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BI-MONTHLY OUTREACH JOURNAL OF NATIONAL CONSERVATION AUTHORITY CONSERVATION TIGER NATIONAL OF JOURNAL OUTREACH BI-MONTHLY Volume 3 Issue 3 Issue Volume 3

LANDMARKS

STRATEGIES OENETO OF GOVERNMENT

EVALUATION

ACHIEVEMENTS

PERSPECTIVES Mar-Apr 2012 Mar-Apr

INITIATIVES STATE-WISE RELEASE OF CENTRAL ASSISTANCE During 11th Plan Period Under Centrally Sponsored Scheme Of (MoEF)

STATE 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Andhra Pradesh 73.918 56.983 138.254 155.645 154.406

Arunachal Pradesh 110.254 246.171 64.710 226.702 236.786

Assam 95.614 1092.379 194.290 1509.472 947.509

Bihar 98.321 49.673 8.856 158.355 172.193

Chhattisgarh 35.225 169.870 1383.502 1813.725 702.726

Jharkhand 45.160 115.377 117.139 130.616 156.347

Karnataka 1159.715 689.839 657.062 1660.050 1830.65

Kerala 153.245 267.090 311.4200 323.460 429.77

Madhya Pradesh 2975.941 6998.542 2,582.476 3962.730 5352.71

Maharashtra 295.719 411.125 373.517 2789.060 3622.342

Mizoram 82.900 241.450 2171.000 187.690 225.288

Orissa 43.280 625.990 221.740 815.290 555.076

Rajasthan 410.680 2708.950 10694.170 2368.925 67.21

Tamil Nadu 45.000 690.806 258.354 520.786 605.964

Uttarakhand 202.005 462.850 246.205 339.945 399.76

Uttar Pradesh 134.890 417.513 431.517 407.460 446.126

West Bengal 308.674 228.394 298.785 502.480 157.66

TOTAL 6,270.540 15,473.002 20,152.997 17,872.391 16,062.522 Volume 3 FUNDS EDITOR Issue 3 Reserve-wise Dr Rajesh Gopal March-Apr release in Status of in 2012 11th Plan mangrove EDITORIAL Pg 19 landscape COORDINATOR S P YADAV Pg 4 CONTENT COORDINATOR Inder MS Kathuria

Playing Northeast New Tiger FEEDBACK Father Management Reserve Annexe No 5 A unique Effectiveness A leg-up Bikaner House Shahjahan Road glimpse of Evaluation for Kawal New Delhi parenting by (MEE) of in Andhra male tigers [email protected] tiger P16 Pg 8 reserves Cover photo Pg 10 Dharm Khandal Ranthambhore

BI-MONTHLY OUTREACH JOURNAL OF NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY

n o t e f r o m t h e e d i t o r

THE mangrove habitat of Sundarbans is interesting feature on the bond between a resident unique. The normal approaches to tiger male and orphaned cubs in Ranthambhore. density estimation from camera trap The North Eastern Hills and Brahmaputra Flood population estimates are not applicable Plains is a vast landscape. This stretches across the here. It is not possible to derive the flood plains of river Torsa in , includes effectively trapped area calculations peaks of Khangchedzonga in , besides from the usual half mean maximum distance moved Brahmaputra flood plains and hills of and by recaptured tigers. Therefore, home ranges are Myanmar. There are seven tiger reserves in the estimated from tagged tigers. The radius of home region — Buxa (West Bengal), Manas, Kaziranga, range is used to determine the effectively sampled Nameri (Assam), Pakke, Namdapha (Arunachal) and area from the camera trap polygon to calculate densi- Dampa (). Several of these reserves share ty estimates from camera traps, which is applied to political boundaries with , Myanmar and all tiger-occupied areas of Sundarbans. The extent Bangladesh. The 2010 Assessment has estimated a and relative abundance of tigers throughout the TR is tiger population of 148 (118 to 178) in this region. found through sign surveys in channels. The independent Management Effectiveness Tiger continues to be a predator least understood! Evaluation has highlighted the strengths and weak- The only long lasting bondage in a tiger’s lifecycle is nesses of this cluster alongwith suggestions. These the relationship between a mother and its offspring. are being considered while firming up the respective However, there have been numerous instances of a Tiger Conservation Plans. resident male (which has sired the litter) sharing a Dr Rajesh Gopal kill with the mother and cubs. This issue carries an Member-Secretary, NTCA Sundarbans LANDSCAPE undarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove Status of Tigers, Co-Predators S forest created at the conflu- & Prey In India, 2010 ence of the deltas of the Rivers Brahmaputra, Ganga and Meghna. The delta spreads across the coun- tries of India and Bangladesh cov- ering 80,000 sqkm (Chakrabarti 1992) with 38% (Mitra 2000) of it in India and the remaining in Bangladesh. It comprises mudflats, creeks, tidal channels and an archi- pelago of about 102 islands of which 54 are inhabited by human population (Bera and Sahay 2010). To the north of Sundarbans are the , Rajmahal Hills to the west and the plateau and Chittagong Hills to the east (Chakrabarti 1992). Geologically, this area was carved out in recent times by tidal action and silt deposition and is still under formation. As a result of neotectonic changes the Bengal basin has been tilting eastwards resulting in changes in the flow of River Ganga and subsequently the structure of this vast delta. With 1437.4 persons per sqkm (Qureshi et al. 2006) biodiversity conservation is a challenge, although the Tiger Reserve is free of human settlements. Photos: H S Negi ECOLOGICAL BACKGROUND as part of the treaty of 1737 and km2 of this area was designated a Human colonisation of this region thereafter became the jagir of Reserved Forest (Bera and Sahay happened relatively late due to Lord Clive (Chaudhuri 1989). 2010). In 1903, Sir Daniel the inhospitable conditions However, it was only in 1770 that Mackinnon Hamilton, a Scotsman, though some people did occupy serious efforts were made to bought 40 sqkm of land which the area even in the 6th century reclaim land for agriculture by included the islands of (Chakrabarti 1992). The present Claude Russell, the then collector- Rangabelia, Satjelia and Gosaba day district of the 24 Parganas general of the district (Bera and where he established religious was ceded to East India Company Sahay 2010). By 1878-79, 4856 centres, dispensaries and cooper-

