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Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

TECHNOLOGY & COSTS Technoeconomics - Energy & Chemicals (TECH) Linear Alpha Olefins Table of Contents A Report by Nexant, Inc. Published Date: November 2019 www.nexantsubscriptions.com Contents

1 Executive Summary ...... 1 1.1 Introduction and Overview ...... 1 1.2 Technology Overview ...... 2 1.3 Process Economics ...... 3 1.4 Commercial Overview ...... 6 2 Introduction ...... 9 2.1 Overview...... 9 2.1.1 Market Overview ...... 9 2.1.2 Historical Technology Overview and Industry Developments ...... 11 2.2 Technology Overview ...... 16 2.2.1 Full-Range Process Technology ...... 16 2.2.2 On-Purpose Process Technology ...... 17 2.3 Technology Holders and Licensing Status ...... 17 2.4 Strategic and Business Considerations ...... 18 2.5 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties ...... 21 2.6 Specifications ...... 22 2.7 Health and Safety Factors or Health Hazards...... 25 2.8 Storage and Transportation...... 25 3 Full-Range Technologies ...... 26 3.1 Overview...... 26 3.1.1 Introduction ...... 26 3.1.2 General Chemistry and Process Types ...... 26 3.2 Chevron Phillips ...... 34 3.2.1 Process Chemistry ...... 34 3.2.2 Process Description ...... 34 3.2.3 Typical Product Distribution ...... 37 3.3 INEOS ...... 39 3.3.1 Process Chemistry ...... 39 3.3.2 Process Description ...... 39

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

3.3.3 Typical Product Description ...... 41 3.4 Shell (SHOP) ...... 42 3.4.1 Process Chemistry ...... 42 3.4.2 Process Description ...... 43 3.4.3 Typical Product Distribution ...... 50 3.5 Idemitsu (LINEALENE) ...... 52 3.5.1 Process Chemistry ...... 52 3.5.2 Process Description ...... 53 3.5.3 Typical Product Distribution ...... 57 3.6 Axens (AlphaSelect™) ...... 58 3.6.1 Process Chemistry ...... 58 3.6.2 Process Description ...... 59 3.6.3 Typical Product Distribution ...... 61 3.7 SABIC/Linde (α-SABLIN®) ...... 62 3.7.1 Process Chemistry ...... 62 3.7.2 Process Description ...... 63 3.7.3 Typical Product Distribution ...... 65 3.8 UOP (LINEAR-1) ...... 66 3.8.1 Process Chemistry ...... 66 3.8.2 Process Description ...... 66 3.8.3 Typical Product Distribution ...... 69 4 On-Purpose Technologies ...... 70 4.1 Introduction ...... 70 4.2 On-Purpose Butene-1 Technologies ...... 71 4.2.1 Axens, Ethylene Dimerization (AlphaButol®) ...... 71 4.2.1.1 Process Chemistry ...... 71 4.2.1.2 Process Description ...... 72 4.2.2 McDermott/Lummus Technology (CPT) ...... 75 4.2.2.1 Process Chemistry ...... 75 4.2.2.2 Process Description ...... 76 4.2.3 Zeon Corporation, Extractive Distillation (GPD Process) ...... 78 4.2.3.1 Introduction ...... 78 4.2.3.2 Process Chemistry ...... 80 4.2.3.3 Process Description ...... 80 4.3 On-Purpose Hexene-1 Technologies ...... 83 4.3.1 Axens, Ethylene Trimerization (AlphaHexol™) ...... 84 4.3.1.1 Process Chemistry ...... 84 4.3.1.2 Process Description ...... 85 4.3.2 Chevron Phillips, Ethylene Trimerization ...... 88 4.3.2.1 Process Chemistry ...... 88 4.3.2.2 Process Description ...... 89 4.3.3 McDermott/Lummus Technology (CPT) ...... 92

