International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X
Status, Potential and Harnessing of Renewable Energy in India- A Comprehensive Analysis
Koma Sharmal1, Vikas Sindhu1, Sanju2, Radhey Shyam Meena3, Dr Mohammad Israr4 1Electronics and Communication Engineering Department University Institute of Engineering & Technology, M D University, Haryana -124001 2M E R I College of Engineering and Technology, Sampla, Haryana-124501 3Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi-110003 4Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sur University College, Sur, Sultanate of Oman
Abstract: This paper deals with comprehensive study in field of Renewable Energy (RE) including various aspects of potential and harnessing of RE in India. The paper mainly focused on the case study of various capacity installations in solar, wind, biomass & other sources of energy and the major achievements in RE field during the previous and current years. In this paper we are also discussing the schemes, policy that promotes RE and a roadmap to achieve the targets in solar energy and other initiatives by Government of India as well as various States and organizations. Key word: Renewable Energy (RE), Development of RE in India, 175 GW Targets, Solar Mission, INTRODUCTION 1. In a meeting on climate change which was held in Paris, India make a decision that up to 2030, we will be able to generate 40% of electricity from renewable energy [1]. By, keeping this in view Indian Government decides a target of 175 GW installations in green energy field up to 2022. This consist of 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro power [2]. If installation capacity will get improved, it shows better results in every sector including employment, power sector etc. By achieving our goals in renewable energy fields we will be able to contribute a large part of renewable energy production.POWER SECTOR AT A GLANCE (AS PER CEA[4]) Installed Capacity as on 31.01.2019 from different energy sources. Source Capacity Share Thermal 223.02 GW (63.73%) Nuclear 6.78 GW (1.94%) Hydro 45.399 GW (12.96%) Renewable 74.79 GW (21.37%) Total 349.8 GW (100%)
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Different Energy sources are available for the electricity generation i.e. Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro, Renewable etc. Under Thermal division we consider different sectors like Coal and it covers 191092.50 (MW), Lignite6360.00(MW), Gas 24937.22(MW), Diesel 637.63(MW) electricity generation. As per CEA report installed capacity as on 31.01.2019 form different energy sources are provided here. Thermal Sector covers approx. 64% of total capacity, which is the highest among all the sectors. Renewable sector is at second position which has approx. 21% of total capacity. Hydro has 13% of installed capacity and it is at third position. From above CEA report we can conclude that Nuclear power generation sector has lowest installed capacity and total installed capacity in GW is 349.288 from all the sectors [4].
Diesel Nuclear 0% Lignite 2% Hydro Gas 2% 13% 7%
Renewable 22%
Coal 54%
2. GENERATION DURING 2014-2019 (UP TO NOV 2018) [5] Generation Share of Renewable Total Generation Year from Generation (%) of total including Renewables Renewables Renewable Generation 2014-15 61.71BU 1110.38 BU 5.56 2015-16 65.78 BU 1173.60 BU 5.60 2016-17 81.55 BU 1241.68 BU 6.57 2017-18 101.83BU 1308.13 BU 7.78 2018-19 88.94 BU 938.14 BU 9.48 (Up to Nov 2018) For achieving renewable energy generation target (175 GW) up to 2022, there is an urgent requirement of survey of electricity generation rate from time to time so that we can analysis
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our performance accordingly. So here we are providing generation rate during 2014-19 (up to 2018) and also an analysis for the share of renewable generation in (%) of total renewable generation from the above data. We can conclude that power generation from renewables increased from 2014-18 and also its share of renewables generation (%) of total renewable generation increased every year [4]. 3.GREEN ENERGY IN INDIA AND ITS APPROXIMATED CAPACITY The approximated capacity for green energy in our country from various sector of green energy is around 10,96,081 MW, a substantial part of which is suitable for grid applications. Details are as follows: S. No. Resource Estimated Potential* (In MW) 1. Solar Power 7,48,990 2. Wind Power 3,02,251 [at 100 m. height] 3. Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW*) 19749 4. Biomass Power 17,536 5. Cogeneration - Bagasse 5,000 6. Waste to Energy: 2,554 Total 10,96,081
