DOCSLIB.ORG

Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THIS REPORT HAS BEEN PRODUCED IN 100% COLLABORATION Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve RECYCLED WITH: ® 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India WWF STATUS OF TIGERS IN REPORT IND 2013 982.56 sq km SUNDARBAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, 24-PARGANAS (SOUTH) FOREST DIVISION +20 STUDY AREA TIGERS Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India , WEST BENGAL, INDIA +1080 1682 sq km WORK DAYS TO COMPLETE AREA OF 24-PARGANAS (SOUTH) THE STUDY FOREST DIVISION I N D This report was printed on 100% recycled paper, in order to reduce the ecological impact and minimise paper wastage. w w f i Why we are here. n To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and d i to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. a . www.wwfindia.org o r g WWF-India, 172 B Lodhi Estate, New Delhi 110 003, India Tel. +91 11 4361 6248 Fax. +91 11 4150 4779. For contact details and further information, please visit our website at www.wwfindia.org SUBHRO SEN Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India Authors Sunit Kumar Das, Pankaj Kumar Sarkar, Ratul Saha, Pradeep Vyas, A. Anurag Danda and Joseph Vattakavan Citation Das, S. K., Sarkar, P. K., Saha, R., Vyas, P., Danda, A. A., and Vattakavan, J. (2012). Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India. World Wide Fund for Nature-India, New Delhi. Cover Photo Pradeep Vyas Maps Abhijit Choudhury Illustrations Arnab Roy Processing & Printing YES Revised Edition, February 2013 © WWF-India, 2013 Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India PREFACE Despite multiple challenges and demands on its resources, India's efforts to preserve its wildlife and its tigers are exemplary; yet, tigers remain in a precarious existence in India. Faced with threats of habitat loss and organised poaching, tiger populations need scientific monitoring, protection and trans-boundary cooperation among other things to ensure their long term survival. In this context, 'Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve: 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division' is an important publication that looks into the development of a landscape specific tiger monitoring protocol. It is the first such publication from the Sundarbans. Sundarbans is an important biodiversity area that spans across India and Bangladesh, well known for its unique and rich variety of flora and fauna as well as the scenic landscapes. Parts of Sundarbans in the two countries are listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, underlining their importance as conservation landscapes. The Sundarbans is also the only mangrove habitat in the world to be home to tigers. This report provides an overview of the first tiger monitoring study undertaken outside the Sundarban Tiger Reserve using camera traps and the resultant tiger population estimate. Besides tigers, the study has also highlighted the presence of other felids such as fishing cat, jungle cat, leopard cat, and possibly the first reported melanisitic leopard cat. It also looks at the challenges facing the Sundarbans. I hope that this report will highlight the critical importance of scientific monitoring for better management of our wildlife. The efforts of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve Directorate in putting in place the framework of cooperation between state and other partner entities are to be highly commended. Their success, as evidenced by this report’s contents and progress in the field, I hope will spur trans-boundary cooperative efforts, between India and Bangladesh. For it is only through such concerted efforts that our Protected Areas and the incredible diversity of flora and fauna they harbour, will find a safe and secure future and continue to thrive in the years to come. Our thanks go out to all those who have helped put this study together; to those who care and support the cause of the tiger and its habitat. Ravi Singh Secretary General and CEO WWF-India ii PRADEEP VYAS iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This exercise is supported by WWF-Sweden. We are grateful to Mr. S.B. Mondal, PCCF & Chief Wildlife Warden, West Bengal, Mr. Samir Chandra Pal, ADFO and Mr. Ashis Mondal, RFO: 24 Parganas (South) Forest Division for the collaboration and logistic support. Despite time constraints Dr. Somenath Bhattacharyya and Dr. Kakoli Sen Sarma, Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management (IESWM) extended technical support in terms of chemical analysis of soil and water samples from all the camera trap stations as a contribution to this project. We are also grateful to the Director of IESWM, Mr. Arijit Banerjee for the whole hearted cooperation extended to the project. We would like to thank the following Forest Department personnel in carrying out the study successfully. Ramganga Range: Arup Kumar Maity (Forest Guard), Phonibhusan Maity (Forest Guard), Tapas Kumar Maity (Forest Guard), and