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The Yugoslav Peoples's Army: Between Civil War and Disintegration
WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The Yugoslav Peoples's Army: Between Civil War and Disintegration by Dr. Timothy L. Sanz Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article appeared originally in Military Review December 1991 Pages 36-45 August, a crisis in the Balkans, and a revolutionary upheaval in part of Europe--these words raise the hair on the back of the neck. Just a bit less than eighty years ago, Europe inaugurated this century of total war, thanks to the inability of its monarchs, statesmen, and generals to deal with a Balkan Crisis, the latest manifestation of what diplomats then called the "accursed Eastern Question." In the wake of that failure of statecraft, million-man armies marched into battle from one end of the continent to the other. Looking back on the long interval of peace which Europe has enjoyed since the end of the Second World War, the present crisis confirms the reality of a profound shift in the European security system and raises the question of whether the emerging security system in Europe will be able to deal with new Balkan crises. For several decades, while the military might of two ideologically-hostile blocs stood poised for action in Central Europe, a hypothetical internal crisis in Yugoslavia was often seen as an element in a scenario for bringing about a NATO-WTO military confrontation. -
Opmaak Both/Definitief 02-08-2000 15:13 Pagina 1
* From Indifference to 19-12-2003 17:26 Pagina 1 NORBERT BOTH NORBERT NORBERT BOTH Fr om Indifference to Entrapment to om Indifference The Yugoslav crisis represents a formidable foreign policy challenge to many Western and Islamic government bureaucracies. From Indifference to Entrapment deals with the question of how the Netherlands faced up to this challenge during the years 1990-1995. It was during this period that the crisis erupted into armed conflict and the single worst war crime in Europe since the end of World War II took place in the ‘safe area’ of Srebrenica. The role of the Netherlands is particularly interesting, as the country held the EC/EU Presidency during the recognition debate in 1991 and supplied the peacekeeping presence in Srebrenica. The questions addressed in this book include: Did early warning work? What role did the Dutch Presidency (July-December 1991) play in the recognition debate? What motiv- ated the Dutch opposition to the Vance-Owen Peace Plan? Why did the Netherlands become From Indifference entrapped, as symbolised through its isolated peacekeeping commitment to Srebrenica? Finally, what can this story tell us about the ability of small and medium powers to in- fluence international affairs? This study is based on interviews with key players, including former Cabinet Minis- ters, and on documents from the Netherlands Ministry to Entrapment of Foreign Affairs, made available under the Dutch ‘freedom of information act’. ISBN 90-5356-453-5 Dr. Norbert Both, formerly a research assistant The Netherlands for David Owen, now works at the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. -
France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.)
France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of History August 2015 © “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis examines French relations with Yugoslavia in the twentieth century and its response to the federal republic’s dissolution in the 1990s. In doing so it contributes to studies of post-Cold War international politics and international diplomacy during the Yugoslav Wars. It utilises a wide-range of source materials, including: archival documents, interviews, memoirs, newspaper articles and speeches. Many contemporary commentators on French policy towards Yugoslavia believed that the Mitterrand administration’s approach was anachronistic, based upon a fear of a resurgent and newly reunified Germany and an historical friendship with Serbia; this narrative has hitherto remained largely unchallenged. Whilst history did weigh heavily on Mitterrand’s perceptions of the conflicts in Yugoslavia, this thesis argues that France’s Yugoslav policy was more the logical outcome of longer-term trends in French and Mitterrandienne foreign policy. Furthermore, it reflected a determined effort by France to ensure that its long-established preferences for post-Cold War security were at the forefront of European and international politics; its strong position in all significant international multilateral institutions provided an important platform to do so. -
ISSN 1450-5460 UDK 32 No. 2/2011 Year III Vol. 4. Institute for Political Studies 1