*MW = Megawatt
Renewable energy production is a need of hour because the earlier sources of energy are not much environmental friendly as well as these sources are getting costlier also. In this field of renewable energy this can become a fancy choice. As per data provided by MNRE here is discussion about renewable energy in India and its estimated potential. From the above details we can say that Solar has the highest estimated potential among all the sectors. Different sectors have different- different potential and total potential is around 10,96,081 MW). 4. MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS Sector-wise status of achievement is given below: Sector Target (GW) Achievement (GW) as on 31.12.2018 Solar Power 100 25.21 Wind Power 60 35.14 Bio Energy 10 9.92 Small Hydro 5 4.52 Total 175 74.79
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Nowadays increasing population all over the world is a serious issue. Growing population means requirement for more energy. Therefore, huge demand of energy cannot be ignored. It is mandatory for all aspect of life. For a clear understanding of this concept we should aware about sector – wise status of achievements. From the above data we can say that highest achievement is attained in Bio Energy and least is in Solar Power sector.Also we can conclude that approx. 50% targets we have achieved in total renewable sector. India has 5th Global position for RE installed capacity, 4th position for wind power and 6th position for solar power. A total of around 74.79 GW of renewable energy capacity has been installed in the country as on December, 2018 from all renewable energy sources which includes around 35.14 GW from Wind, around 25.21 GW from solar, around 4.52 GW from Small Hydro Power and 9.92 GW from Bio-power. A total of 100 billion units of power have been generated in the country during the year 2017-18 from all renewable energy sources. 5. PROMOTIONAL MEASURES FOR ACCELERATED DEPLOYMENT OF RENEWABLES: Major policy initiatives for increasing the share of renewable energy undertaken after June 2014 are as under:- Announced a cumulative target of 175 GW [2] renewable energy based electric installed capacity by the year 2022 that includes . Solar Power: 100 GW . Wind Power: 60 GW . Bio power: 10 GW . Small Hydro Power: 5 GW Issued guidelines for procurement of solar and wind power through tariff based competitive bidding process [10]. The Ministry of Power vide order No. 23/03/2016-R&R dated 14 June 2018 have notified the long term RPO trajectory from 2019-20 to 2021-22. The year-wise RPO levels are as under [11]:
Long term RPO trajectory 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 Non-solar 10.25% 10.25% 10.50% Solar 7.25% 8.75% 10.50% Total 17.50% 19.00% 21.00%
Notified National Offshore Wind Energy Policy [12] ;
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Policy for Repowering of Wind Power Projects announced; Notified standards for deployment of Solar photovoltaic systems/devices; Issued order on waiving the Inter State Transmission Systems charges and losses for inter-state sale of solar and wind power for projects to be commissioned by March 2022; Launched Surya Mitra Programme for developing a cadre of trained manpower for deployment of solar energy projects [16]. The above initiatives resulted in significant increase in renewable energy deployment. In Dec 2018 the cumulative renewable power installed capacity was 74.79 GW. Of this, around 39 GW renewable power installed capacity was added from April 2014 to Dec 2018. In addition, procurement of solar and wind power through transparent competitive bidding process led to significant reduction in tariffs. 6. SOLAR ENERGY The National Solar Mission (NSM) was launched on 11th January, 2010. The Mission targets included (i) deployment of 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022, (ii) 2,000 MW of off-grid solar applications including 20 million solar lights by 2022, (iii) 20 million sq. m. solar thermal collector area, (iv) to create favourable conditions for developing solar manufacturing capability in the country; and (v) support R&D and capacity building activities to achieve grid parity by 2022. The Mission is to be implemented in three phases [17]. The Cabinet in its meeting held on 17.06.2015 had approved revision of cumulative targets under NSM from 20,000 MW by 2021-22 to 1,00,000 MW by 2021-22 for Grid Connected Solar Power Projects. The revised target of 1,00,000 MW is planned to be achieved in 7 years period and broadly consist of 40 GW Grid connected Rooftop projects and 60 GW large and medium size land based solar power projects [2]. 