Bhagirath Singh (Forest Guard) Raidighi Range: Uttam Biswas (Deputy Ranger), Braja Nath Halder (Forest Guard), Subal Mondal (Boatman), Dilip Kumar Ganguli (Forest Guard), Dulal Mondal (Banshramik), Dibakar Das (Majhi), Madan Mohan Das (Forest Guard), Prithvi Raj Maity (Forest Guard) Baruipur Range: Abu Jafar Molla (Forest Guard), Mujibar Rahaman Molla (Forest Guard), Joydeb Adhikari (Forest Guard) Matla Range: Kajal Biswas (Beat Officer), Paresh Kulu (Banshramik), Monu Patra (Banshramik) We would also like to thank the boat crew of MB Sundari, Sreedham Gayen, Ishwar Chandra Shaw, Dinanath Mondal and Ananta Mondal for their excellent services and on board hospitality. Abishek Harihar and Dr. Jimmy Borah reviewed the report at very short notice for which we are grateful. Their comments have strengthened this report. Special thanks are due to Dr. Bivash Pandav for his initial encouragement and guidance to undertake tiger monitoring study in the Sundarbans. Last but not the least, we remain grateful to Mr. Ravi Singh, SG & CEO, WWF-India; Dr. Sejal Worah, Programme Director, WWF-India; and Dr. Dipankar Ghose, Director, Species and Landscapes Programme, WWF-India for their inputs. iv CONTENTS Preface ii Acknowledgements iv Executive Summary vi Executive Summary in Bangla vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Indian Sundarbans 1 1.2 Tiger estimation in Sundarbans 2 2. STUDY AREA 5 2.1 Location 5 2.2 Physical features 6 2.3 Flora 8 2.4 Fauna 9 2.5 Human population 9 3. METHOD 10 3.1 Pre-field work 10 3.2 Reconnaissance survey 10 3.3 Data collection 13 3.4 Analytical details 14 3.4.1 Mark-Recapture approach 14 3.4.2 Method for density estimation 14 4. RESULTS 17 4.1 Capture dynamics 17 4.2 New capture saturation 19 4.3 CloseTest and model selection 20 4.4 Tiger population (N-hat) 21 4.5 Tiger density (D-hat) 21 4.6 Activity pattern of tigers 22 4.7 Anthropogenic pressures 23 5. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 24 REFERENCES 25 ANNEXURES 27 A. List of birds sighted 27 B. Captures of tigers 29 C. Captures of other felids 34 D. Captures of other mammals 35 E. Captures of birds 36 F. Fringe villages adjoining the study area 37 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Sundarbans is the only mangrove forest in the world where the tiger is at the apex of the food chain. The Sundarbans ecosystem is subjected to variable salinity, periodic high tides and tidal inundations, occasional tidal surges and frequent flooding. The terrestrial fauna inhabiting this ecosystem is significantly different from their counterparts inhabiting other ecosystems. The tiger being an umbrella species, effective tiger conservation enhances survival prospects for other forms of biodiversity. Earlier tiger estimates in Sundarbans were based on pugmark methods, attacks on humans, interviews with local community, and radio telemetry based extrapolation. This study presents the findings of the first attempt to estimate the tiger population in the 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve using photographic capture-recapture analysis. As part of Phase-IV monitoring protocol to obtain minimum tiger numbers in the Indian Sundarbans, WWF-India in collaboration with the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve Directorate carried out the camera trapping study. This study used remotely triggered camera traps and the capture-recapture framework to estimate the minimum population and density of tigers in two ranges of 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division. A total of 41 camera trap pairs were used in two ranges to cover about 982.56 sq km area. A total sampling effort of 600 trap days (20 camera trap stations, each operating for 30 occasions) at Ramganga range yielded 28 photographs (both flanks) of tigers. In Raidighi range, a total sampling effort of 714 trap days (21 camera trap stations, each operating for 34 occasions) yielded 71 photographs (both flanks) of tigers. Population is estimated to be 8.0±0.2 (N-hat±SE) individuals for Ramganga range and 13±3.5 (N-hat±SE) individuals for Raidighi range. Tiger density is estimated as 4.3 individuals/100 sq km at Ramganga range with an effective trapping area of 184.5 sq km and 7.08 individuals/100 sq km at Raidighi range with an effective trapping area of 141.3 sq km. In MLSECR (Maximum Likelihood Spatially Explicit Capture Recapture) analysis, estimated tiger density was 3.8 (±SE 1.5) individuals/100 sq km for Ramganga range and 5.2 (±SE 1.7) individuals/100 sq km for Raidighi range. In addition to tigers, the study also photo captured cats viz. fishing cat, jungle cat and leopard cat, as well as prey and other species. Apart from this, melanistic leopard cat was also photo captured. It is the first photographic evidence of its presence in the Sundarbans. These results provide insights into the richness and diversity which imply that the 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division is a rich landscape.
Recommended publications
  • Parasitosis in Wild Felids of India: an Overview