4 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES ative societies for tribals from the pollutant levels (Sarkara et al. Chhotanagpur region belonging 2002; Guzzella et al. 2005) to tribes like the Bhumij and the effects of climate change Mundas (Chakrabarti 1992; Bera and sea level on Sundarbans et al. 2010). (Naskar and Guha & Bakshi 1987; In 1978, many Partition Mukherjee 2002; Hazra 2002) and refugees from Bangladesh geology of the area (Bhattacharya escaped from the Dandakaranya and Das 1994; Bhattacharya government resettlement camp in 1999; Sanyal 1999 (in Sen and central India and decided to Naskar 2003), few studies have establish themselves at been conducted to assess status Marichjhanpi in Sundarbans, an of tigers and their prey in the area that was until then free of Indian Sundarbans. human presence and categorised Most studies on tigers and as a Reserved Forest. This act led their prey have been conducted to violent clashes between the on the Bangladesh side of new settlers and the Left govern- Sundarbans. In 1971, Hubert ment and resulted in mass Hendrichs conducted a three deaths, brutality and disease in month study to identify reasons the region (Ghosh 2004). for man-eating by Sundarbans In 1973-74, India declared tigers. However, the project 2,585 sqkm of this area as a could not be completed but the Tiger Reserve with Bangladesh initial data indicated an associa- following suit, declaring 23.5% of tion between man-eating behav- the remaining Sundarbans as a iour amongst tigers with increas- Reserved Forest in 1977 by carv- ing salinity levels. In more recent ing out three sanctuaries viz. times, a long term study was ini- Sundarbans West, Sundarbans tiated in February 2005 by the East and Sundarbans South Bangladesh Wildlife Department under the Bangladesh Wildlife from a funding by Save the Tiger (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, Fund and the US Fish and 1974 (Barlow et al. 2008). Wildlife Service to study tiger ecology and prey availability. CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE Some other studies to assess The United Nations Educational, prey density have also been con- Scientific and Cultural ducted in this landscape by Reza Organisation (UNESCO) et al. (2002). However, the most in 1987 placed the Indian important contribution to infor- Sundarbans on the World mation on tiger ecology in this Heritage List for it being an out- Forest guard at Sundarbans, region is an outcome of studies standing example of ecological fully equipped to take on conducted by Adam Barlow in and biological processes in the maneaters in the mangroves Bangladesh Sundarbans, which evolution and development of includes monitoring tiger popula- coastal communities of plants India and Bangladesh form a sin- tions in mangrove landscapes and animals and for the impor- gle population, which is isolated (Barlow et al. 2008), designing tance of this region for biodiver- from other tiger populations. conservation framework to sity conservation. A decade later reduce human-tiger conflict the Bangladesh part of ECOLOGICAL STUDIES (Barlow et al. 2010) and studying Sundarbans was also added to While several studies have been the impact of sea-level rise on the same list. conducted in this region to study Sundarbans (Loucks et al. 2010). With respect to the tiger, this structure and composition of However, on the Indian side, area is a tiger conservation unit mangroves (Prain 1903; while several books have been (TCU) of level 1 importance and Champion 1936; Bhattacharyya published on this region and the only one in a mangrove habi- 2002), dependence of local com- man-eating tigers, scientific stud- tat (Dinerstein et al. 1997). munities on such systems ies on the tiger are lacking. Until However, Sundarbans tigers of (Naskar, Guha & Bakshi 1987), recent times tiger numbers were

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 5 determined using traditional of toxins and pesticides in the applied. We adapted the method- methods like pugmark census, waters of rivers entering this ology to suit the environment of which have been considered area is also alarming with the Sundarbans. Since it was not error prone by scientific commu- adverse effects on the biodiversi- possible to walk in the mangrove nities. Tiger census figures based ty of the region. Other threats to forests for recording tiger sign on such methods produced esti- the region exist in the form of encounter rates due to lack of mates as high as 205 tigers in mangrove conversion to paddy proper animal trails as well as 1979 and 269 in 1989 fields and shrimp farms and the ever-present threat of tiger (Chakrabarti 1992). presence of oil and gas attack, we used tidal channel The inaccessible terrain of exploratory activities in the area. searches across the Sundarbans these habitats makes scientific Apart from all the above indi- to record sign and animal research a challenge thus few rect threats to the tiger in this encounter rates. One hundred such endeavours have been region, poaching of the species and twenty-six boat transects attempted in this zone. The first may also be prevalent with at least with an effort of 1,163 km were effort to assess tigers and their 17 seizures of tiger skins and sampled across the entire tiger prey numbers in this region using reserve. A similar approach has more reliable scientific methods also been used in the Bangladesh was made by Ullas Karanth and This region is under Sundarbans as well (Barlow et al. Nichols in mid 1990s followed by intense human pres- 2008). The sign intensity data a more recent attempt at under- across the Sundarbans constitut- standing tiger ecology using sure with around 3.5 ed the Phase I data set. radio-telemetry by Jhala et. al. million people living We then used a combination of (current report and on-going). within 20km of its satellite-telemetry and camera traps to estimate home range CONSERVATION STATUS northern and eastern size, population and density of This region is under intense borders and depend- tigers (Phase III). human pressure with around 3.5 ing upon the forests million people living within 20 COLLARING OF TIGERS kilometres of its northern and for livelihood A total of five tigers, two adult eastern borders and depending resources. Annually, females and three adult males upon the forests for livelihood around 35,330 people were tagged with satellite radio resources. Annually, around collars as a part of an ongoing 35,330 people enter the forests enter the forests of study on the Sundarbans tigers. of Sundarbans to collect timber, Sundarbans to collect The tigers were trapped in cages fish, honey and other products timber, fish, honey using bait and were anesthetized (Chakrabarti 1992). using 3mg/kg ketamine and Most of the unique flora and and other products 1.5mg/kg xylazene (Kreeger, fauna of this region is anyway 1996) administered intra muscu- being affected by the increasing larly using a blowpipe. levels of salinity and sedimenta- body parts in areas around The satellite collars (VECTRON- tion which is a consequence of Sundarbans in the last decade IX GPS Plus) weighed less than reduced inflow of freshwater into alone (data obtained from TRAFFIC 1.5% of the body weight of the the delta due to construction of Report 2010 (Verheij et al. 2010)). tigers. The collars were pro- dams and barrages (eg Farakka) All these factors, along with grammed to provide GPS fixes upstream. Heritiera fomes, the the isolated tiger population in every 30 minutes during phases plant that lends its name to the this zone, makes this an impor- of intensive sampling and later Sundarbans is most threatened tant tiger conservation unit with remotely reprogrammed to pro- along with others like Nypha fruti- a high degree of threat requiring vide five GPS fixes per day to cans and Phoenix paludosa. continuous monitoring and man- conserve battery power. The increasing sea level in the agement inputs. Locations of tigers were event of global climate change is analysed with ArcView v3.3 soft- also predicted to affect this MONITORING METHODOLOGY ware (ESRI, Redlands, California) region negatively with continu- Due to the unique and hostile and Animal Movement extension ous submergence of pneu- habitat of the Sundarbans the v1.1 (Hooge and Eichenlaub matophores of plants that would methodology used across India 1997), to construct Minimum lead to asphyxiation and sand (Phase I) for monitoring tigers Convex Polygon (MCP) (Mohr and deposition. The increasing level and their prey could not be Stumpf 1966) and Fixed Kernel