6.1 Road map for achieving 100 GW target under NSM: The Government has revised the target of Grid Connected Solar Power Projects from 20,000 MW by the year 2021-22 to 100,000 MW by the year 2021-22 under the National Solar Mission. This will attract an investment of Rs. 6.5 lakh crore. Accordingly, the Ministry has chalked out year wise targets [18]. The total target has been envisaged to be divided into Rooftop (40 GW) and medium & large scale grid connected projects (60GW) 6.2 Solar projects Commissioned so far ( up to 31.03.2019) Capacity installed up to March, 2018 -: 28044 MW
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76887 69022 57244 45928 38968 31002 35007 24914 16817 19974 10256 12137 14792
Total Installation Capacity(renewable Energy) vs States
6095.55
3592.09 3226.79 3085.68 2441.22 2440.13 1840.16 1633.54 960.10 905.62
Solar Project Commissioned till March 2019 in top 10 States 6.3 Schemes/Initiatives Launched for Achieving Solar Energy Targets Grid-connected Rooftop: It is proposed to set up 40 GW solar rooftop projects where grid connectivity already exists. There is provision for 30% Government subsidy for General category States and 70% for NE, Sikkim, Special Category States, Lakshadeep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands for residential sector. There is no subsidy for commercial and industries. Incentive scheme has been prepared for Government sector [19]. Solar Parks: 40 GW large Solar Energy Parks being set up with the help of states. 47 solar parks have been sanctioned in 21 states with total capacity of 26,694 MW [20]. Scheme for Development of Solar PV Power Plants on Canal Banks/ Canal Tops. States are also being encouraged to setup projects at their own level also [21]. Scheme for setting up 300 MW of Solar Power Projects by Defence Establishments and Para Military Forces with Viability Gap Funding [22].
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Implementation of scheme of setting up 1000 MW with domestic cells and modules of Grid- Connected Solar PV Power Projects by Central Public Sector Undertakings with Viability Gap Funding [23]. Implementation of Scheme for setting up of 15000 MW of Grid connected Solar PV Power Projects by NTPC/NVVN [24]. Setting up of 2000 MW & 5000 MW Grid connected solar power with Viability Gap Funding through Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) [25-26]. New loan scheme to promote rooftop solar power projects is being implemented by IREDA. The scheme is providing loans at interest rates between 9.9 and 10.75 parent to system aggregators and developers [27]. 6.4 Solar Tariffs The lowest solar tariff discovered as on date is Rs. 2.44/kWh in July 2018 in ISTS based bidding of solar projects of anywhere in India. The solar tariff has come down from Rs 18/kWh in 2010 to Rs. 2.44/kWh in 2018 due to various factors like economies of scale, assured availability of land and power evacuation systems etc. The trajectory of solar tariff in Rs./kWh is as given below [28-29] :
20 17.91 15 10.95
10 7.9 7.49 5.5 5.25 5.05 5.09 4.63 4.34 2.97 5 2.622.44 0
Figure: Trajectory of solar tariff in Rs./kWh 6.5 Solar Park Scheme The Scheme for “Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects” was rolled out on 12-12-2014 with aggregate capacity 20,000 MW. Further, the capacity of the Solar Park Scheme was enhanced from 20,000 MW to 40,000 MW on 21-03-2017 to set up at least 50 solar parks by 2021-22 [20]. Solar Park is a large chunk of land developed with all necessary infrastructures and clearances for setting up of solar projects. The capacity of the solar parks is generally 500 MW and above. However, smaller parks (up to 20 MW) are also considered in in States/UTs where there is shortage of non-agricultural land. Approximately 4 to 5 acres per MW of land is required for setting up of solar parks. The total Central Grants approved under the Scheme is Rs. 8100.00 crore (Rupees Eight Thousand and One Hundred Crore) [32-33] .
