Vol. 26 / No. 1 / April 2018 Volume 26 Number 1 April 2018 Lisa Outar, Editor in Charge
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Vol. 26 / No. 1 / April 2018 Volume 26 Number 1 April 2018 Lisa Outar, Editor in Charge Published by the Departments of Literatures in English, University of the West Indies CREDITS Original image: Expulsion 2 by Portia Subran Lisa LaFramboise (copy editor) Nadia Huggins (graphic designer) JWIL is published with the financial support of the Departments of Literatures in English of The University of the West Indies Enquiries should be sent to THE EDITORS Journal of West Indian Literature Department of Literatures in English, UWI Mona Kingston 7, JAMAICA, W.I. Tel. (876) 927-2217; Fax (876) 970-4232 e-mail: [email protected] OR Ms. Angela Trotman Department of Language, Linguistics and Literature Faculty of Humanities, UWI Cave Hill Campus P.O. Box 64, Bridgetown, BARBADOS, W.I. e-mail: [email protected] SUBSCRIPTION RATE US$20 per annum (two issues) or US$10 per issue Copyright © 2017 Journal of West Indian Literature ISSN (online): 2414-3030 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Evelyn O’Callaghan (Editor in Chief) Michael A. Bucknor (Senior Editor) Lisa Outar (Senior Editor) Glyne Griffith Rachel L. Mordecai Kevin Adonis Browne BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Antonia MacDonald EDITORIAL BOARD Edward Baugh Victor Chang Alison Donnell Mark McWatt Maureen Warner-Lewis EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Laurence A. Breiner Rhonda Cobham-Sander Daniel Coleman Anne Collett Raphael Dalleo Denise deCaires Narain Curdella Forbes Aaron Kamugisha Geraldine Skeete Faith Smith Emily Taylor THE JOURNAL OF WEST INDIAN LITERATURE has been published twice-yearly by the Departments of Literatures in English of the University of the West Indies since October 1986. Edited by full time academics and with minimal funding or institutional support, JWIL originated at the same time as the first annual conference on West Indian Literature, the brainchild of Edward Baugh, Mervyn Morris and Mark McWatt. It reflects the continued commitment of those who followed their lead to provide a forum in the region for the dissemination and discussion of our literary culture. Initially featuring contributions from scholars in the West Indies, it has become an internationally recognized peer-reviewed academic journal. The Editors invite the submission of articles in English that are the result of scholarly research in literary textuality (fiction, prose, drama, film, theory and criticism) of the English-speaking Caribbean. We also welcome comparative assessments of non- Anglophone Caribbean texts provided translations into English of the relevant parts of such texts are incorporated into the submission. JWIL will also publish book reviews. Submission guidelines are available at www.jwilonline.org. Table of Contents Editorial Preface 7 Lisa Outar “The Anger of Very, Very Restless Spirits”: Plantation Arrivals, 10 Diasporic Departures and Other Queer Narratives of Caribbean Becoming—A Conversation with Faizal Deen Ronald Cummings and Nalini Mohabir Queering Chutney: Disrupting Heteronormative Paradigms of 25 Indo-Caribbean Epistemology Suzanne C. Persard “I Am Not What You Think”: Sexual Fetishism in Patricia Powell’s 38 The Pagoda Tuli Chatterji From Bastardness and Outsideness to Land/(E)/Scape in The Pirate’s 53 Daughter Candice A. Pitts The Haves and Have-Nots: Class, Globalization and Human Rights in 70 Diana McCaulay’s Dog-Heart Robin Brooks Book reviews Malachi McIntosh, Beyond Calypso: Rereading Samuel Selvon. 93 Simone A. James Alexander Glyne A. Griffith, The BBC and the Development of Anglophone Caribbean 99 Literature, 1943–1958. Cornel Bogle 102 Notes on contributors 7 Editorial Preface Lisa Outar I am very pleased to present this April 2018 issue of JWIL to you. We examine here a rich cross section of the writers, themes, genres and preoccupations that mark contemporary Caribbean cultural production. Ranging from the work of Faizal Deen, Patricia Powell, Margaret Cezair-Thompson, Diana McCaulay and queer feminist chutney songs, the pieces published here engage with themes of migration, feminist genealogies, fetishism, class tensions, human rights, exclusionary nationalism, marronage, queerness, globalization and legacies of indentureship and slavery. The first three pieces constitute an exciting nexus of theories on the conditions and implications for queer cultural production in the region and its diasporas, pushing us to engage with new paradigms for thinking about Caribbean genders and queerness in their many forms. It has been a historic time for sexuality rights in the Anglophone Caribbean given the recent decision on 12 April 2018 by the Trinidad High Court to strike down colonial era “buggery” laws as “unconstitutional, illegal, null, void, invalid