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The detrital record of late-Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift and exhumation of the Venezuelan Andes in the Maracaibo and Barinas foreland basins
Bermúdez, M.A.; Hoorn, C.; Bernet, M.; Carillo, E.; van der Beek, P.A.; Garver, J.I.; Mora, J.L.; Mehrkian, K. DOI 10.1111/bre.12154 Publication date 2017 Document Version Author accepted manuscript Published in Basin Research
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Citation for published version (APA): Bermúdez, M. A., Hoorn, C., Bernet, M., Carillo, E., van der Beek, P. A., Garver, J. I., Mora, J. L., & Mehrkian, K. (2017). The detrital record of late-Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift and exhumation of the Venezuelan Andes in the Maracaibo and Barinas foreland basins. Basin Research, 29(S1), 370-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12154
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The detrital record of Late-Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift and exhumation of the Venezuelan Andes in the Maracaibo and...
Article in Basin Research · August 2015 DOI: 10.1111/bre.12154
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Accepted Article nttt o Boiest n csse Dnmc (IBE Dynamics Ecosystem and Biodiversity for Institute Institut desTerre, Science de Fourier,Université la Joseph Grenoble, France Venezuela, Caracas,Venezuela Esc DepartmentUnion College,Geology, of NY, Schenectady, USA de Central Universidad Ciencias, de Venezuela, Caracas,Venezuela Facultad Tierra, la de Ciencias de Instituto The Netherlands exhumation the of The detrital record of
1,2 opyediting, typesetting, pagination and typesetting, proofreadingwhich may opyediting, process, pagination * - - - , C.Hoorn Apr Sep Jul
-
- 2015 - 2014 2015
Venezuelan Andes
3 mauri , M.Bernet
Late Mora
[email protected] [email protected]
foreland - 1 Miocene to Pliocene , and K.Mehrkian Title page: 2 ,
E. Carrillo
basins
in
4 the Maracaibo , P.A. van, P.A. der Beek
2
D), University of Amsterdam, of University D), surface uplift and , Universidad Central de de Central Universidad ,
and Barinas 2 , J.I. Garver
5 , J. L.
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. AcceptedCordillera the of evolution the in surfac of phase main The agesource minimum coolingand areaonsediment deposition. impose constraints results modeling thermal and found was basins the in heating Miocene the of base for evidence very no Formation, the Parángula from and Formation Pagüey Eocene the from collected mini AFT samples basin Barinas the grain AFT youngest from obtained were 3500 Basin Maracaibo Articleof Maracaibo the from evidence Palynological recycled flanks. onits were sediments basin foreland uplifted and rocks cover sedimentary while belt, mountain V the of alluvial and fluvial that indicate (retro Barinas and of evolution the of record and palynological petrographic, sediment techniques thermochronological combining approach, multidisciplinary A ABSTRACT the - 4000 m in the V the in m 4000 tde scin fo Lt Moee o loee Te oln assemblages pollen The Pliocene. to Miocene Late from sections studied eeuln Andes Venezuelan enezuelan Andes. Granitic and gneissic detritus was derived from the core of the the of core the from derived was detritus gneissic and Granitic Andes. enezuelan
n Colombia in /SUMMARY Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan are indicative of mountain vegetation, implying surface elevations of elevations surface implying vegetation, mountain of indicative are - eg) oead ais poia t ti dul vret onan belt, mountain vergent doubly this to proximal basins, foreland wedge) - age population has relatively static minimum ages of 5±2 Ma, while for for while Ma, 5±2 of ages minimum static relatively has population age both both
enezuelan enezuelan , although they are not driven by exactly the same underlying underlying same the exactly by driven not are they although , e uplift, topography and relief and topography uplift, e
tairpi scin. n ape fo te aaab basin Maracaibo the from samples In sections. stratigraphic
the
occurred during the Late Miocene to Pliocene. Pliocene. to Miocene Late the during occurred . Therefore, for all other samples the detrital AFT ages reflect ages AFT detrital the samples other all for Therefore, . Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan - , . fan sediments of similar composition were shed to both sides both to shed were composition similar of sedimentsfan
A has been used to study the Miocene the study to used been has T ndes
his is supported by rock by supported is his bears certain similarities with the evolution of the Eastern Eastern the of evolution the with certainsimilarities bears mum ages are 7±2 Ma. With exception of two samples samples two of exception With Ma. 7±2 are ages mum resetting and and resetting
at this time. this at
and Barinas and . Samples from the Maracaibo (pro Maracaibo the from Samples .
Detrital apatite fission apatite Detrital track annealing in apatite due to burial burial to due apatite in annealing track
generation
basin - eval eval s
c analyses on organic matter matter organic on analyses onstrains , and erosional exhumation erosional and , - Pliocene sedimentary Pliocene
- depositional ages depositional track (AFT) data data (AFT) track T he Neogene Neogene he
from the the from - wedge up to up ,
the the ) This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. South the and north the to block continental Maracaibo the between convergence oblique and and subsequent thermal flanking ofsedimentary history A basins theVenezuelan with relationships its and topography, high of creation al., 2010,2011,2 2010a 2008, al., et Mora (e.g. region feedback climatic possible and evolution tectonic the on information important hold the Therefore, discussion. under are Andes Venezuelan the and Colombia in Cordillera Eastern the of evolution the of factors Gregory 1993; Covey, and Dengo 1990; arc Cretaceous Late to related is Colombia in Cordilleras 20 al., et Farris 2010; al., et Hoorn 2008, al., et Mora 1997; al., et Colletta 1993; Covey, and Dengo (e.g. conditions climatic by 1) (Fig. arc Panamá and plate American South plate, Caribbean plate, Nazca the of interaction the by driven faults, reactivated and basins sedimentary belts, mountain INTRODUCTION surface uplift Keywords: Caribbean andclockeast plate tothe t of closure the and America South northwestern with arc Panama the of collision of context processes geodynamic Accepted Article the of movement contemporaneous as well as times, Miocene in seaway Panama he h Venezuelan The of assemblage complex a are America South northwestern in Andes Northern The
eeuln Andes Venezuelan 013). Of particular013). interest Of respect surfaceare this timing in the of uplift, the
. The progressive development of the two mountain belts is seen in the in seen is belts mountain two the of development progressive The . (or Mérida) Mérida) (or aaie fission apatite , uplift - wise rotation of theMaracaibowise block. , ne i nrhetr Vnzea eut rm rotation from result Venezuela northwestern in Andes 11
2010 and ). While the evolution of the Western and Central Central and Western the of evolution the While ). - ozci 20; eil t l, 03, h driving the 2003), al., et Cediel 2000; Wodzicki, exhumation histories of these two mountain belts mountain two these of histories exhumation b; Parra et al., 2009a al., et Parra b; - rc aayi, palynology, analysis, track the
- nature terrane accretion (e.g. Case et al., al., et Case (e.g. accretion terrane
, and
2009
timing of sedimentation sedimentation of timing b, 2010; Bermúdez et et Bermúdez 2010; b,
, and modulated modulated and , ndes. exhumation,
in this This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Acceptedthem important for understanding thelong Andes Venezuelan Miocene The Venezuelan Andes. the of flank southern and center the of erosion from derived conglomerates, format Yuca Río and Miocene The basin. drainage River Orinoco the of part forms and SW, the to Colombia in basin Llanos the with connects retro the is of thecenterflank and ofbelt. theuplifting northern mountain shallow frommudroc marine grade deposits These 2000). James, 1986; (Lorente, formations Betijoque north, contains Miocene ArticleGuyana (Fig. tothe SE Shield 1). the and W and NW the to Colombia in Andes northern the by bounded basin continuous Barinas and Maracaibo appar Andes Venezuelan the of growth The 2013). 2011, 2010,al., et Bermúdez1995; al., etHoorn 1984; al., et(Kohn Late Miocene during the Andes Venezuelan the of exhumation and pattern drainage the of evolution uplift, surface major 1997). al., South et below (Colletta America Block Maracaibo the of underthrusting to related northwest, facing wedge 2009). Kennan, and Pindell 2005; 1997; al., et Colletta 1990; al., et Case 1; (Fig. south the to plate American The Barinas The pro The h diig ocs n pten o ehmto o te eeuln ne were Andes Venezuelan the of exhumation of patterns and forces driving The - foreland basin basin foreland ks to fluvial mudrocks, sandstones and conglomerates, derived from erosion from derived conglomerates, and sandstones mudrocks, fluvial to ks - eg M wedge - is thus preserved in these synorogenic sedimentary rocks, which makes makes which rocks, sedimentary synorogenic these in preserved thus is Apure basin, here simply referred to as the Barinas basin (Figs. 1 and 2), 2), and 1 (Figs. basin Barinas the as to referred simply here basin, Apure - loee itr o srae pit n eoinl xuain f the of exhumation erosional and uplift surface of history Pliocene os Bt frain cnit f lva mdok, adtns and sandstones mudrocks, fluvial of consist formations Both ions. - Apure basins ( basins Apure - Pliocene detrital deposits that are divided into the Palmar, Isnotú thatarePliocenePalmar, detrital theand deposits divided into aracaibo foreland basin, flanking the Venezuelan Andes to the the to Andes Venezuelan the flanking basin, foreland aracaibo n h suhr fak f h Vnzea Ads Ti basin This Andes. Venezuelan the of flank southern the on - Pliocene deposits of the Barinas basin include the Parángula Parángula the include basin Barinas the of deposits Pliocene ovrec satd n h lt Paleo late the in started Convergence
t om a oby egn muti bl wt te pro the with belt mountain vergent doubly a forms It Guzmán - term evolution of this mountain ofthis belt. evolution term
and Fisher, 2006), which previously formed a a formed previously which 2006), Fisher, and
ently caused the separation of the the of separation the caused ently
gene and resulted in in resulted and gene Montes et al., al., et Montes
- This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. wit filled were grabens These 2009). developmentgraben andKennan, of systemsduring Atlantic rifting et (Case al.,1990;Pindell BASINS GEOLOG Cordillera in inColombia, ofthe thecontext Caribbeangeodynamics. Eastern the and Andes Venezuelan the of evolution the between differences and similarities (Parán magnetization secondary coarse of presence the to discontinuous mai obtain, to difficult proven has data stratigraphic basins. sedimentary the of history thermal the on constraints Rock constindependent provide thermochronologypalynologydataand source on information provide sections thin of pro data. maturity organic and incorporating the extend ( previ of series a in described AFT
Accepted Articlethe VenezuelanAndes. -
and retroand - ) Eval analyses of organic matter were performed in order to obtain independent independent obtain to order in performed were matter organic of analyses Eval
thermochronology (Kohn et al., 1984; Bermúdez et al., 2010, 2011, 2013). 2011, 2010, al., et Bermúdez 1984; al., et (Kohn thermochronology ai frain n otwsen ot Aeia tre i te ae Jurassic late the in started America South northwestern in formation Basin in sandstones on and field the in conglomerates on analyses petrographic Sediment
Y se
- ly OF THE THE OF wedge foreland basins, in order to retrieve the exhumation record on both sides both recordon exhumation retrievethe orderto in basins, wedgeforeland complem stud , are ies poor in fossil content and difficult to date with magnetostratigraphy due magnetostratigraphy with date to difficult and content fossil in poor
by entary -
grained lithologies (Betijoque and Río Yuca formations), or strong or formations), Yuca Río and (Betijoque lithologies grained VEN
ouig on focusing These ous studies ous methodologies, methodologies, ZEA ANDES EZUELAN gula Formation; Erikson et al., 2012). Finally, we discuss discuss we Finally, 2012). al., et Erikson Formation; gula
data h clastic sedimentary rocks of the La Quinta Formation. Formation. Quinta La the of rocks sedimentary clastic h Body ofthe text: were h Mrcio n Brns basin Barinas and Maracaibo the employing - collected from stratigraphic sections in both the the both in sections stratigraphic from collected rock lithologies and sediment provenance. The The provenance. sediment and lithologies rock including bedrock and detrital and bedrock
nly because these formations formations these because nly N ASCAE FORELAND ASSOCIATED AND
eiet petrography sediment
o tee dtie chrono detailed these, For raints on stratigraphic ages. stratigraphicages. on raints
apatite fission apatite
eiet and sediments , palynology Here rp out crop , -
track with , we we , -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. kinematics plate regional in change This 1993). Kellogg, and Toni (De plate American South Andes Venezuelan thickness 3A and the of flank northern the along exposed and north the to tilted been have formations Betijoque and Isnotú Palmar, the of 2009). al., et (Guerrero members Sanalejos and Vichú the into divided further Pliocene the by followed Formation Rosa/Palmar Early the in basin s the in recommenced Oligocene.Subsidence the during deposits basin the regional a today basin Maracaibo the by sealed is reservoir The 2006). of Mann, and (Escalona rocks reservoir main two the of one is Formation Misoa quartz mainly The west. the to depocenter basin the of migration and Formation in Clastic 1995). Mann, and (Lugo weretransported Andes, Colombian plateseroded northern and uplifted the derivedfrom sediments, American South and Caribbean the between f a to passive margin a from changed basin Maracaibo the of setting tectonic The Formation. Guasare the by overlain is Formation Luna La reserves petroleum all of 98% of rock source the is that unit shale calcareous a Formation, Luna La the which in Cretaceous, Early the during margin passive a of development to led rifting Continuous
Accepted Articlethe to ). In total, the pro the total, In ). Miocene Maracaibo basin, resulting in deposition of the Eocene shallow Eocene the of deposition in resulting basin, Maracaibo alluvial fan deposits of the of deposits fan alluvial of about (DeToniand 6km Kellogg, 1993). L ate rln bsn n h lt Ploee de o h ost f biu convergence oblique of onset the to due Paleocene, late the in basin oreland - Eocene/Oligocene unconformity, which indicates uplift and partial erosion of of erosion partial and uplift indicates which unconformity, Eocene/Oligocene - loee lxrl s flexural Pliocene , which , - in the Maracaibo basin (Escalona and Mann, 2006), was deposited. The The deposited. was 2006), Mann, and (Escalona basin Maracaibo the in ide icn, ih eoiin f h salw aie lsi La clastic marine shallow the of deposition with Miocene, Middle - wedge foreland basin of the of basin foreland wedge
eutdfo olqecliino h aaab lc ih the with block Maracaibo the of collision oblique from resulted Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan ubsidence Betijoque Upper Cretaceous Upper Upper was was Formation Miocene
sinc asd y rsa laig f the of loading crustal by caused
Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan e the Late PlioceneLate the e low
Colon Formation and the Paleocene Paleocene the and Formation Colon . The Betijo The . - fluvial permeability sediments on top of of top on sediments permeability Isnotú que Formation can be be can Formation que - marine/deltaic Misoa Misoa marine/deltaic
reaches a maximum a reaches - Formation Pleistocene (Fig Pleistocene outhern Maracaibo outhern Proximal parts Proximal - and arenitic
rising rising the the s 2 s This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Acceptedcontinuous stratigraphy,entir Trujillo of state the Betijoque of city the of north Vichú, Río and Hoyos Río the along sampled and mapped Maracaibo basin SAMPLE COLLECTION Chacín etal., 2005; 2 only of thickness maximum a reaches basin foreland deep relatively the to contrast is turn in which (unconformably?) Formation, Parángula fluvial Miocene the by overlain unconformably the of flank southern the along exposed and south the to tilted generally are units where basin, proximal the in preserved not is formation This Formation. Carbonera the of deposition Articleto affwas basin Barinas the ofcentral part the km 1 to up of thickness a reach formations Pagüey and Gobernador the of sediments clastic marine Eocene Middle 2000 James 1997; al., et Roure 1972; al., et (Zambrano basin Maracaibo the to connected was basin Barinas the Eocene, and Cretaceous Late the During 1). (Fig. BaúlArch El bythe northeastthe to andAndes, Colombian the ofEasternCordillera block and theSantaet massif(Fig. Marta al.,2005,2010). 1;Montes Maracaibo the of rotation clockwise in resulting 1997), al., et Colletta 1984; al., et (Kohn northern the with Arc Panama the of collision by driven been have may eeuln Andes Venezuelan n h nrhr fak f t of flank northern the On The Barinas
overlain by the by overlain
Jácome andJácome Chacín, 2008). basin is limited to the southeast by the Guyana shield, to th to shield, Guyana the by southeast the to limited is basin
(Fig
in the Barinas basin Barinas the in
s to
2 ely in a (Fig. day
n 3A and northern pro northern he Late the eeuln Andes Venezuelan
Pliocene ). Miocene to Pliocene fluvial Río Yuca Formation. In Formation. Yuca Río fluvial Pliocene to Miocene 3 h cmie scin rcr aot 70 of m 2700 about record sections combined The B). ected by subsidence during the Oligocene,leading the bysubsidenceduring ected . In contrast to most parts of the Maracaibo basin, basin, Maracaibo the of parts most to contrast In . - wedge foreland basin, the southern retro southern the basin, foreland wedge
ee t Here, Betijoque FormationBetijoque e oee aüy omto is Formation Pagüey Eocene he - , two complementary sections were were sections complementary two ,
3 km (De Toni and Kellogg, 1993; Kellogg, and Toni (De km 3 ; Guzmán
(Fig. (Fig.
