difference in air pressure between two regions. This air pressure is described by several physical laws. One of these is Boyle’s law, which states that the product of pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature must be a constant, or p1V1 = p2V2 (1) Another law is Charles’ law, which states that, for constant pressure, the volume of a gas varies directly with absolute temperature. -
Imet-4 Radiosonde 403 Mhz GPS Synoptic
iMet-4 Radiosonde 403 MHz GPS Synoptic Technical Data Sheet Temperature and Humidity Radiosonde Data Transmission The iMet-4 measures air temperature with a The iMet-4 radiosonde can transmit to an small glass bead thermistor. Its small size effective range of over 250 km*. minimizes effects caused by long and short- wave radiation and ensures fast response times. A 6 kHz peak-to-peak FM transmission maximizes efficiency and makes more channels The humidity sensor is a thin-film capacitive available for operational use. Seven frequency polymer that responds directly to relative selections are pre-programmed - with custom humidity. The sensor incorporates a temperature programming available. sensor to minimize errors caused by solar heating. Calibration Pressure and Height The iMet-4’s temperature and humidity sensors are calibrated using NIST traceable references to As recommended by GRUAN3, the iMet-4 is yield the highest data quality. equipped with a pressure sensor to calculate height at lower levels in the atmosphere. Once Benefits the radiosonde reaches the optimal height, pressure is derived using GPS altitude combined • Superior PTU performance with temperature and humidity data. • Lightweight, compact design • No assembly or recalibration required The pressure sensor facilitates the use of the • GRUAN3 qualified (pending) sonde in field campaigns where a calibrated • Status LED indicates transmit frequency barometer is not available to establish an selection and 3-D GPS solution accurate ground observation for GPS-derived • Simple one-button user interface pressure. For synoptic use, the sensor is bias adjusted at ground level. Winds Data from the radiosonde's GPS receiver is used to calculate wind speed and direction. -
National Data Buoy Center Command Briefing for Marine Technology Society Oceans in Action
National Data Buoy Center Command Briefing For Marine Technology Society Oceans in Action August 21, 2014 Helmut H. Portmann, Director National Data Buoy Center To provide• a real-time, end-to-end capability beginning with the collection of marine atmospheric and oceanographic data and ending with its transmission, quality control and distribution. NDBC Weather Forecast Offices/ IOOS Partners Tsunami Warning & other NOAA River Forecast Centers Platforms Centers observations MADIS NWS Global NDBC Telecommunication Mission Control System (GTS) Center NWS/NCEP Emergency Managers Oil & Gas Platforms HF Radars Public NOAA NESDIS (NCDC, NODC, NGDC) DATA COLLECTION DATA DELIVERY NDBC Organization National Weather Service Office of Operational Systems NDBC Director SRQA Office 40 Full-time Civilians (NWS) Mission Control Operations Engineering Support Services Mission Mission Information Field Production Technology Logistics and Business Control Support Technology Operations Engineering Development Facilities Services Center Engineering 1 NOAA Corps Officer U.S. Coast Guard Liaison Office – 1 Lt & 4 CWO Bos’ns NDBC Technical Support Contract –90 Contractors Pacific Architects and Engineers (PAE) National Data Buoy Center NDBC is a cradle to grave operation - It begins with requirements and engineering design, then continues through purchasing, fabrication, integration, testing, logistics, deployment and maintenance, and then with observations ingest, processing, analysis, distribution in real time NDBC’s Ocean Observing Networks Wx DART Weather -
Weather Observations
Operational Weather Analysis … www.wxonline.info Chapter 2 Weather Observations Weather observations are the basic ingredients of weather analysis. These observations define the current state of the atmosphere, serve as the basis for isoline patterns, and provide a means for determining the physical processes that occur in the atmosphere. A working knowledge of the observation process is an important part of weather analysis. Source-Based Observation Classification Weather parameters are determined directly by human observation, by instruments, or by a combination of both. Human-based Parameters : Traditionally the human eye has been the source of various weather parameters. For example, the amount of cloud that covers the sky, the type of precipitation, or horizontal visibility, has been based on human observation. Instrument-based Parameters : Numerous instruments have been developed over the years to sense a variety of weather parameters. Some of these instruments directly observe a particular weather parameter at the location of the instrument. The measurement of air temperature by a thermometer is an excellent example of a direct measurement. Other instruments observe data remotely. These instruments either passively sense radiation coming from a location or actively send radiation into an area and interpret the radiation returned to the instrument. Satellite data for visible and infrared imagery are examples of the former while weather radar is an example of the latter. Hybrid Parameters : Hybrid observations refer to weather parameters that are read by a human observer from an instrument. This approach to collecting weather data has been a big part of the weather observing process for many years. Proper sensing of atmospheric data requires proper siting of the sensors. -
GPS-Based Measurement of Height and Pressure with Vaisala Radiosonde RS41