6 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES (FK) (Worton 1989) home ranges. spatially explicit models (Efford tat mask bounded by channels >1 Activity time periods, frequency et al. 2009) effectively. km the effectively camera trapped of crossing water channels of var- Models estimating effective area was 257 sqkm. Tiger density ious widths, and distances moved trapping area attempt to estimate was computed to be 4.3 (se 0.3) within a day were also computed. home range radius either by esti- tiger per 100 sqkm. Due to the difficulty of walking mating MMDM or through centres Since tiger occupied area of in the mangrove forests and of activity, in the case of the the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve locating game trails for setting Sundarbans we had direct esti- was 1645 sqkm2 and the tiger camera traps, we could not mates of home ranges based on signs were found throughout this deploy camera traps in a system- telemetry data. We therefore used area with a similar variation atic grid based approach used home range radius from 95% across the Tiger Reserve as found across India. Instead, we set up fixed kernel area estimates of within the camera trapped area, camera traps at strategic loca- tiger home ranges as a buffer to it would be possible to extrapo- tions, near fresh and brackish the camera trap polygon for esti- late this tiger density across the water ponds, using attractants to mating effectively trapped area. reserve without much loss of lure tigers to our camera stations. Our telemetry data suggests accuracy. We also used fishing nets to that though tigers do cross wide Ideally, 2-4 additional camera orient the approaching tigers to channels, crossing of channels >1 trap replicate areas need to be get proper flank photographs for km in width was rare. We there- sampled and additional data uniquely identifying each tiger fore used a habitat mask wherein from radio collared tigers are from its stripe patterns. We esti- channels >1km in width were needed to provide more accurate mated the tiger population in a considered barriers to movement and precise estimates of tiger mark re-capture framework with over the short term duration of density. But till these are closed population estimators in the camera trapping exercise. obtained, this first quantitative an area of about 200 sqkm. This We photo-captured 10 adult assessment estimates the number set-up allowed us to estimate tigers and two cubs. The best of tigers to be around 70 (64 to population size reliably. But due model selected by CAPTURE was 90) tigers for the Sundarbans to the small number of camera model Mh (incorporating individ- Tiger Reserve (in 1645 sqkm). stations (12) and uneven geo- ual heterogeneity) and the popula- Further refinement in method- graphical spread of camera traps, tion estimate was 11 (se 3) tigers. ology, involvement of other insti- it was not possible to obtain a The home range radius of four tutions is needed and mention reliable estimate of mean maxi- satellite-radio tagged and camera must be made that the 2010 esti- mum distance (MMDM) moved by trapped polygon, giving an area of mate is subject to further study recaptured tigers nor use the 438 sqkm. After applying a habi- and by better methodology.

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 7 Playing Father Venkatesh Sharma Rajesh Kumar Gupta kill shared by tigress and cubs the cubs for 19-20 months has CF & Field Director, with a male — an example of always overshadowed the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve social organization. “fatherhood status of male He observed that tigers appear tigers”. Being a surreptitious igers are solitary beasts to socialize more at kills than on species, such behaviour in male rarely with social organisa- any other occasion. It is a well- tigers, being hardly noticed or T tions except during mat- conceived thought that adult very less documented, the ings or at sharing kills. Tigresses tigers readily join for brief peri- ‘parental protection’ provided by with cubs behave more socially ods, particularly at a plentiful the males deserve special place than the male counterparts for food supply, but their associa- in tiger behaviour. the initial period of 19-20 tion rarely persists longer Ranthambhore National Park months. There have been obser- (Schaller 1964). with an area of 282 sqkm gave to vations of adults of the first lit- Schaller rendered some inter- the tiger lovers of the world a ter coming close to the mother esting observations in 1964 of a peculiar, astonishing and amaz- tigress, signifying social behav- kill shared by a tigress with cubs ing breakthrough in the behav- iour which is more prominent in an adult male: “I tied a buffalo to iour of male tigers. the initial two to three years. a stump at 1630 hours and wait- The male tigers of Rantham- What is now happening in ed in a blind 80 feet away. At bhore show peculiar ephemeral Ranthambhore will denote the 1940 hours, a tigress attacked association with the cubs. sheer complexity of tiger behav- the animal which died eight min- Generally. the cubs are protected iour. The common belief that the utes later. Five minutes after the and reared by the tigress till 19-20 tiger is solitary finds contradic- cubs (three) arrive at the kill, the months and males share space tions dictated by capacity of invi- tigress appears and right behind with the cubs during kills. olate area or something innate in her is the male tiger. The male In Ranthambhore National the tiger’s mind — which we can- rises at 2250 hrs and walks to Park, T19 female with 3 cubs are not scan! the kill. Two cubs nuzzle his face in the bigger home range of their Ranthambhore — an abode of and neck...” presumed father T28. The territo- the Royal , exhibits This gave the first probable ry of T28 has increased or varies interesting behaviour of the glimpse of the strange “affection- with the movement of T19 and tigers. George Schaller’s observa- ate” behaviour of the male tigers. her 3 cubs, signifying reach of tions in the 1960s puts on record The role of the tigress in rearing parental protection by the males.