Andes in Colombia in Andes
and Fisher, 2006). Fisher, and 4 ).
e west by the the by west e - wedge , in , This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted TPMY Formation sample Rock for collected were deposits mudrock from collected 9) and Figs.5 PAS42, and PAS41, PAS35, PAS29, analysis section m. thin petrographic 2700 about is studied we section the of flank southern was Article basinBarinas VichúsectioRío the along collected were V97) and V95 V90, (V33, samples four and section, Hoyos Río the fission apatite coars to medium from collected Rock for section Hoyos 52 addition, for petrographic studied - s The Seven 4, TPMY
- w Eval analyses Eval ere (
entire section of the of sectionentire PAN along the Parángula River to the west and south of south and west the to River Parángula the along palynological - sandstone samples were collected along the Río Hoyos and Río Vichú sections sections Vichú Río and Hoyos Río the along collected were samples sandstone
(CH74 to CH 125 CH to (CH74 track (AFT) analysis. Three samples (H2, H9 and H11) were collected along along collected were H11) and H9 (H2, samples Three analysis. (AFT) track collected from the the from collected n (Fig. - - thin 5, TPMY 1, - Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan TPG eto analysis section
4 (RV1, RV3 (RV1, ). - - vl nlss ( analyses Eval , TPG 1,
- 7 and TPMY samples were were samples UpperMiocene e ;
- (CH1 Fig. 4) Fig. grained sandstones of the Betijoque Formation for detrital detrital for Formation Betijoque the of sandstones grained
- PS, A6 PS0 PS3 PS0 PS4 PAS28, PAS24, PAS20, PAS13, PAS10, PAS6, (PAS2, 2) ;
Fig. 4) Fig. ad h Ro ua Formation Yuca Río the and , Eocene Eocene
- R2 R3 R9 R1, V, V, n RV6) and RV3, RV2, RH17, RH9, RH3, (RH2, CH73, Fig. 5) Fig. CH73,
, (Fig -
8) along8) theParángula River(Fig. section and H11, CH52(2); CH51(1), collected from mudrock deposits along the Río Río the along deposits mudrock from collected Eleven . s A total of seven samples, ~5 samples, seven of total A . two Pa 2 - Pliocene Pliocene
and g üey samples of organic material were collected collected were organicmaterial of samples . sandstone samples were collected for for collected were samples sandstone A tot A 3B , while two samples of organic material organic of samples two while , Fo ).
al of 73 of al Parángula and Río Yuca formations Yuca Río Parángulaand
r The total thickness of the the of thickness total The ain (PAN mation the town of town the Fig. palynological 5
). (TPMY - For 3), - 15 kg each, were were each, kg 15 Barinitas F analysis AFT the Parángula Parángula the - samples were were samples , TPMY 2, 5 Neogene Neogene ). ,
on the on
In . - 3, ,
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted fragment component. K combining mono of Feldspar values The secondary). Quartz a in representation for and quartz total calculate to combined were quartz polycrystalline (primary porosity and matrix cement, iron cement, calcite grains, other (granite), grains lithic igneous gneiss), schist, mica (phyllite, grains lithic metamorphic clasts), carbonate and mudstone siltstone, sandstone, plagioclase) we Therefore small. considered distinguished is bias this sorting, moderate least at showed samples gr that acknowledge We usingBX41 amicroscope; Olympus polarizing 300wereper points counted thinsection over Articleperformed inth were counts pebble No percent. 100 to normalized location), per counts 50 (about counts clast total the from calculated were Percentages clasts. mudstone and sandstone quartzite, along cm 3 of size minimum a had that counted were pebbles Only outcrops. conglomerate the on directly area surface observations. Sediment petrography METHODS Thin sections of sandstone samples were point were samples sandstone of sections Thin Stratigraphic and logs description - Lithic grains (QFL) diagram (QFL) grains Lithic , mica (muscovite, biotite and chlorite), sedimentary lithic grains (chert, (chert, grains lithic sedimentary chlorite), and biotite (muscovite, mica ,
- feldspar and plagioclase. Lithic grains were combined for calculating the rock the calculating for combined were grains Lithic plagioclase. and feldspar n h Mrcio ai scin w promd ls cut oe a 3600 a over counts clast performed we section, basin Maracaibo the In mono e Barinas basinBarinas section becausee lackconglomerates. of the of -
n plcytlie > sbris qat, edpr (K feldspar quartz, subgrains) (>3 polycrystalline and
ain - size may bias the results the bias may size
their long axis, distinguishing granite, gneiss, amphibolite amphibolite gneiss, granite, distinguishing axis, long their
(Folk, 1965) (Folk, s of conglomerate petrography are based on our field areon ourbased field petrographys ofconglomerate . The feldspar component is c is component feldspar The .
(Garzanti et al., 2007) al., et (Garzanti - counted at 10 10 at counted
–
100
but because the because but
magnification magnification - feldspar and and feldspar alculated by by alculated
- oxide oxide
- cm and - 2 - .
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. inorganic fractions, and t g/cm 2.0 of density a with bromoform process the (Na pyrophosphate cm one sample each For Amsterdam. of University the at Ecology Landscape and Paleoecology columns usual the species grains produced slides 6 only but pollen contained samples samples 31 of Out low. dark and black fine, were slides palynologicalThe formation. the of part middle the in occur that beds clay R the from samples The processed. fluvi 16 meter one a from collected were Formation Betijoque Llanos the and 1987) al., et Muller 1986; Lorente, 1968; al., et (Germeraad Caribbean the for defined as markers biostratigraphic of presence and Betijoque the Palynology
Accepted Article20 3
al deposits. This bed was sampled at every 10 centimeters and all samples were were samples all and centimeters 10 every at sampled was bed This deposits. al f aeil a tkn Orga taken. was material of i or eto) ht ersn a hne ifl i a eune f tews braided otherwise of sequence a in infill channel a represent that section) our in m
. Palynological processing followed standard procedures at the department of of department the at procedures standard followed processing Palynological at aimed was analysis palynological The The sporomorph content of each slide was counted applying morphogeneric names, names, morphogeneric applying counted was slide each of content sporomorph The e sample) per For this reason this For in rpia manner graphical Fig
s . 4 b
Río asin and 4 . P - brown colored organic matter organic colored brown 2 T O
Yuca format Yuca 5 e ayooia asmlg ws oiae b reworked by dominated was assemblage palynological he
7 Jrmlo t al. et (Jaramillo . the the he organicresidue inglycerin mounted was and with paraffin. sealed .10H
from the Río Yuca Formation Yuca Río the from Te position The . palynological results results palynological 2 O) sol O) nic í ions o Yuca Formation were collected from very organic very from collected were Formation Yuca o ,
ution and sieved over sieved and ution - h Ads Hohesr, 94 Torres 1984; (Hooghiemstra, Andes the ih ly ad it wr tetd ih 1% sodium 10% a with treated were silts and clays rich .
, F
s or this reason, particular attention was paid to the the to paid was attention particular reason, this or
01. The 2011). f l sample all of better are ;
3 nevertheless
sufficient represented in table format table in represented thick a ue t sprt te rai and organic the separate to used was most most constraining that were chosen for processing for chosen were that
s
250 μm m h z . A h h A . z m h μm 250 are series of grey laminated clays (at clays laminated grey of series productive indicated in in indicated pollen ,
pollen densities were very very were densities pollen the depositional age of of age depositional the
for analysis ( analysis for ape fo the from samples the - Torres, 2006) 2006) Torres, stratigraphic , and not and , above 50 above rich in rich pollen pollen - , rich rich
25 in in
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. to related (2004). Brandon and Stewart in described as fitting 1993) grain track inclusions, of because samples all weathering. tropical intense by caused quality apatite poor and dislocations in grains countable of number this find to possible (Ver studies provenance for adequacy statistical of level BH de Saclay, well the at dosimeters glass uranium IRMM and standards age apatite Durango and Tuff Canyon Fish with together irradiated we mounts grain apatite The surfaces. grain internal expose to polished and resin epoxy in mounted were aliquots of distributed techniques. separation magnetic and Detrital thermochronology Jarami M (1984), Hooghiemstra Gonz consulted we work this For manuscript. (based ranges age and references taxonomic All indicated. was taxa modern with affinities cases some in but
Accepted Articlegrains - 2 microscope. Our goal was to date about 100 grains per sample, to achieve the required required the achieve to sample, per grains 100 about date to was goal Our microscope. 2
llo etllo al.(2011).
Randomly selected grains wereRandomlygrains counted at dry 1250 selected D and
etrital apatites etrital in a detrital sample with respect to their cooling age and uranium content. uranium and age cooling their to respect with sample detrital a in
- Gif certain on age distributions were distributions age decomposed into major grainmajor into decomposed - the mounts in order to avoid to order in mounts the sur -
Yvette, FranceYvette, source source on Jaramillo et al. 2011) are listed in the supplementary data to this this to data supplementary the in listed are 2011) al. et Jaramillo on
re etched for 20 seconds in 5.5 M HNO M 5.5 in seconds 20 for etched re were u ller et al. (1987), Lorente (1986), Jaramillo and Rueda (2008) and and (2008) Rueda and Jaramillo (1986), Lorente (1987), al. et ller ra i the in areas
extracted .
analy - thermalized Orphée reactor, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires Nucléaires d'Etudes Centre reactor, Orphée thermalized from sandstone samples using sieving, heavy sieving, using samples sandstone from zed for obtaining central ages (Galbraith and L and (Galbraith ages central obtaining for zed uig onig 500 mounting, During eeuln Andes Venezuelan - age components or peak ages peakor components age
sampling bias during counting, given the variety variety the given counting, during bias sampling á lez - Guzm T he obtained AFT peak ages can be be can ages peak AFT obtained he meesch, 2004). However, it was not not was it However, 2004). meesch,
á n (1967), Germeraad et al. (1968), (1968), al. et Germeraad (1967), n ×
magnification using anmagnification Olympus using y oprsn ih published with comparison by - 3 800 grains were randomly randomly were grains 800
at 21°C. at ,
using binomial peak binomial using The samples were samples The Observed fission Observed Apatite - liquid, liquid, as - lett, lett, 540 - - This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. 330/35 (Fig. Formation Member Vichú the of part upper Maracaibo basin Sedimentology sedimentary and petrography RESULTS part of below remained conditions temperature burial maximum HI. versus t on dependent is which Tmax, at produced potential petroleum residual the is S2 and Carbon, (S2/TOC)*100 = HIas Rock a in plotted are results The (H/C). ratio carbon to hydrogen increasing an with increases expelled carbon organic h requires method This burial. during experienced temperature maximum the for proxy a as used be can rock sedimentary by described procedure Paris in Curie Marie and Pierre Rock bedrock al.,2010 et al.,1984;Bermúdezet ages(Kohn AFT Acceptedkerogen of type he Article - Eval analysis Eval the AFT partial annealingthe AFT partial zone Because accessibility limited of fieldworkconditions, outcrop and focused on the poor Rock NW. However, at the top of the section the strata rapidly become sub become rapidly strata the section the of top the at However, NW. -
Eval Tm Eval Samples that plot plot that Samples
- Eval analyses of organic matter were performed by F. Baudin at Université Université at Baudin F. by performed were matter organic of analyses Eval contained contained
4 . o ms o te eto te taa tie n dp ossety t about at consistently dip and strike strata the section the of most For ). ax (°C) versus Hydrogen Index Index Hydrogen versus (°C) ax , this could be to explain the explain to be could this ,
(Espitalié et al., et (Espitalié siai e a. 18) The (1986). al. et Espitalié n h sml ad o xe ptoem Te mut f petroleum of amount The petroleum. expel to and sample the in within within aig f bu 10 g f ape aeil o oaie the volatize to material sample of mg 100 about of eating , France, using an Oil Show Analyzer and following the the following and Analyzer Show Oil an using France, ,
and most of the Sanalejos Member of the Betijoque Betijoque the of Member Sanalejos the of most and the immature field on the left of the graph indicate that indicate graph the of left the on field immature the
(~60
1977), where TOC is the percentage of Total Organic Total of percentage the is TOC where 1977), - 120ºC)
different (HI) .
graph
the oil the rai cro cmoiin f a of composition carbon organic paths paths , 2011 ;
th
obtained window e Hydrogen Index Hydrogen e ) .
. when when This - horizontal (Fig. horizontal coincides with coincides plotting Tmax Tmax plotting
is defined is
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. apparent is Formation Parángula For Pagüey the of sandstones rich thin marine, shallow the between lithology in difference the but exposed, not (Fig. dips which of dip has Formation limb southern the anticline, an in folded gently s The Formation. Parángula overlying the with Formation basin Barinas increasing upsection mainly contain grains. polyquartz sedimentary grains), metasedimentary and gneiss, schist, composition petrologic obvious grains) lithic upsection vein and mudrock sandstone, amphibolite, granite, mudrock and sandstone with alternating beds, conglomerate polymict supported matrix mainly thick, m 2 to 1 by general in marked is Member Sanalejos the deposits, mudrock and sandstone 3 Accepted Article upper the While A). 3 B). The direct contact between the Pa the between contact direct The B). h suid eto starts section studied The Point
up
( (Fig. layers see Te otc bten h Prnua omto ad h oelig í Yuca Río overlying the and Formation Parángula the between contact The . section trend trend section - of the Betijoque Formation are reported in Table 1 and shown in Figure in shown and 1 Table in reported are Formation Betijoque the of counting results of the sub the of results counting
p ebble diagrams count crystalline crystalline s S
135/
amples (Fig. (Fig. ,
part of the Vichú Member contains several meter several contains Member Vichú the of part as well as well as . 6
44 near the contact, but the dip angles increase to ~60°SE up ~60°SE to increase angles dip the but contact, the near 44 . ogoeae lss f h Snljs ebr nld gneiss, include Member Sanalejos the of clasts Conglomerate ). Lithic ihn h Btjqe Formation Betijoque the within 7 B). from the Vich the from lithoclasts
grains observed in thin sections include metamorphic (mica (mica metamorphic include sections thin in observed grains
the near ain n te e fuil sand fluvial red the and mation slight change in strike and dip of the sedimentary layers sedimentary the of dip and strike in change slight in
, with the proportion of sedimentary lithoclasts lithoclasts sedimentary of proportion the with , Fig. - h ucnombe otc o te oee Pagüey Eocene the of contact unconformable the lithi ú
4 güey Formation and the Parángula Formation is Formation Parángula the and Formation güey member and the base of the of base the and member c and lithic arenites lithic and c ).