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Under the scheme, the Ministry provides Central Financial Assistance (CFA) of up to Rs. 25 lakh per solar park for preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR). Beside this, CFA of up to Rs. 20.00 lakh per MW (Rs. 12 Lakh/MW for development of internal infrastructure of solar park and Rs. 8 Lakh/MW for development of external power evacuation infrastructure of solar park) or 30% of the project cost, including Grid-connectivity cost, whichever is lower, is also provided on achieving the milestones prescribed in the scheme. The approved grant is released by Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd. (SECI) as per milestones [34-35] . Progress of Solar Park Scheme The target of the Solar Park Scheme is to develop at least 50 solar parks with aggregate installed capacity of 40,000 MW of solar power by 2021-22 [36] . Capacity approved: Based on the proposals received from the States, 47 solar parks of aggregate capacity 26,694 MW has been approved to 21 States up to Dec, 2018. Land: Over 1,00,000 lakh acres of land identified for various solar parks out of which over 75,000 acres have been acquired. Commissioned capacity inside solar parks: Solar projects of aggregate capacity 4725 MW have been commissioned inside various solar parks. Solar parks fully operational: The Kurnool solar park (1000 MW) in Andhra Pradesh and Bhadla-II solar park (680 MW) in Rajasthan are fully operational. Solar parks partially developed: Aggregate capacity of 3045 MW commissioned in nine solar parks namely Ananthapurumu solar park (650 MW out of 1500 MW) in Andhra Pradesh, Ananthapurumu-II solar park (250 MW out of 500 MW) in Andhra Pradesh Kasargod solar park (50 MW out of 200 MW) in Kerala, Neemuch-Mandsaur solar park (250 MW out of 700 MW) &Rewa Solar Park (280 MW out of 750 MW) in Madhya Pradesh, Pavagada solar park (650 MW out of 2000 MW) in Karnataka Bhadla-III solar park (500 MW out of 1000 MW) in Rajasthan, Bhadla-IV solar park (250 MW out of 500 MW) in Rajasthan and UP solar park (165 MW out of 440 MW). Scheme for setting up over 300 MW of Grid-Connected Solar PV Power Projects by Defence Establishments under Ministry of Defence and Para Military Forces with Viability Gap Funding under Phase-II/III of NSM. Potential of Solar Energy in cantonment and Military Stations are approximately 5000 MW and in Ordnance Factory Boards (OFB) are around 950 MW. Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) and other Defence Establishments agreed to set up solar power projects on the large tracts of land and vacant rooftops which they own. The Cabinet has approved the Scheme in its meeting held on 10th December, 2014. The Ministry has issued Administrative Approval on 07th January, 2015. The broad guidelines of the scheme are as under: i. A capacity of 300 MW will be set up in various Establishments of Ministry of Defence i.e. Establishments of Army, Navy, Air Force, Ordnance Factory Board,
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Defence Laboratories and Defence PSUs etc. Para Military Forces would also be covered under this scheme. ii. Minimum size of the project shall be 1 MW. iii. The projects under this Scheme will mandatorily use solar cells & modules which are made in India. iv. Project Implementation Schedule is 5 years period i.e. from 2014-19 v. The Defence Establishments will be free to own the power projects i.e. get a EPC contractor to build the project for them or get a developer who makes the investment and supplies power at a fixed tariff of Rs.5.50 per unit for 25 years. Now solar tariff is reduced from Rs 5.50 per unit to Rs 4.50 per unit. vi. The solar project developers will be provided VGF based on the bid. The bidders will be selected on the basis of bids for minimum VGF requirement for the project with commitment to supply solar power at fixed tariff for 25 years. vii. Previously upper limit of VGF was Rs 2.5 Cr/MW. Now VGF limit is revised to Rs 1.1 Cr/MW. Physical Achievement: In-principle approval of 344.5 MW has been given to different Defence Organisations. Out of this, 70 MW has already commissioned and balance capacities are under implementation stage. PRESENT STATUS: WIND POWER Wind sector moved from Feed-in-tariff (FIT) regime to competitive bidding process during the year. Wind Bidding Guidelines were issued in December, 2017 to ensure transparency in bidding and low tariffs. Expression of Interest has been floated for development of first 1000 MW