and of no effect to the extent that these laws criminalise any acts constituting consensual sexual conduct between adults.” It remains to be seen whether the ruling will be held up under appeal, but we have come a far way when, as we saw in Trinidad, both heterosexual and same-sex loving people could be united in their efforts to keep governments from legislating what happens in the privacy of adult bedrooms. The continuing conflation however of same- sex desire and queer identities more generally with pedophilia in public discourse and continuing discrimination and persecution despite new legal standing makes clear the hard work that remains to be done to achieve true justice and equal rights for those who do not conform to hard-held gender and sexual norms. The conversation between poet Faizal Deen, Ronald Cummings and Nalini Mohabir and the essays by Suzanne C. Persard on queer chutney music and Tuli Chatterji on Patricia Powell’s gender crossing character, Lowe/Lau A-yin, all illuminate the complex place of queerness in Caribbean societies, each in their own way forcefully making an argument that queerness was always already existing in Caribbean cultural expressions and histories rather than being some new non- local, trendy stance imported from the Global North. As Deen argues in his wide-ranging interview with Cummings and Mohabir, “[W]hen people talk about the queer Caribbean, people don’t talk about the ways in which the Caribbean has always been queer or the ways in which decolonization and Caribbean responses to colonization have always been queer because they were always working against the normative. So I am thinking of queer in a much wider sense than sexual difference.” We are particularly pleased to offer this sustained dialogue on Deen’s work and hope it will lead to greater scholarly engagement with his fiction and theorizings of boyhood, history, nation and “palimpsestic violence.” 8 Suzanne C. Persard’s essay on chutney pushes into new arenas for intervention in existing paradigms of Indo-Caribbean scholarship, challenging what she sees as a dominant heteronormativity in approaches to the field and offering queer, feminist chutney as a site for thinking through Caribbean configurations of gender and sexuality and for pushing back against repressive policings of Indo-Caribbean female bodies and desires. Tuli Chatterji’s essay illuminates the prescient qualities of Patricia Powell’s imaginative work in The Pagoda, focusing as she does on a performatively queer body that cannot be pressed into any settled narrative of sexual or gendered identity. Reading the character of Lowe/Lau A-yin through a complex lens of locally specific Caribbean feminist and psychoanalytic theories, Chatterji makes clear the visionary contribution that Powell offered twenty years ago for imagining progressive landscapes of race, difference, gender, sexuality and belonging in the Caribbean. Questions of belonging are central to Candice A. Pitts’ examination of Margaret Cezair-Thompson’s novel, The Pirate’s Daughter. Pitts traces the multiple versions of illegitimacy and outsider status that appear in the novel in order to show Cezair- Thompson’s indictment of exclusionary practices of Jamaican nationalism. The essay corrects for the sparse scholarly attention that has been paid to this novel which, as one reviewer notes, “offers a radically new, feminist, intersectional, and environmentalist perspective on Jamaican history in the critical decades, from 1940s to the 1970s, the period of transition from colony to nation.” Continuing the focus on the impact of Jamaican fiction, Robin Brooks’ essay explores questions of literature’s role in intervening in contemporary and historical injustices. Her analysis of Diana McCaulay’s novel Dog-Heart assesses the ways in which the author uses a cross-class relationship to challenge the perpetuation of human rights violations in contemporary Jamaican society. Taking an interdisciplinary approach that includes examination of various policy documents on human rights, Brooks argues for literature being used as a tool in human rights advocacy. The two book reviews in this issue point our attention to new scholarly work that re- examines foundational moments and figures in Caribbean literary history. Simone A. James Alexander reviews Malachi McIntosh’s edited collection Beyond Calypso: Re-reading Samuel Selvon. Alexander elucidates how the collection’s various contributors revisit Selvon’s legacy and oeuvre to direct attention to the lesser discussed of his writings (which cross multiple genres) and to challenge conventions in approaches to his work. Cornel Bogle reviews JWIL’s own Glyne Griffith’s The BBC and the Development of Anglophone Caribbean Literature, 1943–1958. We note our support and celebration of this publication, years of research for which had to be painfully recreated after