- urz pebbles quartz
and trata of the Pagüey Formation are Formation Pagüey the of trata s eetbe n the in detectable is
plutonic plutonic (between 14% and 52% of 52% and 14% (between , with granite decreasing decreasing granite with , - 140/37
lithic grains, a grains, lithic n mdtns f the of mudstones and - thick alternating fine fine alternating thick Sanalejos Te Parángula The . - bedded quartz bedded framework
s well as well s member member - 7 section A . No -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Acceptedvanraadshooveni Crassoretitriletes age Pliocene latter Fig. in RH19 caution. re palynological pollen; of quantities acceptable Maracaibo basin Palynology and gneissicfragments, basementrock aswell as grains sedimentarylithic (Fig. granit include Formation Yuca Río the in grains lithic observed The 1B). (Table lithoclasts sedimentary only contain and Formation Yuca Río the from samples the than concentrations samp Articletwo quartz relatively mostly are formations Yuca Río and granite, sandstone, and vein incl conglomerates the basin, Maracaibo the in Formation Betijoque the to Similar appear layers m the Formation Yuca Río the of sandstone fine and mudrock beige, thick, m to dm several to Formation Parángula of observations either River Parángula the along exposed not is Formation ape C10 n C15 rm h mdl pr o te eto (oain R1 and RH18 (locations section the of part middle the from CH105 and CH100 Samples
O dl o te í Yc Frain peto, matrix upsection, Formation Yuca Río the of iddle a a eibe at Appearanc Last reliable a has Thin nly
les from the Parángula Formation (PAS6 Formation Parángula the from les two
- section analysis and point counting show that the sandstones of the Parángula the of sandstones the that show counting point and analysis section
4A Jrmlo t l, 2011) al., et (Jaramillo (Fig. (Fig.
samples (Supplementary Table 1A) from the Betijoque Formation produced Formation Betijoque the from 1A) Table (Supplementary samples Eriks , Table 2A) contain 2A) Table ,
8 E and F) and E on
et al. (2012) al. et - quartz clasts (Fig . These layers are more frequent toward the top of the section. section. the of top the toward frequent more are layers These .
(both <3.4 Ma), Ma), <3.4 (both Cyatheacidites annulatus Cyatheacidites , but but , Ky akr sc as such markers Key .
Dt o 47 Ma 4.77 of Date e is observed a lithologic change from change lithologic . 8 A and B A ut should sults in the field (Fig. field the in - 2 and PAS10) have PAS10) and 2 E. mcneilly E. - ihlti adtns (Fig. sandstones lithic rich ).
- ,
upre plmc conglomerate polymict supported ugsig n ae icn to Miocene Late an suggesting wih s osset ih the with consistent is which , rmdla magnaclavata Grimsdalea
and thus
(< 1.56 Ma), 1.56 (< Lanagiopollis crassa Lanagiopollis 8 the the be regarded with some some with regarded be C and D and C red sandstone of the the of sandstone red much -
to coarse to ) . 9 higher quartz quartz higher
Myrica
B From about about From ude gneiss, ude , CandD) 9 - A grained ). The The ).
(Late (Late .
The and and ic
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Pliocene) and Pliocene). Late vanraadshooveni spinosus. Fenestrites s Echitricolporites zwaardii, Striasyncolpites evansii, Psilastephanocolpites annulatus Cyatheacidites basin Barinas depositional of kinds these in environments thedamage is wall by caused to the pollen repetitiveoxidizing conditions. research palynological the hampering factor Another challeng braided in Palynological sampling were formed. sediments assemblage. contrast, In 2006). R 2000; H h m V v ’ 1984; H h m ( . . v m Draba as waterbolkii 3500 between Hooghiemstra 1984 altitudes of characteristic is which vegetation, páramo affinity and Pliocene)
Accepted Article lviaetrts microclavatu Clavainaperturites h lw oln ubr my e eae t te eoiinl niomn i wih the which in environment depositional the to related be may numbers pollen low The as such spores fern contains further assemblage palynological The , and ,
h ple asmlg cnand isrtgahcly infcn tx sc as such taxa significant biostratigraphically contained assemblage pollen The (aff.) (aff.) ing as silt and clay, the fractions in which pollen are generally found, are rare. rare. are found, generally are pollen which in fractions the clay, and silt as ing
( Podocarpidites
Cyathea horrida Cyathea ui tropic humid
Alnus aein, Ericipites Valeriana, Alnus h asne of absence The ,
the age is estimated as ranging from 7.15 to 3.4 Ma (Late Miocene (Late Ma 3.4 to 7.15 from ranging as estimated is age the ; v ’ V H h m 2000; R 2006). V ; v’ 2000;R H h m
(first occurrence(first Pleistocene) age Middle further this estimate. supports
Mdl Ple (Middle Based on the presence of of presence the on Based ,
l oln tx wr ams absent almost were taxa lowland al sp rmdla ancaaa Casrttiee vanraadhooveni, Crassoretitriletes magnaclavata, Grimsdalea ) and ) . All these taxa are typical for the Andean forest at 2300 at forest Andean the for typical are taxa these All . soee ae bet Fg 10). (Fig. absent are istocene) . mcneilly E.
Nijssenosporites sp., s
(Hedyosmum) oetiee c. ornatus cf. Foveotriletes
<.6 Ma), (<1.56 . annulatus C.
sp. (aff. sp. , aff. aff.
- fluvial to alluvial to fluvial Symplocos Pityrogramma) Myrica ,
(aff. . magnaclavata G. as such taxa addition, In from the palynological palynological the from
frt o (first
Huperzia Aoyaee, aff. (Apocynaceae), - -
fan sediments is sedimentsfan and pollen such pollen and crec Late ccurrence 00 (e.g., m 4000 iou, and pinosus, Kuylisporites ) point at a a at point )
and - - early 3000 C. C.
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Acceptedpart inthe paleovegetation. fernsvegetation. nothave must and The a formed inspores thus assemblage significant islow Huperzia microclavatus as such forest Andean the for typical addit In vegetation. lowland tropical of existence the at point (Bombacaceae), characteristic the most taxa of some 1; Table Supplementary in listed are data palynological The sediments. Cretaceous formations. pre from reworking suggests others, Retibrevitricolpites iversenii, Annutriporites Articlebut theand poor preservation thescattered o 1995), Zevenboom, 1992; Powell, 1994; Mudge, and Bujak 1993; Biffi, and (Brinkhuis age Areoligera Eocene the for particularly p “ ” h p m h wh p m b p m Homotryblium by followed in Formation Yuca the from samples the in preserved poorly and few are cysts Dinoflagellate foraminifers. crassa Lanagiopollis h peec o ple tx sc as such taxa pollen of presence The polle the of proportion significant a that found also We te cmoet o te ayooia asmlg, uh as such assemblage, palynological the of components Other ) and and ) and the questionable specimen of of specimen questionable the and n addition In ( sp. and a questionable specimen of of specimen questionable a and sp. Nijssenosporites Spiniferites Spiniferites Hedyosmum
eirsopts irglrs (Amanoa) irregularis Retitrescolpites? the the
n ocrecs f iolglae ad i and dinoflagellates of occurrences and the , Barinas basin section. section. basin Barinas
are illustratedinFigure ), and some páramo taxa like taxa páramo some and ),
- p. ae r ige occur single or Rare spp. Oligocene types. The The types. Oligocene occurrence of elaterate pollen also indicates reworking from from reworking indicates also pollen elaterate of occurrence
sp. (aff. sp. - Miocene u Miocene Podocarpidites Pi tyrogramma) Spinozonocolpites ccurrences suggestccurrences reworking sp. Diphyes colligerum Diphyes nits and in particular of the Eocenethe of particular in and nits
Polysphaeridium Polysphaeridium and Diphyes colligerum. Diphyes 1
1 Cicatricosisporites dorongensis, Cicatricosisporites obnd rsne of presence combined .
(Podocarpus)
indicate the existence of a montane montane a of existence the indicate and Foveotriletes rences include include rences asmlg ws opsd of composed was assemblage n ion, the presence of diverse taxa taxa diverse of presence the ion, Mauritiidites sp . , , would indicate an Eocene Eocene an indicate would , p. s h ms frequent, most the is spp. nner (organic) linings of of linings (organic) nner prsnopts spiralis Spirosyncolpites and The The cf. .
Clavainaperturites
ornatus ( Polysphaeridium Polysphaeridium Areoligera Mauritia Bombacacidites Bombacacidites Homotryblium, Homotryblium, - Oligocene
type (aff. (aff. type
among palm), Río sp., sp., ,
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Table in reported are peaks fitted binomial and grains dated the of range age The basin. basin Barinas be could measured vary 12.2and these 13.1 between lengths 10 than more where samples; these in measured be could lengths track severa in discriminated be samples can components age Miocene Early to Eocene addition, In cooling age peak a with ra components, age Pliocene Early to Miocene Late contain V95 sample Figure in shown are samples seven all fitted binomial being as interpreted grains apatite Consequently, peaks. or components age multiple by characterized are they fissio the with dated were field the Maracaibo basin Detrital thermochronology Pliocene climate region. in this M Late the on data new valuable yield could sampling and investigation Further character. tropical humid, of was vegetation local the and that suggest leaves Melastomataceae palm of Fragments deposition. of time the at flora local the of reconstruction
Accepted a contain further samples All Ma. 8 and 4 between nging Article el o Well in collected samples sandstone seven the from grains apatite individual 444 of total A fo perspectives good offers leaves fossil in rich beds clay of abundance the Finally, , while , age s
(age
ver
peaks of all seven samples are reported in Table in arereported samplesseven all ofpeaks sample H9 sample
components of 10 to 18 Ma 18 to 10 of components 900
derived from multiple sources. The age range of dated grains and and grains dated of range age The sources. multiple from derived individual apatite grains were dated for the samples of the Barinas Barinas the of samples the for dated were grains apatite individual also
shows a minor Jurassic age component (Table component age Jurassic minor a shows n - k m h . A mp h χ h mp A . m h k 1 2 . All samples from the Betijoque Formation except except Formation Betijoque the from samples All . m ), which ),
(Table 2) (Table
are
.
the youngest age youngest the aie with patites 2 . Probability density plots of Probabilityplots . density 2
test, indicating that that indicating test, mid iocene s
in - Late
2 sample V95. sample ). -
al Late early
Only few few Only Miocene are r a r 2 l . This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. hydrocarbon of field Rock the the below in maturation plot samples Both 2007). al., et (Baudin coal of range significant indicate Basin Maracaibo Rock (Table 2). 13.3 and 12.2 between vary lengths track mean samples, basin Maracaibo the for like 2010 al., in 4.6± (Table TPG samples in present only are peaks age older and Oligocene Ma. 15 to 22 about of peak Miocene Middle to Early an have also samples most R the from age. depositional Miocene in up higher the of base very the is sample this Eoce the sources. different several from derived best with plots density Probability were grains that indicating components, age coun of exception the With
- similar to the to similar
Acceptedsitu Article 0.9 - Eval analysis Eval
bedrock AFT ages in the present the in ages AFT bedrock 2 T table grains table , comparable to detrital AFT ages in samples from the Maracaibo basin (Table basin Maracaibo the from samples in ages AFT detrital to comparable , ). Sample TPMY Sample ). ne Pagüeyne ; 201 ; he
í ,
o Yuca Formation Yuca o R which give a Late Miocene Late a give which the Parángula Formation Parángula the 3 ock ) .
5 Reasonable numbers of track lengths could be measured in 6 samples and, samples 6 in measured be could lengths track of numbers Reasonable - .0±1.0 Eval , all , F of
ormation was of very poor quality and only 5 grains could be dated fromdated be couldgrains only5 and qualityvery of poor was ormation
samples PAN samples Parángula mp h χ h mp -
analyses vl Tmax Eval Ma central age determined from determined age central Ma - 8 from near the top of the stu the of top the near from 8 ape TPG Sample
show Late Miocene age components of about 11 about of components age Miocene Late show
Formation - f org of fit peak ages are shown are ages peak fit
- 1 percentages of total organic carbon (TOC) carbon organic total of percentages °) iga son n Figure in shown diagram (°C) ,
, have central ages younger than their supposedly early early supposedly their than younger ages central have
PAN - - Early Plioce Early anic matter of samples RV1 and RV3 from the the from RV3 and RV1 samples of matter anic day Santo Domingo River ca River Domingo Santo day - 1 2
Smls TPG Samples . from test and are thus characterized by multiple grain bymultiple characterized thus are and test - 3
and TPG and h Par the ne
- central age central , TPMY 1, -
2, which yielded very low numbers numbers low very yielded which 2, died section has young peak age peak young has section died án 25 in Figure 1 Figure in ua omto and Formation gula - ad TPG and 1 grains - , TPMY 5,
(6.4 of 1 3 tc
4 . ± sample PAN sample . The other samples samples other The . Sample PAN Sample hment (Bermúdez et (Bermúdez hment - 1. 2, 8
- stratigraphically Ma) and 4
levels, in the in levels,
. This result This . all samples samples all - 9 Ma, and Ma, 9
TPMY - - 1 3 from from 3 2 ,
) and and ) from
of of - m 7 -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. sedimentary Pale and Mesozoic A) sources: possible three have grains lithic sedimentary recycled of during indication particularly an recycling, is sediment fragments rock sedimentary of appearance The common. are grains rocks crystalline Proterozoic exposed and Paleozoic Mesozoic, to closely more them and/ feldspars micro includes field the in observed pebbles conglomerates the in pebbles amphibolite and gneiss by shown as drainage, paleo a via belt mountain the pro the Miocene the provenance.During Sediment provenance Maracaibo basin DISCUSSION theref Formation Yuca temperatures burial maximum that indicating field, immature the in plot samples 3 for material organic sufficient successful (Table analysis contain not did Formation Betijoque the from collected Accepted Article s ) o TC ees f .5 (CH52 0.95 of levels TOC how ore belowore - adtn ptorpy n pbl ltoois r go idctr o sediment of indicators good are lithologies pebble and petrography Sandstone (Table basin Barinas the in Formation Yuca Río the of middle the from samples Two side of the of side in the core of the mountain belt. Beside the crystalline fragments, sedimentary lithic sedimentary fragments, crystalline the Beside belt. mountain the of core the in cover of the the of cover r onlne Frhr ergahc ok n hs cat i nee t relate to needed is clasts these on work petrographic Further hornblende. or
the temperature required for total annealingthe temperaturerequired for totaloffission
were below the temperatures needed for hydrocarbon maturation and and maturation hydrocarbon for needed temperatures the below were Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan
Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan 3 ).