    Parasitosis in Wild Felids of India: an Overview

    Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7641–7648 Review Parasitosis in wild felids of India: an overview Aman Dev Moudgil 1, Lachhman Das Singla 2 & Pallavi 3 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) 1,2 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 3 School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author), 3 [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract: Being a tropical country, India provides an ideal environment for the development of parasites as well as for vector populations resulting in a high degree of parasitism in animals and humans. But only a few detailed studies and sporadic case reports are available on the prevalence of parasites in captive wild animals, and the knowledge of parasites and parasitic diseases in wild animals is still in its infancy. The family felidae comprises the subfamily felinae and pantherinae, and within those are all large and small cats. Most of the available reports on parasites in felids describe helminthic infections, which caused morbidities and occasional mortalities in the infected animals. The parasites most frequently found include the nematodes Toxocara, Toxascaris, Baylisascaris, Strongyloides, Gnathostoma, Dirofilaria and Galonchus, the trematode Paragonimus and the cestodes Echinococcus and Taenia. Almost all the studies identified the parasitic stages by classical parasitological techniques and only a few new studies confirmed the species using molecular techniques. Amongst the protozoan parasitic infections reported in felids: babesiosis, trypanosomiasis and coccidiosis are most commonly found.
  • Can Community Forestry Conserve Tigers in India?

    Can Community Forestry Conserve Tigers in India?

    Can Community Forestry Conserve Tigers in India? Shibi Chandy David L. Euler Abstract—Active participation of local people through community (Ontario Ministry for Natural Resources 1994). In most forestry has been successful in several developed countries. In the developing countries, like India, the socio-economic prob- early 1980’s, developing countries tried to adopt this approach for lems will have to be addressed first to achieve the objectives the conservation and management of forests. Nepal, for example, of conservation (Kuchli 1997). has gained considerable support from local people by involving them Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) (fig. 1) are in conservation policies and actions. This paper illustrates that endangered and almost on the verge of extinction. Conser- people living near the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve/National Park in vation of these animals in Asia poses serious problems, as India should not be considered mere gatherers of forest products. their population has been reduced significantly due to They can also be active managers and use forest resources hunting, poaching, and habitat shrinkage. Reserves and sustainably, which will help in the conservation of tigers. parks have been established to protect the animals and separate people from the forests. This, however, has caused Conservation of tigers in Asia, especially in India, is a major concern. The Sundarbans offers a unique habitat for tigers, but the conservation strategies followed for the past 20 years have not yielded much result. One of the major reasons is that local people and their needs were ignored. Lack of concern for the poverty/forest interface, which takes a heavy toll on human lives, is another reason for failure.
  • Cs 10.6 Wildlife Conservation Projects

