Detailed Management Plan for Swamplovers Nature Preserve Managed by Swamplovers Foundation and Ice Age Trail Alliance Dane County,

∳Integrated Restorations, LLC

Ecological Restoration & Land Management Services Ecological Restoration & Land Management Services Compiled by:

Craig A. Annen Operations Manager and Director of Research Integrated Restorations, LLC

Comments provided by: Kevin Thusius Director of Land Conservation–The Ice Age Trail Alliance

Graphic layout and typesetting: Daniela Annen

First Edition: July 2010 Revised Edition: February 2012

This detailed management plan is supplemental to the document entitled “Management Plan for the Swamplovers Property” prepared by IATA Staff and signed into effect on January 25, 2005.

This detailed management plan is complementary to the document entitled “Land Management Plan for Swamplovers, Inc.”, prepared by The University of Wisconsin‐Madison Department of Forestry on December 15, 1998, which focuses primarily on management of timber stand production for the property.

Cover photo courtesy of Gary Nelson. Table of Contents

Executive Summary Page 6 History of the Swamplovers Foundation Page 9 Legal Description and Location Page 14 Status of Adjacent Land Page 15 Vision Statement Page 16 Ecological Management Goals Page 19 Regional Context of the Preserve Page 20 Climate Page 20 Hydrology Page 21 Geology and Geomorphology, and Soils Page 25 Geologic History (Precambrian to Ordovician Periods) Page 26 Glaciation (Quaternary Period) Page 27 Glacial Retreat (Holocene Epoch) Page 30 Soils Page 31 Vegetation Page 37 Postglacial Vegetation History of Southwestern Wisconsin Page 37 Presettlement Vegetation of the Preserve Page 40 General Ecological Context of the Preserve and Management Summaries for Ecological Communities Page 42 Descriptions of Communities Page 44 Prairie Page 47 Summary of Ecological Management Goals Page 56 Management Recommendations Page 57 Sedge Meadow Page 64 Summary of Ecological Management Goals Page 69 Management Recommendations Page 70 Savanna (Oak Opening) and Open Oak Woodland Page 74 Summary of Ecological Management Goals Page 82 Management Recommendations Page 83 Emergent Pond Margins and Open Water Page 89 Summary of Ecological Management Goals Page 92 Management Recommendations Page 93 Mesic Forest Page 96 References Page 99 Appendix A – Lists A – 0: Summary of species richness Page 103 A – 1: Total species richness Page 104 A – 2: Species of conservation concern Page 129 A – 3: Species richness and floristic quality (unit 1) Page 135 A – 4: Species richness and floristic quality (unit 7) Page 139 A – 5: Species richness and floristic quality (unit 20) Page 141 A – 6: Planting list for management unit 31 Page 144 A – 7: Planting list for management unit 13 Page 146 A – 8: Planting list for management units 2 and 3 Page 148 Appendix B – Specific Recovery Plans for Species of Conservation Concern B – 1: Yellow hyssop Page 150 B – 2: Purple milkweed Page 154 B – 3: Tuberous Indian plantain Page 155 B – 4: Clustered poppy mallow Page 157 B – 5: Pale purple coneflower Page 159 B – 6: Cream gentian Page 161 B – 7: Butternut Page 163 B – 8: Glade mallow Page 165 B – 9: Marbleseed Page 166 B – 10: Wild quinine Page 168 B – 11: Prairie turnip Page 170 B – 12: Eastern prairie fringed orchid Page 172 B – 13: Casey’s ladies tresses Page 175 Appendix C – General Management Recommendations for Avian and Herpetofauna Species of Conservation Concern C – 1: Grassland and migratory birds Page 176 C – 2: Herpetofauna Page 177 Appendix D: Management Units of the Preserve Page 178 Appendix E: Soils Map of the Preserve Page 180 Appendix F: Autumn Transplanting of Federally‐Endangered Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid Page 181

Executive Summary

The Detailed Management Plan for the Swamplovers Nature Preserve was prepared as a supplement to the document “Management Plan for the Swamplovers Property” (a perpetual management plan for the property) prepared by IATA Staff and the Swamplovers Board of Directors and signed into effect on January 25, 2005. This detailed supplemental plan is subservient to the property’s perpetual management plan should any conflicts arise between the two documents.

The overall purpose of this management plan was to develop and record long‐ term ecological and land‐use management goals for the Swamplovers/Ice Age Trail Alliance Nature Preserve (for brevity, hereafter referred to as the SL/IATA Preserve or simply ‘the Preserve’). The current draft of this plan provides a baseline for an adaptive ecological management approach to accomplish those goals in accordance with the vision statement of the Swamplovers Foundation Board of Directors. Future renditions of this document shall contain management goals and strategies for recreation and education on the Preserve, to be prepared by IATA staff. The first edition of this supplementary Detailed Management Plan was developed by Integrated Restorations, LLC, the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc., and Ice Age Trail Alliance during the months of May 2009 through July 2010. The second edition was updated by Integrated Restorations, LLC in February 2012. To accommodate changing management needs and midcourse corrections necessary to achieve long‐term management goals, and to update species lists and management recommendations for species of conservation concern, this

6 document should be revisited and revised/updated at two‐year intervals. Subsequent revisions should also document in detail the history of restoration and management activities completed up to that date at the SL/IATA Preserve. Data updates and detailed site history descriptions will provide a permanent record of habitat enhancement histories at the Preserve for use by future land managers and consultants. This detailed history will provide baseline data to guide future land management initiatives and will record the accomplishments (and setbacks) observed after the implementation of various restoration techniques and practices.

This supplementary document provides detailed geological and ecological descriptions of the SL/IATA Nature Preserve and the surrounding landscape, long‐ term ecological management goals, a summary of species richness that has been documented at the Preserve (consolidated from all existing species inventory, research, and management projects from the inception of the Swamplovers Foundation as a Sub S corporation through January 2012), brief overviews of the management history of some of the Preserve’s various habitat units, and detailed management recommendations for many of the Preserve’s species of conservation concern. It is the intention of the Swamplovers and IATA that future land managers, consultants, and site stewards of this property utilize this document (or any subsequent revisions), along with the perpetual management plan when prioritizing and conducting future management initiatives at the Preserve.

7 Swamplovers’ Foundation:

______Gerald R. Goth, President date

______H. Lee Swanson, Vice‐President & Treasurer date

______Tom Kuehn, Secretary date

Ice Age Trail Alliance:

______Kevin Thusius, Director of Land Conservation date

______Michael G. Wollmer, Executive Director date

8 History of the Swamplovers Foundation

Contributed by H. Lee Swanson and Gerald R. Goth

In the mid‐1980s, Joe Kuehn and H. Lee Swanson were interested in the purchase of approximately 600 acres of land (Sections 27, 28, 33, and 34 in T8N R7E of Dane County) from the von Rutenbergs of the Mariner’s Inn [Restaurant] fame. Joe received a telephone call from the von Rutenbergs in spring 1987 that they were willing to sell the property on County Highway KP. Following a couple of months of negotiations, the sale was closed on August 5, 1987 with a purchase price of $380,000. Contemporaneously with the purchase, a Sub S corporation was formed called Swamplovers, Inc. with five shareholders (Joe Kuehn, Lee Swanson, Tom Kuehn, Gerry Goth and Jim Kuehn). Joe Kuehn coined the name “Swamplovers” in jest to reflect the belief by the group that local people would think they were crazy for buying a parcel of “unproductive swamp land”. Jim Kuehn was only a partner for a short time. The property had been completely plotted for development by the von Rutenbergs. That, however, was never the intent of the Swamplovers group, who initially saw the property as a hunting and recreational opportunity.

In early 1988 Swamplovers decided to sell four lots on the east side of Highway KP totaling approximately 141 acres. These sales left 460 acres on the west side of KP in possession of the Swamplovers Sub S Corporation. The farmland in the east and west valleys were rented to local farmers Gerald Kerl and LaVerne Marten and was initially entered into the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in

9 1988. A forest management plan was prepared by the UW‐Madison Forestry Department in 1998, and in 2002 the west ridge was put into the Forest Crop Protection Program. Swamplovers pursued several select logging operations over the next few years. The effort led to more attention to the woods as a resource to improve by removing invasives such as buckthorn, garlic mustard and honeysuckle. In concert with Steve Holaday of the DNR, several Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) projects were undertaken with grants (and cost sharing from the Foundation) which has provided the means to a program to improve the

quality of the oak‐dominated timber stands on the property.

Large‐scale management of the property began in 1988 and has been gaining momentum ever since. In that year, the first prairie planting took place in conjunction with the new CRP plan. In 1988 Swamplovers also reached its first agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service to restore wetlands, and the first ponds were built in the wetlands on the southwest part of the property. These would be the first of several agreements and 19 constructed ponds and the beginning of a long‐standing relationship with U.S. Fish and Wildlife to restore wetlands and prairie on the property. In that same year, access trails began to be developed throughout the property and presently amount to almost seven linear miles. It was also decided in 1988 to cease allowing use of the farm for a motorcycle endurance course that had existed on the property for a number of years. The scars from that activity are still visible on the picnic hill prairie remnant. The resilience of the land is great however, and pale purple coneflowers among other native prairie emerged in the tracks left by the cycles. At about this time, it was decided to allow hunting and trapping on the

property. Hunting and trapping rules and parameters were established, and all of

10 these practices are still in use today. As well, hunting for pheasants was provided for and a shooting preserve license was acquired. Pheasants have been stocked for many years and in recent years Pheasants Forever has sponsored a youth day to encourage youth hunting and outdoor appreciation.

Attention to bird habitat and waterfowl production began in 1991 with the first duck and goose nests as well as bluebird houses. Many have been added since, in addition to providing more natural cover and food sources by establishing prairie plantings and wildlife food plots, and by restoring the property to its presettlement condition.

Prescribed fire was initially reintroduced to the site in 1991. Burning permits were acquired after consulting with state DNR officials and the township fire warden. Burning became very important in the control and management of prairie, wetland and woodland and has been carried on annually ever since with proper controls, equipment and trained personnel.

In 1997 the Swamplovers contracted Boehnen, Inc. to bulldoze the picnic area so that it could be mowed. Subsequent years began to expose many relic prairie plants on the hill. The presence and increasing abundance of these relic populations (along with encouragement from Gary Eldred, among others) fostered the Swamplovers’ interest in prairie restoration and to the potential this remnant held for regional prairie conservation.

In 1999, Pat Sutter of ASCS assisted the Swamplovers group with funding from Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed to repair and straighten a badly eroded area at the north end of west valley, as well as put in a new large pond in the front valley, for which they did the planning and got approvals from CRP and DNR. He

11 also got a 50% cost sharing for that project and the Swamplovers agreed to destroy all drainage tiles in the east valley and plant 25 acres to wet mesic prairie.

In 1992 discussion began with DNR personnel about easements and other sources of funding to help with restoration of the property. In 2003, after much discussion and research with attorneys, accountants and an overriding desire to protect the land into perpetuity, it was decided to enter an agreement with Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation (now known as the Ice Age Trail Alliance, IATA) that would facilitate most of the Swamplovers’ objectives. Additional discussion with the DNR and IATA ensued in the following years, which eventually led to a conservation easement and final disposition of the land to the IATA with state, county and National Park Service involvement in a unique agreement with the Swamplovers in January 2005. Joe Kuehn’s untimely death and escalating value of the property and concern about how to protect it forever from development and save the native remnants that had been found, became the overriding factors in reaching an agreement with the aforementioned to make the property a permanently‐protected nature preserve. In the process, the partners established the Swamplovers Foundation to provide for the enhancement and care for the land in perpetuity with dividends from investments of the easement purchase.

It was decided in 2003 to build two new machine sheds, one for accumulated equipment and one to house picnic tables. Gerry and Lee suffered much consternation with the county in receiving approvals. It was decided that Lee & Gerry would also purchase some land and build homes on the property that would at some date in the future be donated to the Ice Age Trail Alliance. In June 24‐26, 2005, a dedication was held on the picnic hill with local, county and state

12 dignitaries present to recognize the new arrangement that had been reached. Kathleen Falk, Spencer Black, Tammy Baldwin and others were present.

In 2007, Craig Annen of Integrated Restorations, LLC, approached the Swamplovers group with a proposal to assist them on a contract basis with acquiring funding and helping to facilitate the many large‐scale restoration and rehabilitation projects being undertaken by the Foundation. This arrangement provided additional funding for enhancement and rehabilitation projects and has thus far led to documented increases in the presence and abundance of several species of conservation concern that utilize the property.

Since its inception and not counting the initial cost of the property, more than $1.5 million has been spent on improvements, maintenance and upkeep related to the many projects, buildings, equipment, seed, labor, taxes, chemicals and everything else needed to get the property to its current condition. The Foundation has provided tens of thousands of dollars to several professional consulting and contracting firms in southern Wisconsin. Untold numbers of volunteer hours have been put in by dedicated owners, friends, and others who care about making the “Swamp Farm” a wonderful legacy to future generations, in hopes that they will appreciate and learn the importance of wetland, woodland and prairie to both human life and all the critters and flora that need places like this to survive.

13 Location and Legal Description of the Preserve

The SL/IATA Preserve is located in the Township of Berry, two miles northwest of the Village of Cross Plains in Dane County, Wisconsin. The Preserve is legally described as “A parcel of land located in the Southeast ¼ of the Northwest ¼ and the Northeast ¼ of the Southwest ¼ of Section 33, the northwest ¼ of Section 34, the southwest ¼ of Section 27, and southeast ¼ of Section 28 in Township 8 North, Range 7 East, Town of Berry in the county of Dane”.

14 Status of Adjacent Land

The SL/IATA Preserve and adjacent landscape total more than 1,200 acres of protected land:

Public Property

Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed State Fishery Area

Festge County Park

Private Property

Plastic Ingenuity, Inc. Wahl Farm and Schroeder Farm

Burlington Railroad Mesic Prairie Remnant

Long Prairie Remnant

Land Trusts and Nonprofit Organizations

Ice Age Trail Alliance ( Hill, Holmes Tract, and S.B. Andersen Preserve)

Festge Farm/Natural Heritage Land Trust

Table Bluff Prairie Remnant

American Farmland Trust

15 Vision Statement of the Preserve

Contributed by H. Lee Swanson and Gerald R. Goth

The Foundation’s long‐term endpoint ecological goal for the property is to restore, enhance, and perpetually manage a large‐scale landscape mosaic consisting of intergrading remnant prairie, sedge meadow, oak savanna, open oak woodland, and wetland, all providing sustenance for plants, waterfowl, and wildlife, and open to the public to enjoy and experience, and also for hunting and trapping on a limited basis. The Foundation’s ultimate ecological management goal is to maximize the potential of the Preserve and set aside a landscape‐scale example of the presettlement condition of southwestern Wisconsin’s Driftless Area. A secondary goal is to contribute ecosystem services (such as improvement of water quality in the Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed and carbon storage) to the region.