offshore wind farm off the coast of Gujarat. Revised List of Models & Manufacturers (RLMM) of wind turbines are updated regularly by the ministry. At present, there are 9 manufacturers and 21 wind turbine models in the list. OTHER INITIATIVES A capacity addition of 682.06 MW has been reported under Grid Connected Small Hydro Power plants during last four years, taking cumulative small hydropower projects capacity to 4485.80 MW from 1097 projects in the country. Further 134 projects of cumulative capacity 757.36 MW are under implementation in the country. A cumulative installed capacity of 8700.80 MW has been achieved from biomass power/ bagasse cogeneration and 662.81 MW from biomass captive power/ non bagasse cogeneration as on 31.03.2018.
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23 number of grid connected waste to energy plants with cumulative installed capacity of 138.30 MW as on 31.03.2018. During 2017-18, 0.40 lakh biogas plants installations has been achieved, taking a cumulative achievement to 50.05 lakh biogas plants as on 31.03.2018. Suryamitra program was launched for creation of a qualified technical workforce in 2015 and over 18,631 suryamitras have been trained under the programme up to 31.03.2018. 7,618 Suryamitras were trained during the year 2017-18. 143 number of Ph.D fellowships and 201 number of M.Sc/M.E/M.Tech fellowships have been awarded as on 31.03.2018. GREEN ENERGY CORRIDOR The intra state transmission scheme (InSTS) is being implemented by eight renewable rich State’s Transmission Utilities (of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu) in order to facilitate integration of large scale renewable generation capacity with total project cost of Rs. 10141 crores, with funding mechanism consisting of 20% State Equity, 40% Government of India Grant (total 4056.67 crores) and 40% KfW loan (500 million EUR). The InSTS project includes about approx. 9400 ckm transmission lines and Substations of total capacity of approx. 19000 MVA to be completed by March 2020. The purpose is to evacuate approx. 20,000 MW of large scale renewable power and improvement of the grid in the implementing States. Under the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) project, total 8960 ckm intra-state transmission lines have been awarded. Under the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) project, 1600 ckm (circuit kilometre) intra-state transmission lines were completed during the year 2018-19 taking the cumulative figure of completed lines to 2800 ckm. Under the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) project, 3200 ckm inter-state transmission lines have been awarded. Under the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) project, 715 ckm inter-state lines were completed during 2018-19 taking the cumulative completed lines to 2519 ckm. AMENDMENTS IN TARIFF POLICY TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY Amendments to the Tariff Policy for robust Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) compliance and for providing Renewable Generation Obligation (RGO); The Ministry of Power vide order No. 23/03/2016-R&R dated 14 June 2018 have notified the long term RPO trajectory from 2019-20 to 2021-22. The year-wise RPO levels are as under:
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Long term RPO 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 trajectory Non-solar 10.25% 10.25% 10.50% Solar 7.25% 8.75% 10.50% Total 17.50% 19.00% 21.00%
Figure: RPO Compliance till 2017-18 Issued order for waiving the Inter State Transmission System charges and losses for inter-state sale of solar and wind power for projects to be commissioned by March 2022. INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE (ISA) MAP The International Solar Alliance (ISA) became first international intergovernmental organization headquartered in India on 6th December, 2017. ISA is part of India’s vision to provide clean and affordable energy to all. So far 71 countries have signed the Framework Agreement of the ISA. Out of these, 48 countries have ratified the same. The First Assembly of the ISA was held on 3 October, 2018 in India. 37 ISA member Countries, including India and France, attended the Assembly. In addition, 25 countries that have signed the Framework Agreement of ISA but yet to ratify; 13 Prospective Member countries that are yet sign the Framework Agreement of the ISA; and 3 Partner countries that are beyond inter-tropical zone attended the Assembly as Observers.