and granite lithic grains in the sandstones, and gneiss, granite gneiss, and sandstones, the in grains lithic granite and - riae ytm ht ut ae eebe te present the resembled have must that system drainage - Pliocene, the Pliocene, - , ) n 47% (CH52 4.74% and 1)
received the the , B) , deposition of the Betijoque Formation. The The Formation. Betijoque the of deposition - southern part of the Maracaibo basin Maracaibo the of part southern rnlr n epi and granular
Eocene detritus Fg. A n B) and 6A (Figs. shallow marine deposits, such as the the as such deposits, marine shallow
derived from the crystalline core of core crystalline the from derived - ) Figure 2). - rnlr rnt wt large with granite granular Te ait o granit of variety The .
tracks inapatite. tracks 1 4
shows that both both that shows in the in , which is which , currently
ozoic ozoic - Río day day ic
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. the of extremities southwest and Accepted northeast the toward located blocks, Caparo 2011). Apatites with1 (2010, al. et Bermúdez and (1984) al. et Kohn by published orogen the in ages bedrock the thermochronologyDetrital vegetation thesource in area follo distributed was that evidence further are 2006) Rull, 2000; Hooghiemstra, (2300 taxa forest Andean for typical in the 3500 least at of altitude considerable the that confirms samples our in taxa these (see onwards Pleistocene Middle the from Torres 1984; Hooghiemstra, only Andes Colombian the in known are x S h 2006). R 2000; H h m V v ’ 1984; H h m ( . Articlem 4000 the for representative p are “pá” m that taxa includes spectrum palynological the Significantly, B studied of age minimum a and Ma 7 of age maximum a suggesting constraints, age some provide analyses palynological Our constrained. well been not hitherto Implications palynologicalresults of basin deposits. foreland Miocene Late to Middle consolidated poorly of recycling C) and Formation, Palmar Late Miocene The detrital AFT ages in the pro the in ages AFT detritalThe deposition The etijoque Formation etijoque
of - Pliocene A al ages of Mio ofages al 0 - ndean vegetation vegetation ndean 15 Maand 24
- Torres, 2006 and references herein). In contrast, the pr the contrast, In herein). references and 2006 Torres, section; a Late a section; . In addition, the presence an. assemblage of - - 3000 m ; . H h m 1984; v ’ V V v ’ 1984; H h m . ; m 3000 Pliocene sedimentary rocks in the Maracaibo basin have have basin Maracaibothe in sedimentaryrocksPliocene - -
35 Ma coolingare and ages inthe encountered Trujillo 35 Ma 4000 m when the Betijoque Formation was deposited deposited was Formation Betijoque the when m 4000 - wedge foreland basin (Table basin foreland wedge ht s hrceitc o attds ewe 35 between altitudes for characteristic is that Miocene wing zonation.altitudinal an eeuln Andes Venezuelan - Early Early
Pliocene -
at the time of deposition deposition of time the at 4.77
Ma for the for Ma
age 2 had already gained a a gained already had ) correspond closely to closelyto correspond ) of spores and pollen sporesof and pollen appears most likely. likely. most appears
middle Venezuelan Venezuelan esence of of esence
of the the of - 00
the -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. al., et (Espitalié formation hydrocarbon for needed range temperature the below plot samples (Fig. samples deeper depth m 2200 2006 al., et Beek der (van resetting thermal without depth with information heating burial of because deposition givena certain lag time. f eruption. followingBetijoque the in observed cooling been has detritus rapid volcanic no However, very of because age, depositional the to equal is age the deposits, volcanic of case In 2005). Garver, and Bernet 1986; al., et (Kowallis age depositional the than older or to equal be should spectrum age detrital a in age peak or grains provide ages Miocene blocks and therefore re situ to close are Ma 6±2 around at ages peak youngest The 2002). Audemard, and Audemard the given now, is it 30 than documented times Pliocene Early in section the to closer much been have block Trujillo these would bethe apatites Andes Acceptedormation Article
gs nonee wti te eta Ser L Clt, l amn n Ser Nevada Sierra and Carmen El Culata, La Sierra central the within encountered ages , respectively ( oee, th However, AFT detrital paper, this in presented information biostratigraphic the to addition In the in sections our of location the Given – s
Teeoe te onet ek rvds n pe lmt o h dep the to limit upper an provides peak youngest the Therefore, . Early (Kohn Bermúdez times et 2011). Pliocene al.,1984; et al.,2010, (Figures 15A and B) and 15A (Figures .
In our section t section our In an
- f h se the of 80 km right km 80
independent estimate for for estimate independent is Figure 2;
15 cord the rapid exhumation of these central blocks of the orogen in Late Late theorogen in central ofthese blocks of the exhumation cord rapid relation only holds if fission tracks in apatite were not reset after after reset not were apatite in tracks fission if holds only relation
B to w sample we ction ). However, the However, ). - here is no cl no is here lat
Bermúdez et al.,2010). eral slip on the Boconó Fault since Fault Boconó the on slip eral , as expected when AFT ages record source record ages AFT when expected as , ,
while ear trend of increasing AFT (central or peak) ages ages peak) or (central AFT increasing of trend ear (Figure 2) (Figure d
H the could indicate the onset of partial annealing in in annealing partial of onset the indicate could ydrogen
aiu dpstoa ae a te youngest the as age, depositional maximum pril ee cud le the alter could reset partial a
Maracaibo basin, the most most the basin, Maracaibo , although the Caparo source region could region, althoughsource theCaparo could ). A ). I ndex/Rock
slight decrease in central ages below ages central in decrease slight
- Eval Tmax values of both of values Tmax Eval , Parángula and Parángula , ~5 Ma (Schubert, 1982; (Schubert, Ma ~5 - likely likely area exhumation exhumation area stoa age, ositional source
source for for source Río
Yuca - AFT area area in -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Formation Yuca Rio upper Eocene Paleozoic and Mesozoic A) sources: have fragments rock sedimentary recycled The observed. were grains lithic ParángulaFormat the of deposition during particularlyrecycling, sediment sandstones the fro Sediment provenance basinBarinas (Fig. 3,Table maximum a indicate the of V95 and V97 samples Therefore, annealing. partial of onset the experienced hardly have therefore and °C 75 exceeded have not would sections our in 74°C) = +20°C km*20°C/km (2.7 samples buried deeply most the even °C/km 20 of gradient ° 20 of temperature surface mean a Assuming water. meteoric of infiltration 1994; 15 of gradients thermal typical with cool, relatively be to tend general in basins foreland that shown been has it constrained, well not are basin Maracaibo no is apatite in tracks fission for values maximum as used be can depositional ages.youngest These ages peak youngest the and samples our in reset t and 1977),
Acceptedin grains lithic granite and gneiss by shown as belt, mountain the of core crystalline the m Article Allen and Allen, 2005; Coutand et al., 2006), because of rapid sedimentation and and sedimentation rapid of because 2006), al., et Coutand 2005; Allen, and Allen As in the Maracaibo basin, the Mio the basin, Maracaibo the in As t fact The
hlo mrn dpst, uh s the as such deposits, marine shallow he AFT total annealing zone. Therefore, AFT ages were ages AFT Therefore, zone. annealing total AFT he 2
). Fg 9) (Fig.
hat the hat E
arly Pliocene depositional age for the base of the section we studied studied we section the of base the for age depositional Pliocene arly Te perne f eietr lti gan i a idcto of indication an is grains lithic sedimentary of appearance The , sampled rocks rocks sampled s dmnay lss eie fo te ide o ae Miocene Late to Middle the from derived clasts edimentary t
- surprising peak ages around cluster peak 6±2 sedimentary were not sufficiently heated to significantly anneal anneal significantly to heated sufficiently not were - Pliocene Barinas basin received erosional detritus erosional received basin Barinas Pliocene Wie paleo While . fine cover rocks of the of rocks cover - grained
- geo Pagü hra gains ihn the within gradients thermal -
25 °C/km ( °C/km 25 Ma for most samples. forMa most ey Formation Formation ey likely Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan
Betijoque Formation Formation Betijoque ion where no other no where ion Ravenhurst et al., al., et Ravenhurst not significantly significantly not C and a thermal thermal a and C three or C) C) or possible possible
n the in , B) , This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted9 The blocks. Caparo or Trujillo 16 with components to belonging Apatites effective more components age different spectrum component (11.2 ours than ages central similar (2012) al. et Erikson et Bermúdez the of ages AFT bedrock published the to closely Detrital depositionalforest site environment ofthe high of indicative species pollen no basin, Maracaibo the to contrastIn formation. the of ArticleMa) 3.40 i clear a form species Formation. Pagüey the of sediments Eocene of recycling the for indication clear a dinoflagellates, and Río upper of analyses pollen Our sediments. younger in palynomorphs recycled of appearance Implications palynologicalresults of places and poorly only consolidated disintegrate easily deposits sedimentary
- a show samples Formation Yuca altitude vegetation were encountered; the samples rather record the low the record rather samples the encountered; were vegetation altitude Similar to the Maracaibo basin, the detrital AFT ages in the Barinas basin correspond basin Barinas the in ages AFT detrital the basin, Maracaibo the to Similar the by recycling sediment on information give also can pollen of analysis The thermochronology . O
,
Despite the recycling of older pollen, the presence of biostratigraphic marker marker biostratigraphic of presence the pollen, older of recycling the Despite ur samples generally contain significantly more grains more significantly contain generally samples ur eas to because
al., 2010, 2011). The data are also broadly consistent with those presented by by presented those with consistent broadly also are data The 2011). 2010, al., . ndication of the Late Miocene Late the of ndication from two locations two from
However, such grains such However, fw grains few o
- 11 Ma age peak age Ma 11
bundan 6 o 20) to (6 – located along located
ecp fr ape PAN samples for except , 27 Ma) 12.7 - 35 Ma peak ages are probably derived from the from derived probably are ages peak Ma 35 t were not found, not were
mature (dark brown) Eocene brown) (dark mature ee analyzed were
- apatite Early Pliocene depositional age (<7.15 (<7.15 age depositional Pliocene Early eeuln Andes Venezuelan but during recycling. the same section same the
wr rbbydrvdfo the from derived probably were s oti ol a ige grain single a only contain are
o ul caatrz te age the characterize fully to these deposits are in many in are deposits these , rendering recognition of recognition rendering - 1 PAN ,
.
(Kohn et al., 1984; 1984; al., et (Kohn T - heir samples have have samples heir Oligocene pollen pollen Oligocene - - 3 lying tropica lying
and
TPG - age - 2 – l .
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted1990) Burnham, and Sweeney 16); (Fig. between temperature TPG (e.g., samples constrained exhum Ma, 5 to ~10 were rocks that the thermal and models temperature75 ofless than parti experienced hardly have studied 2.7 we section about the of at paleodepth samples buried deeply most the even 20°C, of temperature surface a Articleforeland typicalUsinga basin. Maracaibo the estsame the makeknown,cannotwe is thebasinBarinas within gradientthermal t While Formation. Yuca Río the of samples in reset not were ages AFT Therefore, h burial Domingo ( Riversediments (Fig. the of flank southern the on gneiss Domingo Santo the of exhumation Ma 5 around at ages peak youngest The 2011). 2010, al., et (Bermúdez today encountered are ages Middle areasthese in because La blocks, Culata Sierra andSierraNevada HeFTy 2 in Bermúdez et al., 2010 al., et Bermúdez in 2 dtce ol i oe ape ( sample one in only detected , ed In order to order In (Fig. YucaFormation from CH52 theRío Rock Eval analyses ofsample eating of the sandstones of this formation was insufficient for hydrocarbon formation. formation. hydrocarbon for insufficient wasformation this of sandstones the of eating in ord in
to the surface the to predicted
program of Ketcham of program maturity er to study convergence of convergencestudy to er held held initially better constrain better
vitrin t ek temperature peak at
not exceeding 90°C, and probably around 75°C, around probably and 90°C, exceeding not available data (Erikson et al., 2012) al., et (Erikson data available
between exhumed between 15 between exhumed i te - Fig. 2; 80°C
reflectance values between 0.57 between values reflectance . This .
for less Santo modern the in present also is age peak Ma 5 this ); 3 (2005) Bermúdez et al., 201 Bermúdez et al., - - th , TPM 1, 1
find e Ma Ma
burial and exhumation history exhumation and burial s TPMY8
AFT data (ages, track (ages, data AFT ing is consistent with vitrinite reflectance values of of values reflectance vitrinite with consistent is ing than
with the following model parameters: model following the with and between between Y -
basin average thermal gradient of 20°C/km and 20°C/km of gradient averagethermal basin 10 Myr 2006) (ReinersBrandon, 10 and - the present the - , TPMY 5, 11 Ma, 11 )
for Río Yuca Formation, Formation, Yuca Río for 60 -
14 3 buri ).