The Swamplovers envision long‐term use of the property by hunters, hikers, educators, and people interested in grassland and woodland communities and all that reside in them, scientists of various disciplines, and people who just want to experience and enjoy the outdoors. The Swamplovers envision an experience for young and old alike that will generate an appreciation of Leopold’s conservation ethic, the sacrifice and commitment that the Swamplovers have invested in the property, and the invaluable symbiotic relationship geologic history offers all of us. The Swamplovers hope that such groups as Pheasants Forever, The Prairie Enthusiasts, UW‐Madison’s Entomology Department, Wisconsin Wetlands

16 Association, Ducks Unlimited, UW‐Madison Forestry, Ice Age Trail Alliance, Scouts, and school classes can continue to enjoy the property.

When the original Swamplovers group and their immediate family are no longer involved in the Swamplovers Foundation, it is the intention of the founding members that the board of directors be made up of conservation‐minded representatives from groups such as the Ice Age Trail Alliance, The Prairie Enthusiasts, Pheasants Forever, Ducks Unlimited, Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Wisconsin Waterfowl Association, or similar types of conservation groups that can foster and perpetuate the dreams envisioned for the property. It is the intention of the Swamplovers that hunting continues on the Preserve on a controlled basis indefinitely. Young people should also learn to hunt at the property on a controlled basis and learn to explore and appreciate what is here and it is the Swamplovers intention that the Foundation Board members from the aforementioned groups will use the property to see that this happens. The Swamplovers further hope that the Foundation will be able to continue to support contracting professional management services on at least a part time basis with professional consultants such as Craig Annen, and that with the assistance of family and volunteers, as well as funding opportunities through management grants, professionally‐contracted management will continue to make the property all that it can be.

17 Recreational and Educational Management Goals

The Recreational and Educational Management Goals are not yet included in this Detailed Management Plan. It is the intent to work with professional educators, interpreters and site designers to develop these goals and a plan to realize them. In the meantime, resources include the Ice Age Trail National Scenic Trail Handbook for Trail Design, Construction and Maintenance, the Perpetual Management Plan, the Recorded Easement as well as professionals on a case‐by‐ case basis.

18 Ecological Management Goals

 Restore remnant plant communities to their presettlement condition.  Enhance habitat quality of remnant prairie, sedge meadow, oak savanna, and open oak woodland to benefit populations of native species across all trophic levels and also increase the distribution and abundance of species of conservation concern to maintain these populations in a favorable conservation status (viable population sizes, metapopulations, and infraspecific genetic variability to avoid genetic bottlenecks).  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Restore prairie and sedge meadow plant communities into buffer zones to connect adjacent vegetation communities along a wetland to upland continuum and maximize habitat (beta) diversity.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Restore and maintain concurrent habitat requirements for a multitude of native species across all trophic levels.  Allow for experimental and/or observational research into general biology and ecology, habitat management and ecological restoration techniques, local geology, and archeology, and disseminate these findings to the public. Use experimental results to modify management approaches in an adaptive restoration framework.  Allow the controlled removal of pheasant, turkey, deer, and other game species by hunting and trapping, especially by young hunters.

19 Regional Context of the Preserve

Climate

Southern Wisconsin experiences a continental climate that is dominated by Pacific air masses from March through November and by arctic air masses from December through February (NOAA 2009). Southern Wisconsin’s climate experiences large annual temperature fluctuations, ranging from 110°F in summer to minus 40°F during winter. Seasonal snowfall ranged from 40 to 50 inches and annual precipitation ranged from 34 to 36 inches during the 1971‐2000 normals period (NOAA 2009). Annual precipitation is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year with only slight increases during summer months. On average, there are 90 rainy days per year in southwestern Wisconsin, with sixty percent of annual precipitation occurring between May and September. During the normals period, summer temperatures in southwestern Wisconsin averaged 68°F, with average July temperatures of 72°F. Western Dane County had an average of 60 days per year with daily high temperatures in excess of 68°F. Winter temperatures averaged 20°F (NOAA 2009). The median date of first autumn frost ranged from October 4th to October 10th during the normals period, and the median date of last spring frost ranged from April 26th to May 2nd (Wisconsin State Climatologist 2009). The Preserve is located near the 100 isocline of the precipitation‐evaporation ratio; precipitation near this isocline is 100‐fold greater than evaporation, making the site’s local climate humid rather than arid. The average evaporating power of air is 57.5% RH in July, and western Dane County averages 5.5 inches of July evaporation. The length of the growing season in southern Wisconsin ranges from 130 to 170 days.

20 Hydrology

The Preserve is located entirely within the Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed, which is a part of the larger Lower Wisconsin River Watershed Complex. An unnamed tributary of the Black Earth Creek flows from northeast to southwest through the eastern and southern borders of the Preserve. The headwaters of this tributary are located near the junction of Otto Kerl Road and Enchanted Valley Road, in the Township of Berry. For lack of a name, this tributary will be referred to as the Otto Kerl Creek when referenced within this document. Although at the present time this creek functions locally as a stormwater outflow conduit, it was present on this site at the time of Euro‐ American settlement, and its presence was recorded by surveyors in 1832 (Figure 1).

21 Like many tributary streams in southwestern Wisconsin, the Otto Kerl Creek has been disturbed by human activities during post‐settlement times. Conversion of prairie to row crop agriculture over the previous 180 years has led to increased surface runoff and erosion, which has increased the frequency and amplitude of high‐discharge flooding events, deepening and widening the stream bank profile. Prior to Euro‐American settlement, wet prairie and sedge meadow vegetation bordering the Otto Kerl Creek (documented by land surveyors in 1832) captured and retained surface runoff, which then entered the creek gradually rather than abruptly. However, unlike many of the tributary streams in this and other southwest Wisconsin watersheds, the section of the Otto Kerl Creek transversing the Preserve lacks the deep layer of accumulated agricultural sediment covering the Holocene alluvial soils that support wet prairie and sedge meadow vegetation (Booth et al. 2009) at the southern end of the east valley (Figure 2).

22 The confluence of the Otto Kerl Creek with the Black Earth Creek is located approximately one‐quarter mile southwest of the Preserve. From there, the Black Earth Creek merges with the East Branch of Blue Mounds Creek approximately 10 miles northwest of the Preserve. The Blue Mounds Creek empties into the Wisconsin River approximately 1.75 miles northeast of the Village of Arena. Owing to its size, position in the watershed, and the diverse assemblages of wetland vegetation that it supports, the Preserve provides valuable ecosystem services (sensu Costanza et al. 1997) to the Black Earth Creek Watershed, particularly in terms of water quality enhancement. Additional hydrological input to the Preserve comes from several natural springs located throughout the property. Recharge of wetland hydrology occurs as 1) surface runoff (the west valley has a 560‐acre drainage basin and the east valley drainage basin exceeds 800 acres), 2) springs and seeps located throughout the property, 3) bank overflow from the Otto Kerl Creek, which does not occur annually, 4) intersection of low areas with the groundwater table.

When the property was acquired in 1987, the northern portions of the east valley had been artificially drained for agricultural purposes by tiling and ditching. Hydrological loss was exacerbated by wildfire suppression, which indirectly facilitated successional progression to shrub‐carr and lowland forest. In the absence of wildfire, fast‐growing tree and shrub species with high evapotranspiration rates, such as (Salix spp.), box elder (), cottonwood (Populous deltoides), honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.), and dogwoods (Cornus spp.), invaded the site and contributed to hydrological losses. Together, these hydrological disturbances uncoupled remnant sedge meadow and wet prairie vegetation from their hydrology and facilitated invasion by reed

23 canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea). To restore wetland structure and function to the east valley, drainage tiles were probed, smashed, and then buried by a backhoe in 1994‐95, and in 2007 a ditch fill/scrape construction project, funded in part by the USFWS, was undertaken to restore hydrology to the sedge meadow remnant. In the winter of 2008‐09, these efforts were followed up by tree and brush clearing, funded in part by the USDA‐NRCS Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP). Beginning in the spring of 2009, reed canarygrass control, funded in part by the WDNR Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Program, was initiated and so far has yielded encouraging results. This particular project, broad in its scope, is one example of how the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc., working in concert with government agency programs, ecological consultants, and contractors, has been able to successfully restore and rehabilitate ecosystem functioning at the Preserve, not as isolated individual projects but as an integrated, concerted effort within a landscape‐scale context. Sedge meadow restoration in the east valley will be tied into additional rehabilitation and enhancement projects being conducted in adjacent sections of the Preserve (funded in part by WDNR Landowner Incentives Program (LIP) and Turkey Stamp Program) to provide Wisconsin’s indigenous flora and fauna with a continuum of habitats along the wetland to upland continuum.

An ephemeral drainage ditch runs north to south through the low points of the west valley and typically has standing water during heavy rain events in the spring but is either dry or drawn down during most summers. This ditch empties into the newly‐constructed (summer 2010) six‐acre waterfowl production scrape pond at the south end of the west valley and contributes to hydrological input for

24 remnant sedge meadow wetlands located on John Brooks’ property, immediately south of the Preserve.

A total of 22 natural and constructed ponds occur throughout the Preserve. The ponds of the east valley have an average concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) of 282 ppm (SE = 13.1, range {256 ppm – 317 ppm}) and an average conductivity of 403 µS (SE = 19.4, range = {364 µS – 454 µS}). (Both sets of measurements were recorded in July 2009, at an average water temperature of 21.4°C.)

Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils

Throughout the span of geologic time, interactions among processes of intrusion, metamorphosis, deposition, sedimentation, erosion, and glacial action have given rise to the geologic cross‐section of the preserve that we see today (Figure 3).

25 Geologic History (Precambrian to Ordovician Periods)

The earliest geological record remaining in Wisconsin dates back 3.5 billion years, when the region that is now the Midwestern and north central Canada was the site of intense volcanic activity. By 2.5 billion years ago, deformation and metamorphosis of these volcanic substrates into gneisses, with additional intrusions of igneous granitic magmas, resulted in the formation of the Superior Continent, which would eventually merge with other embryonic continents and form the present‐day continent of (Dott and Attig 2004). Between 1.8 and 1.9 billion years ago, additional plate tectonic activity intruded igneous rocks (principally granite and quartzite) into the present‐day Baraboo Hills region located to the north‐northwest of the Preserve. The Baraboo Hills are the remnants of what were once the Penokean Mountains, a Precambrian mountain range that extended from to . Although the area occupied by the Preserve was at the foothills of this mountain chain and there are no igneous intrusive features in the site’s regolith (apart from any unconsolidated igneous material brought in to the site by erosion and glacial activity), erosion and sedimentation of these mountains over the course of hundreds of millions of years has likely influenced the Preserve’s present‐day bedrock geology and soil characteristics.

The majority of southern Wisconsin is underlain with Paleozoic‐age bedrock deposited during the Cambrian and Ordovician geologic time periods. The bedrock geology of the Preserve consists of Cambrian sandstones underlying early‐Ordovician dolomite, with late‐Ordovician sandstone caps present at certain locations. The oldest stratum in this series consists of Jordan sandstone, which was deposited as the quartzite of the Penokean mountains was weathered and

26 transported south by wind and water approximately 545 million years ago during the Cambrian geologic period. During that time period, Wisconsin and much of the Midwest was inundated by a large inland sea with an estimated average depth of 100 feet. Approximately 485 million years ago, during the early Ordovician period, sea levels dropped to an estimated 20 – 30 feet, and the next layer, consisting of Prairie du Chien dolomite, was gradually deposited (Dott and Attig 2004). The Prairie du Chien layer was initially deposited as marine limestone (calcium carbonate) but was geochemically transformed to dolomite (calcium‐ magnesium carbonate). Some weathering products of this dolomite still bear discernable fossils of small marine organisms, but fossils are uncommon at the Preserve. The inland sea that covered southern Wisconsin became shallower and periodically intertidal during the late Ordovician period (approximately 450 million years ago). Weathering of exposed segments of Jordan sandstone, followed by wind and water erosion, led to deposition of a relatively thin layer of St. Peter sandstone atop the Prairie du Chien dolomite. The St. Peter layer, occurring as sandstone caps on the taller portions of the northeast and southwest ridges (Figure 3) provides substrate for remnant dry prairie that supports a unique assemblage of several rare plant species.

Glaciation (Quaternary Period)

During the Quaternary Period (beginning 1.8 million years ago), glaciers periodically covered much of northern United States. In a broad sense, glaciers form when the amount of snowfall during winter exceeds the amount of snowmelt in spring and summer (though the detailed mechanisms underlying glacial epochs are still debated by geologists). The gradual accumulation of snow and ice gives rise to large continental glaciers that move slowly in response to

27 gravity, scouring and modifying the landscape as they advance. The continental glaciers that covered Wisconsin originated in the Hudson Bay area of Canada. The channeling of ice flow to the east and west by the deep Lake Superior and Lake Michigan basins protected a region covering portions southwestern and central Wisconsin, northeastern , northwestern , and southeastern Minnesota from glaciation (Dott and Attig 2004). The Driftless Area (so named due to the conspicuous absence of glacial deposits) was not covered by glaciers during the Quaternary Ice Age. Glaciation was not continuous during the Quaternary, and this period is punctuated by at least 20 glacial‐interglacial cycles (Cochrane and Iltis 2000). The most recent period of glacial advance is known as the Wisconsin Glaciation. Geologists believe that at least eight glacial advance‐retreat cycles occurred during the Wisconsin Glaciation Phase, which began approximately 100,000 years ago. The most recent glacial advance began 26,000 years ago and reached its maximum extent 18,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch. The Laurentide Ice Sheet of the Green Bay Lobe of the Wisconsin glaciation reached its maximum advancement approximately three miles to the southeast of the Preserve, where the Johnstown terminal moraine marks the boundary between the Driftless Area and glaciated Wisconsin (Figure 4).

28

29 Glacial Retreat (Holocene Epoch)

Approximately 12,000 years ago, northern latitudes began experiencing climactic warming and the glaciers began to recede. Rivers of glacial meltwater flowed through depressions in the east and west valleys of the Preserve, scouring out sediment and widening them as they did so, a demonstration of the tremendous erosive power of water. As the glacier receded from the area, meltwater flow rates and discharge decreased and these outwash rivers deposited at least ten feet (and up to 50 feet in some areas) of unconsolidated glacial outwash material in the valley bottoms of the Preserve. As the continental glaciers that covered western portions of North America melted, meltwater streams and rivers carried sediment into the western Great Plains Region of the United States. When these meltwater streams dried up, the highly‐sorted sediment that was deposited in vast outwash plains dried to the point that lighter fractions could be picked up and transported great distances by wind. Strong easterly winds that predominated Wisconsin’s climate at the closing of the Pleistocene transported this fine sediment and deposited it throughout the Midwest as loess, a silt loam with high water holding capacity ideally suited to agriculture but also to the development of a suite of grassland vegetation communities (Pielou 1991). Loess deposits in western Dane County are estimated to range from one to three feet thick, and can be found in varying degrees of thickness throughout the preserve.