8 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES On 18 March 2012, I sighted the Ranthambhore for the past few male closely following one of the T19 female with 2 cubs. One of years, surpassed all imagination cubs, 5-8km away from the home the cubs stood up and moved in the tigerlands across the world of the cubs. The staff had later close to the male T28 and sat with an incidence in 2011. obtained pugmarks of the two beside him to get affection. A male Tiger T25 is being seen cubs along the movement of the On another occasion (29 March to rear two orphan cubs in the male T25, also testified by direct 2012), I was returning from night wild, opening a new chapter of sightings of the male with the patrolling and was greeted by the parental care and protection by two cubs. T8 tigress with two cubs close to male tigers. Is this the epitome In the context of prevalent the father male T34. The cubs of male affectionate behaviour in concept of “infanticide” in tiger were seen with the tigress and tigers where orphans are being ecology, it was initially unaccept- the male again after a few days reared by a male tiger? able that the male T25 would in the same area. On 29 January 2011,T5, a actually protect the cubs. With It has been noticed that T8 female tigress who was being time, observations revealed that with her two cubs are resident tracked for the past few days was T25 was actually providing pro- within the home range of T34 sighted with two cubs. The moth- tection to the orphan female male, in the Sawai Mansingh er tigress died of a physiological cubs in an area of other males Sanctuary. problem within 10 days on 9 (T6,T33) and female ( T17). The T26 tigress with three cubs February, close to the Kachida Repeated camera trap pictures stay in close vicinity of T20, an and direct field observations old male. T31 with two cubs are revealed that T25 has been roam- frequently visited by T23, a male. A male Tiger T25 is ing with the two orphan cubs and T11 with three cubs are protected being seen to rear two protecting them from the age of by the male T33. T30 with a litter four months in a range of other of three cubs are being protected orphan cubs in the tigers, panthers and hyenas. On by T3. T9 with two cubs are pro- wild, opening a new one occasion, T25 has been tected by T33 male. chapter of parental sighted coming in direct con- These associations signify frontation with T17 female, to social behaviour in tigers, espe- care and protection protect the two cubs. Such amaz- cially considering the fact that 5 by male tigers. A ing behaviour of the male tiger in out of the 7 mother tigresses are camera trap picture tiger ecology marks the unex- with cubs 15-18 months old. Such plored area of behavioural ecolo- a long association of the male revealed T25 male gy in tigers. tiger in each of the “families” closely following one The cubs are now almost 17-18 shows affectionate behaviour in of the cubs away from months old and are surviving tiger, demanding fatherhood without bait for 15-20 days, sug- recognition to the male tigers. their home. Is this gesting sharing of kills of the Another possible explanation the epitome of male male T25 or direct kills by the could be the apprehension of affectionate cubs. The cubs had made a infanticide by unrelated males. kill a month back in March. Since The father of the cubs are behaviour in tigers? the male T25 is playing the role providing parental protection of the mother, a definite lag peri- to prevent infanticide of their od would occur for total inde- siblings and gradually extending chowki, leaving the 3-4 month- pendence but future observations their supremacy with old cubs unfortunately chris- will give a better picture. related ones. tened “orphans”. The cubs of 3-4 With the observation of With a history of very low months were traced by the video the male T25 marking the climax infanticide incidence rate in camera specially installed in the of male protection to its cubs, it Ranthambhore, this behaviour of home range of the mother T5. has become amply clear that “parental protection” by males The management decided to male tigers do display affection- assumes very high significance in rear the cubs in wild by supply- ate behaviour, resorting to tiger ecology. Is it a strategy by ing food supplement. The cubs parental care or protection to the Ranthambhore tigers to disappeared in first week of May establish its strong genes. It may establish their strong genes and 2011 and rapid search teams be a strategy of survival of its consolidate ‘genetic supremacy’ ? were placed to track it. To the siblings but research and obser- What was observed by Schaller surprise of the world, a camera vations should continue to come in the 1960s and being seen in trap picture in May revealed T25 to definite conclusion.

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 9 Strengths | TR forms part of larg- er landscape with adjoining Sonai Rupai Sanctuary and Nameri TR and also reserve forests such as Tenga, Doimara and Pappum. The and Eagle Nest Sanctuary are also adjacent. Watershed with several streams originating from the landscape leading to Pakke and Kameng rivers. The area also forms part of the Kameng Elephant Reserve. northeast Excellent protection mechanism, Management Effectiveness Evaluation Of Tiger man management and interaction and local tribe interaction and Reserves In India | Process and Outcomes 2010-11 participation. TR is free from human habitation and is protect- ed rivers on three sides.

Weaknesses | Inadequate front- line staff, strength, working mostly as casual labour. Inadequate funding, late disbur- sal. Not enough support from Project Elephant. Very poor infra- structure and visitor service. No research and monitoring mecha- nism. Ethnic insurgency on the outskirts. No interpretation cen- tre or organized awareness pro- gramme. Perceived threat from construction of 500MW power house at Kimi, adjacent to Pakke TR. Colonies of construction workers, machinery barring ele- phant movement. Perceived threat from construction of 24km road along Kameng river (TR boundary). Fringe area communi- ties exert some pressure in the form of NTFP collection and tra- ditional tribal hunting. tional responsibilities or at least west, forest areas of Kachin two ACFs must be posted for Province of Myanmar in south Suggestions | Timely fund wildlife sanctuaries and one for and USF areas of Gandhigram in release by state and enhanced eco-development. At least 4 staff the east, very rich in biodiversi- support. Well-planned ecodevel- each for anti poaching camp ty. Inaccessible area with dense opment programme to be initiat- striking force. More facilities for vegetation and almost no road ed. Infrastructure support for field camps. A gypsy placed communication, valleys with patrolling vehicles, building inside would help faster move- watershed of Noa-Dehing river. repair, equipment etc. Support ment in case of emergencies. Immense ecological, educational, for grain for grain scheme (crop Veterinary support. ethological, historical, raiding compensation) from scientific and ethnic values. Elephant Project. Buffer of the TR NAMDAPHA TIGER RESERVE is to be notified. DFO Pakke who Strengths | Bordered by Kamlang Weaknesses | Inadequate, is in charge of both TR and two wildlife sanctuary in north, Miao untrained staff. Inadequate infra- WLSs must be relieved from addi- RF, Nampong RF, Diyun RF in the structure. Low priority to wildlife

10 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES sector by state government. No substantial support from civil and judiciary on control of poaching. No ecodevelopment or activities to seek cooperation from various ethnic communi- ties. Ecotourism on meagre scale. No buffer notified. Encroachment by 84 families of Lishu people settled in five villages within core. Road from Debang to Vijayanagar, now maintained by PWD, could be helpful in protec- tion but could be a major threat.

Suggestions | More trained and motivated staff. Lisu settlement in core to be resettled/removed. Road connecting Miao to Vijayanagar must be under direct control of field director, NTR, for all purposes. Buffer to be notified. Ecodevelopment programme to be implemented. A mechanism for research and monitoring. Habitat management measures to be taken up and monitored. Ecotourism activities to be streamlined involv- ing local communities.