0ºC 0ºC . The modeling The . - of the geological formation geological the of
4) ed - 0.62
o a for
suggest in the foreland basin foreland the in lengths and kinetic indicators) kinetic and lengths
(using the Easy the (using itra of interval n al annealing, residing at residing annealing, al
between , we generated we ,
a maximum maximum a
- eeuln Andes Venezuelan AFT MioceneLate results results should reflect reflect should ~ 1
6 and and 6 we 4 ~ imate as for for as imate of the best the of - ) show that M 5 Ro model; model; Ro . he paleo he
a between s, ssum inverse ~1 y -
burial km 3 using using , and Ma Ma ed - -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. in appears also it basin, Barinas the in record sedimentary older the to due partly probably the than older agespan to discriminatea a (e.g., staticAFTpeak Beek from der moving et van al.,2006). Parángula (~3 rapid very was Formation Betijoque the of deposition that argue could BrandonyoungerandGarver(e.g. upsection becomeswhichpeak, and Garver 1994 (e.g. Brandon, increases time lag the means which record, stratigraphic the in section up constant fairlyremains that peak age anis peak static A 2011). 2010, al. et Bermúdez (cf. 1 (Fig. t exhumation w start Formation exhumation deposits. these My ~2 of order 14 of population 2, TPG sample from discerned be can Formation Parángula the for Ma) 12 (< age depositional tem burial peak shows which formation, this of base the from sample AFT an of modeling thermal their with as 0.56 emperature Accepted Articleere n h lwr at f the of part lower the in -
0.67 for samples from the from samplesfor 0.67 totally reset and reset totally 5 Interestingly, the youngest age peak in the Barinas basin samples tends to be 3 be to tends samples basin Barinas the in peak age youngest the Interestingly, foreland both from samples detrital the in observed peaks static The ) imply episodic exhumati episodic imply ) and - history samples. modelingofthese driv f hs omto. notntl n track no Unfortunately formation. this of
youngest age peak of the Maracaibo basin samples. While this difference is is difference this While samples. basin Maracaibo the of peak age youngest ing a Río
). Erikson et al. (2012) reached a similar conclusion for the maximum age of of age maximum the for conclusion similar a reached (2012) al. et Erikson ). , en ±3
h A The 1994
at about 6 about at
Yuca Ma (assuming Ma oln o te Pa the of cooling the observed the b eaue o ~0C Teeoe a aiu Middle maximum a Therefore, ~80°C. of peratures FT . hm w v “m ” v v p w m xh ). f ormations represent up to 10 Ma of deposition, a sufficient time time sufficient a deposition, of Ma 10 to up represent ormations
gs f ape PAN samples of ages - tde scin (Fig. section studied 5 Ma. 5 Río on of the central tectonic blocks in the in blocks tectonic central the of on short
AFT AFT
Yuca Formation reported by Erikson et al. (2012) al. et Erikson reportedby YucaFormation Therefore g e Frain n te oe pr o te Par the of part lower the and Formation üey lag times times lag cooling ,
apatite apatite
ages between exhumation and deposition on the on deposition and exhumation between 5 Table , - provide 3 fission
- length n PAN and
2
information about information tracks in the Pagüey Formation Formation Pagüey the in tracks ad hc hs snl age single a has which and ) s
aa r aalbe for available are data ,
- 1994 1
rvd evidence provide a ,
Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan 1994 – -
– basin sections sections basin Late Miocene Miocene Late b 1.5 Ma), the the Ma), 1.5 the ). While one While ). timing o timing ,
- as well well as ángula
5 My 5 time for
r - - - f
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted2010a mid in underway formation basin foreland and (subsidence Cretaceous Late the in started auth Most east. history deformation continuous more episode ( al. et Bayona While 2010b). al., et 2010b). 2009 al., et Mora 2003; Corredor, 1993; Covey, and Dengo (e.g., to prior deposited sediments non Eocene to Paleocene and conglomerates graben Jurassic an exposed, widely are mudrocks and sandstones quartzose Cretaceous G Article2000; Gregory 1993; Covey, and Dengo 1990; al., et Case (e.g. Paleocene to Cretaceous and Colombia has It years. Eastern CordilleraColombia of the of exhumation and uplift surface Neogene more detailed comparison. a prohibits basins both in units sandstone sampled the of ages depositional precise of lack Pliocene Early similar have should that samples ,
The surface The The 2010 s ó
of deformation of mez et al., 2005; Jaillard et al., 2009). Within the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, Colombia, of Cordillera Eastern the Within 2009). al., et Jaillard 2005; al., et mez r drvd rm the from derived are development of the Northern Andes has attracted significant attention in recent recent in attention significant attracted has Andes Northern the of development b long ;
Mora et al. 2010a al. et Mora o Ecuador rs - been recognized that the formation of the Western and Central Cordillera in CordilleraCentral and Western the of formation the that recognized been
late Eocene to Late Oligocene Oligocene Late to Eocene late uplift of the Eastern Cordillera along reac along Cordillera Eastern the of uplift agree that e that agree - uplift history of the Eastern Cordillera is still a matter of debate (Horton (Horton debate of matter a still is Cordillera Eastern the of history uplift
during r rltd to related are
arly deformation arlydeformation
the evol the ,
2010 rso o te eta Crilr t te west the to Cordillera Central the of erosion 2008, 2013) provide sedimentological evidence for f for evidence sedimentological provide 2013) 2008, ,
b; ih irto o te eomto fot to front deformation the of migration with ution of the Eastern Cordillera Eastern the of ution
the Parra et al., 2010; al., et Parra crto o oenc erns uig the during terranes oceanic of accretion in the area of the areaof the in Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan times times paet cooling apparent
eg, ordr 2003 Corredor, (e.g.,
Ochoa et al. et Ochoa tivated former graben structures structures graben former tivated - marine sandstones. Paleogene sandstones. marine Eastern Cordillera EasternCordillera ages. 2010b ,
, in in
other authors prefer a a prefer authors other ,
) 2012 t a esr extent lesser a to d , but was definitely was but , comparison to the the to comparison Unfortunately ; Horton et al., al., et Horton ; ) Hro e a et Horton ; , with , - Wodzicki, Wodzicki, and were were and may have have may ward onset of of onset
, the the , Late Late ive ive the l. l. This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. reached had belt mountain the that evidence provide here presented Middle the in started Berm detrital with arc Panama the of collision the of n end the and isthmus Panama the of closure the with coincides timing This elevation. current its to belt mountain the brought Ma reachedonly the from that proposed and exhumation 2010 G (e.g. Cordillera Eastern Miocene thick of deposition 2009a flank eastern Cordillera and (1973) al. et Hammen der Hooghiemstra van by data pollen on Based Miocene. Late the before exist paleoelevation high for evidence no but Cordillera, Eastern Colombian the in Miocene (2010c) al. et Mora Late the i East the across and sides both from zircon ( detrital from data geochronologic zone axial the in uplift surface mply that the that mply Acceptedorthwestern etal., America 2005 (Bartoli South Article ; Horton et al. 2010b al. et Horton ; ú ,
dez et al et dez As shown by the detrital AFT detrital bythe shown As 2009 F data AFT Oligocene toward present toward
b about 40% of its present its of 40% about range from range ad te prs f the of parts other and ) et al. (2006) al. et major ., 2010, 2011, 201 2011, 2010, ., possible possible
rm h Vnzea Andes Venezuelan the from to
-
phase of surface uplift and associated erosional exhumation started in started exhumation erosional associated and uplift surface of phase Late Miocene and continued into the Pliocene. The palynolog The Pliocene. the into continued and Miocene Late suggested al Moee eg Hro e a. 2010a al., et Horton (e.g; Miocene Early M
1 - surface uplift uplift surface ó day elevations between 15 and 3 Ma. Ma. 3 and 15 between elevations day id ) , -
mez et al., 2005; al., et mez Ma 3 Mora et al. (2010c) favor s favor (2010c) al. et Mora demonstrate dle - Pliocene sediments in the foreland basin to the east of the the of east the to basin foreland the in sediments Pliocene
Miocene through the through Miocene 3 ht lt dfrain a st had deformation plate that across ) , the main phase of exhumation in the in exhumation of phase main the ,
- data of data 26 day mean elevation and that surface uplift between 5 between uplift surface that and elevation mean day
of of atr C Eastern s the Quetame massif (Mora et al., 2008; Parra et al., al., et Parra 2008; al., et (Mora massif Quetame the -
23 Late Miocene to Pleistocene to Miocene Late the Eastern Cordillera Eastern the the present study present the Ma; Bayona et al. 2008, 2013; 2008, al. et Bayona ;
Farris et al.201 Saa e a. 18; on t l, 1984; al., et Kohn 1984; al., et (Shagam rilr (oa t l, 2010 al., et (Mora ordillera otn t l, 2010b). al., et Horton E urface uplift uplift urface arly Pliocene arly
and the published bedrock published the and re wl bfr te Late the before well arted Bedrock AFT data AFT Bedrock 1 . Gregory . ,
). 2010 of the Colombian Eastern Colombian the of
its ,
the Eastern Cordillera Cordillera Eastern the
present accelerated ; i e a. 2010) al., et Nie b; Parra et al., 2009b al., et Parra Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan - Wodzicki (2000) (2000) Wodzicki
S - ern Cordillera ern tructural and and tructural b day elevati day ),
while
erosional erosional from the the from ical
final data data and and the the on on - 2 s , .
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. wet relatively from Andes Venezuelan the and Colombia seemingly the and Cordilleras Eastern and Central Western, the with Andes Colombian/Ecuadorian area this Marta 2008) al. et (Mora Cordillera Eastern asymmetric the than exposure bedrock and style deformation symmetricin Andes that is et al.,2008) much less (Mora relief Cordillera Eastern the of zone co the while oriented, S the as wide as twice that wedges orogenic processes. geodynamic underlying the 2011 2010, al., et (Bermúdez for a regarded are America South northwestern with Arc Panama the of collision the and block Maracaibo the of rotation clockwise The Cordillera. Eastern the during
Accepted Articlentain Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan the surface uplift of the individual tectonic blocks that make up the up make that blocks tectonic individual the of uplift surface the the -
B exposure of exposure
t tl nes o e eemnd o the how determined be to needs still It hn i than their ucaramanga fault (SBF; Fig. 1) represent key elements to understand the evolution the understand to elementskey represent 1) (SBF; Fig. fault ucaramanga bedrock AFT data that Pliocene erosional Pliocene that data AFT bedrock bcue they because , independent ae Miocene Late
highe te atr Crilr. n addition In Cordillera. Eastern the n atr fak f h Esen Cordillera Eastern the of flank eastern
st . crystalline basement rocks basement crystalline Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan
The The Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan relief in relief have similar similar have
are Venezuelan Andes. link between both orogens, orogens, both between link
more or less or more
to , 201 , orsod to correspond , the
Pliocene in
contrast central zone zone central modern 3 .
). Therefore, the evolution of the Eastern Cordillera and and Cordillera Eastern the of evolution the Therefore, ). An interesting difference between the two mountain belts two mountain belts An interesting between the difference hl both While influenced the local and regional climate regional and local the influenced
,
(~100 km) (~100 contemporaneous are largely NE largely are apparently ,
mean elevations, mean
is the high plateau of the Sabana de Bogotá de Sabana the of plateau high the is
is much more widespread more much is along the Boconó strike Boconó the along the
surface uplift uplift surface ranges .
Th
exhumation is focused on the on focused is exhumation , somewhat E emnto o te "classical" the of termination NE
e Eastern Cordillera is more or less N less or more is Cordillera Eastern e the - the Santander Massif and the Santa Santa the and Massif Santander the SW oriented. SW
,
r dul vret thick vergent, doubly are but where eeuln Andes Venezuelan the Eastern Cordillera is roughly roughly is Cordillera Eastern the s not
the driving forces driving the of ale than earlier
driven by driven 1 the - M coig ages cooling Ma 3 T he he atr Crilr in Cordillera Eastern - slip fault. The axial The fault. slip
Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan in the in exactly
th
. I . e per more appear
t Venezuelan responsible responsible Colombian is obvious obvious is currently currently the same same the - skinned skinned
with
are
of -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Acceptedreflect source apatite in patterns age tracks AFT fission detrital the of consequence, resetting for insufficient were temperatures burial units these that indicate of Oligocene Middle of be to appears basin trend. upward coarsening a by characterized are which composition, similar roughly of sediments flanks its cov sedimentary of recycling as well as belt, mountain the of core the in bedrock conclusions: r Articleand CONCLUSIONS 2008). driving in role larger a have Andes 2010) al., fault slip strike Boconó the along zone central dry relatively the in ages cooling observed
etro
3. Rock 3. Parángu fluvial the estimates, previous to Contrary 2. crystalline of erosion indicates petrography sediment The 1. pro the from evidence thermochronologic and palynologic petrographic, Sediment is
, at least since the Late Miocene Late the since least at , - . Therefore, it it Therefore, . Mr e a. 20, 00; Par 2010b; 2008, al., et (Mora principally eg frln basins foreland wedge -
Middle MioceneMiddle rock cooling - Eval analyses of organic matter from the Betijoque and Betijoque the from matter organic of analyses Eval
eeuln Andes Venezuelan controlled were not sufficiently heated for kerogen production. Therefore production. kerogen for heated sufficiently not were a be proposed been has .
exhumation of the of exhumation - .
Late Miocene age, based on our AFT and pollen data pollen and AFT our on based age, Miocene Late
by tectonics tectonics by
f the of
have r . The basins on both sides of the orogen received received orogen the of sides both on basins The . e a. 2009 al., et a eeuln Andes Venezuelan
Brúe e a. 201 al., et (Bermúdez that that so from from
Colombian Colombian far Pliocene h aprnl un apparently the only
a , been been
2009 (Kohn et al., 1984; Bermúdez et et Bermúdez 1984; al., et (Kohn xuain f the of exhumation Eastern Cordillera Eastern a omto i te Barinas the in Formation la
bevd n ucos f the of outcrops in observed b ed s o h following the to us lead ) wie such while , 3 ) ( , re rntc n gneissic and granitic
Río while set samples mainly mainly samples set
Yuca formations Yuca lmt could climate (Mora et al., et (Mora young Venezuelan er units on units er ,
. instead instead s a As AFT ,
the ) -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted200000636, 08 PG (CDCH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS structuresize, history and exhumation Andes Plioc the in exhumation erosional ofnotion sedimentolder recycling pollen supportsthe onpetrography. based (3500 elevation day Articlebelt and suggest the in ages AFT Mio the in Ma abo at sample each in rock fragments u recycling sediment the the of base very . eeuln Andes Venezuelan
ene. -
were not were 8273 hs td ws suppo was study This 7 6 5 4. - UCV) de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Project (UCV), Venezuela de Central Universidad la de UCV) . The main phase of surface uplift, creation of important topography and relief, and relief, and topography important of creation uplift, surface of phase main The . the that show data palynological The . static relatively show work this in presented data AFT detrital The . Therefore Reset
- rapid episodic exhumation of different fault ofdifferent exhumation episodic rapid 2011 IM Poet pro Project GIAME - Pliocene Barinas basin sediments. These data are consistent with the bedrock bedrock the with consistent are data These sediments. basin Barinas Pliocene
AFT fully Parángula psection inthe Barinaspsection basin. Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan , Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Nacional, Fondo TecnologíaProject de (FONACIT) Number Ciencia S1 of Eocene sedimentary rocks and an increasing number of sedimentary sedimentary of number increasing an and rocks sedimentary Eocene of - the evolution the 4000 m) by the Late Miocene Late the by m) 4000
age contemporeanous. The two mountain belts are considerably different in in different considerably are belts mountain two The contemporeanous. ut 5±2 Ma in the Pliocene Maracaibo basin sediments and about 7±2 7±2 about and sediments basin Maracaibo Pliocene the in Ma 5±2 ut
n the in s
of 6 of Formation indicate exhumational cooling on the southern flank of flank southern the on cooling exhumational indicate Formation
td y h Cneo e earlo iníio Humanístico y Científico Desarrollo de Consejo the by rted - eeuln Andes Venezuelan Ma 5 l ate ie t FUNVISIS, to vided of the of st
of Kohn et al. (1984) and Bermúdez et al. (2010, 2011) (2010, al. et Bermúdez and (1984) al. et Kohn of
of samples from the Eocene Pagüey Eocene the from samples of .