Béla Révész Anastasia V. Mitrofanova Aleksandar Novaković Miodrag Radojević Zoran Đ. Slavujević Momčilo Subotić ISSN 1450-5460 UDK 32 No. 2/2011 Year III Vol. 4. Institute for Political Studies 1 ISSN 1450-5460 U DK N o. 1-2/2010 II Vol. 2 Serbian Political Thought ISSN 1450-5460 UDK 32 No. 2/2011 Year III Vol. 4 Serbian Political Thought is published two times a year Serbian Political Thought was founded in 1996 and publishing was renewed in 2010. Due to lack of financial means, its publishing was postponed to 2011. Publisher Institute for Political Studies Svetozara Markovića 36, Belgrade, Telephone +381 11 33 49 204, +381 11 30 39 380 www.sptips.rs www.ipsbgd.edu.rs e-mail: [email protected] Director Živojin Đurić Editor in Chief Đorđe Stojanović Deputy Editor Dejana Vukčević Foreign Editorial Board Mamoru Sadakata, Dean/Professor, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya University, Nagoya Iver B. Neumann, Research Director, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo Anastasia Mitrofanova, Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow; Research Director, Center for Euro-Atlantic Studies, Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Moscow Goran Kovacic, Associated Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana Domestic Editorial Board Milan Jovanović, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade Dušan Pavlović, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade Ljubiša Despotović, Faculty of Culture and Media, Megatrend University Živojin Đurić, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Đorđe Stojanović, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Dejana Vukčević, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Sanja Šuljagić, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Petar Matić, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Mladen Lišanin, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Secretary of the Journal Mladen Lišanin Translators Ana Matić Andrijana Stamenković Milica Bjelobaba Graphic Designer Miroslava Karajanković Printed by ESELOGE d.o.o. -
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9. -
The International Community's Role in the Process of German Unification
The International Community’s Role in the Process of German Unification 269 Chapter 10 The International Community’s Role in the Process of German Unification Horst Teltschik The first half of the 20th century was dominated by two world wars with more than 100 million deaths—soldiers and civilians. As a result, from 1945 on Europe was divided. Germany and its capital Berlin lost their sovereignty. Germany was run by the four victorious powers: the United States, France, Great Britain and the Soviet Union. The polit- ical and military dividing line between the three Western powers and the Soviet Union ran through the middle of Germany and Berlin. The world was divided into a bipolar order between the nuclear su- perpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, with their respec- tive alliance systems NATO and Warsaw Pact. The latter was ruled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) with its ideological monopoly. In 1945, two militarily devastating world wars were followed by five decades of Cold War. The nuclear arsenals led to a military balance be- tween West and East. The policy of mutual nuclear deterrence did not prevent dangerous political crises—such as the Soviet Berlin Blockade from June 1948 until May 1949, Nikita Khrushchev’s 1958 Berlin Ul- timatum and the 1962 Cuba Crisis—which brought both sides to the brink of another world war. In Berlin, fully armed American and Soviet tanks directly faced each other at Checkpoint Charlie. In Cuba, Soviet missiles threatened to attack the United States. Cold War tensions were compounded by Moscow’s bloody military interventions to crush uprisings against its rule in 1953 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), in 1956 in Hungary, and 1968 in Prague. -
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CCJJ\1l\1Il S S I Ot-T OF THE ETif{OPEA!'J COI\JftvlUNI TIES SEC (91) 2145 final Brussels; 21 Nove~ber 1991 CONFERENCE Ct~ SECUR l TY AND CO<WERA T I ON I H EUROPE HELS l ~I FOLLOW-UP MEET I t-3G MARCH - JUNE 1992 Ccm:wllcation of the Com.=iss:Ion to the Council . •· ' :- ,·.· CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE HELSINKI FOLLOW-uP ~EET I NG MARCH - JUNE 1992 Communication of the Commission to the Council 1. Introduction L The fourth CSCE follow-up meeting (after Belgrade 1977/78, Madr ld 1980-83 and Vienna 1986-89) will be held In Helsinki, starting on March 24, 1992. It Is scheduled to last for three months. The meeting will, according to the Paris Charter, "allow the participating states to take stock of developments, review the Implementation of their commItments and consIder further steps In the CSCE process". The conference Is likely to be opened by Foreign Ministers and w111 conclude with a Summit In early July. 2. It wil I be the first occasion after the Paris Summit of November 1990 for the CSCE to undertake a global appreciation of the fundamental changes which have occured since 1989/90 In central and eastern Europe and In the Soviet Union. Helsinki will consider ways and means by which the economic and political reforms underway can be accelerated. 3. Recent changes In Europe demonstrate the need for a new approach in substantive areas of cooperation as well as effective decision-making In CSCE Institutions, notably the Council, supported by the Committee of Senior Officials. -
I-2014 Infobrief II.Pub
Info-Brief 1/2014 Juni 2014 www.deutsche- stiftung-eigentum.de Liebe Freunde und Förderer der Deutschen Stiftung Eigentum, sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, Prof. Schmidt-Jortzig erhält den „Preis der Deutschen Stiftung Eigentum“ und es erscheinen zwei neue Bände der „Bibliothek des Eigentums“. Im ersten Halbjahr 2014 hat sich viel getan und so geht es auch weiter! Stiftungsrat Bei seiner offiziellen Verabschiedung am 13. Februar 2014 in der Mendelssohn- Vorsitzender: Remise wurde Prof. Schmidt-Jortzig für seine langjährigen Verdienste um die Stiftung Dr. Hermann Otto Solms mit dem „Preis der Deutschen Stiftung Eigentum“ geehrt. In der Laudatio hob Prof. De- Prof. Dr. Otto Depenheuer penheuer die verantwortungsvolle und erfolgreiche Führung der Stiftungsgeschäfte Max Freiherr v. Elverfeldt durch Prof. Schmidt-Jortzig hervor und betonte dessen Engagement für die Idee des Ei- Nicolai Freiherr v. Engelhardt gentums, das für den ersten Stiftungsratsvorsitzenden immer eine Herzensangelegenheit Michael Moritz gewesen ist. Mit einer Festrede zum „Wert des Eigentums“ dankte Prof. Schmidt- Dr. Horst Reinhardt Jortzig für die Auszeichnung und freute sich, die Arbeit der Stiftung weiterhin im Stif- Michael Prinz zu Salm-Salm tungsrat begleiten zu können. Prof. Dr. Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig Gerd Sonnleitner Bernd Ziesemer Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Otto Depenheuer Vorstand Vorsitzender: N.N. Karoline Beck Wolfgang v. Dallwitz Geschäftsführerin Verbunden mit dem Festakt war die Übergabe des 10. Bandes der Bibliothek des Rechtsanwältin Eigentums „Staatssanierung durch Enteignung“, den der Vizepräsident des Heidrun Gräfin Schulenburg Deutschen Bundestages, Johannes Singhammer, MdB, entgegennahm. Alle Reden und Grußworte anlässlich der Veranstaltung haben wir in der beiliegenden Broschüre festgehalten. Besonders lesenswert – erfreuen Sie sich an den gedruckten Redebeiträgen und Fotos. -
Fierce Battles Rage in Croatia
Fierce battles rage in Croatia From Marcus Tanner in Belgrade SERB militants clashed with Cro- tatives of the eight constituent atian police yesterday in several parts of the country, seem like a gun battles in villages near the dead letter. It had ordered the dis- central Croatian town of Petrinja. banding of all irregular armed "It's a real battle going on," said units, except the federal army and a Croatian policeman from the the regular police force, by mid- village of Donji Cuntic, near Pet- night on 18 July. rinja. The policeman said fighting The order was immediately began after local Serb gunmen countermanded, however, by the surrounded the village police sta- President of Yugoslavia, Stipe tion early in the morning. Reports Mesic, a Croat. Shortly after sign- of the number of dead or ing the ultimatum, he said that wounded in yesterday's clashes Croatia would not obey the order could not be confirmed. Late last if it meant disbanding the repub- night it was reported that Cro- lic's paramilitary National Guard. atian militiamen retook four vil- The daily outbreaks of fresh lages from Serbian guerrillas. The violence and the deep hatred and Croatian interior minister last suspicion which mark relations week reported that 29 Croatian between the various Yugoslav Croatian villagers take part in a funeral procession for one of the many young men killed in the civil turmoil that has engulfed the breakaway republic Photograph: David Rose police had been killed since Au- republics, will create an almost gust last year in clashes between -
Helmut Kohl, a Giant of the Post-War Era*