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In the First Assembly inter-alia India’s resolution for amending the Framework Agreement of the ISA for opening up the ISA membership to all countries that are members of United Nations was adopted. India has recognized ISA’s judicial personality by entering into Head quarter agreement with ISA. Further, Government of India has allotted 5 acres of land to the ISA in NISE campus, Gurugram and released a sum of Rs 145 crore for creating a corpus fund, building infrastructure and meeting day today recurring expenditure. In addition, CPSUs have contributed around US $ 12 million for augmenting ISA corpus fund. Sun is a huge amount of source of energy. Earth absorbed more energy in one hour as compared to that mankind uses in one year. Energy produce by Sun is almost twice the energy generated by other sources like coal, oil, natural gas and uranium etc. Due to more availability of Sun as compared to other geographic region, India has huge chance to become one of leaders in solar power generation. According to the Government of India’s policy for the solar sector – Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) – a target of 20 GW of solar installations by 2022 has been set. India is endowed with vast solar energypotential, About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over India’s land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day [42]. Conclusion: Ongoing concerns on the climate change have made renewable energy sources an important component. Renewable is the best possible solution for the replacement of fossil fuels in the power generation industry. The review of renewable energy generation and estimated potential details provided us useful information that can be used in decision making for the implementation of various schemes. Thus, there is no single solution of every energy need but rather it’s a planned work for the implementation of various schemes. References: [1]. “India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution” Page no 8-9. [2]. “ National Solar Mission Document” Page No 2, Year, 2017 [3]. “All India Installed Capacity (In Mw) Of Power Stations”, page no 1-7, Year 2018. [4]. “Annual Report 2016-17 document” Page No. 2, Year 2017. [5]. “Annual Report 2017-18 document” Page No. 5-10, Year 2018. [6]. “Annual Report 2017-18 document” Page No. 3-8, Year 2018 [7]. “Central Electricity Authority Annual Report 2017-18”” [8]. SudhakarSundaray • Lovedeep Mann UjjwalBhattacharjee • ShirishGarudArun K Tripathi “Reaching the sun with rooftop solar”, Page No24-25 Year 2018. [9]. “Long term growth trajectory of Renewable Purchase Obligations MNRE Document” Page No. 1-2, Year 2018. [10]. “National Offshore Wind Energy Policy MNRE Document” Page No 4-10, Year 2015.