Miocene
Eastern Cordillera in Colombia in Cordillera Eastern
. Venezuelan Andes Venezuelan
hs s osset ih th with consistent is This
– occurred during the Late Miocene to to Miocene Late the during occurred
Pliocene. In addition, the recyclin the addition, In Pliocene. - bounded blocks within this mountain this blockswithin bounded
ECOS Nord project V08U01 and and V08U01 project Nord ECOS
had reached had s PI09 s
and the and
Formation and the and Formation e
- minimum minimum observation 00 their - Venezuelan Venezuelan 6219
present - 2006, age g of of g of of s - -
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Interactions,Vuibert, Paris, Collection 263 p N. Tribovillard, F., Baudin Science Letters, 237, 33 ( Garbe Erlenkeuser, H., M., Weinelt, M., Sarnthein, G., Bartoli, with the South Am Audemard,F.E. Blackwell Publishing, 549pp. P.A. Allen, REFERENCES No conflict ofi CONFLICT INTEREST OF Mulch forthata constructive criticism Coutand Isabelle sample for thanked are Senebier François and Coeur Francis plates. the mounting for Arkel van Jan and microphotography the facilitating taxon on observations their for palynology) Gonz Zaire biostratigraphy), 1990 Romero in (PDVSA) Millerlandy S.A Venezuela, de Petróleos by provided support Accepted200 Article 5)
Finalclosure of Panama and onset of nothern hemisphere galciation. Earthand Planetary & nterest declared. & J.R. Allen,
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( StructuretheMeridaof Andes, Venezuela: relations 2007 .
preparation and mineral separation. mineral and preparation ) m ad nepeain André interpretation, and omy
d Giovanni Bogota (Quaternary Andean Andean (Quaternary Bogota Giovanni d élge e a air Organique, Matière la de Géologie ,
and Basin Research editor Andreas Andreas editor Research Basin and
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& Pro for Pardo s
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This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. M. Bernet, doi:10.1130/L212.1. exhum on control P. Beek, der van M.A., Bermúdez, ofthe centralexhumation VenezuelanGeology, Andes, 39,139 P. Beek, der van M.A., Bermúdez, doi: TC5009, 29, Tectonics, geodynamics. 10.1029/2009tc00263 Caribbean Cenozoic for Implications ( Berm Accretion. GeologicalLondon, 377,10.1144/SP377.5. Publications, Society, Special Thick (eds), W. J. Cosgrove, & R. Caribbean to response Basin; Llanos proximal and Colombia of Cordillera Eastern the in reactivation A. Mesa, G., Jimenez, O., Montenegro, F., Lamus, Cardona G., Bayona, GeologicalBulletin, Society ofAmerica 120,1171 Colombia. of basin foreland Llanos the and orogen Cordillera Eastern linked the of evolution orogen an of analysis integrated Bayona, Accepted2010 Article z A B k P ’ v P. v O’S . B P. B k v B. Kh .A. z ú )
Spatial and temporal patterns of exhumation across the Venezuelan Andes: Andes: Venezuelan the across exhumation of patterns temporal and Spatial G., Cortés, M., Jaramillo, Ojeda, G., Aristizabal, J.J. J.J. Aristizabal, G., Ojeda, Jaramillo, M., Cortés, G., –
South American convergence in early Palaeogene time. earlyconvergence American in South &
Garver, J.I. J.I. Garver,
to rts n h Vnzea Andes. Venezuelan the in rates ation , A., Jaramillo, C., Mora, A., Montes, C., Caballero, V., Mahecha, H., H., Mahecha, V., Caballero, C., Montes, A., Mora, C., Jaramillo, A., , 5.
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- & Bernet, M. (2013) M. Bernet, & Skin - eietr bsn ar Lts Cretaceous Latest pair: basin sedimentary
& - - Dominated Orogens: From Initial Inversion to Full to Inversion Initial From Orogens: Dominated
track analysis of detrital zircon. In Reiners, P., and and P., Reiners, In zircon. detrital of analysis track ent M. Bernet, – 1197. & ( 2011
aeca V. Valencia,
Strong tectonic and weak climatic weak and tectonic Strong )
– snhoos Mio Asynchronous 142. &
N m ǒk . A. . m ǒk N akr A.R. Harker, ihshr, , 3 5, Lithosphere,
( 2013 )
& Onset of fault fault of Onset
hgm R. Shagam, ( - 2008 Cenozoic Cenozoic -
Pliocene ) –
16. An An This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. America.721 31, Geology, L. Colmenares, Tectonics, 16,777 Andes, Venezuelan the in styles structural contrasting and architecture, crustal inheritance, Co Andes M.I. Jácome, L., Chacín, Format Circum The in Block, Shaw, F., Cediel, America,Boulder, GeologicalAmerica, H: CO, Societyof 177 G The Region: Caribbean The eds., J.E., Case, and G., Dengo, in overview, R. Shagam, J.E., Case, Lond. Bujak centraltransitionItaly. in Marine Micropalaeontology, 22 Brinkhuis, H. Ge Low (eds.) T. Ehlers,
ochemistry, 58,205
AcceptedPassalacqua,H. Loureiro,D., B., Toni, De F.,Roure,B., lletta, Article
, J.P. , J.P.
151 and Barinasand ion, and Plate Tectonics, editedbyBartolini etal.,ion, andPlate Tectonics, AAAPG Mem., 79,815 C. , 449 &
Mudge, D. & –
462. & Biffi, U. U. Biffi,
- – .. & R.P. Zoback, M.D Zoback, Apure Basin,Venezuela, Tectonophysics, 155 Western 405, 794.
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237. - (
& Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Basin Habitats, Hydrocarbon Caribbean: the and Mexico of Gulf ( 1994 and Mineralogy in Reviews Thermochronology, temperature & 1993 Cáceres
– ignak R.F. Giegengack, Izarra, C. C. Izarra,
724. ) )
A high Dinoflagellate cysts stratigraphyDinoflagellate cysts the Eocene/Oligocene of
( 2003 C (2003) C. , - ( ) resolution North Searesolution dinocyst zonation. 2005
tes f Stress )
Flexural and gravity modelling of the of modelling gravity and Flexural
( Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Andean Northern the of assembly Tectonic 1990 ield and seismotectonics of northern South South northern of seismotectonics and ield )
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848. Mérida
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Tectonophysics, 372, 147 Tectonophysics, 372,
& & (
2003 & Kellogg, J. Kellogg, Mann, P. P. Mann, Covey, M.C. M.C. Covey, )
Seismic strain rates and distributed continental deformation in the the in deformation continental distributed and rates strain Seismic
&
- Marquis, F. Marquis, ( dimensional seismotectonics of the northwestern South America. America. South northwestern the of seismotectonics dimensional 2006 ( 1993 – 1337. –
- 1 )
(
Rev. IFP, 23 32,1, Rev. ) 66. 1993 An overview of the petroleum system of Marac of system petroleum the of overview An
Seismic evidence for blind thrusting of the Northwestern the of thrusting blind for evidence Seismic
( ) 1986
Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Colombia: of Cordillera Eastern the of Structure - track track )
La pyrolyse Rock Eval et ses applications. Oil applications. ses et Eval Rock pyrolyse La & hrohoooy n h intramontane the in thermochronology – 1409. – eou, K.L. Verosub, 42. – 26.
39, 138 – 678.
&
– Strecker, M.R. M.R. Strecker, (
2 156. 012
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Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin, Austin, Company, Publishing Hemphill Rocks, Sedimentary of Petrology alt, G.M. Laslett,
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Fission track ages of detrital zircons from Cretaceous Cretaceous from zircons detrital of ages track Fission Erosional denudation of the British Columbia Coast Columbia British the of denudation Erosional
) Marquis, 23
ttsia mdl fr mixe for models Statistical – 42. iti
al collision with South America, South with collision al F., F., – 470. Leplat, - Moreno, S. A., Montes, C., Cardona, C., Montes, A., S. Moreno,
11
, P., P., 1398 - Lanord, C. & DeCelles, P. P. DeCelles, & C. Lanord, Paulet,
– Vlni, V. Valencia, & 1412. d fission track ages. ages. track fission d
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30 sn wsen eeul. mrcn soito o Ptoem Geologists Petroleum of Association American Venezuela. western asin, & , -
Pliocene inthe northflankPliocene central of the Andes. Venezuelan – 1, 47 Fisher, W.L. Fisher, 655. - pping, C.A. pping, ai sse a system basin –
56, ISSN 1316 56,
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Uplift history of the Central and Northern Andes: A review. review. A Andes: Northern and Central the of history Uplift & A palynological study on the Upper Los Cuervos and and Cuervos Los Upper the on study palynological A
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09 )
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Revista Ciencia This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted Biodiversity: 927 Science,330, (2010) T. Särkinen, T., Stadler, J., Lundberg, H., Hooghiemstra, F.R., Negri, D., Se A., Mora, M.A., Sanchez Bermúdez, I., Sanmartín, H., Steege, ter F.P., Wesselingh, C., Hoorn, for America. changinginMioceneSouth drainageGeology, northern patterns 23,237 G.A. Sarmiento J., Guerrero C., Hoorn, Garden, v.93,297 Botanical Missouri the of Annals of biodiversity. and biogeography for Implications record Colombia: Paleobotanical The (2006) A.M. Cleef, & V.M., Wijninga, H., Hooghiemstra, Article v.10Amsterdam).of Colombia, Hamm der van as published (Also Vaduz. Verlag, Cramer J. 368. 1 79, Botanicae Dissertationes years. million 3.5 last the of record continuous a Colombia: H. Hooghiemstra, Los de Mérida, Andes Henrique 2005 Report File http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1038/ Open Survey Geological U.S. Venezuela. of A.W. Karlsen, F., Urbani, P.C., Hackley
Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, La Change, Climate Uplift, Andean Time: Through Amazonia s - Casas, L.J. (2004 L.J. Casas, – ( 32 1984
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Vegetational and climatic history of the high plain of Bogota, Bogota, of plain high the of history climatic and Vegetational ) Modelo Geodinámico Integradode Geodinámico Modelo ) –
931. ) .
Master Thesis, Universidad Simón Master Thesis, & &
Lorente, M.A. Lorente, Garrity, C.P. C.P. Garrity,
( 2005 ( 1995 )
) Geologic Shaded Relief Map Map Relief Shaded Geologic
la Cuenca Barinas Cuenca la Andean tectonics as a cause cause a as tectonics Andean en, T., ed., The Quaternary Quaternary The ed., T., en, ndscape Evolution, and Evolution, ndscape – 1038. 1038. Bolívar,
Atnli A. Antonelli, & (Availa 98 p. – ik J., vink, – Apure y Apure ble at: at: ble 240.
–
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. si.edu/jaramillo/palynomorph/). InstituteInstituteTropical Petroleum and ResearchColombian (http://bi Smithsonian Bucaramanga: America. South northern from spores and pollen fossil Tertiary C. Jaramillo, palaeogeography Geology, ofPetroleum and Journal source rocks. 2 H.K. James, GeologicalLondon, Special Societyof328,469 Publication, Origi The (eds.) J.L. Pindell, and M.A., Lorente, K.H., James, In Plate? Caribbean the of edge southern Ecuador: in terranes oceanic Accreted A. Amortegui, J., Alava, Toro M., Ordonez, Lapierre,H., E., Jaillard, 682 Calgar Convention CWLS CSEG CSPG 2008 Exploration: to Back Venezuela. M. Jácome, Cordillera, Geological Colombia. America Bulletin, Societyof 122,1423 zirc detrital from Evidence shortening: Cenozoic and extension, ( Reyes M., Parra, A., Mora, J., Nie, J.E., Saylor, B.K., Horton, GSA Toda M.R. D.F. Stockli, V., Torres, A., Mora, J., Nie, J.E., Saylor, M., Parra, B.K., Horton, Accepted Article2010b – 686. ( 2010a )
Linking sedimentation in the northern Andes to basement configuration, Mesozoic Mesozoic configuration, basement to Andes northern the in sedimentation Linking
y, 20,4 & )
( & Resolving uplift of the northern Andes using detrital zircon age signatures. signatures. age zircon detrital using Andes northern the of uplift Resolving 2000 hcn L. Chacín, ud, M. Rueda, – 9. )
The Venezuelan hydrocarbon habitat, part 1: tectonics, structure, structure, tectonics, 1: part habitat, hydrocarbon Venezuelan The ( 2008 ( 2008
)
usdne itr o te aia Aue ai: Western Basin: Apure Barinas the of history Subsidence )
mrhlgcl lcrnc aaae f Cretaceous of database electronic morphological A n and Evolution of the Caribbean Plate. Plate. Caribbean the of Evolution and n
– 485. - akr A. Harker,
3, 1,5 n U on
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Van Melle, J. Melle, Van – – 1442. - 53. b gs Eastern ages, Pb
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tcl, D.F. Stockli,
& y, Canada, Canada, y,
Strecker, Strecker, ( 2009 - )
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. 540 591869. Springer HongKong: Tokyo, Paris, London, York, New Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 582 + xvi Geology. Petroleum and M America.South Associatio American of basins Petroleum (eds.), H.J. Welsink, and S., Suarez, R. A.J., Tankard, In Venezuela. J. Lugo, Dissertationes Botanicae, 99,222pp. M.A. Lorente, derived sedimentary rocks J.S. Heaton, B.J., Kowallis, Society 162,365 America Memoir, Geologicof implications. tectonic their and Andes Venezuelan the of rocks on ages track P.O. Banks, R., Shagam, B.P., Kohn, data. Rev. Mineral. 58,275 Geochem., R.A. Ketcham, Llanos ofColombia.the Llanos Palynology Foothills and M. Rueda, C.A., Jaramillo,
Accepted A.D. iall, Article
&
(1996)
Mann, P. P. Mann, ( ( 2005 1986
The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis, Analysis, Basin Facies, Sedimentary Deposits. Fluvial of Geology The ) - )
Verlag.Pri
Forward and inverse modelli inverse and Forward ayooy n plnfce o te pe Trir in Tertiary Upper the of palynofacies and Palynology ( 1995 ,
Geology, 14,19 &
& Torres, V. Torres, )
Jurassic rnhrt K. Bringhurst, ce DM 118.00 Ös 861.40, SFr 113.50 (hard covers). ISBN (hardcovers).3 113.50 SFr 861.40, Ös 118.00 DM ce
n of Petroleum Geologists699 n ofPetroleum Memoir,62, –
– & 384. 314. -
( Eocene Tectonic Evolution of Maracaibo Basin, Basin, Maracaibo of Evolution Tectonic Eocene Burkley, L.A. Burkley, 2011 –
22.
)
A palynological zonation for the Cenozoic of of Cenozoic the for zonation palynologicalA ( 1986 ng of low of ng )
( Fission
, 1984
35 , 1, 46 - ) temperature thermochronology temperature
- Mesozoic rc dtn o volcanically of dating track – 84 .
- Pleistocene fission fission Pleistocene – 725. Venezuela.
al This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. D. K J., Rubiano, A., Mesa, B.K., Horton, A., Mora, AmericaBulletin, 122,1846 of Society Geological tectonics. active and styles structural controlling factors multiple of M Blanco, Mora, A.,Parra,Zeilinger, Sobel, M.,Strecker,M.F., E.R., Da G.,C., S.F. Silva, Jaramillo, Eastern the in basins rift invertedCordillera Basin ofColombia. Research, 21, Cretaceous Lower of reconstruction a orogenesis: M.R. Qu M., Parra, D., Montoya, J., Kley, T., Goana, A., Mora, GeologicalColombia. Bulletin, America 120,930 Society of J.,V. V. Torres, H., Hooghiemstra, E.R., Sobel, M.R., Strecker, M., Parra, A., Mora, Earth Sciences, 29,832 Neogene to Plato the Paleogene of deformation simultaneous and Massif Marta Santa the of rotation Clockwise C., Montes, the Piedras of kinematics the from derived rotations and convergence oblique blocks: Andean Northern R.D. Hatcher, C., Montes,
Accepted Article & ( ( Stockli, D.F. D.F. Stockli, 2008 2009 . -
) ) Girardot area, Colombia area, Girardot (
2010a Climatic forcing of asymmetric orogenic evolution in the Eastern the in evolution orogenic asymmetric of forcing Climatic The role of inherited extensional fault segmentation and linkage in contra in linkage and segmentation fault extensional inherited of role The Guzmán )
( The eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: An example An Colombia: of Cordillera Eastern the of foothills eastern The 2010 G, aoa G, adn, . Vlni, V. Valencia, A., Cardona, G., Bayona, G., , – 848. - San Jor San b )
– Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of of Cordillera Eastern the in deformation Cenozoic of Migration
1864. &
ge and Cesar and ge Restrepo
,
Tectonophysics, 399,221 - Pace, P. P. Pace, 1 11 - Rancher – etcham, R.A., Parra, M., Blanco, V., Garcia, Garcia, Blanco,V., Parra,M., R.A., etcham, 137. ( 2005
í a Basins. Journal of South American South of Journal Basins. a
)
– ir etnc eosrcin f the of reconstruction Tectonic 949. o – z L.J., Reyes, G. Reyes, L.J., z 250.