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

4.3.3.1 Process Chemistry ...... 92 4.3.3.2 Process Description ...... 94 4.3.4 Mitsui Chemicals, Ethylene Trimerization (MET Process) ...... 97 4.3.4.1 Process Chemistry ...... 97 4.3.4.2 Process Description ...... 98 4.3.5 Sasol, Fischer-Tropsch-Derived, Recovery ...... 100 4.3.5.1 Process Chemistry ...... 100 4.3.5.2 Process Description ...... 101 4.4 On-Purpose Octene-1 Technologies ...... 107 4.4.1 Dow Chemical, Butadiene Telomerization ...... 107 4.4.1.1 Process Chemistry ...... 107 4.4.1.2 Process Description ...... 110 4.4.2 Sasol, Ethylene Tetramerization ...... 112 4.4.2.1 Process Chemistry ...... 112 4.4.2.2 Process Description ...... 113 4.4.3 Sasol, Fischer-Tropsch-Derived, Recovery ...... 116 4.4.3.1 Process Chemistry ...... 116 4.4.3.2 Process Description-Octene Train I ...... 116 4.4.3.3 Process Description-Octene Train II ...... 118 4.4.4 Sasol, Fischer-Tropsch-Derived, Heptene-Based Recovery ...... 121 4.4.4.1 Process Chemistry ...... 121 4.4.4.2 Process Description ...... 121 4.5 On-Purpose Decene-1 Technology ...... 126 4.5.1 Elevance Renewable Sciences ...... 126 4.5.1.1 Process Chemistry ...... 126 4.5.1.2 Process Description ...... 127 5 Process Economics ...... 129 5.1 Costing Basis ...... 129 5.1.1 Investment Basis ...... 129 5.1.2 Pricing Basis ...... 131 5.1.3 Cost of Production Basis ...... 133 5.2 Cost of Production Analysis ...... 133 5.2.1 Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins ...... 134 5.2.2 On-Purpose Butene-1 ...... 136 5.2.3 On-Purpose Hexene-1 ...... 137 5.2.4 On-Purpose Octene-1 ...... 139 6 Commercial Applications ...... 140 6.1 Introduction ...... 140 6.2 Polyethylene Comonomers ...... 142 6.3 Detergent Intermediates ...... 143 6.3.1 Detergent-Range Alcohols ...... 143 6.3.2 Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) ...... 143

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

6.3.3 Alpha Olefin Sulfonates ...... 144 6.3.4 Alkylamines ...... 144 6.4 Polyalphaolefins (Synthetic Lubricants) and Oilfield Chemicals ...... 144 6.5 Plasticizers ...... 145 6.6 Polybutene-1 ...... 145 6.7 Other Applications ...... 146 7 Regional Market Analysis ...... 147 7.1 Global ...... 147 7.1.1 Demand ...... 147 7.1.2 Supply ...... 150 7.1.3 Supply/Demand and Trade ...... 153 7.2 North America ...... 155 7.2.1 Demand ...... 155 7.2.2 Supply ...... 157 7.2.3 Supply/Demand and Trade ...... 158 7.3 Western Europe ...... 160 7.3.1 Demand ...... 160 7.3.2 Supply ...... 162 7.3.3 Supply/Demand and Trade ...... 163 7.4 Asia Pacific ...... 165 7.4.1 Demand ...... 165 7.4.2 Supply ...... 166 7.4.3 Supply/Demand and Trade ...... 168

Appendices A Cost of Production Estimates for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins ...... 172 B Cost of Production Estimates for On-Purpose Butene-1 ...... 191 C Cost of Production Estimates for On-Purpose Hexene-1 ...... 200 D Cost of Production Estimates for On-Purpose Octene-1 ...... 208 E Definitions of Capital Cost Terms Used in Process Economics ...... 219 F Definitions of Operating Cost Terms Used in Process Economics ...... 224 G TECH Program Title Index (2009-2019) ...... 227 H References ...... 231