    Cs 10.6 Wildlife Conservation Projects

    SER CONTENT No LESSON PLAN LESSON PLAN : E 5 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN INDIA Period - One Type - Lecture Code - E 6 Term - III (SD/SW) ______________________________________________________________ Training Aids 1. Computer, Projector, Charts, Pointer. Black Board & Chalk. Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins (b) Wildlife Conservation - 15 Mins (c) Wild Life Projects - 15 Mins (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins INTRODUCTION 3. The Indian subcontinent is blessed with a natural habitat of a large and varied wildlife. We can find some of the most magnificent as well as the rarest wildlife species of the world in the country. The beauty and variety we see in the jungles of India is difficult to be expressed in words. However, the past few decades have seen the greed and negligence of human beings leading to large-scale poaching, habitat destruction, resulting in animal - human conflict with rapid decline in the population of most of the wild animals and birds. 4. Conservation of Wildlife in India has slowly and gradually been understood by all. Today, efforts are being made towards wildlife conservation to preserve this natural wealth. Numerous wildlife conservation projects have been undertaken in India, both, at the government, as well as the individual level, to protect the wildlife of the subcontinent. AIM 5. To acquaint the cadets about Wildlife Conservation and Projects in India. PREVIEW 6. The lecture will be conducted in following parts:- (a) Part I - Wildlife Conservation. (b) Part II - Wildlife Projects in India. (a) PART I : WILDLIFE CONSERVATION Need for Conservation 7. Threats to Wildlife. The major threats being faced by the wildlife in India are:- (a) Decreasing Capacity.
  • Disaggregation of Bird Families Listed on Cms Appendix Ii

    Disaggregation of Bird Families Listed on Cms Appendix Ii

    Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 2nd Meeting of the Sessional Committee of the CMS Scientific Council (ScC-SC2) Bonn, Germany, 10 – 14 July 2017 UNEP/CMS/ScC-SC2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II (Prepared by the Appointed Councillors for Birds) Summary: The first meeting of the Sessional Committee of the Scientific Council identified the adoption of a new standard reference for avian taxonomy as an opportunity to disaggregate the higher-level taxa listed on Appendix II and to identify those that are considered to be migratory species and that have an unfavourable conservation status. The current paper presents an initial analysis of the higher-level disaggregation using the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World Volumes 1 and 2 taxonomy, and identifies the challenges in completing the analysis to identify all of the migratory species and the corresponding Range States. The document has been prepared by the COP Appointed Scientific Councilors for Birds. This is a supplementary paper to COP document UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.3 on Taxonomy and Nomenclature UNEP/CMS/ScC-Sc2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II 1. Through Resolution 11.19, the Conference of Parties adopted as the standard reference for bird taxonomy and nomenclature for Non-Passerine species the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Non-Passerines, by Josep del Hoyo and Nigel J. Collar (2014); 2.
  • Issn 0375-1511 Anuran Fauna of Rajiv Gandhi National Park, Nagarahole, Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India

    Issn 0375-1511 Anuran Fauna of Rajiv Gandhi National Park, Nagarahole, Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India

    ISSN 0375-1511 Rec. zool. Surv. India: 112(part-l) : 57-69, 2012 ANURAN FAUNA OF RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL PARK, NAGARAHOLE, CENTRAL WESTERN GHATS, KARNATAKA, INDIA. l 2 M.P. KRISHNA AND K.S. SREEPADA * 1 Department of Zoology, Field Marshal K.M.Cariappa Mangalore University College, Madikeri-571201, Karnataka, India. E.mail - [email protected] 2 Department ofApplied Zoology Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, Karnataka, India. E.mail- [email protected] (*Corresponding author) INTRODUCTION in the Nagarhole National Park is of southern tropical mixed deciduous both moist and dry with There are about 6780 species of amphibians in small patches of semi evergreen and evergreen the World (Frost,20ll). Approximately 314 species type (Lal Ranjit, 1994). Diversity, distribution are known to occur in India and about 154 from pattern, habitat specificity, abundance and global Western Ghats (Dinesh et al., 2009; Biju, 2010). threat status of the anurans recorded in the study However the precise number of species is not area are discussed. known since new frogs are being added to the checklist. Amphibian number has slowly started MATERIALS AND METHODS declining largely due to the anthropogenic activities. Anuran species diversity survey was under Habitat degradation and improper agricultural taken for the first time during January 2009 to activities are the major threats to amphibians. December 2009. The survey team comprised of a However, survey on amphibian diversity is limited group of 6-9 men including local people and forest to certain parts of Western Ghats in Karnataka department officials having thorough knowledge (Krishnamurthy and Hussain, 2000; Aravind et al., about the area.
  • Indian Tigers 2020 8Th Jan to 19Th Jan 22Nd Jan to 2Nd Feb

