“I WON’T FORGET THIS CARNAGE” CIVILIANS TRAPPED IN BATTLE FOR RAQQA – SYRIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Smoke rises from building in Raqa's eastern al-Sanaa neighbourhood, on the edge of the (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. old city, on August 13, 2017, as Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a US backed Kurdish-Arab alliance, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode battle to retake the city from the Islamic State (IS) group. For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org © Delil Souleiman/AFP/Getty Images Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 24/6945/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS MAP 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 METHODOLOGY 8 BACKGROUND 9 DISPROPORTIONATE STRIKES – COALITION SHELLS RAINING DOWN ON CIVILIANS 11 MENACING SKY OVER RAQQA – CIVILIAN CASUALTIES FROM COALITION AIRSTRIKES 15 COALITION’S POOR REPORTING AND INADEQUATE INVESTIGATION OF CASUALTIES 19 CIVILIANS KILLED WHILE FLEEING ACROSS THE RIVER - INDISCRIMINATE STRIKES 21 CIVILIANS USED AS HUMAN SHIELDS BY IS, TRAPPED UNDER FIRE 23 SYRIAN GOVERNMENT FORCES’ INDISCRIMINATE BOMBARDMENT OF CIVILIANS SOUTH OF RAQQA 27 RECOMMENDATIONS 32 SDF AND COALITION FORCES 32 COALITION AUTHORITIES 33 THE ARMED GROUP CALLING ITSELF THE ISLAMIC STATE 33 UN COMMISSION OF INQUIRY / INTERNATIONAL, IMPARTIAL AND INDEPENDENT MECHANISM 34 THE SYRIAN AND RUSSIAN GOVERNMENTS 34 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 34 “I WON’T FORGET THIS CARNAGE” CIVILIANS TRAPPED IN BATTLE FOR RAQQA – SYRIA Amnesty International 3 MAP “I WON’T FORGET THIS CARNAGE” CIVILIANS TRAPPED IN BATTLE FOR RAQQA – SYRIA Amnesty International 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The battle for Raqqa, so-called capital and main stronghold of the armed group calling itself the Islamic State (IS) in Syria, is taking a heavy toll on civilians trapped under fire in the city. Since the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)1 and the United States (US)–led coalition forces2 launched the final stage of the military operation to recapture Raqqa on 6 June 2017, civilians have come under a barrage of ground and air attacks, while the IS has been using them as human shields and killing those attempting to escape areas under its control. At the same time Russia-backed Syrian government forces, engaged in military operation to recapture areas south of the Euphrates river from IS, have carried out indiscriminate attacks which have killed and injured civilian residents. As the battle intensifies in its final stages, the risk for the civilian population is set to increase. Artillery and air strikes launched by coalition forces, usually on the basis of coordinates provided by the SDF, have killed hundreds of civilians since the start of the military operation to recapture the city.3 Some of the civilian casualties may have been the result of wrong targets having been struck by coalition forces based on wrong coordinates provided by the SDF. In April 2017 coalition forces said that wrong coordinates provided by the SDF resulted in a coalition strike which killed 18 SDF fighters,4 but no information has been made public by the coalition so far indicating whether similar incidents have resulted in civilian casualties. In addition, guided and unguided artillery shells, as well as guided rockets and air-delivered bombs used by coalition forces, and mortars being used by SDF forces, have a wide lethal effect radius and thus carry a high risk of harming civilians when used in residential areas. Consistent testimonies of residents who fled the city recently indicate that salvoes of unguided artillery shells have been fired into the city’s residential neighbourhoods, targeting areas of hundreds of square metres rather than specific pinpoint targets – which, if true, would constitute not only disproportionate but also indiscriminate attacks.5 This report documents the killings of 95 civilians, including 41 children and 25 women, killed in coalition/SDF strikes in Raqqa; as well as 30 civilians, including 16 children and 3 women, killed in Russia- backed Syrian government air strikes south of Raqqa. These are out of a total of 176 cases of civilians of which 146 by coalition/SDF, including 60 children and 42 women, killed in and around Raqqa in the context of the ongoing military operation in June and July 20176, examined by Amnesty International in researching this report. This is a small sample of a much wider pattern. 