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

Figures Figure 1 Linear Alpha Olefins, Main Markets and Applications ...... 1 Figure 2 Cost of Production Summary for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefin Processes ...... 4 Figure 3 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Butene-1 Processes ...... 4 Figure 4 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Processes ...... 5 Figure 5 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Octene-1 Processes ...... 6 Figure 6 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Demand by Fraction, 2018 ...... 6 Figure 7 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Demand by End-Use, 2018 ...... 7 Figure 8 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Capacity by Fraction, 2018 ...... 7 Figure 9 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 8 Figure 10 Linear Alpha Olefins, Main Markets, and Applications ...... 10 Figure 11 Reactions during Dehydrogenation of n-Paraffins ...... 12

Figure 12 Schematic View of C4 Streams ...... 13 Figure 13 Linear Alpha Olefins Value Chain, Markets, Applications, and End-Uses ...... 19 Figure 14 Overview of Single-Step Ethylene Oligomerization Process ...... 28 Figure 15 Overview of Two-Step Ethylene Oligomerization Process ...... 29 Figure 16 Theoretical Alpha Olefin Distribution by Single-Step Ethylene Oligomerization ...... 30 Figure 17 Theoretical Alpha Olefin Distribution by Two-Step Ethylene Oligomerization ...... 31 Figure 18 Comparative Theoretical Alpha Olefin Carbon Distributions ...... 32 Figure 19 Chevron Phillips, Full-Range AO Process Overview ...... 35 Figure 20 Chevron Phillips, Full-Range LAO Process, Reaction and Primary Splitting Sections ...... 36 Figure 21 Chevron Phillips Full-Range LAO Distributions ...... 38 Figure 22 INEOS Full-Range LAO Process ...... 40 Figure 23 INEOS Full-Range LAO Distributions ...... 41 Figure 24 Overview of Shell’s Higher Olefins Process ...... 42 Figure 25 Higher Olefins Process (SHOP), Oligomerization Section ...... 44 Figure 26 Shell Higher Olefins Process (SHOP), Alpha Olefin Separation Section ...... 47 Figure 27 Shell Higher Olefins Process (SHOP), Isomerization and Disproportionation (I/D) Section ...... 49 Figure 28 SHOP Mass Balance for Geismar Plant ...... 50 Figure 29 SHOP LAO/LIO Distributions ...... 51 Figure 30 Flow Diagram of Idemitsu Linear Alpha Olefins Process (LINEALENE) ...... 52 Figure 31 Idemitsu LAO Process, Oligomerization Section ...... 54

Figure 32 Idemitsu LAO Process, Distillation Section, C6/C8 Split Option ...... 55

Figure 33 Idemitsu LAO Process, Distillation Section, C8/C10 Split Option ...... 56 Figure 34 Idemitsu Full-Range LAO Distribution ...... 57 Figure 35 Axens AlphaSelect Selective Ethylene Oligomerization Process for LAOs ...... 60 Figure 36 AlphaSelect Carbon Number Distribution ...... 61 Figure 37 α-SABLIN Catalytic Cycle ...... 62 Figure 38 SABIC/Linde Alpha-SABLIN Full-Range LAO Process ...... 64 Figure 39 α-SABLIN Carbon Number Distribution ...... 65

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

Figure 40 UOP Linear-1 Full-Range LAO Process ...... 67 Figure 41 UOP LINEAR-1 Full-Range LAO Distribution ...... 69 Figure 42 Axens AlphaButol Ethylene Dimerization Process for Butene-1 ...... 74 Figure 43 Lummus Technology CPT Process for Butene-1 ...... 77