    Indian Tigers 2020 8Th Jan to 19Th Jan 22Nd Jan to 2Nd Feb

    INDIAN TIGERS 2020 8TH JAN TO 19TH JAN SOLD OUT 22ND JAN TO 2ND FEB £2995.00 PER PERSON JOIN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE PHOTOGRAPHER ANDY PARKINSON FOR AN 11 NIGHT PHOTOGRAPHIC ADVENTURE TO INDIA’S SPECTACULAR BANDHAVGARH NATIONAL PARK. PRICE INCLUDES TRAVEL ACCOMMODATION All transfers to and In order to maximise our Our base will be a clean, from the airport, all time in Bandhavgarh comfortable and tranquil accommodation, on arrival in Delhi on lodge on the outskirts food, park entry fees, the morning of the 9th of the village of Tala, a guiding fees and local January we shall then small settlement on the transportation. catch a connecting 2 fringes of Bandhavgarh hour flight to Jabalpur. National Park. PRICE EXCLUDES Here we shall be met by our hosts who will DEPOSIT All flights, personal then transfer us to our travel insurance, tips and Confirmation of your secluded lodge, hopefully alcoholic drinks or items place can only be arriving at approximately of a personal nature. guaranteed on receipt 7.30pm. We shall then of a non-refundable have some food before £495.00 per person getting a good night’s deposit. The balance is sleep for an early start then due no later than 8 next morning. weeks prior to departure. THE BENGAL TIGER, THOUGH THE MOST NUMEROUS OF THE 6 REMAINING TIGER SUBSPECIES, IS STILL ENDANGERED WITH JUST 2500-3000 INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS LEFT IN THE WILD. INDIA REMAINS THEIR STRONGHOLD WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF THIS DIMINISHING NUMBER BUT LIMITED POPULATIONS ALSO EXIST IN BHUTAN, BANGLADESH, MYANMAR, NEPAL AND CHINA.
  • Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera Tigris L.)

    Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera Tigris L.)

    Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.) Global Tiger Forum Publication 2014 Copyright © Secretariat of Global Tiger Forum, 2014 Suggested Citation: Gopal R., Majumder A. and Yadav S.P. (Eds) (2014). Bibliography on Tiger (Panther tigris L.). Compiled and published by Global Tiger Forum, p 95. Cover Pic Vinit Arora Inside pictures taken by Vinit Arora, Samir K. Sinha, Aniruddha Majumder and S.P.Yadav CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Introduction to Bibliography on tiger 1 Literature collection and compilation process for bibliography on tiger 2-4 1) Ecology, Natural History and Taxonomy 5-23 2) Aspects of Conflicts 24-35 3) Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status 36-62 evaluation 4) Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring 63-75 5) Protection, Conservation, Policies and Bio-politics 76-95 Acknowledgements The “Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.)” is an outcome of the literature database on tiger, brought out by the Global Tiger Forum (GTF). The GTF is thankful to all officials, scientists, conservationists from 13 Tiger Range Countries for their support. Special thanks are due to Dr Adam Barlow, Mr. Qamar Qureshi, Dr. Y.V. Jhala, Dr K. Sankar, Dr. S.P. Goyal, Dr John Seidensticker, Dr. Ullas Karanth, Dr. A.J.T Johnsingh, Dr. Sandeep Sharma, Ms. Grace Gabriel, Dr. Sonam Wangchuk, Mr Peter Puschel, Mr. Hazril Rafhan Abdul Halim, Mr Randeep Singh and Dr. Prajna Paramita Panda for sharing some important references on tiger. Mr P.K. Sen, Dr Jagdish Kiswan, Mr Vivek Menon, Mr Ravi Singh and Dr Sejal Vora and Mr Keshav Varma are duly acknowledged for their comments and suggestions.
  • Beyond the Stripes: Save Tigers Save So