Throughout the Quaternary Ice Age, subarctic temperatures during periods of glacial advance resulted in the development of a permafrost layer, which penetrated deeply into the Prairie du Chien dolomite stratum. As the glaciers advanced and receded, repeated freeze‐thaw cycles fractured the dolomite into a

30 series of large blocks, some of which were tilted and skewed as the permafrost melted. Today, these blocks provide habitat structural elements for a variety of species. For example, bullsnakes use them for dens and for thermoregulation.

Beginning in 2011, John Attig and Eric Carson of the Wisconsin Natural History Survey have been collecting sediment cores from the south marsh (management unit 18) to determine the geological and botanical history of the Preserve and surrounding landscape during the previous 30,000 years. These data are still being analyzed, and their findings will be incorporated into future editions of the management plan as they become available.

Soils

Soil development (pedogenesis) is a function of bedrock regolith, climate, vegetation, and time (Jenny 1941). Three major soil orders are present at the Preserve (refer to Appendix E). Entisols occur in the east valley and southern third of the west valley, Mollisols occur along the valley borders and within the depressions between ridges, and Alfisols occur on steep slopes and high points of the eastern and western ridges. The mollisols at the Preserve are further classified as belonging to the suborder Udolls, which are mollisols that form under Udic moisture regimes in humid continental climates. In the Udic moisture regime, moisture inputs from cumulative precipitation and stored soil moisture exceed losses through evapotranspiration, and there are less than 90 cumulative dry days per year. Similarly, the Alfisols belong to the suborder Udalfs, which are Alfisols that also form under Udic moisture regimes. Entisols are not divided into suborders based on moisture regime. Soil temperature regimes for both soil

31 orders are thermic, possessing a mean annual soil temperature of 15 to 22°C (84.6 to 97.2°F) at a standardized depth of 50 cm with a difference between mean summer and mean winter air temperatures greater than 5°C (41°F) (Birkeland 1984).

Entisols

Entisols are recent soils, meaning that they are not separated into readily discernable horizons, and entisols are characterized by their lack of significant profile development (Brady 1974). The entisols of the Preserve consist of highly productive soils on glacial and stream bank alluvium. Two series of entisols occur at the Preserve (Appendix E) (Whitson et al. 2008):

1. The Orion Series (Or) occurs in the bottomlands of the eastern valley and is characterized by a layer of silt loam at least five feet deep.

The Orion Series entisol in the eastern valley sedge meadow remnant is a hydric mineral soil possessing redoximorphic features of soils subject to periodic inundation or saturation. This soil qualifies as a wetland soil under the definitions outlined in the Clean Water Act of 1973: The Orion Series posses a Thick Dark Surface Indicator of Hydric Soils (Hurt and Vasilas, USDA‐NRCS 2006), evidenced by a depleted matrix with greater than 60% chroma less than or equal to 2 at 30 cm below the surface, with a top layer (from 0 – 30 cm) having a value less than or equal to 2.5 and chroma of 1. Consultants from Integrated Restorations, LLC measured a color of 7.5YR 2.5/1 in the upper 30 cm of these soils, and a color of 7.5YR 2.5/2 below 30 cm. Thus, the Orion Series soils of the east valley meet the legal criteria for wetland soils, and a permit is required to modify hydrology in the east valley. The entisols of the east valley are somewhat unique in that they

32 developed partially from the weathering of deep layers of glacial outwash till, giving them a more sandy texture than the mucky entisols typical of sedge meadows in glaciated portions of the state. Textural analysis of the east valley entisols estimated sand‐silt‐clay fractionation at 11‐69‐20 (sand‐silt‐clay), categorizing these soils as silt loams (Brady 1974).

In 2007, when selecting donor sites for autumn transplants of Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) (see Appendix F), Orion Series soils of the eastern valley were sampled and three composite samples of (n = 5) subsamples were analyzed by the University of Wisconsin Soil and Plant Analysis Lab (Verona, WI). Soil bulk density was estimated at 1.02 g/cm3, indicating that these soils contain roughly equal amounts of soil and pore spaces, giving them medium to high water‐holding capacity. Calcium and magnesium levels were high, at 2,474 ppm and 566 ppm, respectively. This is not surprising since these cations are accumulating in the valleys following erosion and transport of weathered Prairie du Chien dolomite from the uplands. The soils of the Preserve’s eastern valley contained 3.9% organic matter and had a CEC of 18 milliequivalents per 100g of soil, meaning that 18% of the adsorption sites in the clay‐humus soil matrix were available to adsorb soil cations, principally divalent calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) and univalent potassium (K+), while 100 – 18 = 82% of the exchange sites were already occupied by these cations. We can therefore conclude that base saturation in the west valley soils is indeed high, evidenced both by their low CEC and also near‐neutral pH (soil pH in the eastern valley was 7.5). Soil potassium and phosphorus were high, at 91 ppm and 57 ppm. Soil available nitrate‐nitrogen and ammonium‐nitrogen were low, at 9.2 ppm and 10.7 ppm.

33 2. The Elvers Series (Ev) occurs near the southern third of the west valley, and is characterized by a layer of silt loam to a depth of 35 inches subtended by a layer of muck from 35 – 60 inches.

Mollisols

Mollisols are characterized by their deep, dark surface horizons (mollic epipedons) and are relatively fertile (Brady 1974). A mollic epipedon can be identified in the field as having a minimum thickness of at least 10 cm over bedrock or a thickness of 18 to 25 cm over subsurface horizons, with organic matter content greater than 0.6% and base saturation exceeding 50% (Birkeland 1984). Base saturation is defined as the ability of exchangeable bases to neutralize soil pH, and is expressed as a percentage of cation exchange capacity (CEC) by subtracting measured CEC from 100% (complete base saturation). Prior to Euro‐American settlement, mollisols were formed under mesic, wet‐mesic, and wet tallgrass prairie and sedge/wet meadow vegetation, and are rich in organic matter.

Three series of mollisols occur at the Preserve (Whitson et al. 2008):

1. The Elburn Series (EgA), which occurs in the bottoms of the gulleys and ravines of the northern part of the west ridge, are characterized by slopes of 0 – 3%, with profiles consisting of silt loam (to a depth of 15 inches) overlying subsurface horizons of silty clay loam (from 15 to 44 inches) and sand and gravel (from 45 to 60 inches). Depth to bedrock is greater than 10 feet.

34 2. The Otter Series (Ot), which can be found within the northern two‐thirds of the west valley and in the southwest bottomlands of the preserve, are characterized by five feet of silt loam with a depth to bedrock greater than 10 feet. 3. The Port Byron Series (PrB and PrC), which can be found under the mesic prairie remnant (unit 7) and buffer strip grasslands of the east and west valleys, are characterized by slopes of 2 – 12% with up to five feet of silt loam and a depth to bedrock ranging from four to ten feet.

Although the Soil Survey of Dane County (Whitson et al. 2008) classifies the Sogn Series (SoD) as mollisols, this series does not meet the criteria for a mollisols. Its profile is only seven inches thick underlain with dolomite regolith to a depth of five feet, and is thus actually an alfisol.

Alfisols

Alfisols occur on the ridges, and are often associated with dry prairies and deciduous forests. Alfisols are characterized by a thin A1 horizon with a light‐ colored albic subsurface horizon formed by clay accumulation (Birkeland 1984). Alfisols are further diagnosed by medium to high (35 – 50%) base saturation (Brady 1974). Five series of mollisols occur at the Preserve (Whitson et al. 2008):

1. The aforementioned Sogn Series (SoD), which occurs on 2 – 20% slopes of the unit 2 oak savanna remnants on the west ridge, is characterized by seven inches of loess overlying dolomite regolith. 2. The Dunbarton Series (DuC2 and DuD2), which occur on 6 – 20% slopes of the west ridge, have well‐defined soil profiles consisting of loess (to a depth

35 of 11 inches) covering an albic horizon (from 11 – 18 inches) overlying dolomitic bedrock. 3. The Elva Series (EhE2), which occurs on 20 – 30% slopes of the east ridge, is characterized by a top layer of sandy loam (to a depth of 22 inches) with a subsurface horizon of loamy sand (from 23 to 38 inches) overlying sandstone bedrock. 4. The Hixton Series (HbD2), which occupies 12 – 20% slopes of the east ridge, has well‐developed profiles consisting of loam (to a depth of 24 inches), covering subsurface horizons of sandy loam (from depths of 25 – 31 inches) and sand (from 32 – 39 inches), overlying sandstone bedrock. 5. The Seaton Series (SmD2), which occurs on 12 – 20% slopes of the west ridge, is characterized by silt loam to a depth of at least five feet.

Stony and Rocky Soils

The Soil Survey of Dane County (Whitson et al. 2008) further segregates the substrates of the mid‐slope portions of the southwest ridge of the Preserve as stony and rocky. These substrates support a 30‐acre dry/dry‐mesic prairie remnant which was probably spared from the effects of grazing due to its slope and thin soil characteristics.

36 Vegetation

Postglacial Vegetation History of Southwestern Wisconsin Detailed descriptions of the postglacial vegetation history of the Midwest and Wisconsin are presented in Pielou (1991) and Cochrane & Iltis (2000), and the following summary was compiled primarily from these sources. Analysis of fossilized pollen occurring in sediment cores taken from ancient lake beds provides evidence that at least some grassland vegetation existed in what is now southwestern Wisconsin prior to the Quaternary Ice Age and also during the interglacial periods when the climate warmed slightly and glaciers temporarily receded (Pielou 1991). During the Quaternary Period, southwestern Wisconsin’s climate became more arctic and many of the existing grassland species were compelled to migrate to the south, east, and west of the advancing ice. The majority of these species took refuge in clearings in the eastern forests of the Allegheny highlands, in the Great Plains region of the west, in the Ozark highlands, or in the arid southwest and . Often, some of the more widely distributed species migrated to more than one of these areas. Genetically isolated from other populations, these species underwent evolutionary divergence into separate ecotypic races, varieties, and subspecies, and even into new species. After returning to southwest Wisconsin during the Holocene, they occupied habitats similar to those they had migrated from and were once again sympatric with their cousin populations.

When the climate became milder and drier, the glaciers retreated and these species were able to migrate back into their former ranges, although these migrations were by no means uniform and were probably still occurring up to the

37 time of Euro‐American settlement. Additional migrations from eastern coastal areas and arctic and cordilleran (subarctic) Canada have also contributed species to the flora of southwestern Wisconsin. Post‐settlement land‐use patterns have fragmented the present landscape to such an extent that natural long‐distance migrations probably no longer occur.

Plant species indigenous to the Preserve and surrounding landscape that arrived from the Alleghenian‐Ozarkian Floristic Element (migrated from glacial refugia in the interior and Midwest) include cream gentian (Gentiana alba), round‐headed bush (Lespedeza capitata), bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula), and purple milkweed ( purpurescens). Many of the species occurring in the dry and dry‐mesic prairie remnants of the Preserve migrated from the Northern Great Plains and Arid Southwest Elements, and include prairie turnip (Pediomelum esculentum), downy yellow painted cup (Castilleja sessiliflora), silky (Aster sericeus), hoary vervain (Verbena stricta), and the dropseeds (Sporobolus heterolepis and S. cryptandrus). These species had become adapted to the dry conditions of the Great Plains, and took residence in similar habitats in southwestern Wisconsin. The dry calcareous southern and western slopes of the driftless area possess microclimates similar to the Great Plains, as do the St. Peter Sandstone caps. Species that migrated from the Southeastern Floristic Element include the compass plants ( terebinthinaceum, S. integrifolium, S. laciniatum, and S. perfoliatum), glade mallow (Napaea dioica), and white and cream indigo bushes (Baptisia leucantha and B. leucophaea). Species that migrated from the Eastern Deciduous Forest Element include New England aster (Aster novae‐anglae), early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis), culver’s root (Veronicastrum virginicum), bottle gentian

38 (Gentiana andressii), prairie (Phlox pilosa), Canada tick‐trefoil (Desmodium canadense), and also several woodland species including wood betony (Pedicularis canadensis), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), and wild columbine ( canadensis). Plant species that migrated to southwestern Wisconsin from Southwestern Floristic Elements include leadplant ( canadensis), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and the bluestems (Andropogon gerardii and Schizachyrium [Andropogon] scoparium). Several species of the Preserve’s dry mesic prairie remnants migrated from the Madro‐Tertiary Floristic Element, with origins in the Sierra Madre Mountains. These include white and purple prairie (Dalea candida and D. purpurea), side oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata). In addition, several species with transcontinental distributions migrated from northern Arcto‐Tertiary Floristic Elements, among them pasque (Pulsatilla [Anenome] patens), Canada anemone (Anenome canadensis), dwarf two‐flowered Cynthia (Krigia biflora), Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis), smooth aster (Aster laevis), meadow rue ( dasycarpum), prairie cinquefoil (Potentilla arguta), and white prairie sage (Artemesia ludoviciana).

The present composition of the vegetation of southwestern Wisconsin is thus a composite mixture of species that migrated from southern, western, eastern, and northern glacial refugia into the bareground areas left behind by the retreating glaciers. As the glaciers receded, the bareground they exposed was initially colonized by conifer forests (Anderson 1998). Fossil pollen analyses indicate that grassland and savanna communities first appeared in the area approximately 8,000 years ago (Anderson 1998). During the interval between the replacement of conifer forests with the grassland/savanna complex and Euro‐

39 American settlement (8,000 years ago until ca. 1830), southwestern Wisconsin was vegetated by a shifting mosaic of grassland, savanna, oak woodland, and southern mesic forest vegetation, each community expanding and contracting in response to changes in wildfire regimes brought on by short‐term climatic variations (Curtis 1959; Anderson 1998; Cochrane and Iltis 2000). Grassland and savanna in southwestern Wisconsin reached its greatest extent during the Hypsithermal Interval between 8,000 and 3,500 years ago, a warm and dry period conducive to increased frequency of wildfire. 3,500 years ago, southwest Wisconsin’s climate became cooler and moister, and the prairie‐oak savanna vegetation complex began to be replaced by mesic forest (Anderson 1998). Continued use of wildfire as a management tool by indigenous populations stabilized the range of prairie‐savanna communities, and was the first large‐scale example of human alteration of nature in North America.