Figure 44 Illustrative Integrated C4 Complex ...... 78 Figure 45 Zeon Extractive Distillation Process for Butene-1 ...... 81 Figure 46 Axens AlphaHexol Ethylene Trimerization Process for Hexene-1 ...... 86 Figure 47 Chevron Phillips Hexene-1 Process, Trimerization, and Separation Sections ...... 90 Figure 48 Hexene Isomers Thermodynamic Equilibrium ...... 94 Figure 49 Simplified Block Flow Diagram of Lummus CPT Process for Hexene-1 Production ...... 95 Figure 50 Mitsui MET Hexene-1 Process ...... 99 Figure 51 Schematic of Sasol’s Secunda Complex ...... 100 Figure 52 Sasol Fischer-Tropsch-Derived Alpha Olefin Distribution ...... 101 Figure 53 Block Flow Diagram for Sasol Hexene-1 Process from Synthol ...... 102 Figure 54 Sasol Hexene-1 Recovery from Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Process, Pre-Treatment and Etherification ...... 104 Figure 55 Sasol Hexene-1 Recovery from Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Process, Super- Fractionation, Extractive Distillation, and Polishing ...... 106 Figure 56 Dow Butadiene Telomerization Process for Octene-1 ...... 111 Figure 57 Sasol Ethylene Tetramerization Process for Octene-1 ...... 114 Figure 58 Block Flow Diagram Schematic of Sasol’s Octene Train I ...... 117 Figure 59 Block Flow Diagram Schematic of Sasol’s Octene Train II ...... 118 Figure 60 Sasol/Linde Azeotropic Distillation Process ...... 120

Figure 61 Sasol Octene-1 Process from Mixed C7 Stream ...... 122 Figure 62 Elevance Metathesis Process for Decene-1 ...... 128 Figure 63 Steel Producer Price Indexes ...... 130 Figure 64 Cost of Production Summary for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefin Processes ...... 135 Figure 65 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Butene-1 Processes ...... 137 Figure 66 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Processes ...... 138 Figure 67 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Octene-1 Processes ...... 139 Figure 68 Linear Alpha Olefins, Main Markets and Applications ...... 140 Figure 69 Global Linear Alpha Olefin Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 141 Figure 70 Global Linear Alpha Olefin Demand by Fraction, 2018 ...... 142 Figure 71 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Demand by Fraction and End Use, 2018 ...... 147 Figure 72 Global Linear Alpha Olefin Demand by Region, 2018 ...... 148 Figure 73 Global Butene-1 Demand by End-Use and Region, 2018 ...... 148 Figure 74 Global Hexene-1 Demand by End-Use and Region, 2018 ...... 149 Figure 75 Global Octene-1 Demand by End-Use and Region, 2018 ...... 149 Figure 76 Global Higher Alpha Olefins Demand by Region, 2018 ...... 150 Figure 77 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Capacity by Fraction and Region, 2018 ...... 150 Figure 78 Global Butene-1 Capacity by Region, 2018 ...... 151 Figure 79 Global Hexene-1 Capacity by Region, 2018 ...... 151 Figure 80 Global Octene-1 Capacity by Region, 2018 ...... 152

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

Figure 81 Global Higher Alpha Olefins Capacity by Region, 2018 ...... 152 Figure 82 Global Linear Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 153 Figure 83 Global Butene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 153 Figure 84 Global Hexene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 154 Figure 85 Global Octene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 154 Figure 86 Global Higher Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 154 Figure 87 North America Linear Alpha Olefins Demand by Fraction and End Use, 2018 ...... 155 Figure 88 North America Butene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018...... 156 Figure 89 North America Hexene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018...... 156 Figure 90 North America Octene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 157 Figure 91 North America Linear Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 158 Figure 92 North America Butene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 158 Figure 93 North America Hexene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 159 Figure 94 North America Octene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 159 Figure 95 North America Higher Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 159 Figure 96 Western Europe Linear Alpha Olefins Demand by Fraction and End Use, 2018 ...... 160 Figure 97 Western Europe Butene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 161 Figure 98 Western Europe Hexene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 161 Figure 99 Western Europe Octene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 162 Figure 100 Western Europe Linear Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 163 Figure 101 Western Europe Butene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 163 Figure 102 Western Europe Hexene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 164 Figure 103 Western Europe Octene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 164 Figure 104 Western Europe Higher Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 164 Figure 105 Asia Pacific Linear Alpha Olefins Demand by Fraction and End Use, 2018 ...... 165 Figure 106 Asia Pacific Butene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 165 Figure 107 Asia Pacific Hexene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 166 Figure 108 Asia Pacific Octene-1 Demand by End Use, 2018 ...... 166 Figure 109 Asia Pacific Linear Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 168 Figure 110 Asia Pacific Butene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 169 Figure 111 Asia Pacific Hexene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 169 Figure 112 Asia Pacific Octene-1 Supply/Demand and Trade Balance ...... 169 Figure 113 Asia Pacific Higher Alpha Olefins Supply/Demand and Trade Balance...... 170