    Beyond the Stripes: Save Tigers Save So

    REPORT T2x 2017 BEYOND THE STRIPES SAVE TIGERS, SAVE SO MUCH MORE Front cover A street art painting of a tiger along Brick Lane, London by artist Louis Masai. © Stephanie Sadler FOREWORD: SEEING BEYOND THE STRIPES 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 8 1. SAVING A BIODIVERSITY TREASURE TROVE 10 Tigers and biodiversity 12 Protecting flagship species 14 WWF Acknowledgements Connecting landscapes 16 WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced We would like to thank all the tiger-range governments, independent conservation organizations, with over partners and WWF Network offices for their support in the Driving political momentum 18 25 million followers and a global network active in more production of this report, as well as the following people in Return of the King – Cambodia and Kazakhstan 20 than 100 countries. particular: WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s Working Team natural environment and to build a future in which people 2. BENEFITING PEOPLE: CRITICAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 22 Michael Baltzer, Michael Belecky, Khalid Pasha, Jennifer live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s Safeguarding watersheds and water security 24 biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable Roberts, Yap Wei Lim, Lim Jia Ling, Ashleigh Wang, Aurelie natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the Shapiro, Birgit Zander, Caroline Snow, Olga Peredova. Tigers and clean water – India 26 reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Edits and Contributions: Sejal Worah, Vijay Moktan, Mitigating climate change 28 A WWF International production Thibault Ledecq, Denis Smirnov, Zhu Jiang, Liu Peiqi, Arnold Tigers, carbon and livelihoods – Russian Far East 30 Sitompul, Mark Rayan Darmaraj, Ghana S.
  • Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of India

    Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of India

    NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE OF INDIA Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left undisturbed over a long time, so as to allow its individual species to adjust themselves to climate and soil conditions as fully as possible. Himalayan heights are marked with temperate vegetation. The Western Ghats and the Andaman Nicobar Islands have tropical rain forests. The deltaic regions have tropical forests and mangroves. The desert and semi desert areas of Rajasthan are known for cactii, a wide variety of bushes and thorny vegetation. TYPES OF FORESTS Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen forests Tropical Deciduous forests Tropical Thorn forests Montane forests Littoral and Swamp forests TROPICAL EVERGREEN AND SEMI EVERGREEN FORESTS Tropical Evergreen These are found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the north-eastern region and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are found in warm and humid areas with an annual precipitation of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22°C. They are well stratified, with layers closer to the ground and are covered with shrubs and creepers, with short structured trees followed by tall variety of trees. The trees reach great heights up to 60 m or above. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves, flowering and fruition. These forests appear green all the year round. Species found in these forests include rosewood, mahogony, aini, ebony, etc. Semi Evergreen They are found in the less rainy parts of these regions. Such forests have a mixture of evergreen and moist deciduous trees. The undergrowing climbers provide an evergreen character to these forests.
  • National Parks in India (State Wise)

    National Parks in India (State Wise)

    National Parks in India (State Wise) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Rani Jhansi Marine National Park Campbell Bay National Park Galathea National Park Middle Button Island National Park Mount Harriet National Park South Button Island National Park Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park North Button Island National ParkSaddle Peak National Park Andhra Pradesh Papikonda National Park Sri Venkateswara National Park Arunachal Pradesh Mouling National Park Namdapha National Park Assam Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Orang National Park Manas National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Centre) Nameri National Park Kaziranga National Park (Famous for Indian Rhinoceros, UNESCO World Heritage Centre) Bihar Valmiki National Park Chhattisgarh Kanger Ghati National Park Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park Indravati National Park Goa Mollem National Park Gujarat Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch Vansda National Park Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar Gir Forest National Park Haryana WWW.BANKINGSHORTCUTS.COM WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BANKINGSHORTCUTS 1 National Parks in India (State Wise) Kalesar National Park Sultanpur National Park Himachal Pradesh Inderkilla National Park Khirganga National Park Simbalbara National Park Pin Valley National Park Great Himalayan National Park Jammu and Kashmir Salim Ali National Park Dachigam National Park Hemis National Park Kishtwar National Park Jharkhand Hazaribagh National Park Karnataka Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park Nagarhole National Park Kudremukh National Park Bannerghatta National Park (Bannerghatta Biological Park)
  • Conservation Status of Bengal Tiger (Panthera Tigris Tigris)- a Review