Presettlement Vegetation of the Preserve

The Preserve is located within Wisconsin’s Prairie‐Southern Forest Province (Curtis 1959). At the time of settlement, approximately one‐third of the Driftless Area consisted of a shifting mosaic of prairie, oak savanna, and oak woodland (Curtis 1959). Original surveyor’s notes dating from October 1832 (available through the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Map Library) described Section 33 of Township 8 North Range 7 East as consisting of bur and white oak savanna interspersed with prairie and “marsh” (probably sedge meadow and/or emergent aquatic vegetation). The surveyor (John H. Mullett) also noted the existence of several stands of “timber oak” which may indicate oak woodlands dominated by white oak, since bur oak is often unsuitable for framing and finish lumber. From these records, we can infer that the presettlement vegetation of the Preserve

40 consisted of oak savanna interspersed with oak woodland, prairie, and sedge meadow. Despite 180 years of Euro‐American occupancy (with associated disturbances related to changes in land‐use and wildfire suppression), a shadow of this presettlement condition has persisted on this landscape. Restoration and rehabilitation of these remnant communities to their presettlement condition is possible given diligent management, adequate funding, and time.

41 General Ecological Context of the Preserve and Management Summaries for Ecological Communities

42 The 460‐acre Swamplovers Foundation/Ice Age Trail Alliance Nature Preserve supports 142.5 acres of prairie, 26 acres of sedge meadow, 37.5 acres of oak savanna, 135.5 acres of oak woodland, 13.5 acres of southern mesic forest, 13 acres of emergent aquatic and open water communities, 61 acres of grassland surrogate, and 26 acres of wildlife food plots (Table 1). Adjacent habitat acreage that is part of John Brooks’ property is also actively managed by the Swamplovers Foundation. These acres are denoted in blue in the summary page for each habitat type, but were not included in the overall Preserve acreage, and are also delineated as management units in Appendix D. The Preserve is a mosaic of the presettlement vegetation of Wisconsin, and most of the communities in this landscape are in highly restorable condition. The Preserve’s community types have been delineated into 33 separate management units (Appendix D).

The Preserve is among the most species‐rich nature sanctuaries in the Midwest (see Appendix A‐0 for a summary). With 419 plant species, the Preserve supports one‐fifth of Wisconsin’s total vascular floral diversity. Herptile surveys conducted at the preserve in 2007 by Dr. Josh Kapfer estimated a Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) for reptile and amphibian populations of 0.86, meaning that there is an 86% chance of capturing a herptile in a sampling device, an indicator that these organisms are abundant at the Preserve. As of January 2012, a total of 1,206 species have been surveyed at the Preserve (Appendix A‐1), 85 of which are considered species of conservation concern (Appendix A‐2). Of these 85 species, 13 are in metapopulation, meaning that their overall population at the Preserve is composed of several subpopulations (called demes) that occur in different management units. Metapopulation status confers added stability to these populations (Kot 2001; Pastor 2009) because any localized disturbance that

43 affects one deme will not always affect all demes of the metapopulation and surviving demes can be used to reestablish depopulated demes.

Table 1: Summary of Vegetation Communities at the Preserve

Grassland Communities Prairie (CP‐2 and remnant) 142.5 acres Sedge Meadow 26 acres

Grassland Surrogate (CP‐10 or wet meadow) Total Surrogate 61.0 acres Unit 16 CP‐10 warm‐season grasses 12.5 acres Unit 17 CP‐10 (orchard) 14.5 acres Unit 18 Phalaris‐dominated wet meadow 7 acres Unit 19 CP‐10 (horseshoe) 8 acres Unit 24 CP‐10 (west valley collective) 19 acres

Wooded Communities Oak Savanna 37.5 acres Open Oak Woodland 135.5 acres Southern Mesic Forest 13.5 acres

Aquatic Communities Emergent Marsh/Open Water 18 acres

Wildlife Food Plots 26 acres

TOTAL 460.0 acres

44 The Preserve supports 419 plant species, 106 avian species, 22 mammal species, 20 herptile species, and more than 630 species of (Appendix A‐1). Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) records for T8N R7E list an additional nine conservation concern species, autumn coral‐root (Corallorhiza odontorhiza), Wilcox’s panic grass (Panicum wilcoxianum), timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), cyrano darter (Nasiaeschna pentacantha), western slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuates), two species of prairie leafhopper (Polyamia dilata and Prairiana angustens), and ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornate), as historically occurring within six miles of the Preserve. The western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), was collected in 1998 from T8N R7E Section 36, less than three miles to the east of the Preserve. Further survey and inventory may reveal the presence of one or more of these species at the Preserve, and will undoubtedly add additional species to the site’s total species richness. Entire taxa have yet to be sampled, including ferns, primitive non‐vascular plants (mosses and bryophytes), fungi, and several classes of . Perhaps even a species or two presently unknown to science is still waiting to be discovered.

The Preserve also contains features of archaeological significance. Oscar Danz discovered numerous arrowheads and spearheads at the Preserve, and Gerald Goth (along with archaeologists from the University of Wisconsin‐Madison) surveyed the property for additional archeological remains and artifacts. These authorities discovered small flint quarries scattered throughout the northern end of the eastern ridge.

45 General guidelines for the management of the different community types are also presented in this section of the management plan, following community descriptions. It will be up to land managers, working within the context of the Preserve’s vision statement, overall management goals, available funding, and variable site conditions, to determine specific management actions along with their relative feasibility, cost‐effectiveness, priority, timing, and sequence. The specific course of action taken will depend on several factors, including the presence, composition, and abundance of invasive, non‐target, or at‐risk species, context of active management being conducted within each management unit, as well as financial and personnel resources. When possible, surveying and monitoring initiatives should be used to provide feedback on the effectiveness of management actions, which can then be adjusted to enhance their efficacy toward achieving the Preserve’s overall vision statement and ecological management goals.

The Preserve provides habitat for a variety of species of conservation concern across all trophic levels, many of which have incompatible or conflicting management needs and habitat optima. Specific recovery plans for selected plant species of conservation concern are presented in Appendices B‐1 through B‐13. Appendix C‐1 is a compilation of habitat feature preferences for bird species of conservation concern. Appendix C‐2 is a summary of management recommendations for herptile species of conservation concern provided by Josh Kapfer (University of Wisconsin‐Whitewater) and Robert Hay (WDNR). The information summarized in these appendices should be reviewed and considered when designing and implementing management initiatives.

46 Prairie

(Management units 1, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 26, and 28)

Unit Prairie Type Size 1 Intergrading Dry/Dry‐Mesic Prairie Remnant 30 acres 7 Mesic Prairie Remnant 8 acres 12 Dry Prairie Remnant 4 acres 14 Restored Prairie 4 acres 15 Wet‐Mesic Restoration (1998; expanded in 2003) 25 acres 20 West Valley Wet Prairie Restoration Planting (1997) 60 acres 21 Wet Prairie Restoration (1999) 8 acres 22 Dry Prairie Remnant 1.5 acres 26 (Brooks Property) Restored Prairie (2006; expanded in 2007) 10 acres 28 (Brooks Property) Restored Prairie (2008) 1.75 acres 31 Restored Prairie (2008) 2 acres

Total Area: 142.50 acres Remnant 43.50 acres Restored 99.00 acres

47 The term grassland is collectively applied to any plant community that exhibits a lack of trees and tall shrubs and is dominated by graminoid (i.e., grass and sedge) species. Ecologists recognize several types of plant communities with grassland structure that grade into each other along a soil moisture continuum from dry (e.g., sand barrens, dry prairie) to wet (e.g., sedge meadow, fen) conditions. Prairie is a more specific term used to describe grasslands dominated by grasses rather than sedges, and occurring near the middle of the soil moisture spectrum. Prairies occur where soils are neither typically dry (as in sand barren grasslands) nor permanently wet (as in sedge meadows). Curtis (1955; 1959) quantitatively arranged plant species abundance and composition along a gradient of soil moisture, and divided Wisconsin’s prairies into five types: wet, wet‐mesic, mesic, dry‐mesic, and dry. Each of these types grade imperceptibly into one another, and it can be difficult to differentiate among them based upon superficial characteristics such as plant species composition alone. Examples of each of these five prairie types can be seen at the Preserve. The vegetation structure of prairie is maintained by periodic wildfire regimes, which serve as a major controlling variable for this community type (Hobbs and Suding 2009). In the absence of fire, prairie vegetation is eventually replaced by fire‐intolerant shrubs and trees.

Prior to Euro‐American settlement, prairie covered approximately 2.1 million acres of Wisconsin (Curtis 1959). The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has estimated that only 13,000 acres of prairie remain in remnant condition in Wisconsin (Henderson and Sample 1995), a mere 0.6% of the original acreage. Conversion of prairie to agricultural production, rural land speculation

48 and development, suppression of natural wildfire regimes (leading to invasion by shrubs and trees and successional advancement to alternative stable states), overgrazing, and displacement of native prairie vegetation by invasive species have all contributed to the loss of acreage of original prairie. The Department further estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the state’s original grassland flora and fauna are either considered rare or in decline (Henderson and Sample 1995). Most of the remaining remnant prairies are either of the wet or dry type, with many acres of remnant wet prairie impacted negatively by Phalaris dominance. Prior to Euro‐American settlement, mesic prairie was the dominant prairie type, covering more than one million acres. Today, less than 150 acres of remnant mesic prairie remains and much of this acreage is confined to small (less than five‐acre) isolated segments. Leach and Givnish (1996) quantified rates of species loss in 54 Wisconsin prairie remnants, and reported that unmanaged isolated Wisconsin prairie remnants were experiencing species losses between 0.5 and 3 species every year, an alarming loss of biodiversity and ecotypic identities. These authors also estimated that between eight and sixty percent of plant species were lost from isolated prairie remnants during a 32 to 52‐year time period. However, as Cochrane and Iltis (2000) point out, the prairie remnants used in their data set were unburned remnants and management regimes (or lack thereof) may have influenced their findings. Nevertheless, mathematical models of population dynamics predict that the only stable equilibrium point for an isolated population is local extinction (Kot 2001).

Needless to say, prairie conservation is a top priority for Southwestern Wisconsin land managers. The Preserve is a reservoir of Wisconsin’s prairie

49 heritage, with 43.5 acres of high‐quality remnant and 99.0 acres of high‐quality restored prairies. Remnants are of particular conservation value since they harbor residual species from the original prairies. Since 1987, the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc. has taken an active role in the preservation, rehabilitation, and maintenance of these imperiled communities.

The 30‐acre dry/dry‐mesic prairie remnant located at the southern point of the west ridge (management unit 1) supports more than 165 native plant species (Appendix A‐3), one‐third of which have a coefficient of conservatism of seven or higher, meaning that these species are habitat specialists that typically only occur within high‐quality, well‐managed prairie remnants. Five species, cliff brake (Palleae glabella subsp. glabella), hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens), Leiberg’s panic grass (Panicum leibergii), prairie dropseed (Sporobolous heterolepis), and downy yellow painted cup (Castilleja sessiliflora), have a coefficient of conservatism of 10; four species, tuberous Indian plantain (Arnoglossum [Cacalia] plantagineum), clustered poppy mallow (Callirhoe triangulata), marbleseed (Onosmodium molle), and prairie turnip (Pediomelum esculentum), are considered species of Special Concern in Wisconsin, and an additional four species, giant yellow hyssop (Agastache nepetoides), pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida), cream gentian (Gentiana alba), and wild quinine (Parthenium integrifolium), are listed in Wisconsin as Threatened (Appendix A‐2). Two species that are indigenous to the Preserve, E. pallida and C. triangulata, occur beyond the range of what was thought to be their historical distributions. The population of E. pallida at the preserve is the northernmost indigenous population of this species in Wisconsin. Similarly, C. triangulata was not known to

50 occur in Dane county prior to its discovery in this remnant in 2008 by Gerald Goth and Craig Annen. Permanent records of the locations, presence, and abundance (when known) of all species of conservation concern at the Preserve have been submitted to Wisconsin’s Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI). This remnant further provides habitat for two species of Protected Wild Animal, the blue racer (Coluber constrictor) and bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi), a population of prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster, Special Concern), eight species of grassland birds considered Special Concern in Wisconsin, and a species of wasp (Stephanidae: Megischus sp.) that was previously undocumented in Wisconsin. Floristic quality (Swink and Wilhelm 1994; Wisconsin values from WDNR 2003) of this remnant was estimated at 65.6 in 2009. To put this figure into perspective, Swink and Wilhelm (1994) considered a vegetation assemblage with a FQI (Floristic Quality Index) value ≥ 45 to be indicative of a remnant community with high natural area (and conservation) potential. Intensive management of this remnant, funded by the Wisconsin DNR’s Landowner Incentives Program (LIP) and the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc., led to a 16.3% increase in floristic quality during the 2007‐2009 sampling period.

The eight‐acre mesic prairie remnant, located at the base of the eastern slope of the eastern ridge (management unit 7), has a species richness of 46, with a mean coefficient of conservatism of 4.7 and FQI value of 32 (a value of 35 indicates that there is sufficient floristic quality present for a community to have moderate natural area potential (Swink and Wilhelm 1994) (Appendix A‐4). An additional small mesic prairie remnant occurs along the Burlington‐Northern Railroad immediately south of the Preserve, and the presence of two mesic

51 prairie remnants in close proximity further increases the conservation potential of unit 7. Nine species in this unit are modal to mesic prairie, meaning that they were sampled in highest frequency in this prairie type by Curtis (1959). This unit also supports a small population of the Special Concern species tuberous Indian plantain, scattered individuals of the Threatened pale purple coneflower, and a large population of the Threatened cream gentian.

Less is known about the diversity and composition of the remnant prairies of units 12 and 22, which were initially discovered in 2008. Preliminary management actions (tree and brush clearing and prescribed burns) were initiated in these units in 2008.