KAZIRANGA TIGER RESERVE Strengths | Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong landscape characterized by 15 vegetation types. Has only Weaknesses | Habitat degrada- with Research Institutions and viable population of tiger in tion due to invasive species. Universities. Periodic review of Assam with high density, world’s Wetland degradation and block- tourism activities by referring to largest population of great Indian age of natural channels by water the feed back from the visitors. one horned rhinoceros, a large hyacinth choking and sedimenta- population of Asiatic wild buffa- tion. Lack of habitat and popula- NAMERI TIGER RESERVE lo, last surviving population east- tion monitoring mechanism. Strengths | Part of a larger land- ern swamp deer, a good popula- Biotic pressures in corridor and scape contiguous with Pakke TR tion of elephants and significant addition areas. Speeding traffic and adjacent areas. Nameri is population of endangered and along NH 37. Lack of co-ordina- rich with elephant, tiger, , vulnerable species like Gangetic tion/dialogue with adjacent tea White Winged Wood Duck, Great river dolphin, estate management. Delay in , Rufous necked Hornbill, and capped langur. Area falls release of funds. Wreathed Hornbill, Oriental Pied under Kaziranga Karbi Anglong Hornbill, Assam Roofed Turtle Elephant Reserve. Core area free Suggestions | Important to initi- etc. Core area free of human from human habitation. Very ate steps for habitat and popula- habitations. The River Jia-Bhoreli, good stakeholder participation tion monitoring. Initiate highway constituting the Western bound- while preparing tiger conserva- patrolling using vehicles in place ary of the National Park is the tion protocol. One of the best of on foot patrolling. Tiger abode of the Golden Mahsheer, protection strategies. Strong NGO Conservation Foundation to be Silgharia etc. The PA is also support for tiger population made functional. Compile all the worth for its scenic landscape monitoring. New initiatives to research reports on the Reserve provide opportunities for local and adjacent areas. Promote Weakness | Buffer not under the communities to promote tourism. research and initiate discussions TR and there is no field director

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 11 though the DFO in charge of Nameri is redesignated. Very poor funding and the meager fund is released very late. Severe shortage of field staff and most are in the age group 40-48 years. Lack of training. Core area is managed by one Range at Potasali. Another Range is needed at Seijosa to control the eastern flank of the area. Buffer areas do not have anti-poaching camps or the staff and thus have no pro- tection mechanism to check the activities of unscrupulous ele- ments. Degradation of the habitat especially the grass lands by Bombax and choking of water bodies by aquatic weeds. Lack of a proper Tiger Conservation Plan. Severe degradation and encroach- S P Yadav ment of buffer areas of Tiger Post ethnic strife, the recovery of habitats and Reserve: A major portion of the species in Manas Tiger Reserve is reported to be buffer areas of the Tiger Reserve has become severely degraded remarkable. Home to the golden langur, pygmy and encroached upon by organ- hog, , Assam roofed turtle, marbled ized groups. Silting up of water and golden cats and clouded , Manas in bodies due to soil erosion in the upper reaches. Manifold increase an exclusive category of PAs harbouring signifi- in population of forest villages cant numbers of unique species and encroachment upon adjoin- ing forest land. Emergent law and velopment, research and moni- Bhutan in the north and Buxa TR order situation due to ethnopolit- toring, visitor facilities and staff in the West. It also links forests ical upsurges. Passage of facilities. Identifying the habitat of through Balipara-Bhalukpong road related issues and addressing Bhutan, thus becoming a signifi- through the buffer area, which and monitoring. Separate funding cant unit in a large landscape. will have negative impact on the for elephant depredation control. Dynamic ecosystem. Post ethnic corridors of elephants and con- Trainings on legal, modern strife, the recovery of habitats fine them to the national park. equipment handling, format and species is reported to be Very poor tourism and ecodevel- reporting and field exercises. remarkable. Home of large num- opment initiatives. ber of Schedule I and endemic MANAS TIGER RESERVE species like golden langur, Suggestions | A review of the sit- Strengths | Except for 16.30 sq pygmy hog, hispid hare, Assam uation by NTCA with the state km in Panbari Reserve in the roofed turtle, marbled and gold- authorities for addressing the fringe and 20 ha. at Betbari in en cats, , Bengal immediate requirement. Buffer North Kamrup Reserve used only florican and white wing wood area to be brought under TR and for cultivation, which were duck place Manas in an exclusive both under a field director of CF encroached during 1996 (peak of category of Protected Areas har- rank with DFO for its core and ethnic strife), the core area of the bouring significant numbers of buffer area with adequate field Manas TR is free from human set- these unique species. World her- staff and ACF for monitoring and tlement. Relocation of these set- itage site, globally recognized eco-development. Preparation of tlements is being addressed biosphere reserve. Good support a Tiger Conservation Plan. A through negotiations with the from NGOs. mechanism in the state for time- local people. Excellent availabili- ly release of funds and better ty of water in the reserve. Part of Weaknesses | Multiplicity of state support. Immediate funding a larger landscape, the TR is con- management in buffer area. support for anti poaching, ecode- tiguous with the forests of Buffer forests fall within the

12 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES jurisdiction of Forest Chief of venues. Staff is untrained and is MTR and local villages. Promote Bodoland Territorial Council, and coming out of a very turbulent relationship with the NGOs core area is under the control of time. Absence of a well written for eliciting wider support for CWLW, Assam. Occasionally pro- TCP make it prone to acceptance conservation of MTR. The fessional fishermen sneak into of any programmes mooted by Bodoland Territorial Council and the reserve taking advantage of others. The state government the state government should unprotected southern tip of the release even the NTCA funds at ensure timely release of funds. river Manas at Narayanguri. Apart the end of February. There could be a motorable road from illegal fishing, such intru- along the southern boundary for sions threaten protection of rein- Suggestions | Discuss with the effective protection. troduced rhinos. Absence of Forest Chief of Bodoland forested buffer along the south- Territorial Council for placing ern boundary. buffer areas under the unified Strengths | Habitat for species of The villagers are poor and in command of Field Director. high conservation value: Dampa the absence of forest areas and Prepare a volunteer deployment Tiger Reserve is a representative commons in their vicinity, programme and create adminis- example of har- depend upon the fringe of the trative structure, whereby they bouring several species of non core for their resource require- become part of the beats and human primates of the north-east ment, which primarily includes work under the supervision of Himalaya and clouded leopard, grazing spaces, fuel wood and regular staff. Provide training on , golden cat, Malayan small timber and NTFP collection. ecodevelopment, ecotourism, sun bear etc. No human settle- On the other hand, due to wildlife monitoring and interpre- ments in the core area. Seven absence of buffer forests, the tation to staff and volunteer and perennial rivers. Legally protect- wild animals frequently enter vil- build up interpretation pro- ed. Gradual attitudinal change in lage lands and cause conflict. gramme to increase awareness. the local communities supporting Poor infrastructure. Lack of clari- Develop habitat monitoring pro- conservation. ty in the role of volunteers. tocols to assess the direction of Dependency of forest villages change that suggests recovery of Weaknesses | Poor infrastruc- and fringe dwellers. habitats and species. Initiate dia- ture, poor funding, including that Apprehension on Forest Right Act logue with district administration of NTCA, which seldom reach on 2006. Societal lack of awareness, and local councils to channel time. Vulnerable areas do not compounded by poverty, poor funds for ecodevelopment activi- have appropriate infrastructure physical infrastructure. The ties. Train some of the volun- to support protection and inade- fringe area is also infested by teers in ecodevelopment, so that quacy of arms, ammunition, field malaria. Lack of interpretational they could be the link between equipment affect effective pro- tection of BTR. Inadequacy of field staff. Long international border, so possibility of tribal people moving into DTR from border areas. Poor connectivity, very few trails which hampers movement of staff for protection duties. Shifting cultivation in around 19 villages in buffer area. Buffer not under administration of field director.