    Conservation Status of Bengal Tiger (Panthera Tigris Tigris)- a Review

    Volume 65, Issue 2, 2021 Journal of Scientific Research Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Conservation Status of Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)- A Review Anoushka Kumar*1 *1S. I. E. S. College of Arts Science and Commerce, [email protected] Abstract: Bengal tiger is one of the majestic carnivores found in regulating and perpetuating ecological processes and system regions of the Indian subcontinent. It possesses immense intrinsic (Sunquist et al., 1999; Terborgh, 1991; WWF-INDIA, 2014). values contributing significantly to the cultural and ecological Many scientists refer it as an ecological litmus paper as it acts aspects. However, a drastic decline in the population has been as an indicator species from which various ecological changes in perceived for the past few years. Anthropogenic activities and fall terms of species richness, equitability, size, biomass, etc. are in prey density are considered to be the major threats. Several determined. It helps in indicating the overall health of the conservation actions and plans have been executed to stabilize and increase the population. This review article summarizes ecology, ecosystems in South and South-East Asia (Mohammad, 2004). threats to tiger population and its conservation strategies. Despite its consequential role in ecological sustainability and services, tiger population is diminishing at an alarming rate all Index Terms: Anthropogenic, Carnivores, Conservation, over its range (Mohammad, 2004; Wikramanayake et al., 2010). Ecological and Population. As per IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, it is evaluated to be an endangered species whose population in the Indian I. INTRODUCTION subcontinent declined drastically from 100,000 in 1900s to 3,600 Bengal tiger, formerly known as Royal Bengal tiger (Pandit, in 2010 (Wikramanayake et al., 2010).
  • Occurrence of Luicistic Jungle Babbler Turdoides Striatus at Nagpur Dr

    Occurrence of Luicistic Jungle Babbler Turdoides Striatus at Nagpur Dr

    Occurrence of luicistic Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus at Nagpur Dr. Tarique Sani# & Raju Kasambe* # 361, Shankar Nagar, Nagpur- 440010 (Maharashtra) e-mail: [email protected] *G-1, Laxmi Apartments, 64, Vidya Vihar Colony, Pratap Nagar, Nagpur-440022 (Maharashtra) e-mail: [email protected] On 25th June 2005 at 1130 hrs. when we were birding near the durgah on Amravati road, we located a luicistic Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus among a flock of normal Jungle Babblers. All the feathers on the body including wings were total white. The bill and legs were yellow in colour. The iris was also white and the pupil was black. Only there was a light shade of brown on the face. The bird behaved just like all its brethren. Probably this is the first record of a luicistic Jungle Babbler. Albinism is an uncommon phenomenon and has been reported in several species. An albino House Crow was secured by Mr. P. G. H. Stent at Kodamendhi, Nagpur (D’Abreu, 1923). The book “Birds of Western Ghats, Kokan and Malabar” (Pande et. al. 2003) has photographs of albino species including Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (pp.231), House Crow Corvus splendens (pp.326), Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus (pp. 80), Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus (pp.89) and Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata (pp. 249). Albinism has also been observed in Asian Pied Starling (Sturnus contra)(Sharma A. 2001), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) (Salunkhe P.S. 2003), Common Kingfisher (Alcido athis) (Photo by Mr. Kamal Sahai at Bharatpur, 1992) (Grewal, 2000) and other species. Albinism is caused by a mutant gene in a species.