GPS-Based Measurement of Height and Pressure with Vaisala Radiosonde RS41 WHITE PAPER Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary of Measurement Performance ............................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2 GPS Technology in the Vaisala Radiosonde RS41 ........................................................................................... 6 Radiosonde GPS Receiver .................................................................................................................. 6 Local GPS Receiver .......................................................................................................................... 6 Calculation Algorithms ..................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3 GPS-Based Measurement Methods ............................................................................................................... 7 Height Measurement ......................................................................................................................... 7 Pressure Measurement ..................................................................................................................... 7 Measurement Accuracy..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER -
The Impacts on Flow by Hydrological Model with NEXRAD Data: a Case Study on a Small Watershed in Texas, USA Taesoo Lee*
Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2011(168~180) The Impacts on Flow by Hydrological Model with NEXRAD Data: A Case Study on a small Watershed in Texas, USA Taesoo Lee* 레이더 강수량 데이터가 수문모델링에서 수량에 미치는 영향 -미국 텍사스의 한 유역을 사례로- 이태수* Abstract:The accuracy of rainfall data for a hydrological modeling study is important. NEXRAD (Next Generation Radar) rainfall data estimated by WRS-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988 Doppler) radar system has advantages of its finer spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, NEXRAD rainfall data was tested and compared with conventional weather station data using the previously calibrated SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to identify local storms and to analyze the impacts on hydrology. The previous study used NEXRAD data from the year of 2000 and the NEXRAD data was substituted with weather station data in the model simulation in this study. In a selected watershed and a selected year (2006), rainfall data between two datasets showed discrepancies mainly due to the distance between weather station and study area. The largest difference between two datasets was 94.5 mm (NEXRAD was larger) and 71.6 mm (weather station was larger) respectively. The differences indicate that either recorded rainfalls were occurred mostly out of the study area or local storms only in the study area. The flow output from the study area was also compared with observed data, and modeled flow agreed much better when the simulation used NEXRAD data. Key Words : Local storm, NEXRAD, Radar, Rainfall, SWAT 요약:강수량 데이터의 정확성은 수리모델링에서 중요하다. -
Vaisala Jon Tarleton Road & Rail Marketing Manager [email protected] Twitter @Jontarleton
Vaisala Jon Tarleton Road & Rail Marketing Manager [email protected] twitter @jontarleton Things you might not know about us… Page 2 / 07-17-13/ Road Weather Management 2013/ ©Vaisala Vaisala Inc. the U.S. subsidiary employs over 330 people in offices located in Colorado, Massachusetts, At our world headquarters (Helsinki, Finland) Arizona, Missouri, and Minnesota. the sun rose today at 4:25am and will set at 10:26pm (loosing 4 min of daylight a day). Vaisala service personnel travel 30 miles via Snowcat in Wyoming to reach AWOS sites at mountain passes. Vaisala’s WMT700 is the only approved ultrasonic wind sensor for Federal AWOS systems. Our NLDN turned 30 years old last month! (National Lightning Detection Network) which detected 702,501,649 lightning flashes in 30 years. Vaisala Dropsonde is used by hurricane hunter aircraft to collect storm data.. A drop from 20,000 feet lasts 7 minutes. Page 3 / 07-17-13/ Road Weather Management 2013/ ©Vaisala Vaisala HMP155 sensor is located on the Mars Curiosity and has been recording humidity information for the past year. Page 4 / 07-17-13/ Road Weather Management 2013/ ©Vaisala Your Weather Technology Experts Non-intrusive Expert Sensors Consultation Open Architecture Mobile Weather Page 5 / 07-17-13/ Road Weather Management 2013/ ©Vaisala Winter Maintenance Operations Performance Measurement Mobile Weather Station Idaho Transportation Department worked with Vaisala West Virginia DOT, Idaho Trans. Dept., and the City of to develop multiple performance indexes to measure West Des Moines, Iowa, are a few examples of crew effectiveness and traffic flow. Index agencies that tested the Condition Patrol mobile measurements begin with using the quantitative system during the winter of 2012-13. -
Glossary of Fire Weather Terms
2021 Arkansas Fire Weather Operating Plan National Weather Service Forecast Office Little Rock, Arkansas 1 2021 Arkansas Fire Weather Operating Plan National Weather Service Forecast Office – Little Rock 8400 Remount Road North Little Rock, AR 72118 Joseph C Goudsward - Senior Forecaster Incident Meteorologist (IMET) 2 Table of Contents Chapter Page Introduction 4 Important Changes 6 General Information 7 Role of the National Weather Service 8 Red Flag Program 10 Basic vs. Special Services 11 Forecast Products 14 Spot Forecasts 31 NFDRS Forecasts 43 Update Policy 48 NWS Offices and Responsibilities 49 Appendices #1 Wildland Fire terminology 61 #2 Southern Region Contacts and IMETs 79 #3 Arkansas Fire Weather Zones 82 #4 National Fire Plan 83 #5 Fire weather Links 88 #6 NFDRS Sites 89 #7 Contact Information 90 #8 Forecast Products 97 3 Introduction This document is the latest Arkansas Fire Weather Operating Plan. It serves to consolidate the fire weather services provided by National Weather Service (NWS) offices covering the state. The purpose of this operating plan can be broken down into three distinct areas. The first is to consolidate all the fire weather services provided by the five NWS offices covering the state of Arkansas. The second purpose is to describe the services available to all land management agencies in Arkansas. The final purpose is to provide information and guidelines to the forecasting staff at the five NWS offices to ensure that consistent information is given to their customers. Customers of NWS fire weather products and services in Arkansas must understand that the products and policies contained within may differ slightly based on local policy and procedure.