Suggestions | CWLW must ensure funding is timely. An interpreta- tion facility may be opened at FD’s office at West Fialeng for increasing opportunities of out- reach. The draft TCP proposes for a number of staff, vehicles, arms and ammunition, field equipment and physical infrastructure. On a time-bound basis, the proposed

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 13 S P Yadav facilities should be made avail- forest management. Financial able. The FD must immediately High population den- support from state government. start short training courses on wildlife management, ecotourism sity in the fringe areas Weaknesses | Present core area and ecodevelopment for the staff. and their high of 390.58 sq km is grossly inade- MoU with Bangladesh on regular resource dependence quate for a viable breeding popu- exchange of information between lation of tiger. Nine human set- forests and civil administration are a major threat to tlements within core. Influx of may be helpful in protecting the Sundarbans, adding to villagers from buffer and fringe border areas and improving corri- poor protection, the areas. Surrounded by numerous dor values. villages and tea gardens. Around lack of research 30 forest villages inside reserve and monitoring of and 4 fixed demand holdings, Strengths | TR is located at the ecological processes leading to degradation of forests. confluence of 3 major biogeo- Strained relationship between TR graphic zones — lower Gangetic and the unrestricted management and locals. plains, central Himalayas and number of tourists Inadequacy in habitat manage- Brahmaputra valley, resulting in and unplanned growth ment. Inability to relocate vil- presence of unique and rare lages from within core. species. Potential site for long of tourist lodges in Inadequate staff amenities. Non term conservation of not only the mangroves functional Foundation, inadequa- tiger and its prey base, but also cy of training in wildlife manage- the elephant. Many rivers, such ment for staff. as Sankosh, Rydak, Jainti, Dima. buffer managed under unified Compact forests within one command of the field director. Suggestions | Dialogue with own- administration. Both core and Meticulous historical records of ers of tea gardens to make

14 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES arrangements for fuel wood pro- ulation dynamics of key species. tional. Mechanism in the states duction for their own labourers. Inadequate inter-agency coordi- (except West Bengal) for timely Design forestry operations for nation. Unrestricted number of release of funds to the TRs. A habitat management and local tourist, unplanned growth of review of the functioning of livelihood security. Prepare tourist lodges in the vicinity. state- level steering committee. microplans for utilization of Man eating propensity of the Critical assessment of the TCPs NREGS funds for watershed man- tiger within forest areas. to help have a proper plan. Close agement, water harvesting, pas- monitoring of/technical assis- ture development etc. Develop Suggestions | System of registra- tance by NTCA for implementa- ecotourism as community-centric tion of private tourist boats, so tion of TCPs — form a compati- activity and prepare community that reserve is aware of the num- ble team depending on the area members to manage ecotourism. ber of boats and their movement. and report to NTCA — include Finalize Special Tiger Protection Daily sighting records should be expert and good and capable Force (STPF) deployment in help- converted into occupancy state- NGO representative. Regional ing management against illegal ments using elementary statis- level meetings of TR managers to activities, especially poaching. exchange ideas and discuss prob- Institutionalized mechanism for lems. One TR director to co-ordi- coordination with the neighbour- nate and an observer from NTCA ing Bhutan for protection. Initiation of ecodevelopment activities involving some partner SUNDARBANS TIGER RESERVE NGOs for better planning, imple- Strengths | Absence of villages, mentation and reciprocal com- settlements in TR. One of the mitment support — an ACF exclu- largest standalone tiger popula- sive for EDC Involving selected tions in the country in a unique stake holders in planning and habitat of mangroves. Ecological implementation to mitigate the contiguity of habitat (mangrove threats. Monitoring mechanisms forests) on all three side of the to be in place for selected indica- area ie Bangladesh Sundarbans tor species and habitat and tech- on the east, adjoining forest divi- nical support to be provided by sion 24-Parganas South on the NTCA, wherever necessary. Crash West and Sajnekhali Wildlife training programmes (site Sanctuary and adjoining Reserve A mouse deer caught on level/state level/regional) on var- Forest area in the north. camera trap in Kanha ious aspects at least for the sen- Extremely rich in biodiversity, ior/field level managers. especially populations of many tics. improve monitoring of vege- Special recruitment drive for endangered animals like horse- tation changes, introduce mecha- the TR (exclusive with no trans- shoe crabs, estuarine crocodile, nisms to liaise effectively with fer) — preferably from the Irrawady and Gangetic dolphins, rural development departments, local/regional. Experience in Olive Ridley turtles, King cobra revenue departments, tourism Dampa brings goodwill and stay etc. Largest contiguous patch of departments etc. Upscale liveli- in place. There are Tiger mangrove forest in the world. hood security programmes into Reserves with several status integrated area development pro- (Biosphere Reserve, Elephant Weaknesses | Porous internation- grammes. Work for MoU with Reserve and World Heritage Site). al border with Bangladesh. High Bangladesh to ensure prevention Such reserve can have one com- population density coupled with of smuggling of timber, NTFPs posite Plan with different budget poor socio-economic condition of and wildlife articles. provisions. The landscape com- people living in the fringe areas prising of more than one Tiger and proper infrastructure leading Recommendations | An institu- Reserve and a number of forest to high resource dependence. tionalized mechanism for at least areas with different status and Inadequate number of protection bi-annual meetings with officials connectivity may be treated as a camps at strategic locations, cou- of adjoining countries — landscape and brought under pled with old weapons and slow exchange of information. MoUs common management strategy moving boats. Absence of drink- with SSB & NTCA to control traf- and action plan (Eg. Manas, Buxa ing water at most places. Lack of ficking with Bangladesh, Bhutan and the adjoining forests). proper research and monitoring & Myanmar. More inputs to make Upload a copy of the TCP on of ecological processes and pop- Tiger Reserve Foundation func- website for better transparency.