The 25‐acre restored prairie located at the north end of the eastern valley (management unit 15) was planted with a mixture of 50 wet‐mesic species in 1998. The seed source of some species was local remnants; others were purchased from local nurseries. Prior to planting and enrollment in the CRP program, all of unit 15 was in agricultural production (usually corn but occasionally soybeans) for several decades. The site was prepared for planting by repeated iterations of disking and glyphosate application (two to three times per growing season) for three growing seasons. Twenty acres of unit 15 was planted in the autumn of 1998 by culimulching to a depth of four inches followed by planting with a Bruillon Seed Drill. The restoration was mowed annually during its initial establishment and subsequent maintenance has consisted of biennial prescribed burns and control of thistle outbreaks (, C. vulgare, and Carduus natans) with the herbicide clopyralid. An additional five acres of this

52 section was planted with 45 wet‐mesic species in the autumn of 2003 according to the same procedure, except that the seed was hand broadcast onto the soil surface rather than drilled into the soil. Eleven years after planting, this wet‐ mesic prairie restoration is a reasonable facsimile of a remnant prairie. In 2008, FWS technicians who were participating in a workshop on the property initially thought this planting was indeed a remnant rather than a restoration. Unit 15 supports a population of the Wisconsin‐Endangered Silphium borer (Papaipena silphii), and also populations of pink streak moth (Faronta rubiperennis), ottoe skipper (Hesperia ottoe), and Leonard’s skipper (Hesperia leonardus), which are listed as Special Concern species in Wisconsin. This restored prairie further supports three additional unique moth species, Thelma’s Agronopterix (Agronopterix thelmae), which was never documented in Wisconsin prior to being collected at the Preserve in 2008, Franclemont’s Pinion (Lithophceue franclemonti), which was first described as a new species in 1998 (but not at the Preserve) and is rarely sampled in surveys, and the Brick Red Borer Moth ( marginidens), of which there is only one other known record from Wisconsin. In 2009, the hickory hairstreak butterfly (Satyrium caryaevorum), another uncommonly collected species, was sampled near unit 15. In 2010, this species was observed by four different individuals (Karl and Dorothy Legler, Ann Thering, and Kyle Johnson) on different sampling dates, indicating that it occurs in abundance at the Preserve.

The 60‐acre restored prairie of the west valley (management unit 20) was planted with 80 wet and wet‐mesic prairie species in autumn 1997. Again, seed sources were a mixture of seed collected from local remnants and nursery stock.

53 Prior to planting and enrollment in the CRP program, this planting was also in agricultural production for several decades. This unit was prepared for planting with the same methods used for unit 15 in the east valley. Unfortunately, the aggressive perennial reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) soon invaded this planting and by 2006 was the dominant species at ca. 80% cover. In 2007, a reed canarygrass suppression program was initiated to return this planting back to its full ecological potential. Subsequent maintenance has consisted of late‐season annual prescribed burns (conducted from late April to early May, in accordance with reed canarygrass management) followed by broadcast applications of grass‐ selective herbicides. This management regime has been moderately successful, although high water levels during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons precluded application of reed canarygrass treatment prescriptions over the entire 60 acres of this unit. In 2008, following a single growing season of active reed canarygrass management, Craig Annen (as part of a reed canarygrass research project funded in part by the Swamplovers Foundation) documented the presence of 79 native species in management unit 20. Interestingly, four non‐planted species of conservation value were also documented in unit 20 including turk’s cap lily ( superbum), glade mallow (Napaea dioica, a species of Special Concern), sweet Indian plantain (Special Concern), and wild quinine (Threatened). In addition, eastern prairie fringed orchids (Platanthera leucophaea, an Endangered species) were transplanted into this management unit in 2007 and 2008, one of which survived the transplant. This orchid bloomed in 2008 and 2009. The 79 species of unit 20 had a mean coefficient of conservatism of 5.36 and the FQI value of 47.6 (Appendix A‐5). Species density ranged from 5.1 – 6.1 species per 0.125 m2 (n = 32 quadrat samples). In September 2008, mean aboveground

54 biomass was estimated at 467.8 g/m2. If we assume that two‐thirds as much biomass occurs in the belowground fraction, as has been posited by several authors, multiplying aboveground standing crop by a factor of 1.67 gives us an approximate estimate of 781.3 g/m2 for belowground biomass. Summing the estimates for above‐ and belowground biomass and multiplying by the acreage of this management unit, we arrive at an estimate of the amount of carbon that has been stored in this restored wet prairie since planting, roughly 288,220 kg (5,056 kg/acre).

The eight‐acre wet prairie restoration of Unit 31 was planted in 1999 with a mixture of species collected from management unit 20. On 19 November 2008, a two‐acre buffer between units 13 and 14 (designated management unit 31) was planted with a mixture of 57 species at a rate of 5.3 lbs/acre and a graminoid/forb ratio of 1:3 (Appendix A‐6). The site was prepared by two rounds of late spring treatment with the broad‐leaf herbicide dicamba to eliminate invasive weeds and create a smooth brome monotype. This stand was burned and lightly disked in early November 2008 to expose the soil surface for planting without stirring up any of the residual weed seed bank that may have still been present. Seed was hand‐broadcast and mixed with vermiculite pellets to ensure uniform coverage and was lightly cultipacked soon after planting.

55 Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Prairie and Grassland Surrogate Communities

 Restore remnant prairie communities to their presettlement condition.  Establish mesic prairie vegetation in buffer zones between adjacent community types at the Preserve to facilitate a wetland‐to‐upland continuum of habitat gradation and increase the effective acreage of mesic prairie in Wisconsin.  Reintroduce periodic wildfire regimes to grassland communities.  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Establish and maintain habitat structural elements to benefit wildlife.

56 Management Recommendations for Prairie and Grassland Surrogate

Use of Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool: Prairie is a fire‐dependent community. In the absence of periodic wildfire, prairie is overtaken by shrubs and fast‐growing, fire‐intolerant shrub and tree species. Periodic wildfire is a major variable controlling the existence and extent of the prairie vegetation condition. The use of prescribed fire as a management tool will need to be an essential component of long‐term prairie management at the Preserve. Management units in which desired endpoint vegetation is already well‐established should be burned in a random pattern with each unit experiencing a frequency of one to three years between burns. This frequency is similar to historical fire frequency. Burns should also be randomized across seasons (spring and autumn) when practical or possible to do so. At no time should the entire acreage of prairie at the Preserve be burned. Unburned units are needed as refugia for fire‐sensitive species, particularly at‐risk or rare insect populations. Management units undergoing intensive management (active vegetation reestablishment, high levels of invasive species control) can be burned annually (if site conditions and fuel structure allow for a burn) to facilitate restoration and management activities. Once native vegetation has been established and the abundance of invasive species has been reduced in these units, they can be placed into the intermittent rotation described above. Construction and maintenance of permanent firebreaks around the perimeters of each management unit or around adjacent management units is highly desirable when using fire as a management tool. By dividing the Preserve’s prairies into

57 separate burn units with firebreaks, alternate units (or portions of larger units) can be burned/unburned to provide refugia for sensitive species that require standing litter in the spring (e.g., some bird species) or use prairie plants as larval hosts (e.g., insects). Firebreaks should be a minimum of five feet wide in management units dominated by shortgrass species (fuel model 1, FM‐1), and ten to twelve feet wide in tallgrass management units (fuel model 3, FM‐3). Firebreaks should be devoid of dry, flammable vegetation and litter and readily accessible to fire equipment. Where possible, a permanent cover (such as smooth brome or bluegrass) should be established within firebreaks and regularly mowed to a height of no more than three inches. “Rough” firebreaks can harbor invasive species and act as dispersal corridors for their spread.

Additional considerations for the use of prescribed fire in prairie management units:

 To protect bullsnake populations from the adverse impacts of burning, light low intensity backfires near bullsnake dens. NEVER light a headfire downslope from bullsnake dens.  Populations of the Silphium borer moth require plants of the Silphium for overwintering. Silphium spp. are established in management units 9 and 15, and have been planted into units 13 and 31 but are not yet established. Do not burn both units 9 and 15 during any single burn season until Silphium spp. are establish in units 13 and 31. When Silphium spp. are established in units 13 and 31, do not burn all four management units during a single burn season.

58 Dealing with Invasive Species:

Given the abundance of invasive species in southwestern Wisconsin’s landscape, the potential for propagule influx from adjacent non‐managed properties, the longevity of certain invasive species seed banks (e.g., sweetclover), and public usage of the Preserve and Ice Age Trail, some level of invasive species management will probably be required indefinitely in the prairie communities of the Preserve. That said, many prairie units will in time only require a minimal degree of annual scouting and small‐scale treatment actions. For example, the dry prairie remnant located atop the St. Peter sandstone cap in management unit 1 is in such good condition that it is only invaded by weeds in low (i.e., easily manageable) density.

Invasive species that threaten the prairie remnants and restorations at the Preserve can be divided into two categories based upon their distribution and abundance: Pioneer populations and established populations. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources operationally defines pioneer populations of invasive species as having a spatial distribution of either less than five acres or less than five percent of the total habitat acreage. Established populations have a total spatial distribution of more than five acres and cover more than five percent of the total habitat acreage.

Two species in the pioneer category, Japanese hedge parsley (Torilis japonica) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), have been introduced to the Preserve along the Ice Age Trail but both species occur in small numbers. Each of these species has the potential to devastate the remnant condition of the Preserve’s prairies and can be extremely costly (not to mention difficult) to control if left

59 unmanaged. Japanese hedge parsley and leafy spurge should be scouted for and eradiated annually. Installing information kiosks with boot brushes at the southern trailhead and at the north end of the property where the Swamplovers Preserve abuts with the Ice Age Trail land holding will curtail transport and spread of pioneer populations of these and other invasive species. Pioneer populations of dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) also occur in some of the prairie plantings. Managers should also regularly scout for pioneer populations of cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissas), bird’s foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), crown vetch (Coronilla varia) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), which are not yet known to occur at the Preserve, but are abundant along State Highway 14 and most of southwestern Wisconsin.

Established invasive species occurring in the Preserve’s prairie habitats include herbaceous species such as perennial and biennial thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus sp.), wild (Pastinaca sativa), white and yellow sweetclover ( alba and M. officinalis), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), false ox‐eye sunflower (Leucanthemum vulgare), wild carrot (Daucus carota), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), and also shrub species such as common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), Morrow’s and hybrid honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii and L. X bella), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), sumac (Rhus spp.), and brambles ( sp.). Several additional non‐native species also occur in the Preserve’s prairies; many of these are disturbance species (e.g., foxtail, Seteria spp.) or agricultural weeds (e.g., velvet leaf, Abutilon theophrasti) and none are considered to be particularly aggressive under most circumstances (with the exception of highly disturbed ground). Most of these species will gradually decrease in abundance and density as native species recover and wildfire regimes

60 are reintroduced to the site. For the time being, it is best to focus management efforts and cost expenditures on the aggressive (high‐impact) species listed above. Several time‐proven approaches are known to be effective against these species, but the specific course of action taken will depend on several factors, including the presence, composition, and abundance of non‐target or at‐risk species, context of active management being conducted within each management unit, as well as financial resources. Specific actions for reed canarygrass control in management unit 20 are similar to those underway in management unit 9 (refer to the section entitled Sedge Meadow for more details).

General strategies to reduce or eliminate collateral damage to non‐target and at‐ risk species:  Use a sticking additive when administering herbicide treatments. Sticking additives reduce drift and make herbicide adhere tightly to treated surfaces, curtailing runoff from overspray and wash‐off from rewetting.  Hand‐pull biennial species in areas immediately adjacent to at‐risk species.  Apply treatments in early spring, prior to emergence of native species, or in late autumn, after senescence.  Cover at‐risk species with plastic exclosures during herbicide application to prevent contact with herbicide spray.

Grassland Surrogates and Buffer Zones: An Opportunity to Increase CRP Payments to the Foundation while Stabilizing the Ecological Integrity of the Preserve’s Prairie Remnants

The Preserve contains 59.5 acres of grassland surrogate enrolled in the CRP program under the USDA‐NRCS CP‐10 payment schedule (defined as vegetative cover of established cool‐season grasses). Planting these fields to native prairie

61 assemblages will create buffer zones surrounding the core remnant prairies at the Preserve. According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1995), buffer lands are essential to the survival and long‐term sustainability of small isolated prairie remnants and the species they support. Buffer prairies protect remnants against invasive species encroachments, stochastic events, and provide refugia to at‐risk species during growing seasons with sub‐optimal conditions (e.g., prolonged drought). The Wisconsin DNR recommends planting buffers with mesic prairie species as long as the soil moisture regime present in the buffer strip will support such species. Most, if not all, of the CP‐10 acreage at the Preserve occur over loamy alfisols that will support mesic prairie species. An additional advantage of enhancing the quality of vegetation in buffer strips is the potential to increase the existing CRP payment schedule from CP‐10 to CP‐2 (defined as permanent cover of native warm‐season grasses). Conversion of CP‐10 brome fields to CP‐2 prairie restorations should be undertaken as soon as contracts for each parcel of land require renewal (or sooner if the Farm Service Agency (FSA) is willing to sponsor habitat enhancement during an existing contract period). In the meantime, these fields should be prepared for planting by repeated applications of broad‐leaf (to control parsnip and wild carrot) and composite‐ specific (to control Canada goldenrod and thistles) herbicides to bring them to a condition of smooth brome monoculture and reduce the potential for secondary weed outbreaks after planting.

Habitat Structural Elements:

Habitat structural elements are objects that provide heterogeneity in a landscape, and are indispensible prerequisites for trophic diversity in ecological

62 communities. Fallen logs, brush piles, small shrubs within an open grassland, rock outcroppings, and oak grubs are examples of habitat structural elements in grassland communities. Bareground is also an important structural element. Structural elements provide plants and with a variety of microhabitats for nutrient capture, dening, nesting, feeding, perching, protection from predators, and thermoregulation. Oak grubs are important habitat structural elements for leaf hoppers and other insects. Several habitat structural elements have already been created in management unit 1 in accordance with bullsnake recovery. Cedar basking logs have been placed near bullsnake dens, and approximately 20% of low stature native shrubs were not cleared from the perimeter of the dens. This action was deemed compatible with management for species of grassland bird that nest in shrubs, provided the bullsnakes do not predate upon the nests. Brush piles made during LIP‐funded brush clearing from unit 1 were left unburned to provide habitat for mice and other small mammals which are a food source for bullsnakes. Additionally, several grubs have already been created from black oak trees by cutting them low to the ground and allowing them to resprout.