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[11]. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, “Study of Repowering of Wind Power Projects”, WFML/2014-15/IREDA/3651/Study of Repowering of WPP - Final Report. [12]. VivekKaundalaAmit Kumar MondalaPaawanSharmaaKamalBansalb, “Tracing of shading effect on underachieving SPV cell of an SPV grid using wireless sensor network” Volume 18, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 475-484. [13]. Ashwani Kumar a, Kapil Kumar b, Naresh Kaushik c, Satyawati Sharma a,*, Saroj Mishra, “Renewable energy in India: Current status and future potentials, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 2434–2442. [14]. F. Blaabjerg, and Z. Chen, “Power electronics as an enabling technology for renewable energy integration”, Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 3, no.2, 2003, pp. 81-89. [15]. Z. Saad-Saoud, N. Jenkins, “The application of advanced static VAr compensators to wind farms”, IEE Colloquium on Power Electronics for Renewable Energy, 1997, pp. 6/1 - 6/5. [16]. M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, A. Timbus and F. Blaabjerg, “Online grid impedance estimation for single-phase grid-connected systems using PQ variations”, Proc. of PESC, 2007, pp. 2306-2312. [17]. M. L. Lazarewicz and A. Rojas, “Grid frequency regulation by recycling electrical energy in flywheels,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, Jun. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 2038–2042. [18]. S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, “A review of single-phase grid- connected inverters for photovoltaic modules,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep./Oct. 2005. [19]. M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu and F. Blaabjerg, “On-line grid impedance estimation based on harmonic injection for gridconnected PV inverter”, Proc. of ISIE, 2007, pp. 2437-2442. [20]. M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, A. Timbus and F. Blaabjerg, “Online grid impedance estimation for single-phase grid-connected systems using PQ variations”, Proc. of PESC, 2007, pp. 2306-2312. [21]. A. Woyte, K. De Brabandere, D.V. Dommelen, R. Belmans, and J. Nijs, “International harmonization of grid connection guidelines: adequate requirements for the prevention of unintentional islanding”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2003, Vol. 11, pp. 407-424. [22]. VivekKaundalaAmitKumarMondalaPaawanSharmaaKamalBansalb, “Tracing of shading effect on underachieving SPV cell of an SPV grid using wireless sensor network, Volume 18, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 475-484
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[23]. B. K. Perera, P. Ciufo, S. Perera, “Point of Common Coupling (PCC) voltage control of a grid-connected solar Photovoltaic (PV) system,” 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2013), 2013, pp.7475-7480. [24]. J Sreedevi, Ashwin N, M Naini Raju, “A Study on Grid Connected PV system” , 978-1-4799-5141-3/14/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE. [25]. MontoManiRohitPillai, “Impact of dust on solar photovoltaic (PV) performance: Research status, challenges and recommendations”, pp 2445-3258, Volume 14, Issue 9. [26]. Subhojit Dawn n , Prashant Kumar Tiwari, Arup Kumar Goswami, Manash Kumar Mishra, “Recent developments of solar energy in India: Perspectives, strategies and future goals”,Page No 17-20, 62 (2016) 215–235. [27]. UrjaAkshay. Newsletter of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Government of India; December 2008. http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/novdec- 2008- e.pdf. [28]. Henry D. Sokolski, “Avoiding a Nuclear Wild, Wild West in the Middle East” ,Page No 10-12, Year 2018. [29]. RadheyShyamMeena,Dilip Nigam, Dr A K Tripathi, Dr P C Pant, Prof D K Palwaliya, DrRohitBhakhar “Energy Storage: A Key Enabler and Black Start Support System”, Energy Future Magazine, TERI Press, vol 6, issue 3, pp 44-53, June 2018. [30]. RadheyShyamMeena, A S Parira, Dilip Nigam “Solar Parks to Ramp up Solar Projects in the Country: The recent Downward trends in Solar Tariff”, Electricity Markets and Regulation, 2018 Paris Session. [31]. RadheyShyamMeena, et al “Solar Parks to Ramp up Solar Projects in the Country, Issues, and Challenges: Contribution towards Climate Change'', International Conference & Expo on Advances in Power Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (APGRES-2017), pp 354-367, December 2017. [32]. RadheyShyamMeena, A S Parira, Dilip Nigam “Success Story of Solar Parks in India vis-à-vis Beginning of a New Era of Solar Tariff” AkshayaUrja, Magazine of Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Volume 11 Issue 1, pp 37-41, October 2017. [33]. RadheyShyamMeena,Dr. A K Tripathi“Current Status, Outlook and Review Analysis of Solar Energy Sector in India and the Way Forward” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science -IJRISS vol.1 issue 4, April 2017. [34]. RadheyShyamMeena,Dr. Nitin Gupta, Prof. D. K. Palwaliya, Dr. A. K. Sharma "Integration of Solar Parks: Global Impact of Intermittent RE Generation" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science -IJRISS vol.1 issue 5, pp.07-15, April 2017.
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