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 15 BEGINNINGS Kawal: A New Tiger Reserve

S P Yadav he state government of sanctuaries in the state and is Pradesh later declared the Kawal notified considered to be the best habitat Wildlife Sanctuary under Section T the Kawal Wildlife for tiger conservation in the 26 (A) of Wildlife (Protection) Act Sanctuary as a tiger reserve in north of Andhra Pradesh. 1972 in 1999. April 2012, making it the 41st The tiger reserve in the country. was managed as a Protected Area FOREST TYPE, FLORA & FAUNA Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, with by the erstwhile Nizam of Kawal is the largest sanctuary in an area on 893.23 sq km, is locat- state and was used North and is known for ed in the northern region of for shikar by the Nizam. After rich tropical dry deciduous forests Andhra Pradesh and it spreads the formation of Andhra Pradesh with predominance of , bam- over territorial divisions of state, this area was notified as boo and abundance of wild fauna. Jannaram and Nirmal in Game Reserve in 1965. The landscape in this area is district. It is one of the oldest The government of Andhra mosaic of dense forests, patches

16 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES of open grassy plains and water  To promote community-based source population for dispersing bodies. A number of streams and ecotourism on a sustainable into Kawal tiger reserve which rivulets like Cheekamanu vaagu, basis with involvement of local has a habitat capable of Pavurala vaagu, Pedda vaagu etc communities as a tool for achiev- supporting good many tigers. which are tributaries of rivers ing the objective of involving In the recent past, this sanctu- Kadem and Godavari flow through general public in conservation of ary along with the vast adjoining the sanctuary area making it excel- the biodiversity of the area. forests tract covering over 6500 lent habitat for the wildlife. The sqkm was supporting a healthy important faunal species include JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSAL tiger population numbering 20 to tiger, panther, wolf, wild dogs, The forests of Kawal Wildlife 25. Between 1990 and 2005, , Gaur (Indian Bison), Sanctuary form a corridor with when the extremists’ problem Sambar, Chital, mouse deer, forest tract of Tadoba National was at its peak in the state, par- Neelgai, Chowsinga, blackbuck, Park in the which is ticularly in North Telangana, pro- Chinkara etc a Tiger Reserve with good popu- tection in the sanctuary was hampered. The field staff mem- MANAGEMENT OF SANCTUARY bers did not have the freedom to For scientific management of the move in the forest areas due to sanctuary, a Management Plan was extremists’ threat. The arms and prepared and is under implemen- ammunition and wireless sets tation with plan period 2003 to available with the field staff were 2013. As per the plan, extraction also withdrawn and kept with of , collection of beedi leaf Police department for security etc have been stopped in the sanc- reasons. During this period the tuary area. Only habitat improve- tiger habitat suffered greatly ment works and protection meas- from encroachments, habitat ures are being implemented. The fragmentation, illicit felling of funding support is from Centrally trees, uncontrolled grazing etc. Sponsored Schemes, 13th Finance The tiger population as a result Commission, Normal State Plan declined this period. and CAMPA duly following the Management Plan in force. IMPROVED GROUND SITUATION S P Yadav But the situation changed after OBJECTIVES Along with the entry 2005 when the extremists’ prob-  To improve the tiger habitat by lem totally came under control consolidating the boundary and of rhinos, the because of the measures taken by the habitat within the sanctuary frontline staff seems the government. Today, the field this is fragmented due to more motivated and officers are able to move freely in encroachments & habitations the sanctuary area and visit even  To manage wild animal popula- local communities are the most remote locations. The tion including tiger as source involved. Rebuilding protection has improved and the population and for improving is on and assured area is showing definite signs of their numbers which can then recovery from wildlife point of disperse into adjacent areas funding from view. The annual census of  To strengthen protection in government sources tiger/panther and the estimation interior areas by deploying staff, is helping the park of prey species taken every year improving communication and indicate that Kawal and its sur- mobility take bigger strides rounding forests still support  To monitor the habitat and around 7 to 10 tigers. This popu- wild animal densities with peri- lation of Tigers. The declaration lation can be built upon with odic estimation on scientific of Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary as a intensive protection and habitat lines including camera trapping. tiger reserve will be most benefi- improvement measures.  To create awareness among cial not only to Kawal but also to It is also important to note that people for conservation Tadoba as the tigers are known Kawal has forest areas contiguous  To establish biodiversity to disperse between the two for- with forests of other divisions like research centre for bringing out est tracts which share a similar Adilabad, Mancherial, Nirmal and the floral and faunal wealth of forest landscape. The tiger Bellampally measuring 6637 sqkm. the sanctuary population of Tadoba can be a All these forest divisions have