63 Sedge Meadow

(Management units 9, 10, and 13)

Unit Designation Size 9 Sedge Meadow Remnant (Swamplovers Tract) 24.5 acres 10 Sedge Meadow Remnant (Brooks Tract) 10 acres 10a Shrub‐carr (Brooks Tract) 1 acre 13 Restored Sedge Meadow 1.5 acres

Total Area: 26 acres Remnant 24.5 acres Restored 1.5 acres

64 Sedge meadow is a grassland community dominated by sedges rather than grasses. Sedge meadow occurs on soils that are saturated during most of the growing season. Standing water is usually present during the spring following snow melt, and the water table remains close to the soil surface throughout the remainder of the growing season. Similar to prairie grasslands, sedge meadow grasslands are maintained in part by periodic wildfire regimes, although wildfire in sedge meadow has a lower return interval (frequency) in this grassland type. In the absence of fire, sedge meadow is invaded and displaced by shrub‐carr and fire‐intolerant tree species such as box elder (Acer negundo), (Salix spp.), and cottonwood (Populous deltoides). Perhaps the most conspicuous feature of the remnant sedge meadow are the tussock mounds formed by the tussock sedge (Carex stricta), a dominant species of this plant community. Tussock mounds (sometimes referred to as hummocks) are composed primarily of organic material (92% of the total mass), consisting of compact layers of C. stricta roots, rhizomes, senescent shoots, senescent leaves, and duff (partially decomposed humic and fulvic material) (Lawrence and Zedler 2011). Carex stricta tussocks form as an adaptation to high water levels and are an important ecological feature of these communities; research has implicated them as major drivers of species diversity and carbon storage capacity of sedge meadows. Tussocks enhance plant species diversity in sedge meadows by creating microsites with a gradient of redox potentials that can be occupied by species that are less tolerant of prolonged flooding (Vivian‐Smith 1997). Their low bulk density (Lawrence and Zedler (2011) estimate a bulk density of 0.139 g/cm3) provides aeration to the roots and rhizomes of flood‐intolerant species. A co‐dominant species of sedge meadows is Canada bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis). Coexistence of tussock sedge

65 and Canada bluejoint grass is enabled by character displacement. Differences in root and rhizome morphology, vertical stratification, and differences in seasonal development (C. stricta reaches its maximum growth earlier in the growing season than C. canadensis) allow both species to occupy similar niche space without competing with each other for resources. A variety of additional species of forbs and graminoids are also present in varying abundance in sedge meadows.

A related plant community, the fresh or wet meadow (Eggers and Reed 1997), represents an alternative disturbed state that arises when wet prairie or sedge meadow is disturbed by nutrient enrichment, artificial drainage (or other hydrological disturbance), or siltation, which leads to species invasions and displacement of the original vegetation structure with an alternative species mixture. Wet meadows are dominated by aggressive, nutrient‐demanding perennial grasses and forbs, such as reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), Canada goldenrod ( canadensis), and tall saw‐toothed sunflower (Helianthus grossesseratus).

Prior to Euro‐American settlement, approximately one million acres of Wisconsin was sedge meadow (Curtis 1959). At present, it is difficult to assess the present acreage of Wisconsin’s sedge meadows because much of the acreage the Wisconsin DNR considers remnant sedge meadow exists in the wet meadow condition. Undisturbed sedge meadow that is free of reed canarygrass is probably as rare as remnant prairie and savanna, especially in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin. Recently, Zedler and Potter (2008) concluded that tussock meadows are in decline throughout the Midwest. Most of the remaining sedge meadows in Wisconsin occur north of the Tension Zone, and sedge

66 meadow losses may be as high as 75% in southern Wisconsin. Reasons for the decline in acreage of high‐quality sedge meadow remnant include losses due to artificial drainage for agricultural purposes, invasion by reed canarygrass, and wildfire suppression facilitating successional advancement into shrub‐carr.

The sedge meadow remnant occurring in the southern portions of the eastern valley (unit 9) was probably spared the plow due its near‐regular wetness. Nevertheless, the presence of drainage ditches and drainage tiling systems when the property was acquired bespeaks of attempts to drain the sedge meadows for agriculture. Portions of the sedge meadow remnant still possess characteristic microtopographic features such as tall Carex stricta tussocks that are indicative of undisturbed remnant sedge meadow, but these remnants have been impacted by reed canarygrass invasion. A small (less than one acre) portion of unit 10 contains shrub‐carr species, red‐osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), speckled ( subsp. rugosa), high‐bush cranberry ( opulus subsp. trilobum), and Bebb’s willow (Salix bebbii) that provides habitat structural elements for grassland birds.

Rehabilitation of these remnants to their presettlement condition is presently underway. The remnant sedge meadows of units 9 and 10 support populations of the Special Concern sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis), pickerel frog (Rana palustris), woodcock (Scolopax minor), tuberous Indian plantain (Cacalia [Arnoglossum] plantagineum), and glade mallow (Napaea dioica), the Threatened species cream gentian (Gentiana alba) and pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida) on its margins, and a transplanted deme of the Endangered eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) (Appendix B‐12 and Appendix F).

67 The 1.5‐acre sedge meadow planting (unit 13) was planted with 60 species at a rate of 10.5 lbs/acre (graminoid/forb ratio of 1:2.5) on 20 November 2007, with an additional 13 species planted as plugs (live plants) or bare root tubers (aquatic vascular plants) on 11 June 2008 (Appendix A‐7). Species were planted according to a log‐series abundance curve model (Krebs 1989), a distribution thought to mimic abundance patterns in undisturbed natural areas and use up all available niche space to discourage invasion by Phalaris arundinacea (Annen, unpublished data; Wisconsin RCG Working Group 2009). To encourage transplant success, plugs were dipped in a 4.0% (a.i.) solution of cytokinin rooting hormone (X‐Cyte® growth regulator) immediately prior to planting. Seed was obtained from sedge meadow remnants on the property, from local sources near the preserve, and from local nurseries. Following removal of drainage tiles in the mid‐1990s and a ditch fill‐scrape pond construction‐wetland recontouring project in 2007, exposed bareground surfaces were culimulched to a depth of four inches, and seed was hand broadcast onto the soil surface. The planting was immediately cultipacked after seeding to mend the seed to the soil surface, and there was a snowfall of five inches the following day. The bareground was also seeded with perennial rye at a rate of 4 lbs/acre as a cover crop to stabilize the exposed soil from erosion. The restored sedge meadow supports populations of glade mallow (Napaea dioica) planted from seed collected from populations growing along the Sugar River and along State Highway 14, cream gentian (Gentiana alba) collected from management unit 7, and eight eastern prairie fringed orchids (Platanthera leucophaea) transplanted from the van Altena Preserve, near Milton, WI (see Appendix B‐12 and Appendix F).

68 Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Sedge Meadow Communities

 Restore remnant sedge meadow communities to their presettlement condition.  Reintroduce periodic wildfire regimes to sedge meadow communities.  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Establish and maintain habitat structural elements to benefit wildlife.

69 Management Recommendations for Sedge Meadow Communities

Use of Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool:

Similar to prairie, sedge meadow is a fire‐dependent community. In the absence of periodic wildfire regimes, sedge meadow successionally advances to shrub‐carr and then to lowland forest. The use of prescribed fire as a management tool will need to be an essential component of long‐term sedge meadow management at the Preserve. However, owing to their wet condition in spring, sedge meadow historically experienced a lower fire frequency than prairie. A suitable burn frequency for the sedge meadow remnants is 3 – 5 years, but this schedule is less conducive to reed canarygrass management. Although not directly lethal to established reed canarygrass stands, prescribed fire enhances reed canarygrass abatement efforts, particularly if site conditions allow burns to be timed properly. Treatment areas should be burned on April 15th or later. Burning too early (e.g., March) or too late (late summer or autumn) gives reed canarygrass a competitive advantage over native species because cool‐season forbs and sedges emerge and attain maximum seasonal productivity later in the growing season than reed canarygrass (more than a month later for most of the common native wetland species). Reed canarygrass emerges and attains maximum aboveground biomass production earlier in the spring than most native species, which is one reason it is able to successfully invade plant communities and displace other species. It does this by utilizing both rhizome carbohydrate reserves and photosynthetic carbohydrate assimilation during the entire period from emergence throughout the initial stages of seed development. In contrast,

70 most native perennial species utilize reserves for emergence and development first‐ and second‐leaves only. An early burn gives reed canarygrass an even bigger head start on competing native species, enabling it to grow taller more quickly and shade out other species. In contrast, a burn timed later in spring will set back established reed canarygrass plants by scalding its newly emerging (and somewhat fragile at this growth stage) crown buds while concomitantly removing litter and warming soil at a time when native species are just beginning to emerge. Additionally, the primary germination window for reed canarygrass seeds occurs during March‐April, and a late burn can have lethal effects on newly‐ emerged reed canarygrass seedlings that have not had a chance to develop extensive rhizome networks and tillers. Late season burning can also prevent panicle development in established (vernalized) tillers. Moreover, results from empirical research being conducted in the Pacific Northwest have documented a 40% increase in herbicide performance when herbicide applications were coupled to burning. One perceived drawback to burning reed canarygrass stands (which is actually an advantage) is that litter removal can (and does) affect initial surges in seed germination from the active reed canarygrass seed bank. Seed germination in reed canarygrass is bimodal, and there is a second germination window for reed canarygrass seeds, which occurs mid‐June through mid July. Immature reed canarygrass seedlings (i.e., those plants that have not yet tillered or been vernalized by low temperature/short day photoperiods) are more susceptible to postemergence systemic herbicides because they do not have rhizome carbohydrate reserves (etiolated regrowth potential) or dormant lateral rhizome buds from which to recover from herbicide treatments. Although the number of studies that have addressed the question of seed viability and seed bank longevity

71 in RCG are regrettably few, existing data predicts that RCG seed viability is typically low in most stands and declines rapidly after only two or three years in wet soil. If so, then coupling prescribed burning to herbicide applications may have an indirect effect of “flushing” out any existing RCG seed bank within a short period of time.

Notwithstanding the above argument regarding the timing of prescribed burns in RCG settings, a point that bears emphasis is that burning will augment RCG control efforts regardless of when the burn is conducted. In an ideal world, we would be free to choose the optimal burn window for our management initiatives, but in the real world we often have to burn when conditions permit. The advantages of burning, in terms of litter removal and opening up the native seed bank to light outweigh the potential for shifting competitive advantages from desirable species to reed canarygrass. Several theoretical models of plant species competition show that litter processes might be a greater predictor of species replacements than light competition. Selective herbicide applications after a burn will set RCG back long enough for native species to emerge and gain the upper hand in the struggle for light. The 3 – 5 year rotation can be adopted when reed canarygrass abundance reaches a level of less than one percent.

Dealing with Invasive Species:

Reed canarygrass, Canada goldenrod, and Canada thistle are the most abundant invasive species present in the Preserve’s remnant sedge meadow communities. Unit 13 also has, in addition to these species, small amounts of sweetclover and parsnip. Canada goldenrod and thistles should be treated with composite‐specific herbicides rather than broad‐spectrum herbicides because the

72 former are more effective against these perennial species and won’t create bareground kill zones where reed canarygrass or other weed species could become established. The general management strategy for reed canarygrass control will be to use low‐impact selective treatments to suppress reed canarygrass while minimizing the risk of inflicting collateral damage to desirable species. Sweetclover and parsnip in unit 13 should be hand pulled because of the risks associated with using broadleaf herbicides near eastern prairie fringed orchid plants (see Appendix B‐12).

73 Oak Savanna (Oak Opening)

(Management units 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12)

Unit Designation Size 2 LIP Savanna Remnant 10 acres 3 East Savanna Remnant 12 acres 4 Brooks’ Savanna 4.5 acres 6 IAT Savanna Remnant 5 acres 11 Goth Savanna Remnant 3 acres 12 WHIP Savanna Remnant 7 acres 33 KP Savanna Remnant ½ acre

Total Area: 37.5 acres

74 Southwestern Wisconsin’s oak savanna lies at the ecotonal boundary between the prairies of the western Great Plains and the eastern deciduous forests (Cottam 1949). Transeau (1935) referred to this boundary as “The Prairie Peninsula”. Due to its position in the regional landscape, oak savanna contains elements of both prairie and forest. Oak savanna is a fire‐maintained community dominated by open grown oak trees. Curtis (1959) divided Wisconsin’s oak savanna into three community types: 1) Oak Barrens, which occur in the central sands region of Wisconsin, are dominated by black oak () and Hill’s oak (Q. ellipsoidalis) on sandy soils, with an understory composition similar to dry prairie or sand barrens, 2) Riparian Savannas, which occur on wet soils bordering rivers and streams, are dominated by swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), with an understory similar to wet prairie or sedge meadow, and 3) Oak Openings, which occur in mesic alfisols on loamy upland sites, are dominated by bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), with white oak (Q. alba), black oak, shagbark hickory (), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) as frequent subdominant components. Although the presettlement composition of oak opening understory is not precisely known (Henderson 1995), several authors who have surveyed the literature on this subject (e.g., Cottam 1949; Curtis 1959; Bray 1960; Anderson 1998; Leach and Givnish 1998; Cochrane and Iltis 2000) indicated that the understory of oak openings was composed of a changing mixture of prairie species, true savanna species, and fire‐tolerant mesic forest species. Cottam (1949), citing earlier authors, described “” (probably Corylus americana), tea (Ceoanthus americanus), prairie grasses, and grubs of oak and hickory formed by “almost annual” wildfires. Bray (1960) described prairie species occurring in a lower grass/forb ratio (i.e., they were more forb‐rich) than

75 open prairie grasslands. Leach and Givnish (1998) recorded the presence of rare or conservation concern species such as cream gentian (Gentiana alba), wild hyacinth (Camassia scilloides), lady’s tresses (Spiranthes spp.), and autumn coral root (Corallorhiza odontorhiza) in southern Wisconsin savanna remnants. Relic populations of two of these species exist in the oak savanna remnants of the Preserve (Appendix A‐2) and Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) records exist for the presence of autumn coral root within Berry Township. Unfortunately, the understory composition was not recorded in the original surveyor’s notes for section 33 of Berry Township.

Traditionally, land managers have defined oak openings according to the canopy coverage of oak trees, and conservation programs were designed and implemented with an endpoint of greater than one tree per acre and less than 50% total canopy cover. This definition was first presented by Curtis (1959), who was compelled to use arbitrary cut‐off points to classify the vegetation of Wisconsin into distinct community types. Using this definition, Curtis (1959) estimated that oak savanna covered 5.5 million acres (or 42% of the land surface south of the tension zone) of Wisconsin prior to Euro‐American settlement. Using the same definition of oak savanna, the Wisconsin DNR estimated that less than 500 acres of this community remain in remnant condition in Wisconsin (possessing both open grown oak trees and an intact understory species composition) less than 0.01% of the original acreage (Henderson 1995). However, Leach and Givnish (1998) argued that conservationists have been employing a definition of oak savanna that is too narrow. Their assertion was based on three premises: 1) Percent canopy can be an inaccurate and misleading measure of

76 direct sunlight reaching the understory canopy, 2) Historically, savanna trees were not evenly distributed on the landscape, but were arranged in clusters, groves, and peninsulas (Cottam (1949) made this same observation), and these heterogeneous associations skew the meaning of percent canopy when averaged over a specified area, and 3) Percent canopy describes the present condition of a savanna but not its past conditions. Anderson (1998) and Cochrane & Iltis (2000) argued that oak savanna had already been disturbed by human activity for more than 100 years before they were described scientifically, and that a more realistic definition of oak savanna canopy might range from between 10 and 80 percent canopy cover. Leach and Givnish (1998) proposed three criteria for identifying highly restorable oak savanna remnants in southern Wisconsin: 1) The presence of open grown oak trees, 2) The presence of a ground layer dominated by both shade‐tolerant and sun‐loving species, and 3) A history of fire within the previous ten years. The savannas of the Preserve meet all three of these criteria, qualifying them as retrievable oak savanna remnants. However, the understory compositions of management units 2, 3, and 4 have been severely degraded by decades of competition by invasive shrubs, principally buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). The understory compositions of management units 5, 12, and 24 are in better condition yet are still in danger of replacement by buckthorn encroachment.