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

Tables Table 1 List of Linear Alpha Olefins ...... 9

Table 2 C4 Stream Compositions ...... 14 Table 3 Typical Alpha Olefin Composition Based on Feedstock ...... 15 Table 4 Full-Range Alpha Olefin Ethylene Oligomerization Processes ...... 16 Table 5 Strategic/Business Considerations ...... 20

Table 6 Properties of C4 to C20 Linear Alpha Olefins...... 21 Table 7 Commercial Butene-1 Specifications ...... 22 Table 8 Commercial Hexene-1 Specifications ...... 22 Table 9 Commercial Octene-1 Specifications ...... 23 Table 10 Commercial Decene-1 Specifications ...... 23 Table 11 Commercial Dodecene-1 Specifications ...... 24 Table 12 Commercial Tetradecene-1 Specifications ...... 24 Table 13 Commercial Hexadecene-1 Specifications ...... 24 Table 14 Commercial Octadecene-1 Specifications ...... 25 Table 15 Commercial Eicosene-1+ Specifications ...... 25 Table 16 Theoretical Alpha Olefin Distribution by Single-Step Ethylene Oligomerization ...... 30 Table 17 Theoretical Alpha Olefin Distribution by Two-Step Ethylene Oligomerization ...... 31 Table 18 Indicative Alpha Olefin Composition ...... 52 Table 19 Butene-1 to Decene-1 Product Distribution with AlphaSelect ...... 58 Table 20 Typical Product Characteristics from AlphaSelect ...... 59 Table 21 Typical Specifications for Butene-1 from AlphaButol ...... 72 Table 22 Product Quality for Butene-1 from Lummus CPT ...... 76

Table 23 C4 Stream Compositions ...... 79

Table 24 C4 Component Properties in DMF ...... 80 Table 25 Relative Volatilities in Various Polar Solvents ...... 82 Table 26 Typical Specifications for Hexene-1 from AlphaHexol ...... 84 Table 27 Sasol Fischer-Tropsch-Derived Mixed Hexene/Hexane Stream Composition ...... 102

Table 28 Typical Analysis of a Crude C4 Stream from a Naphtha Cracker ...... 107 Table 29 Product Distribution for Dow’s Octene-1 Process ...... 109 Table 30 Results from Sasol’s Ethylene Tetramerization Patent ...... 112

Table 31 Assumed Sasol Mixed C7 Feedstock Composition ...... 123 Table 32 Boiling Points of Various Octanol Isomers ...... 124 Table 33 Boiling Points of Components in Dehydration Reactor Effluent ...... 125 Table 34 Prices of Raw Materials, Byproducts, Utilities, and Wages ...... 132 Table 35 Cost of Production Summary for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefin Processes, USGC and Western Europe ...... 134 Table 36 Cost of Production Summary for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefin Processes, Middle East, China, and Japan ...... 135 Table 37 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Butene-1 Processes ...... 136 Table 38 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Processes ...... 138 Table 39 Cost of Production Summary for On-Purpose Octene-1 Processes ...... 139 Table 40 North America Linear Alpha Olefins Capacity, 2018 ...... 157 Table 41 Western Europe Linear Alpha Olefins Capacity, 2018 ...... 162 Table 42 Asia Pacific Linear Alpha Olefins Capacity, 2018 ...... 167