STRIPES | March-Apr 2012 | 17 dense forests which are ideal habi- being taken to post trained offi- nication through wireless as large tat for the tiger. In fact, the entire cers at the level of ACFs and part of sanctuary area does not North Telangana forest landscape range officers. Training of field have mobile phone coverage by: right from Adilabad to Khammam staff in wildlife management has Setting up 7 fixed wireless upto river Godavari has continuous been launched with the help of stations at division and range forests which can support a NGOs like WWF, WTI, Hyderabad headquarters. healthy tiger population. The Tiger Conservation authority etc. Installing 13 mobile wireless acceptance of Kawal Wildlife sets on vehicles with DFO, FROs, Sanctuary as a Tiger Reserve will PROTECTION MEASURES Strike Force enable the government of Andhra  Six base camps established at  Providing handsets to all offi- Pradesh to manage the surrounding key locations with 6-8 persons cials from DFO to FBO. forest areas as buffer to the Kawal per camp to patrol interior areas Wildlife Sanctuary and will give a Two strike forces with fast ESTIMATION/CENSUS boost to conservation of tiger in moving vehicle in sanctuary area Permanent carnivore trail and the entire North Telangana land- falling in jurisdiction of herbivore transects for estima- scape. It would not be out of place Jannaram and Nirmal Divisions tion work to mention here that Kawal is the 12 wild animal trackers to Camera traps for estimation last hope in North Telangana for monitor movement of wild ani- and monitoring building a viable tiger population mals on daily basis  Digital cameras and and that in turn will help manage Three checkposts at key handheld GPS for all officers the landscape as a conservation locations to check offences and up to beat level. unit and build a healthy ecosystem restrict movement of vehicles in with a lot of biodiversity value. the sanctuary at night PROPOSED RESEARCH,  Night traffic closed from 9pm EDUCATION AND EXTENSION ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES to 6am on road from Birsaipet to Establishing a biodiversity The Kawal tiger reserve spreads Jannaram by erecting checkpost laboratory to document flora and over Jannaram and Nirmal divi- fauna and further research on sions. There is need to bring the HABITAT IMPROVEMENT species, habitat & evaluation in entire sanctuary under a unified Uprooting obnoxious weed the sanctuary PA manager by merging the two and encouraging local vegetation Engaging two research ranges of Nirmal Division with and grass assistants to conduct research Jannaram Division. The notifica- Improvement of natural water and carry out special studies tion of Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary sources and creating artificial on habitat quality, carrying as tiger reserve will help in bring- sources in areas with scarcity capacity etc ing the entire sanctuary area Development of new fodder Improving existing environ- under a unified command to facil- plots and maintaining existing mental education centre itate management and administra- ones to build herbivore population Creating awareness about tion. Already the department has New fire lines to manage fire wildlife conservation among taken measures to post wildlife local people trained officer as DFO wildlife WIRELESS NETWORK Capacity building among management Jannaram. Steps are It is proposed to improve commu- staff, more so at field level.

Ownership Statement | Form IV 1. Place of publication: Annexe No.5, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110011 2. Periodicity of its publication - Bi-monthly 3. Printer’s Name - Inder Mohan Singh Kathuria, Nationality - Indian, Address: C-30, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024 4. Publisher’s Name - Inder Mohan Singh Kathuria, Nationality - Indian, Address: C-30, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024 5. Editor’s Namer - Dr Rajesh Gopal, Member-Secretary, NTCA, Nationality- Indian, Address: D-1/13 Bharti Nagar, New Delhi - 110003 6. Names and address of individuals who own the newspaper - National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Ministry of Environment and Forests, Annexe No. 5, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi - 110011 I, Inder Mohan Singh Kathuria, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Date; April 30, 2012 Signature of Publisher Sd

18 | March-Apr 2012 | STRIPES RESERVE-WISE RELEASE IN 11TH PLAN*

Tiger Reserve State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Nagarjunasagar Andhra 73.92 56.983 94.91 155.645 154.406 Namdapha Arunachal 30.00 136.852 14.62 96.875 75.00 Pakke Arunachal 80.25 109.319 48.86 101.058 161.786 Kaziranga Assam 0.00 306.792 165.00 1050.38 426.917 Manas Assam 60.00 740.795 0.00 395.504 479.62 Nameri Assam 35.61 44.793 21.59 63.588 40.972 Valmiki 98.32 49.673 8.00 158.355 172.193 Achanakmar 0.00 68.55 1193.5 1556.085 494.586 Indravati Chhattisgarh 35.23 49.37 42.15 50.382 106.13 Udanti-Sitanadi Chhattisgarh 0.00 51.95 103.05 207.258 102.01 Palamau 45.16 115.377 110.735 130.616 156.347 Bandipur 974.53 114.565 164.197 367.656 213.950 Bhadra Karnataka 185.19 158.067 128.087 154.114 215.8822 Dandeli Anshi Karnataka 0.00 226.36 144.37 203.823 159.204 Nagarhole Karnataka 0.00 190.847 210.818 934.466 1123.133 BRT Karnataka 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 118.48 Periyar 153.24 170.35 151.8 209.330 261.57 Parambikulam Kerala 0.00 96.74 129.36 114.130 168.2 Bandhavgarh MP 499.46 1814.949 159.96 2292.125 2313.237 Kanha MP 270.42 1638.283 280.18 575.960 1969.67 Panna MP 1822.85 2108.938 175.895 390.696 284.796 Pench MP 220.85 169.091 158.32 236.430 191.530 Sanjay Dubri MP 0.00 74.506 145.84 203.451 92.673 Satpura MP 162.36 1192.775 1502.371 264.160 310.806 Kuno Palpur MP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 190.000 Maharashtra 138.37 180.939 155.185 2137.088 973.579 Pench Maharashtra 71.50 71.18 75.872 102.715 280.818 Tadoba-Andheri Maharashtra 85.85 159.006 131.82 494.887 2320.549 Sahyadri Maharashtra 0.00 0.00 5.00 54.374 47.396 Dampa Mizoram 82.90 241.45 2171.00 187.690 225.288 Satkosia Orissa 0.00 75.00 127.73 72.834 118.408 Similipal Orissa 43.28 550.99 42.35 742.456 436.668 Ranthambhore 223.45 808.86 10560 250.325 0.600 Sariska Rajasthan 187.23 1900.09 134.17 2118.600 66.610 KMTR 45.40 222.371 138.455 119.270 209.825 Mudumalai Tamil Nadu 0.00 243.55 51.854 269.792 191.583 Anamalai Tamil Nadu 0.00 224.885 50.245 131.725 204.556 Corbett 202.01 462.85 241.705 339.945 399.760 Buxa West Bengal 106.79 67.64 38.58 120.873 135.660 Sundarbans West Bengal 201.88 160.754 259.97 381.610 22.000 Dudhwa UP 134.89 392.513 414.437 382.462 446.126

Mitigating man-tiger conflict (UP) 0.00 25.00 0.00 25.000 0.0000

Amount Released for 2nd All India Tiger Estimation 0.00 0.00 401.012 28.77 0.0000

TOTAL 6270.94 15473.00 20153.00 17872.50 16062.522

* Under the ongoing centrally sponsored scheme of Project Tiger All figures in Rs lakh; rounded off to 3rd decimal DELENG/2009/30636 STRIPES | BI-MONTHLY OUTREACH JOURNAL OF NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY, A STATUTORY BODY UNDER MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA VOLUME THREE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION ISSUE THREE

MP Ecotourism Board

Published and printed by Inder Mohan Singh Kathuria on behalf of National Tiger Conservation Authority. Published at Annexe No 5, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi - 110011 and printed at Astha Packaging, 122 DSISC Sheds, Okhla Phase I, New Delhi - 110020