& Jaramillo, C. C. Jaramillo,
Cordillera of of Cordillera
& &
Jaramillo, Jaramillo,
Strecker, Strecker, ctional ctional ( 2010 & )
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted the East low Constrains fromAndes: northern the migrationin front M.R. Strecker, E.R., Sobel, A., Mora, M., Parra, 157 palynologica three from Evidence Colombia: of Cordillera Eastern the of zone axial the in conditions lowland tropical of phase M. Parra,Bayona, G., C., Jaramillo, C., Hoorn, D., Ochoa, Basi Valley Colombia Magdalena Middle the bounding ranges Andean of exhumation Tracking J. Rubiano, T.B., Housh, J.E., Saylor, A., Mora, B.K., Horton, J., Nie, Article76. Cretaceous E. Giacomo, Di J., Muller, species thepast. Alookinto evolution: Wiley dr Amazon sub and Andes the Tectonichistoryof (2010c), N. Espurt, & W., Hermoza, S., Brusset, M., Parra, M., Roddaz, P., Baby, A., Mora, petroleum systems. America fission from interpreted Colombia
– 169. ern Cordillera,Colombia.
,
, Tertiary, and Quaternary of Northern South America. AASP Contrib. Set., 19, 7 19, Set., Contrib. America.AASP South Northern Quaternaryof and Tertiary, , Geology,451 38, ainage basin. In Hoorn, C., and Wesselingh, F.P. (eds.) Amazonia: landscape Amazonia: (eds.) F.P. Wesselingh, and C., Hoorn, In basin. ainage – n Association of Petroleum Geologistsn Association 94,1543 ofPetroleum Bulletin, 454. &
Van Erve, A.W. A.W. Erve, Van
Tectonics, 28,doi:10.1029/2008TC002423. - records l track results and structural relationships: Implications for for Implications relationships: structural and results track - Andean zones: implications for the development of the the the developmentof for implications Andean zones: ,
Journal of So of Journal - Blackwell,
& ( 1987
Gonz )
Chichester, UK,
á plnlgcl oain o the for zonation palynological A uth American Earth Sciences, 39, 39, Sciences, Earth American uth - & lez, R. R. lez, temperature thermochronology in thermochronologyin temperature De la Parra, F. Parra, la De ( 2009a
& )
38
Naranjo, J. J. Naranjo, Episodic orogenic Episodic - (2012) 60.
The final The – 1580. ( 2010
and n, n,
– )
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted J.J. Sweeney, Erosion, Annual of Reviews P.W. Reiners, Canada Sedi Western the of history thermal the for Implications Alberta: central from thermochronometry R.A. Donelick, S.D., Willett, C.E., Ravenhurst, IndexStratigraphic A.J. Powell, SocietyLondon 328,1 Publications, Special Geological Plate: Caribbean the of Evolution and Origin The eds., J.L., Pindell, and M.A., Loren K.H., James, in update, an frame: reference mantle the in America South Articlenorthern J.L. Pindell, Basin Research, 22,874 basin foreland Cenozoic on controls G. Zeilinger, V., Torres, C., Jaramillo, A., Mora, M., Parra, GeologicalBulletin, Society ofAmerica 121,780 Oligocene V. Torres, M. Rueda, L., Quiroz, E.R., Sobel, M.R., Strecker, C., Jaramillo, A., Mora, M., Parra, - Miocen (
mentary Basin: Basin: mentary ofGeophysicalJournal Research, 99,20023 2009 & ( 1992
Badn M.T. Brandon, & Kennan, L. Kennan, Brhm A.K. Burnham, & ) e sedimentary record of the Medina Basin, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Colombia. Cordillera, Eastern Basin, Medina the of record sedimentary e
) of Dinoflagellate Cystsof Dinoflagellate Orogenic wedge advance in the northern Andes: Evidence from the the from Evidence Andes: northern the in advance wedge Orogenic Dinoflagellate cysts of the Tertiary System. In: A.J. Powell, Editor, Editor, Powell, A.J. In: System. Tertiary the of cysts Dinoflagellate – 903. ( 2009 EarthScience, and Planetary 34,419
) (2006)
Tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and and Caribbean Mexico, of Gulf the of evolution Tectonic
(1990 eeomn i te north the in development
sn Temcrnlg t Udrtn Orogenic Understand to Thermochronology Using , ChapmanLondon, and Hall, 155 ) –
55. Evaluation of a Simple Model of Vitrinite Vitrinite of Model Simple a of Evaluation
&
–
800. Beaumont, C. C. Beaumont,
&
Strecker, M. Strecker, ( - – 1994 eastern Andes, Colombia. Colombia. Andes, eastern 466 . )
– Apatite fission track fission Apatite 20042. – ( 251. 2010
)
Tectonic
te, te, & A
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted D.Thesis,Ph. University ofAmsterdam, plates.color Netherlands, 181pand The study sedimentological and palynological Torres GeologicalBulletin, SocietyofAmerica 116,60 mp m ”: R.J. Stewart, Society 162,385 America Memoir, of circum N. L.E. Dasch, P.O., Banks, G.I., Rodriguez, R., Vargas, B.P., Kohn, R., Shagam, 205 C. ArticleSchubert, tropicalHolocene, Andes. The 16,105 V. Rull, Petroleum Geology,139 14, plat H. Passalacqua, D., Loureiro, B., Toni, De B., Colletta, F., Roure, Bulletin, 74,10, Pe of Association American Kinetics. Chemical on Based Reflectance ( e deformations in the Maracaibo and East Zulia basins, western Venezuela western basins, Zulia East and Maracaibo the in deformations e – 1984 220. - - Torres, V. Torres, aaab Bsn ein f etr Vnzea n esen ooba Geological Colombia. eastern and Venezuela western of region Basin Maracaibo ( ) 2006
Tectonic implications of Cretaceous of implications Tectonic (
1982 ) & A high mountain pollen mountain high A
1559 ctos o lt Cnzi eouin f h Csai sbuto wedge. subduction Cascadia the of evolution Cenozoic late for ications rno, M.T. Brandon, ( ) 2006
Neotectonics of Bocon of Neotectonics – 1570. )
Pliocene –
163.
- ( Pleistocene evolution of flora, vegetation and climate: A A climate: and vegetation flora, of evolution Pleistocene 2004 – – 412. 117. - ) altitude calibration set for palaeoclimatic use in the in use palaeoclimatic for set calibration altitude
of 586 of ertl icn fission zircon Detrital ó
fault, Western Venezuela. Tectonophysics, 85, 85, Tectonophysics, Venezuela. Western fault, - Pliocene fission Pliocene – 75. - m core from the Bogota Basin, Colombia. Colombia. Basin, Bogota the from core m
- t rack ages from rocks of the the of rocks from ages rack
- & k h “H h “H h h k
Gou, Y. Gou, rlu Geologists troleum
( 1997 .
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Marine and and Marine
Pi )
Within m ente l - , This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. AcceptedISBNMiocene. Utrecht, Diss. Univ. Ph.D. Zevenboom, pp. Paleogeographi Vásque E., Zambrano, and otherRadiation Measurements, plots. 409 radial 44, Vermeesch, P. PlanetaryLetters Science P. Vermeesch, Funza record pollen on Quaternary329 Science, 15, based approach multivariate a Colombia: in yr R. V Articlev ’ High its of Paleobotany 16,1 Palynology evolution early the and Cordillera Eastern Colombian upheav Palynological (1973) V. Dommelen, & J.H., Werner, T., Hammen, der Van Research,413 18, fission apatite by assessed basin Miocene Late P. Huyghe, M., Bernet, J.L., Mugnier, X., Robert, P.A., Beek, der van
al of the Northern Andes: a study of the Pliocene and Lower Quaternary of the the of Quaternary Lower and Pliocene the of study a Andes: Northern the of al
D.
( – & c and petroleum synthesis of western Venezuela. Paris, Editions Technip, 59 Technip, Editions Paris, Venezuela. western of synthesis petroleum and c 2009 (
2004 eet xuain f t of exhumation Recent ( Hooghiemstra, H. Hooghiemstra, – 1995 434. )
) RadialPlotter: A Java application AJava for fissionRadialPlotter: track, luminescence
)
o mn gan ae edd o a rvnne study? provenance a for needed are grains many How
iolglae yt fo te eierna Lt Oioee and Oligocene Late Mediterranean the from cysts Dinoflagellate
, . Dvl B, aril, . Cfiirs B. Coffinieres, & M. Latreille, B., Duval, E., z, 224, 441 – 346. – 122. - track thermochronology of Siwalik sediments, Nepal sediments, Siwalik of thermochronology track
– 451.
( 2000
e eta Hmly ad eyln i te foreland the in recycling and Himalaya central he )
90 Montane forest evo forest Montane - 393 - 1131 – - 5 410. : 221
lution during the last 650 000 650 last the during lution pp.
- & Andean biota. Rev Rev biota. Andean Labrin, E. Labrin, - I record of the the of record .
.
Journal of of Journal Earth and and Earth
. (1972) (
2006 Basin )
AcceptedThis article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Samples PAS6 Note: PAS PAS PAS PAS PAS PAS PAS PAS PAS PAS6 Sample Point 1B Table Not ArticleRH17 RH9 RH3 RH2 RV6 RV3 RV2 Sample 1APoint Table Tables e: qtz = quartz, L. Sed. = sedimentary lithic grains, L. Ign. = igneous lithic grains, L. Meta. = metamorphic lithic grains. grains. metamorphic lithic = L.Meta. grains, igneouslithic = L. Ign. grains, lithic sedimentary = L. Sed. quartz, = qtz e: ------
42 41 35 29 28 24 20 13 10 -
2
Mono qt Mono qtz Mono - - counting results of the Barinas basin section samples section basin Barinas ofthe results counting counting results of the Maracaibo basin section samples samples basin section Maracaibo ofthe results counting 116 124 114 109 142 204 218 104 99 44 91 72 57 74 84 79 81
- 2 and PAS10 belong to the Parángula Formation, all other samples were collected from the Rio YucaFormation. Rio from the were collected samples other all Formation, the Parángula to belong PAS10 and 2 z
Polyqtz Polyqtz 20 79 59 22 34 51 38 63 17 83 29 28 32 5 2 9 7
Feldspar Feldspar 51 21 27 81 24 31 87 25 35 16 30 18 18 27 8 0 0
LSed. LSed. 22 39 52 31 16 29 10 31 17 75 10 19 32 43 2 5 5
LIgn. LIgn. 1 44 31 91 28 12 20 32 17 55 35 9 4 8 0 0 6 0
LMeta. LMeta. 12 1 11 81 41 46 24 0 1 3 9 3 1 0 0 5 4 8
Mica Mica 33 39 38 16 14 83 36 52 43 58 25 20 9 1 9 0 1
Other Other 16 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 8
Calcite cement Calcite Calcite cement Calcite 134 100 67 27 49 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hematitecement Hematitecement Mica includes muscovite, biotite and chlorite. and biotite muscovite, includes Mica 74 14 32 22 0 0 0 2 1 6 0 0 6 5 9 0 0
Matrix Matrix 65 19 44 60 29 70 0 0 0 1 2 0 6 0 1 2 0
Porosity Porosity 53 31 28 16 65 36 11 12 15 4 0 0 0 6 0 9 7
Total Total 331 360 347 316 337 365 307 338 336 361 324 328 343 310 341 328 334
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. 2 Table Maracaibo Barinas TPMY5 TPMY4 TPMY3 TPMY2 TPMY8 TPMY7 Sample
Accepted3 PAN 1 PAN Article TPG2 TPG1 V33 H11 H09 H02 V97 V95 V90
Detrital apatite fission apatite Detrital
Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Pagüey Fm.Pagüey depth (m) depth 2650 2550 2450 1700 1260 2700 2425 2160 1900 1810 1425 1075 860 650 60 0
- track results of the Maracaibo and Barinas basins,Venezuela Barinas and theMaracaibo of results track 100 120 364 103 100 100 100 10 40 24 50 40 49 79 25 10 n 5
2
Age range range Age 3.4 3.4 2.9 4.8 2.6 1.9 1.9 7.5 3.5 4.9 4.2 3.8 2.2 4.4 3.5 2.5 3 3.4 2.2 .9 (Ma) - - - – ------120.8 100.0 161.6 – 41.6 54.6 29.6 76.4 35.0 34.4 29.3 61.3 67.9 49.3 67.0 39.7
12.1
9.5
11.6±2.2 11.6±2.2 11.1±1.4 10.3±1.5 12.0±1.9 9.6±0.9 9.6±0.9 9.4±2.3 9.5±1.2 4.6±0.9 7.0±1.6 4.4±1.0 5.1±1.2 8.2±1.9 4.5±2.7 6.2±0.7 79.5% 38.0% 33.0% 56.2% 78.2% 42.0% 97.4% 92.9% 85.7% 27.9% 16.2% 27.9% 23.4% 85.3% (Ma) P1 - - -
96.9±74.3 18.7±25.4 28.1±19.8 18.7±4.0 13.3±2.4 15.9±1.8 22.1±3.3 16.1±7.9 18.3±4.6 11.1±1.1 15.4±2.2 10.0±2.7 17.2±3.0 9.1±2.1 19.6% 58.3% 52.2% 43.8% 21.8% 54.8% 14.3% 54.5% 81.0% 59.2% 41.4% 14.7% (Ma) 2.6% 7.1% P2 - - -
53.0±42.8 19.9±22.6 40.5±28.8 41.8±36.5 24.8±6.8 32.7±5.2 33.8±7.4 23.7±4.5 14.8% 17.6% 12.9% 18.9% (Ma) 0.9% 3.7% 3.2% 2.7% P3
------
38.7±6.9 15.1% (Ma) P4 ------
163.6±125 (Ma) 1.3% P5 ------
6.4 14.2±3.3 11.4±1.1 12.2±1.3 15.6±1.1 15.6±1.6 12.6±1.4 12.2±2.8 ± 1.4 7.3 13. 16.6±4.3 10.4±1.3 15.4±1.9 15.3±3.1 5.0 ±1.0 5.0 Central Central 7.3±0.8 7.8±1.0 age±1σ (Ma) 8±2.0 ± ± 1.8
12.16±0.18 12.16±0.18 13.3 12.96±0.38 12.88±0.25 12.70±1.56 9.79±0.002 13.08±0.25 12.19±0.34 12.90±0.3 MTL±SE MTL±SE 9.16 (01) 9.16 0.15 (48) 0.15 (62) 0.15 12.29 ± ± 12.29 ± 12.52 (μm) (60) (12) (16) (22) (03) (02) (26) (27) (16) 1±0.41 1±0.41 - - - -
1
0.003 (μm) 1.38 1.05 1.22 1.43 1.53 1.17 2.71 1.30 1.76 1.23 SD - - - - -
1.68±0.20 1.78±0.20 2.84±0.46 1.66±0.17 1.52±0.15 1.99±0.25 2.85±0.39 1.35±0.20 2.95±0.45 1.70±0.22 1.79±0.41 Dpar ± ± Dpar (μm) 1.34 SD - - - -
AcceptedThis article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Articlea specific grains in wereat peak.All samples counted Note: n
= total number of grains counted; binomial fitted peak ages are given given are ages peak fitted binomial counted; grains of number total =
1250xobjective,drytube factor, 1.25 (100x oculars)10 by A. M. a540) zetaBermudez ofusing (IRMM 288.66
2 SE. No peaks were fitted for sample TPG2 because of the low grain count. Also given is the percentage of of percentage the is given Also count. grain low the of because TPG2 sample for fitted were peaks No SE. 2 5.32 ( 5.32 1SE).