DOI: 10.1515/tfd-2017-0025 THE FEDERALIST DEBATE Year XXX, N° 3, November 2017 Comments Helmut Kohl, a Giant of the Post-War Era* Jean-Claude Juncker Today we are saying goodbye to the German the same coin, as he, and Adenauer before and European Statesman, Helmut Kohl. And him, always used to say. I am saying goodbye to a true friend who He made Adenauer’s maxim his own. And he guided me with affection over the years and put it into practice again and again through the decades. I am not speaking now as his thoughts and actions. President of the Commission, but as a friend There are many examples of this. who became President of the Commission. In The fall of the Berlin Wall was greeted with Helmut Kohl, a giant of the post-war era joy throughout Europe and the world. But leaves us; He made it into th ehistory books German reunification – in which he always even while he was still alive – and in those uncompromisingly believed – encountered history books he will forever remain. He was resistance in parts of Europe, and indeed someone who became the continental sometimes outright rejection. monument before which German and Helmut Kohl promoted German reunification European wreaths are laid, and indeed must in many patient conversations. He was able be laid. to do so successfully because his reputation, It was his wish to say goodbye here in which had grown over many years, allowed Strasbourg, this Franco-German, European him to give credible assurances that he border city that was close to his heart. -
Russia and the European Security Order Revisited: from the Congress of Vienna to the Post-Cold War
European Politics and Society ISSN: 2374-5118 (Print) 2374-5126 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpep21 Russia and the European security order revisited: from the congress of Vienna to the post-cold war Tuomas Forsberg To cite this article: Tuomas Forsberg (2019) Russia and the European security order revisited: from the congress of Vienna to the post-cold war, European Politics and Society, 20:2, 154-171, DOI: 10.1080/23745118.2018.1545182 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1545182 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 30 Nov 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 571 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpep21 EUROPEAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY 2019, VOL. 20, NO. 2, 154–171 https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1545182 Russia and the European security order revisited: from the congress of Vienna to the post-cold war Tuomas Forsberga,b aHelsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; bTampere University, Tampere, Finland ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Russia’s role in the international order is often explained with Russia; international order; reference to historical examples, analogies and longue durée security order; European trends. This article examines Russia’s role in, and visions of, the security international order from the Congress of Vienna to the end of the Cold War. The article also discusses the lessons, and perhaps also the wrong lessons, that the current Russian leadership and elite have drawn on the basis of past grand bargains. -
The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989-1997
5 Dušan Janjić, team leader Matjaž Klemenčič, team leader Vlado Azinović John Fine Emil Kerenji Albert Bing Zlatko Hadžidedić Vladimir Klemenčič Sumantra Bose Marko Attila Hoare Miloš Ković Daniele Conversi Charles Ingrao Vladimir Petrović Dušan Djordjevich Constantin Iordachi Nikola Samardžić Keith Doubt A. Ross Johnson Brendan Simms Principal author Matjaž Klemenčič acknowledges the extensive input by team members, including several pages of text contributed by Marko Attila Hoare, Charles Ingrao and Albert Bing. Funding from the National Endow- ment for Democracy and the Slovenian Research Council facilitated Prof. Klemenčič’s research, including numerous interviews with Slovenian gov- ernment officials and former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker. Profs. Klemenčič and Dušan Janjić assumed team leadership from John A. Fine (2001-2003) in order to streamline the team’s internet commu- nication. An initial draft was submitted for project-wide review in Novem- ber 2003, which mandated considerable expansion in the chapter’s length and research base. Although the text was adopted following project-wide review in April 2005, further revisions were undertaken in 2008 to address concerns raised by two of the four outside referees in 2010, to accommodate constructive criticism raised in book reviews, and again in 2012 to incorpo- rate new evidence of U.S. and NATO complicity in avoiding the arrest of ICTY indictees. The chapter cites several confidential interviews conducted by SI scholars with several current and former officials from the U.S. State De- partment and IFOR military; in each case their identities have been recorded and stored in the Purdue University archives for later release, upon request, consistent with terms negotiated with each individual.