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TRIBES OF ODISHA An Anthropological Perspective

By Basanta Kumar Bindhani

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011) www.educreation.in

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This Book is Dedicated to

The Universe

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Preface

The book provides extensive details of the ethnographic features of more than 40 tribal groups with realistic description of their life. It presents an in-depth study of various measures and provisions adopted to redress the problems of the tribals and for bringing them to the national mainstream. In India there is an amalgam of 437 tribes, and in Orissa the number is 62, and each exhibits human plurality. I can say this book reflects about the life style of all the 62 tribes of Odisha in a holistic perspective in the background of the discussed tribal groups inside the book. Simultaneously this book holds the theory concerning origin of some tribal groups on the basis of their physical appearances. It also throws light on how the depicted scenario of change inside the governmental development machinery from its zenith in the 1980s to its vague remains is a matter of grave concern today. The book will universally appeal to all readers and is highly recommended for the students, scholars and teachers of disciplines like anthropology, sociology and other social sciences today.

Basanta Kumar Bindhani

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Contents

Sr. Contents Page

1. Tribal Profile of Odisha 1 . Scheduled Areas of the Odisha 2 . List of Scheduled Tribes of Odisha 3 . Regions of Tribal Concentration in 5 different Geo-Physical Zones  The Northern Plateau 5  The Central Table Land 5  The Eastern Ghat Region 5  The Coastal Region 6 . Tribes of Odisha through Ages 7 . Socio-Economic and Cultural profile 7  Habitat 8  Economy 8  Religious Beliefs and Practices 9  Language and Literacy 10  Traditional Political Organization 11

2. Framework for Tribal Development 13 Administration in Odisha . Measures to Eliminate Exploitation 14 . Agencies for Tribal Development 15 . Administrative Setup 16 . Supporting Institutions 17

3. Tribes of Odisha 18 . Khond 20

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. Binjhal 30 . Gond 42 . Santal 53 . Kolha 59 . Munda 64 . Saora 72 . 79 . Kisan 87 . Paroja 91 . Oraon 98 . Bhuyan 102 . 104 . Dal 109 . Parenga 111 . Shabar Lodha 113 . Jatapu 115 . Kotia 123 . Kulis 126 . Mirdhas 127 . Omanatya 129 . 137 . Dharua 142 . Gandia 144 . Holva 146 . Kandha Gauda 148 . Sounti 150 . Bhumia 157 . Bonda 164 . Banjara 169 . Kondadora 183

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. Didayi 194 . Pentia 207 . Koya 218 . Matya 231

Annexure 245

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Tribes of Odisha

Chapter 1 Tribal Profile of Odisha

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Basanta Kumar Bindhani

Scheduled tribes of the Indian state of Odisha, as recognized by the Constitution of the Indian Republic; a total of 62 distinct tribes. The term "Scheduled Tribes" refers to specific indigenous peoples whose status is acknowledged to some formal degree by national legislation. 13 out of these 62 tribes include are known as "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups" (PTGs). According to census 2001, out of a total population of 3, 68, 04, 660, Scheduled Tribes number around 81,45,081, thus contributing 22.13% to her human resources. Scheduled Tribes of Odisha account more than 10% of the country‘s total tribal population. However, making a comparative study of tribal population in the last five decades, one finds that there is a gradual decline in their numbers. In 1961 census their percentage to the total population was 24.07%. It declined to 23.11 in 1971 census. According to 1981 census their percentage was 22.43%. The 1991 census figures put it at 22.21% and in 2001 it is 22.13%. The term tribe refers to a type of society and designates a stage of evolution in human society. As a type of society the term signifies a set of characteristic features, and as a stage of evolution it connotes a specific mode of social organization. The English term ‗tribe‘ comes from the Latin ‗tribus’, designating a particular kind of social and political organization existing in all these societies. The term refers to the largest kind of social and political community with internal sub-divisions or segments; and there is an internal relationship, real or implied, between kinship and political organization.

Scheduled Areas of the Odisha

In geographical terms the scheduled areas in the state cover an area of 69, 613.80 sq.km which is about 44.70% of the total area of the state. In exercise of powers conferred by sub paragraph 6 of the 5th Schedule to the constitution of India, the revised Presidential order the Scheduled Areas (States of Bihar, Gujurat, Madhyapradesh and Odisha) order 1977 declared three full undivided Districts of the state namely 1.Mayurbhanj, 2.Sundargarh and 3.Koraput as well as 4.Kuchinda sub-division of Sambalpur District, 5.Keonjhar,

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Tribes of Odisha Telkoi, Champua and Barbil tahasils of Keonjhar District, 6.Khandhmal, Balliguda and G. Udayagiri tahasils of Khandhmal (Phulbani) District, 7.R. Udayagiri and Suruda tahasils (Excluding Gazalbadi and Gocha Grama Panchayat), 8.Guma and Raygada block of Ganjam District, 9.Thuamul Rampur and Lanjigarh Blocks of Kalahandi District and 10.Nilagiri block of Balasore District as scheduled areas of the state. Consequent upon the creation of 17 new Districts the scheduled areas now cover 7 Districts fully and 6 Districts in part out of a total of 30 Districts in the state. The total population of these scheduled areas is 8915117 out of which the population of scheduled tribes is 4763855 consisting of 53.4%. The tribal population of scheduled areas is 67.72% of the total tribal population of the state. On the basis of percentage of tribal population to total population of the District, Mayurbhanj (57.87%) is at the top of the list and Puri (0.23%) is at the bottom. There are seven Districts which have more than 50% ST population; the Districts are: Mayurbhanj (57.87%), Malkangiri (57.67%), Nawrangpur (55.26%), Rayagada (54.99%), Sundargarh (50.74%), Koraput (50.35%) and Phulbani (50.13%). Four other Districts have a Tribal population between 40% to 50%. They are Gajapati (47.86%), Keonjhar (44.51%), Sambalpur (42.11%) and Deogarh (4l.88%).