1 The SDF is a Kurdish-led alliance of armed groups, founded in October 2015 and including fighters from different ethnic and religious communities, which controls large areas of northern Syria and which is leading the military efforts to recapture Raqqa, with in partnership with the US-led coalition. 2 The US-led coalition of more than 30 countries involved in the Raqqa military operation has been carrying out military operations in Syria and Iraq since 2014. It was initially established by the US Department of Defense as the Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) on 17 October 2014. See http://www.inherentresolve.mil/ . 3 According to the information available to Amnesty International, US forces carry out almost all the air strikes in the Raqqa military operation, with a small percentage carried out by other coalition members, and US forces are the only coalition members carrying out ground (artillery) strikes, alongside SDF forces who fight with lighter weapons and 120mm mortars. SDF forces fighting on the ground provide coordinates to the coalition forces for the targets to be struck with artillery and air strikes. See for example: http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-raqqa-idUKKBN18Z2FH ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKqtHrFP9L4 ; http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/afp/2016/11/syria-conflict-jihadists-raqa.html . 4 Misdirected strike results in partnered force casualties, CJTF-OIR, 13 April 2017 http://www.inherentresolve.mil/News/News- Releases/Article/1150611/misdirected-strike-results-in-partnered-force-casualties/ . 5 Residents described strikes of six or 12 artillery shells landing in and around their street one after the other, consistent with the firing of salvoes of unguided artillery shells. 6 Except for two cases of airstrikes in May 2017. “I WON’T FORGET THIS CARNAGE” CIVILIANS TRAPPED IN BATTLE FOR RAQQA – SYRIA Amnesty International 5 Raqqa Old City overview. Imagery taken on 2 June 2016. ©CNES 2017, Distribution AIRBUS DS Raqqa Old City overview. Imagery taken on 19 July 2017. ©CNES 2017, Distribution AIRBUS DS IS fighters, for their part, use crude unguided projectiles, including locally manufactured mortars, and a host of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), including car bombs, all of which pose an inherent lethal danger to civilians. Moreover, the danger for civilian residents of getting caught in crossfire between the warring sides is all the more acute as IS fighters have been redoubling efforts to prevent civilians from leaving the city, using them as human shields while they launch attacks against SDF and coalition forces from amongst the “I WON’T FORGET THIS CARNAGE” CIVILIANS TRAPPED IN BATTLE FOR RAQQA – SYRIA Amnesty International 6 civilians. Those who have recently managed to flee the city – at great risk - have told Amnesty International that IS fighters have been mining and booby-trapping possible escape routes and shooting at civilians attempting to flee. Meanwhile, just south of Raqqa, on the southern bank of the Euphrates river, Syrian government forces, backed by Russian forces, have been launching indiscriminate air bombardments against towns, villages and displaced people’s shelters full of civilians. According to consistent survivors’ testimonies, internationally banned cluster bombs were used in some of those attacks, which killed at least 18 civilians and injured dozens in July 2017. Civilians are thus trapped in the city, under fire from all sides, as the fighting intensifies. The conduct of IS fighters, notably the fact that they embed themselves among the civilian population, poses a serious challenge for forces battling IS and significantly increases the risk that civilians will be harmed. Notwithstanding these challenges, and in fact because of them, it is imperative that all the parties to the conflict take all feasible precautions to minimize harm to civilians; fully comply with the rules of international humanitarian law in the planning and execution of strikes and attacks - including by cancelling attacks that risk being indiscriminate, disproportionate or otherwise unlawful, and ending the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated civilian areas, in compliance with the prohibition on indiscriminate or disproportionate attacks. Families displaced by the conflict in Raqqa