In an effort to restore understory structure to remnant savanna recently cleared of brush and fire‐intolerant tree species, management unit 2 and the northern portion of management unit 3 were planted with a mixture of 95 understory species on 11 November 2008 (Appendix A‐8). Species with a variety

77 of shade tolerances were selected for the planting. Some species were collected from adjacent remnants at the preserve, some were donated by the Dane County Parks Commission and Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation, and some were purchased from local nurseries. The site was seeded at a rate of 6 lbs/acre with a graminoid/forb ratio of 1:2. Prior to planting, the site was burned to remove leaf litter and any senescent herbaceous vegetation. The site was prepared for planting by raking and piling any remaining slash and debris to expose the soil surface. The planting surface was prepared by making sets of perpendicular passes on an all‐terrain vehicle equipped with a drag with two‐inch teeth. Seed was hand broadcast onto the exposed soil surface. Seed was mixed with vermiculite to ensure uniform coverage. One‐half inch of precipitation fell onto the site during planting, which helped the seed stick to the soil. Two inches of snow fell on the site the evening after planting.

In 2008, four Casey’s lady’s tresses (Spiranthes casei var. casei), a species considered to be of Conservation Concern in the recently published Flora of North America (volume 26), were observed in management unit 2, as was a deme of the Threatened giant yellow hyssop (Agastache nepetoides). An additional yellow hyssop deme occurs in management unit 3. Protective exclosures were placed around all of these plants to curtail deer browsing. All savanna management units support populations of the Threatened red‐headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). Management unit 12 is also utilized by brown thrasher (Taxostoma rufum) and woodcock (Scolopax minor), two species of Special Concern in Wisconsin.

78 Open Oak Woodland

(Management units 5, 8, and 25)

Unit Designation Size 5 LIP Oak Woodland Remnant 40.0 acres 8 East Ridge Oak Woodland Remnant 32.5 acres 25 North Oak Woodland Remnant 63.0 acres

Total Area: 135.5 acres

79 As canopy closure increases, oak savanna grades into open oak woodland. Open oak woodland is generally defined as a fire‐dependent tree stand dominated by white oak (Q. alba) with closed canopy structure of 80 – 100%. Periodic wildfire is required for oak regeneration and to prevent succession to mesic forest dominated by maples (Acer spp.) and other fire‐intolerant hardwoods, and Cottam (1949) postulated that periodic drought may also play a role in maintaining oak‐dominated plant communities. The understory species composition of open oak woodland consists of the most shade‐tolerant savanna species and the most fire‐tolerant mesic forest species. Shrubs, such as hazelnut (Corylus americana) and grey dogwood (Cornus racemosa) were dominant understory species in many stands studied by Curtis (1959), who concluded that these species helped stabilize the community by shading out box elder (Acer negundo), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and other mesic forest species that would otherwise become established within canopy gaps. Prior to settlement, open oak woodland covered 1.4 million acres of Wisconsin (Henderson 1995). By the time of the Plant Ecology Laboratory (PEL) studies in the mid‐1900s, open oak woodlands in Wisconsin had been so degraded (by timber and firewood harvests, overgrazing, and lack of wildfire with concomitant encroachment by fire‐ intolerant shrub and tree species) that few stands still remained in a undisturbed condition for study. Curtis (1959) considered open oak woodland as a type of southern xeric forest, and only quantified a single stand in Dane County.

Several understory species considered modal to open oak woodlands (southern xeric forests) by Curtis (1959) can be found in abundance in the open oak woodland remnants at the Preserve, including wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), sedge (Carex

80 pennsylvanica), pointed‐leaf tick trefoil (Desmodium glutinosum), woodland anemone (Anenome virginiana), white avens (Geum canadense), elm‐leaved goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia), bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), early meadow rue (Thalictrum dioicum), and bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula). Additional understory species that are common in the Preserve’s open oak woodland remnants include rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera pubescens), poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), rue anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides), early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis), and hooked buttercup (R. recurvatus). Tree stand composition of the oak woodland remnants grades from oak‐dominated or oak‐ hickory associations on the ridge tops and south‐ and west‐facing slopes of the ridges (southern xeric forest consisting of bur, white, red, and black oak, shagbark and yellow bud hickory, and hackberry), to mixed‐oak forest stands covering much of the east‐facing slopes (southern dry‐mesic forest consisting of red and sugar maple (Acer spp.), basswood (Tilia americana), cherry ( serotina), white ash ( americana) and butternut ( cinerea, Special Concern) in addition to white and black oak). The open oak woodlands at the Preserve are presently in a highly restorable condition, and much of the restoration objectives for these communities can be accomplished with prescribed fire regimes alone.

81 Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Oak Savanna and Open Oak Woodland Communities

 Restore remnant oak savanna and open oak woodland communities to their presettlement condition.  Reintroduce periodic wildfire regimes to oak savanna and open oak woodland communities.  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Establish and maintain habitat structural elements to benefit wildlife.

82 Management Recommendations for Oak Savanna (Oak Opening) and Open Oak Woodland

Use of Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool: Similar to prairie and sedge meadow, oak savanna and open oak woodlands are fire‐dependent communities. In the absence of wildfire, oak savanna and open oak woodland will gradually convert to mesic forest. The use of prescribed fire as a management tool will need to be an essential component of long‐term oak savanna and open oak woodland management at the Preserve. Management units in which desired endpoint vegetation is already well‐established should be burned in a random pattern with each unit experiencing a frequency of 1 – 3 years between burns. This frequency is characteristic of historical fire frequency prior to Euro‐American settlement. Burns should also be randomized across seasons (spring and autumn) when practical or possible to do so. At no time should the entire acreage of oak savanna or open oak woodland at the Preserve be burned. Unburned units are needed as refugia for fire‐sensitive species. Management units undergoing intensive management (active vegetation reestablishment, high levels of invasive species control) should be burned annually (if site conditions permit) to facilitate restoration and management activities. Once native vegetation is well‐established in these units, they can be placed into the intermittent rotation described above. Construction and maintenance of permanent fire breaks around the perimeters of each management unit or adjacent management units is highly desirable to the use of fire as a management tool in these communities. Firebreaks in these

83 communities should be a minimum of ten feet wide, devoid of flammable vegetation and litter, and accessible to fire equipment. Any snags occurring near firebreaks that are taller than the width of the break should be removed unless known to be occupied by wildlife. Large debris (slash or fallen branches greater than five inches in diameter) within twenty feet of the firebreak should be also be removed to lessen the risk of spot fires breaking out near firebreaks.

Dealing with Invasive Species:

The most abundant invasive species occurring in the oak savanna and open oak woodlands of the Preserve are garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), and brambles ( spp. and Rubus spp.). Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) is also abundant in some management units. Additional species that occur in low densities (mostly within canopy gaps) are thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus sp.), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), field mustard (Brassica niger), motherwort (Leonurus cardaca), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea).

Thinning Stands to their Presettlement Condition: Decades of wildfire suppression have enabled several fire‐intolerant tree species to become established in the oak savanna and open oak woodland remnants of the Preserve, directly altering light quality and indirectly altering understory species composition, oak regeneration, and fire behavior. Several additional tree species with a moderate degree of fire tolerance that were historically present in pre‐settlement oak savanna and open oak woodland have increased in abundance since Euro‐American settlement. The most abundant species of fire‐intolerant trees that have become established in the oak savanna

84 and open oak woodlands are walnut (), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), cherry (), box elder (Acer negundo), basswood (Tilia americana), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), white birch (), red and silver maple (A. rubrum and A. saccharium), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). These species occur in varying densities among the different management units. Some of these trees can be converted into habitat structural elements (see below), but most will need to be removed to restore the oak savanna and oak woodland management units to their presettlement condition. Lumber‐grade walnut and cherry trees can be harvested and marketed to help defray the costs associated with restoration and management. A cost‐effective way to remove trees not suitable as timber is to allow them to be harvested for firewood. Trees that can be harvested for lumber or firewood should be clearly marked as such, but only AFTER HABITAT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN CREATED (see below). It is advisable to have firewood harvesters sign release forms to protect the Foundation from liability for injury or property destruction. Tree species in the latter group (those present at the time of Euro‐American settlement) include hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), black oak (Quercus velutina), yellow bud hickory (Carya cordiformis), and shagbark hickory (C. ovata). These species should be thinned to reduce their density but not removed entirely. Some of these trees can also be converted into habitat structural elements (see below).

Habitat Structural Elements: The first Euro‐American settlers described the oak savanna and open oak woodlands they encountered in southwestern Wisconsin as having a “park‐like” quality. Later generations have taken this description literally (perhaps too literally) and sought to restore oak savanna and open oak woodland to a near

85 debris‐free state. Widespread reintroduction of wildfire regimes to these communities and the associated risks of spot fires and damage to private property have fueled the desire to completely remove snags, fallen logs, and other debris from burn units. This approach is still widespread as budgets tighten and fire wardens are requiring burn crews to conduct mandatory (and expensive) post‐ burn mop‐up efforts. The problem with restoring oak savanna and open oak woodland to a near “clean” state is that hundreds of species across all trophic levels require snags, fallen logs, tree cavities, rotten stumps, and other woodland debris in their life cycle. These habitat structural elements are used for dening, nesting, feeding, food storage, perching, preening, courtship rituals, and thermoregulation. A rotten log in the woods is covered with mosses, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens. Break it open and there are scores of different insects present. Recent research found that completely removing logging slash decreased the diversity and abundance of several species of fungi, which in turn uncoupled biogeochemical decay and nutrient cycles within European forests. A similar trophic cascade of indirect effects could occur in Wisconsin if too much debris is removed from wooded communities. For example, beetles that live in the bark of shagbark hickory trees are hosts for the parasitoid wasp Stephinidae: Megischus sp., a species recently sampled at the Preserve whose presence was previously undocumented in Wisconsin. Removing hickory snags could reduce the amount of microhabitats available to the beetles, decreasing their abundance and indirectly causing a population decline of the Megishus wasp.

Shrubs are also habitat structural elements that were common in presettlement oak savanna and especially open oak woodlands. American hazelnut (Corylus americana), dogwoods (Cornus spp.), speckled alder (Alnus

86 incana), elderberry ( canadensis), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), high‐ bush cranberry (Viburnum sp.), prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), and plum (Prunus americana) were all historically present in these communities. All of these species occur in the open oak woodlands of the Preserve. Brown thrasher (Taxostoma rufum), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), warbler (Oporonis formosus), and wood thrush (Hylocichia mustelina), species of conservation concern that have been documented at the Preserve, all require shrub structure for nesting and brooding. Woodcock (Scolopax minor) also utilizes shrubby oak woodlands during its life cycle (Appendix C‐1). Grubs of oak and hickory are important structural elements for several species of insect and were historically present in abundance in southwestern Wisconsin’s presettlement oak savanna and open oak woodland communities. Equally important but perhaps not historically common in these communities are stands of aspen ( tremuloides) which provide habitat for a variety of bird species. These stands should be maintained over at least some acreage of the Preserve.

Guidelines for creating habitat structural elements in oak savanna and open oak woodland:  In general, the larger the snag, the more species it can support.  When selecting trees for habitat structural elements, it is important to choose trees for BOTH PRESENT AND FUTURE habitat needs.  Make use of both hard (e.g., hackberry, hickory) and soft (e.g. box elder, cedar, aspen) snags.  Check for wildlife (e.g., woodpecker holes) prior to removing a snag and do not remove an inhabited snag.

87  Leave at least four or five standing snags per acre in every management unit.  Create snags from a variety of size classes: 5% (>18 inches DBH), 35% (>14 inches DBH) and 60% (>6 inches DBH). Leave one tree per acre of each size class for future snag trees. Select trees that are not shading young for this purpose.  Protect standing and fallen snags from prescribed fire by using a leaf blower to remove fine fuels from their perimeter before conducting a burn.  Toppled snags are important for tree and shrub regeneration, and for wildlife food and cover. Leave at least four fallen logs per acre as nurse logs.  Eastern red cedar trunks make excellent basking logs for reptiles and amphibians and are more resistant to decay than logs of other species.  When selecting or placing fallen logs on slopes, make sure they are perpendicular to the slope so that wildfires do not cause them to catch fire and roll down the hill.  Rotten stumps are still present from previous timber harvests. Do not remove these structures.  In areas where savanna trees (oak and hickory) can be thinned without harming the integrity of the stand, create oak and hickory grubs by cutting trees at ground level and allowing them to resprout.  If native shrubs are present in management units, even in high density, simply allow fires to keep them in check. If native shrubs are not present, attempt to establish them.

88 Emergent Aquatic Pond Margins and Open Water Communities

(Collectively, management unit 32) 18 acres

89 The open water areas and drawdown margins of the 22 constructed and natural ponds occurring throughout the Preserve are critical elements for waterfowl production and provide habitat for several migratory bird species. Most of the ponds are equipped with waterfowl brooding boxes. In 2009, the most abundant aquatic species present within the ponds of the east valley were sago pondweed (Stuckenia [Potamogeton] pectinata), floating‐ leaved pondweed (Potamogeton natans), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), and duckweed (Lemna spp. and Spirodela polyrhiza). The ecologically invasive curly‐leaved pondweed (P. crispus) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale) occur in low to moderate abundance in some of these ponds. The gradually sloping banks of these scrape ponds enhance wetland plant diversity at the Preserve by creating coenoclinal (hydroseral) banding of vegetation in response to water depth. Emergent aquatic and sedge meadow species sort out along water‐depth gradients, resulting in concentric rings of vegetation surrounding the pond margins. These pond margins support several species of emergent aquatic plants, some of which are important food sources for waterfowl, including arrowheads (Sagittaria latifolia and S. rigida), and several species of smartweed ( spp.). Additional emergent aquatic species that are common around pond margins include soft‐stemmed bulrush (Schoenplectus tabernaemontani [Scirpus acutus]), river bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis), broad‐leaved cattail ( latifolia), giant bur‐reed (Sparganium eurycarpum), water plantain (Alisma subcordatum), and lake sedge (Carex lacustris). One Wildlife Action Species (mallard, Anas platyrhynchos) and four Special Concern species (blue‐winged teal (Anas discors), great egret (Ardea alba), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), and snowy egret (Egretta thula)) have been observed using these open water communities during

90 their spring and autumn migrations. Typically, a given waterfowl species produces several broods during a given season, and the open water habitats of the Preserve contribute to North America’s waterfowl production potential.