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. al. et Bermúdez blocks tectonic delimited and systems fault major in are circles 201 al., al of locations the indicating 2005), al., et Hackley after (modified 2 Fig. Lamont University's http://www.geomapapp.org Columbia at group database 2003). 1 Fig. Figure the of measures are HydrogenIndex. (LECO) HI and (OSA) HI organic; carbon of content the is Corg percentage; in carbon total weighted Car of concentration weighted the is TOC cracking. kerogen from produced hydrocarbon of amount the indicates S2 rock; the in present oil) and Note: PS39 CH52(2) CH52(1) Barinas RV3 RV1 RH5 RH3 Maracaibo content (CaCO Results Carbonate 3. of Table Samp Accepted1984; ., Article
NA indicates measure not available; Tmax is the maximum temperature; S1 indicates hydrocarbons concentration (gasconcentration indicateshydrocarbons S1 maximumtemperature; the available;is Tmax not measure NAindicates -
) samples in the Maracaibo and Barinas basins for this study. this for basins Barinas and Maracaibo the in samples ) situ AFT ages, and detrital AFT age populations, respectively. Upper left Upper respectively. populations, age AFT detrital and ages, AFT situ le
Maj
legends 2 cokie r clockwise 42º 3 T
blue ; opography and and opography
Berm r etnc etrs f oten ot Aeia atr omnrs n Zoback, and Colmenares (after America South northern of features tectonic or CaCO3 CaCO3
38.5 (%) NA NA NA NA NA 0.0
stars ú bon Organic Total expressed in percentage; Ctot 1 and 2 correspond to the two measures of the the of measures two the to correspond 2 and 1 Ctot percentage; in expressed Total Organic bon
dez et al., 2010), modern river river modern 2010), al., et dez (2010) ), Tmax 397.0 400.0 (°C) 389 424 NA NA NA new synorogenic detrital synorogenic new
: otate
AB Cro zl hut C, aao EB Caparo; CB, Thrust; Azul Cerro CATB,
b ) tyer i based is athymetry
(mg/g) square shows location ofFig.square showslocation 2. d 0.78 0.88 1.20 11.3 3.2 0.0 0.0
S1 S1
g
eologic map of the study area in the Venezuelan Andes Andes Venezuelan the in area study the of map eologic
(mg/g) 100.3 3 0.06 0.41 0.11 16.5 0.0 0.0 ) and Rock and ) S2 S2
TOC 0.07 4.74 0.95 37.4 51.0 (%) 0.0 0.1
- Eval analysis Eval
AFT (red AFT
on A FT
f h Vnzea Ads as Andes Venezuelan the of LECO (%) 1 (%) GeoMap Ctot Ctot 0.97 46.1 50.9 0.0 8.9 0.0 0.1 samples ( samples
-
Doherty Earth Observatory (see (see Observatory Earth Doherty
hexagons
LECO App (%) 2 (%) Ctot Ctot 48.5 53.3 0.0 9.3 1.0 0.0 0.1
locations from locations
in
developed by the IEDA IEDA the by developed - W ) and palynolog and ) situ LECO Corg Corg hite and b and hite 4.51 46.1 (%) NA NA NA , Escalante; ECB, El El ECB, Escalante; , -
AFT data ( data AFT
(OSA) (OSA) HC/g HC/g 268.0 TOC 32.0 NA NA mg HI HI 12 Berm 9
lue numbers numbers lue
inset shows shows inset
defined defined
y Kohn et et Kohn ú (LECO)
(black dez et et dez HC/g HC/g 212.0 TOC 32.0 NA NA mg HI HI 11 9
by
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. AcceptedFig. track analysis analysis different for collected samples the of flank southern the on basin Barinas Fig. presented 4locations. from indicated for Andes; Venezuelan the of flank northern the on Fig. scale ArticleAndes Venezuelan on Barinitas near section River Parángula the along locations by provided SA. was Venezuela, profile seismic The sections. Vichú Río and Hoyos Río sam approximate showing Andes, Venezuelan the of flank northern Fig. and SEFTB Central to: blocks. correspond Trujillo abbreviations TB, and Nevada; Sierra SNB, Culata; La Sierra SLCB, Carmen; different analysis different 3 6 4 5 is in TWT (s) TWT is in
Outcrop photos Outcrop Generalized stratigraphic section of the Betij the of section stratigraphic Generalized the and basin Maracaibo the of part southern the of section seismic of drawing Line A) Generalized stratigraphic section of section stratigraphic Generalized - Sur Andino fault system; CFS Caparo fault system; BurF Bur BurF system; fault Caparo CFS system; fault Andino Sur .
Samples for Rock for Samples
are ) are) indicated
North B) . The seismic pro seismic The . for profile ie rwn o simc eto of section seismic of drawing Line
-
( fr West sandstone o m the m
ern . Samples for Rock - VFS AA' and Eval
and South Maracaibo basinMaracaibo
petrography aea al system; fault Valera file was modified from Henriques from modified was file analysis in km in km
( - sandstone petrography sandstone East the a for BB'for(0 km . re Venezuelan Venezuelan
ern - fission apatite palinology, Parángula and and Parángula
Eval analysis Eval section highlighted in dark in highlighted Stratigraphic positions of samples collected samples of positions Stratigraphic
Fold oque Formation from the Maracaibo basin Maracaibo the from Formation oque - Thrust BeltsThrust s. A) Conglomeratic layers at outcrop outcrop layersat Conglomeratic A) s.
F Bocon BFS h Brns ai soig sample showing basin Barinas the Andes. corresponds to a Río Yuca formations from the the from formations Yuca Río re highlighted indarkre highlighted ,
palinology, apatite fission apatite palinology, the southern flank of the the of flank southern the Stratigraphic , respectively. - fut system; fault ó gray. ple locations along the the along locations ple - Casas (200 Casas busay fault; busay -
rc analysis track sea Pebble counts are counts Pebble
level).
Petróleos de de Petróleos oiin of positions
4 ).
- NWFTB
Vertical Vertical gray. CSAFS CSAFS Faults are )
- This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. grain grainlithic ofa Example lithic mica (D) schist 20). (PAS20). (PAS fragments lithic metamorphic (B) fragment; lithic unstable formation Fig. upper Rí quartz gray, in deposits Conglomeratic F) PAS29. location Formation, Yuca Río the of part upper the in lenses sand with layer Conglomerate l atYucaFormation Río the in sandstones channel of layers Massive D) 24. PAS location at Formation Yuca Río the of sandstone grained medium layers Massive C) layers. soil and conglomerates Quaternary Formation. Parángula the in PAS6 Location B) sandstones. channel and mudstone overbank this showing Formation, Parángula the in PAS8 Location A) section. basin Barinas the form photos Outcrop 8 Fig. fragments lithic unstable total fragment is L grains; feldspar total is F grains; quartzose total is Q plot; QFL Fig. cross with climbing RH9. ripples atlocation layer Sandstone C) RH3. location at conglomerate polymict RH2 location Accepted Article 7 9
Triangular plots showing normalized point normalized showing plots Triangular Triangular plots showing normalized point count data of the of data count point normalized showing plots Triangular o YucaFormation. s s , Lithic (B) ;
() F po; i ttl urzs ris F s oa flsa gan; i total is L grains; feldspar total is F grains; quartzose total is Q plot; QFL (A) . and
in the lower part of the Betijoque Formation. B) Close B) Formation. Betijoque the of part lower the in
sedimentary lithic fragments.sedimentary lithic
grain ocation PAS 28. Note the erosive contact shown with black arrow.blackE) with shown contacterosiveNote the 28. PAS ocation
plot s lc arw mr aglr nofriy ih overlying with unconformity angular mark arrows Black ,
n sdmnay ihc fragments. lithic sedimentary and ihc ris lt sho plot grains Lithic
showing
plutonic - count data of the of data count - rich sandstone at location PAS 20 of the of 20 PAS location at sandstone rich
ihc rget, metamor fragments, lithic
wing plutonic
C Eape f granite a of Example (C) Betijoque Formation Betijoque Parángula - up of matrix of up
lithic fragments, fragments, lithic - lamination and and lamination
and phic lithic lithic phic - supported Río
Yuca . (A) (A) . This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. peaks. 4 to 2 with solutions, probability grain observed The Andes. Venezuelan Fig. lining (CH 44). Spiniferites 11. 40.2), crassa 6. Crototricolpites 2. 40.2), name:1. taxonomic afterindicatedthe is code sample Basin).The Fig. ridge 15. fossulatus Nijssenosporites 105.1), (Bet spore trilete indeterminate lae Cingulasporites b. & 10a 105), 7. 105.2), aff. 4. annulatus Monoporopollenites 1. name: taxonomic the after indicated is code sample The Fig.
Accepted scabrata Cyclusphaera Article 1 1 10 s (Bet 105.1)and 18. s 2 1
Valeriana
(CH 40.2), 9. 9. 40.2), (CH
Detrital AFT results of samples from the Maracaibo basin on the northern flank of the the of flanknorthern the on basinMaracaibo the fromsamples of results AFT Detrital Characteristic pollen, spores and dinoflagellates in the in dinoflagellates and spores pollen, Characteristic hrceitc oln n soe fo te Betijoque the from spores and pollen Characteristic Psi Echitricolporites spinosus, spinosus, Echitricolporites - Spiniferites density functions (continuous functions density p (H 01, 4 idtriae iolglae C 4.) an 40.2) (CH dinoflagellate indeterminate 14. 50.1), (CH sp. aeioie robustus laperiporites
sp., 4b. sp., (Bet 105.2), 5. aff. aff. 5. 105.2), (Bet Retitriletes vigatus Nijssenosporites Nijssenosporites
p (H 8, 12. 38), (CH sp. Detail
Matonisporites
C 4.) 7. 40.2), (CH (Bet 105.1), 13a & b. b. & 13a 105.1), (Bet (Bet 105.1), 17. 105.1), (Bet
In terms of stratigraphic position the histograms should be read be should histograms the position stratigraphic of terms In p (0.) 11. (105.2), sp.
(Bet 105.2), 3. 105.2), (Bet of sculpture (CH 40.2), 5. 40.2), (CH sculpture of
C 2) 3. 26), (CH Symp sp. (CH 40.2), 10. 40.2), (CH sp. 8.
- Ericipites sp., Ericipites
age distributions are shown as histograms and as as and histograms as shown are distributions age igldnu machaerophorum? Lingulodinium mulleri locos aaipli crassa Lanagiopollis black lines). Also shown are the binomial best binomial the are shown Also lines). black Nijssenosporites Clavainaperturites microclavatus Clavainaperturites
(Bet 105.2), 6. 105.2), (Bet ytecdts annulatus Cyatheacidites (Bet 105.2) lnools curvimuratus Glencopollis Foveotriletes sltiee lobatus Psilatriletes 9. Cicatricosisporites dorongensis Cicatricosisporites
Verrucatotriletes Verrucatotriletes Retibrevitricolpites Podocarpidites .
omto (aaab Basin). (Maracaibo Formation sp., fragment of characteristic characteristic of fragment sp., Río
Spirosyncolpites spiralis Spirosyncolpites
C 4.) 8. 40.2), (CH cf. Bombacacidites brevis Bombacacidites
Yuca Formation (Barinas (Barinas Formation Yuca ornatus ornatus
(Bet 105.2), 16. 16. 105.2), (Bet sp. (Bet 105.1), 2. 105.1), (Bet sp. d 15. foraminifer foraminifer 15. d (Bet 105.1), 12. 12. 105.1), (Bet cf.
(Bet 105.1), 14. 105.1), (Bet (CH 40.2), 13. 13. 40.2), (CH
(CH 40.2), 4a. 4a. 40.2), (CH sp. (CH 40.2), (CH sp. Lanagiopol bullatus
(Bet 105.2), 105.2), (Bet
(Bet (CH (CH (Bet - lis fit This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. Accepted track (2005). K m h b v p h “ ” p b “ ” t mean weighted and black Thick 2005). (Ketcham, code track age, (central data Time 16 Fig. Independentagainst stratigraphic onstratigraphic depth. constraints ages are indicated. ( population age each for depth stratigraphic against plotted 1 Fig. allow kerogen maturation. to burial during heated sufficiently were samples the of None basin. Barinas Article formation, Yuca fr RV2 and Fig. thendowndown the therightand left handside. hand side peaks. 3 to 1 with solutions, probability grain observed The Andes. Venezuelan Fig. thendowndown the therightand left handside. hand side 1 1 - length distribution is showninthe track is length distribution 5 3 4
Upsection variation of AFT ages in the Maracaibo a Maracaibo the in ages AFT of variation Upsection Detrital AFT results of samples from the Barinas basin on the southern flank of the the of flank southern the on basin Barinas the from samples of results AFT Detrital Hydrogen Index (HI) versus Maximum Temperature (Tmax) plot for samples RV1 RV1 samples for plot (Tmax) Temperature Maximum versus (HI) Index Hydrogen - om the Betijoque Formation, Maracaibo basin, and for sample CHS2 from the from CHS2 sample for and basin, Maracaibo Formation, Betijoque the om density functions (continuous black lines). Also shown are the binomial b binomial the are shown Also lines). black (continuous functions density - temperature temperature - T path T - length distribution and kinetic indicator Dpar) and HeFTy inversion inversion HeFTy and Dpar) indicator kinetic and distribution length
(t
- ; In terms of stratigraphic position the histograms should be read be should histograms the position stratigraphic of terms In T) T)
purple and green ranges show thermal histories that provide a a provide that histories thermal show ranges green and purple history of s of history and blue and - age distributions are shown as histograms and as as and histograms as shown are distributions age ample TPMY ample - length histogramlength theright. to line s
represent
- 5 as reconstructed using the AFT the using reconstructed as 5 nd Barinas basins. A) Peak ages Peak A) basins. Barinas nd overall best overall P i ). B) Central ages plotted plotted ages Central B) ). - fit thermal history, thermal fit
est Río - fit
This article isprotected rights by All copyright. reserved. et al.2011. Jaramillo based spores and pollen the for ranges age palynomorphs; all for references Taxonomic Su Fig supplementary 11see data Fig. supplementary 10see data Fig. 1see Supporting informat
Accepted Articlepplementary data http://www.geomapapp.org
ion legends ion
on
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