List of Scheduled Tribes of Odisha

In India there is an amalgam of 437 tribes and in Odisha 62 tribal communities have been recognized as Scheduled Tribes under Art. 342 (4) of the constitution. The (Scheduled Tribes) order 1950 as amended in 1976 notifies the following communities as the Scheduled Tribes: 1.Bagata, 2.Baiga, 3.Banjara, Banjari, 4.Bathudi, 5.Bhottada, Dhotada, 6.Bhuyan, Bhoyan, 7.Bhumia, 8.Bhumij, 9.Bhunjia, 10.Binjhal, 11., Binjhoa,12.Birhor, 13.Bondoparaja, 14.Chenchu, 15. Dal, 16. Desuabhurriij, 17.Dharua, 18. Didayi, 19. Gadaba, 20. Gandia, 21.Ghara, 22.Gond, Gondo, 23.Ho, 24 Halva, 25.Jatapu, 26.Juang, 27.Kandhagauda, 28.Kawar, 29.Kharia, Kharian, 30.Kharwar, 31.Khond, Kond, Kondha, 32

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Basanta Kumar Bindhani Kissan, 33.Kol,34.Kolah, Loharas, Kolloharas, 35. Kolha, 36.Koli Malhar, 37.Kondadora, 38.Kora, 39.Korua, 40.Kotia, 41.Koya, 42.Kolis, 43.Lodha, 44.Madia, 45.Mahali, 46.Mankidi, 47.Mankirdia, 48.Matya, 49.Mirdhas, 50.Munda, Munda Lohara,. 51.Mundari, 52.Omanatya, 53.Oraon, 54.Parenga, 55.Paraja, 56.Pentia, 57.Rajuar, 58.Santal, 59.Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara, 60.Shabariodha, 61.Saunti, 62.Tharua. Among these tribes 18 have a population above 1 lakh, called as major tribes. They are 1.Kondh, 2.Gond, 3.Santal, 4.Kolha, 5.Saora, 6.Munda, 7.Shabar, 8.Paroja, 9.Bhottada, 10.Kisan, 11.Oraon, 12.Bhuyan, 13.Bhumija, 14.Bathudi, 15.Kharia, 16.Koya, 17. Binjhal, 18.Bhumia. The tribes having a population of above 5 lakhs are Kondh, Gond and Santal. The Government of Odisha has identified 12 tribal communities as primitive tribes on the basis of their pre- agricultural level of economy, low level of literacy and diminishing population. These are :1.Paudi Bhuyan, 2.Langia Saura, 3.Chuktia-Bhunjia, 4.Bonda, 5. Didayi, 6.Dongeria Kondh, 7.Saora, 8.Kutia Kondh, 9.Juang, 10.Lodha, 11.Kharia and 12.Mankedia. They have population of a few thousands only and 17 Micro Projects have been established to take care of their development. There are also extremely small group of tribes like Chenchu, Birhor, Baiga who have population of a few hundreds.

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Tribes of Odisha Regions of Tribal Concentration in different Geo-Physical Zones of Odisha

Broadly, there are 4 distinct geo-physical zones in which the tribes of Odisha have been distributed in uneven proportions: a) The Northern Plateau b) The Central Table Land c) The Eastern Ghat Region d) The Coastal Region

a) The Northern Plateau

In includes Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar Districts and Bamra and Kuchinda portions of Sambalpur District and interior plains of Balasore District and Pallahara region of Angul District. In this zone, there are over 50 tribal groups numbering about 30 lakh people. In this zone there are 9 major tribes such as the Santal, the Kolha, the Munda, the Bhuinya, the Oraon, the Gond, the Kisan, the Bathudi and the Bhumija numbering more than one lakh each and there are five primitive tribes such as the Hill or Pauri Bhuinya, the Juang, the Hill Kharia, the Mankidia and the Lodha having the population of only a few thousands.

b) The Central Table Land

This zone covers the whole of the Bramhani and the Mahanadi basins. There are only two major tribes, the Gond and the Sahara, each numbering more than one lakh. In this zone, there are about 40 tribal numbering about 10 lakhs.

c) The Eastern Ghat Region The peninsular plateaus are bordered on the east by the Eastern Ghats, a tectonic rains cut by many rivers into discontinuous Blocks of mountains. Broadly it is divided into 5 sections. 1. Northern Section: It starts from Nilagiri (Balasore District) and stretches upto Boudh border rising to a height of 2239 feet. No tribe of this zone touches one lakh mark. But the Khond and the Sabar are most numerous in this Zone.

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