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

Table 43 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Chevron Phillips, Ethylene Oligomerization, USGC Basis ...... 172 Table 44 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: INEOS, Ethylene Oligomerization, USGC Basis ...... 173 Table 45 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Shell (SHOP), Ethylene Oligomerization, USGC Basis ...... 174 Table 46 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: SABIC/Linde (α-SABLIN), Ethylene Oligomerization, USGC Basis ...... 175 Table 47 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Axens (AlphaSelect), Ethylene Oligomerization, USGC Basis ...... 176 Table 48 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: INEOS, Ethylene Oligomerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 177 Table 49 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Shell (SHOP), Ethylene Oligomerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 178 Table 50 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: SABIC/Linde (α-SABLIN), Ethylene Oligomerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 179 Table 51 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Axens (AlphaSelect), Ethylene Oligomerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 180 Table 52 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Chevron Phillips, Ethylene Oligomerization, Middle East Basis...... 181 Table 53 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: INEOS, Ethylene Oligomerization, Middle East Basis ...... 182 Table 54 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Shell (SHOP), Ethylene Oligomerization, Middle East Basis ...... 183 Table 55 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: SABIC/Linde (α-SABLIN), Ethylene Oligomerization, Middle East Basis ...... 184 Table 56 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Axens (AlphaSelect), Ethylene Oligomerization, Middle East Basis ...... 185 Table 57 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: SABIC/Linde (α-SABLIN), Ethylene Oligomerization, China Basis ...... 186 Table 58 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Axens (AlphaSelect), Ethylene Oligomerization, China Basis ...... 187 Table 59 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: SABIC/Linde (α-SABLIN), Ethylene Oligomerization, Japan Basis ...... 188 Table 60 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Axens (AlphaSelect), Ethylene Oligomerization, Japan Basis ...... 189 Table 61 Cost of Production Estimate for Full-Range Linear Alpha Olefins Process: Idemitsu, Ethylene Oligomerization, Japan Basis ...... 190 Table 62 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaButol), Ethylene Dimerization, USGC Basis ...... 191 Table 63 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Zeon, Extractive Distillation, USGC Basis ...... 192 Table 64 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaButol), Ethylene Dimerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 193 Table 65 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Zeon, Extractive Distillation, Western Europe Basis ...... 194 Table 66 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaButol), Ethylene Dimerization, Middle East Basis ...... 195

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

Table 67 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaButol), Ethylene Dimerization, China Basis ...... 196 Table 68 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Zeon, Extractive Distillation, China Basis ...... 197 Table 69 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaButol), Ethylene Dimerization, Japan Basis ...... 198 Table 70 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Butene-1 Process: Zeon, Extractive Distillation, Japan Basis ...... 199 Table 71 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Chevron Phillips, Ethylene Trimerization, USGC Basis ...... 200 Table 72 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaHexol), Ethylene Trimerization, USGC Basis ...... 201 Table 73 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaHexol), Ethylene Trimerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 202 Table 74 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Chevron Phillips, Ethylene Trimerization, Middle East Basis ...... 203 Table 75 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaHexol), Ethylene Trimerization, Middle East Basis ...... 204 Table 76 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaHexol), Ethylene Trimerization, China Basis ...... 205 Table 77 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Axens (AlphaHexol), Ethylene Trimerization, Japan Basis ...... 206 Table 78 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Hexene-1 Process: Sasol, Extraction from Synfuels, South Africa Basis ...... 207 Table 79 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Dow, Butadiene Telomerization, USGC Basis ...... 208 Table 80 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, Ethylene Tetramerization, USGC Basis ...... 209 Table 81 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Dow, Butadiene Telomerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 210 Table 82 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, Ethylene Tetramerization, Western Europe Basis ...... 211 Table 83 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, Ethylene Tetramerization, Middle East Basis ...... 212 Table 84 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Dow, Butadiene Telomerization, China Basis ...... 213 Table 85 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, Ethylene Tetramerization, China Basis ...... 214 Table 86 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Dow, Butadiene Telomerization, Japan Basis ...... 215 Table 87 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, Ethylene Tetramerization, Japan Basis ...... 216 Table 88 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, Extraction from Synfuels, South Africa Basis ...... 217 Table 89 Cost of Production Estimate for On-Purpose Octene-1 Process: Sasol, C7s Extraction from Synfuels, South Africa Basis ...... 218

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001 Linear Alpha Olefins November 2019 Report Contents

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Linear Alpha Olefins 100101.200.2019.001