91 Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Emergent Aquatic and Open Water Communities

 Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Establish and maintain vegetative cover that can be utilized by waterfowl for food, bedding, and/or nesting substrate.  Establish and maintain waterfowl brooding boxes to benefit waterfowl production capacity.  Take measures to maintain or increase waterfowl production.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.

92 Management Recommendations for Emergent Pond Margins and Open Water Communities

Waterfowl Production:

The primary ecological function of the ponds that make up management unit 32 is waterfowl production. The diverse vegetation assemblages growing in the Preserve’s pond margins provide cover, nesting substrate, and food (either directly or by creating leaf litter that is inhabited by aquatic invertebrates) to waterfowl species. The emergent pond margins at the Preserve contain several natural food sources for waterfowl, including annual mudflat species such as smartweed (Polygonum spp.) and beggarticks (Bidens spp.) and perennial species such as sedges (Carex spp., Cyperus spp., and Juncus spp.), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoidies), and marsh dock ( orbiculatus). These naturally‐occurring food sources augment the presence of 26 acres of wildlife food plots at the Preserve, and the aforementioned indigenous species contain nutrients not present in domesticated row crop grains commonly planted in food plots (FWS 1982). The presence of both food plots and naturally‐occurring vegetation enable the scrape ponds at the Preserve to support more species of waterfowl than food plots alone. Aquatic vascular plants such as pondweed (Potamogeton spp.) are abundant within the ponds and are also a waterfowl food source. In addition, amphibians and aquatic invertebrates, important prey species for blue heron, are also abundant. Most of the ponds at the Preserve contain waterfowl brooding

93 boxes, all of which are occupied by waterfowl every year. Managers should continue to install and maintain brooding boxes for waterfowl production.

Dealing with Invasive Species: The aquatic invasive plants curly‐leaved pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale) occur within some of the ponds of the Preserve. These species should be removed so that waterfowl do not transport them to other ponds. Both species are capable of regenerating from fragments, so care must be taken when removing them. The best method is to use a rake with large tines to gently scoop up the plants, which should be bagged and destroyed. An aquatic plant management (APM) permit is not required for mechanical control of these species. The ponds should also be routinely scouted for the presence of Eurasian water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), which should also be immediately removed before it can spread. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) is well‐established around the margins of several ponds, especially in management unit 18. Reed canarygrass stands occurring in or near ponds should be treated with an aquatic‐approved post‐emergence herbicide that will not cause harm to waterfowl (glyphosate or imazapyr) along with an aquatic‐ approved spreader‐sticker additive, then replanted with a mixture of annual and perennial replacement species at a high seeding rate. Pond margins should also be annually scouted for the presence of narrow‐leaved and hybrid cattail ( and T. X glauca) and also for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Although these species are not presently known to exist at the Preserve, they are widely distributed in southwestern Wisconsin and seeds can be introduced by migrating waterfowl. A single culm of narrow‐leaved cattail was discovered in the scrape pond near management unit 13 in July 2009, was dug out of the sediment

94 and destroyed. Rapid response to pioneer individuals as soon as they arrive is the most effective method of keeping these high‐impact invaders out of the Preserve.

95 Southern Mesic Forest

(Management unit 23) 13.5 acres

96 For several reasons, less is known about the presettlement condition and composition of southern mesic forests in Wisconsin than other dominant community types (Kotar and Matthiae 1995). Mesic forests are dominated by shade‐tolerant, fire‐intolerant hardwood trees such as black walnut (Juglans nigra), red and sugar maple ( and A. saccharum), basswood (Tilia americana), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), with bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) and butternut (J. cinerea) common but not abundant in most stands and white ash (Fraxinus americana) and elm (Ulmus spp.) as associates. Historically, southwestern Wisconsin was alternatively vegetated by mesic forest and oak savanna/open oak woodland/prairie, with the dominant phase during any given time period determined by climate and its affect on the frequency of wildfires (Anderson 1998). During drier periods, wildfire was more frequent, and fire‐dependent communities dominated the landscape. Refugia of mesic forest probably persisted on north‐facing slopes that were less susceptible to frequent wildfire due to site conditions (north‐facing slopes receive less sunlight, making their interior conditions more humid than south‐facing slopes, and are generally lacking in flammable understory fuels). During wetter periods, fire frequency decreased and mesic forests expanded from their north slope refugia. As shade‐ tolerant mesic forest species migrated into oak savanna and open oak woodland, they inhibited oak regeneration by decreasing the amount of light penetrating to the understory. Evidence from fossilized pollen supports the hypothesis that mesic forests were increasing in area prior to Euro‐American settlement (Anderson 1998), although the rate of replacement was probably slowed due to use of fire by indigenous populations to drive game.

97 Land surveys conducted in 1832 do not give any indication of the presence of southern mesic forest at the Preserve, and it is possible (perhaps even likely) that the mesic hardwood stand of unit 23 is a post‐settlement artifact resulting from a combination of land‐use history factors, such as high‐grade logging, wildfire suppression, and grazing by cattle. In any case, southern mesic forest was never extensive in southwestern Wisconsin prior to settlement (Kotar and Matthiae 1995). Wildfire suppression and high‐grade logging of oaks during the first decades of settlement encouraged a temporary expansion of southern mesic forests, but much of this acreage was converted to farm land and all that remains are small, isolated forest remnants. The largest block of southern mesic forest occurs in the Baraboo Hills Region, which was spared conversion to agriculture by the presence of extensive quartzite talus. Southern mesic forest is a relatively stable vegetation association in the absence of wildfire, and the dominance of shade‐tolerant species often increases over time.

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Zedler, J.B. and K. Potter. (2008). Southern Wisconsin’s Herbaceous Wetlands: Their Recent History and Precarious Fragility. Pages 193‐210 in The Vanishing Present, edited by D. Waller and T. Rooney. University of Chicago Press.

101

Appendices A ‐ F

102 Appendix A‐0: Summary of Species Richness

Species Richness: 1,206 Conservation Priority Species: 85

Plantae ‐ Species Richness: 419

Conservation Priority: 35 Extirpated 1 Endangered 4 Threatened 7 Special Concern 12 SGCN 1 Conservation Concern Species 1 Rare (C ≥ 9) , Uncommon, or in Decline 9

Fungi (Mushrooms and Molds) ‐ Species Richness: 2

Avians (Birds) ‐ Species Richness: 106

Conservation Priority: 23 Threatened 1 SGCN/Special Concern 19 Species of Conservation Concern 1 Wildlife Action Plan Species 1 Protected Wild Animal 1

Mammalia (Mammals) ‐ Species Richness: 22

Conservation Priority: 1 Special Concern 1

Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) ‐ Species Richness: 20

Conservation Priority: 5 Threatened 1 Special Concern 1 SGCN 1 Protected Wild Animal 2

Crustacea: Decapoda (Crayfish) ‐ Species Richness: 1

Insecta: Coleoptera (Beetles) ‐ Species Richness: 105

Insecta: Hemiptera (Leafhoppers and Planthoppers) ‐ Species Richness: 1

Insecta: (Ants, Bees, and Wasps) ‐ Species Richness: 50

Conservation Priority: 1 Previously Undocumented 1

Insecta: ( and Butterflies) ‐ Species Richness: 464

Conservation Priority: 20 Endangered 1 Special Concern 7 Uncommonly Collected 8 New to Wisconsin 4

Insecta: Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) ‐ Species Richness: 13

Insecta: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Locusts) ‐ Species Richness: 2

Insecta: Phasmatodea (Stick‐Bugs) ‐ Species Richness: 1

103 Appendix A‐1: Total Species Richness

Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Plantae Acer negundo Box Elder N CAA Acer rubra Red Maple N CAA Silver Maple N CAA Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow N CAA album White Baneberry N GRG Actaea rubra Red Baneberry N PJM Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair Fern N CAA Agalinus tenuifolia Small‐Flowered False Foxglove N GRG Agastache foeniculum Hyssop S Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant Hyssop (Threatened) N CAA Agastache scrophulariafolia Purple Giant Hyssop S GRG Agrimonia gryposepala Tall Agrimony N CAA Agrostis gigantea Red Top N EJJ Agrostis hyemalis Bent Grass N CAA Alisma subcordatum Common Water Plantain N CAA Allium cernuum Nodding Wild Onion S Allium canadense Wild Garlid S Allium tricoccum Wild Leek N HLS Alnus incana Black Alder N EJJ Amaranthus retroflexus Wild Amaranth N CAA Ambrosia artemesiifolia Common Ragweed N CAA Ambrosia psilostachya Western Ragweed N CAA Ambrosia trifida Giant Ragweed N CAA Amorpha canescens Leadplant N CAA Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem N,S CAA Andropogon scoparius Little Bluestem N,S CAA Anenome [Hepatica] americana Hepatica N CAA Anenome canadensis Canada Anenome N CAA Anenome cylindrica Thimbleweed N CAA Anenome [Pulsatilla] patens Pasque Flower N CAA Anenome quinquefolia Wood Anenome N HLS Anenome virginiana Tall Anenome N CAA Angelica atropurpurea Great Angelica N CAA Antennaria neglecta Pussy Toes N CAA Antennaria plantaginifolia Plantain‐Leaved Pussy Toes N CAA Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane N CAA Apocynum cannabinum Hemp Dogbane S Aquilegia canadensis Columbine N,S CAA Arabis canadensis Sicklepod N EJJ Arabis lyriata Lyre‐Leaved Rock Cress N CAA Aralia racemosa Spikenard S Arenaria stricta subsp. stricta Rock Sandwort N EJJ Arisamea triphyllum Jack‐in‐the‐Pulpit N CAA Artemisia ludoviciana White Prairie Sage S

104 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Asclepias amplexicaulis Sand Milkweed S CAA Asclepias exalta Poke Milkweed N,S GRG Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed N CAA Asclepias meadii Mead's Milkweed (ENDANGERED) S GRG Asclepias purpurescens Purple Milkweed (ENDANGERED) T BROCK Sullivant's Prairie Milkweed Asclepias sullivantii (ENDANGERED) S Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed N CAA Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed N CAA Asclepias verticilatta Whorled Milkweed N CAA Asclepias viridiflora Green Milkweed S Aster azureus [oolentangnesis] Sky Blue Aster N,S CAA Aster drummondii Drummond's Aster S Aster ericoides Heath Aster N,S CAA Aster laevis Smooth Aster N,S CAA Aster lateriflorus Calico Aster NDC Aster linariifolius Linear‐Leaved Aster N EJJ Aster macrophyllus Large‐Leaved Aster S Aser novae‐anglae New England Aster S CAA Aster pilosus Frost Aster N CAA Aster prenanthoides Marsh Aster N CAA Aster punecius Red Stem Aster N CAA Aster sagittifolius Hairy Wood Aster S Aster sericeus Silky Aster N CAA Aster shortii Short's Aster S Aster simplex Red‐Stem Aster N EJJ canadensis Canada Milk Vetch S GRG Baptisia bracteata Cream False Indigo S GRG Baptisia leucantha White Wild Indigo S GRG Betula papyrifera Paper Birch N CAA Bidens cernuua Beggar‐Ticks S Bidens frondosa Common Beggar‐Ticks S Bouteloua curtipendula Side Oats Grama N CAA Bouteloua gracilis Buffalo Grass S Brachelectrum erectum Long‐Awned Wood Grass N CAA Brasenia schreberi Water Shield T Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome N EJJ Bromus kalmii Woodland Brome Grass S Cacalia [Arnoglossum] atriplicifolia Indian Plantain S GRG

Cacalia suaveolens Hastate Indian Plantain (Special Concern) S CAA Cacalia tuberosa [Arnoglossum plantagineum] Tuberous Indian Plantain (Threatened) N GRG Calamagrostis canadensis Canada Blue‐Joint Grass N CAA Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia Prairie Sandreed (C = 9) N CAA

Callirhoe triangulata Clustered Poppy Mallow (Special Concern) N GRG Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold N,S CAA

105 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Camassia scillioides Prairie Hyacinth (ENDANGERED) S rotundifolia Harebell N GRG Carya cordiformis Bitternut, Yellow‐Bud Hickory N CAA Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory N CAA Carex annectens xanthocarpa Small Yellow Fox Sedge S Carex aquatilis Water Sedge S Carex bebbii Bebb's Sedge S Carex bicknellii Bicknell's Sedge S Carex cephalopora Yellow Savanna Sedge N PJM Carex comosa Bristly Sedge T CAA Carex crinita Nodding Yellow Sedge T,S Carex eburnia Ivory Sedge N PJM Carex granularis Pale Sedge S Carex gravida Long‐Awned Bracted Sedge S Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge N EJJ Carex intumescens Shinning Bur Sedge N CAA Carex lacustris Lake Sedge N CAA Carex lasiocarpa Narrow‐Leaved Wooly Sedge N CAA Carex lupulina Hop Sedge N CAA Carex lurida Yellow Sedge T Crarex meadii Mead's Sedge N PJM Carex muhlenbergii Sand Bracted Sedge N, S CAA Carex normalis Woodland Sedge N PJM Carex pellita Broad‐Leaved Wooly Sedge N EJJ Carex pennsylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge N CAA Carex rosea Curly‐Styled Wood Sedge S Carex scoparia Nodding Sedge N CAA Carex squarrosa Narrow‐Leaved Cattail Sedge S Carex stipata Brown Fox Sedge N EJJ Carex stricta Tussock Sedge N CAA Carex tenera Fox Sedge S Carex tonsa Parachute Sedge N EJJ Carex trichocarpa Black‐Stemmed Sedge N CAA Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge N,P CAA Castilleja sessiliflora Downy Yellow Painted Cup (C = 10) N CAA Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh N GRG Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea N GRG Ceanothus herbaceous [ovatus] Inland New Jersey Tea N GRG Celastrus scandens Bittersweet N PJM Celtis occidentalis Hackberry N CAA Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail N CAA Chamaecrista [Cassia] fasciculata Partridge Pea N CAA Chenopodium album Lamb's Quarters N CAA Chlelone glabra Turtlehead P CAA Cicuta maculata Poison Hemlock P CAA Circaea lutetiana Broad‐Leaved Enchanter's Nightshade N CAA Cirsium discolor Native Field Thistle P GRG Cirsium hillii Hill's Prairie Thistle (Threatened) T GRG

106 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Cirsium mucicum Native Marsh Thistle N CAA Clintonia borealis Blue‐Beard Lily N CAA Conzya [Erigeron] canadensis Horseweed N CAA Coreopsis palmata Bird's Foot Coreopsis N CAA Coreposis grandiflorus Coreopsis P EJJ Cornus racemosa Grey Dodwood N CAA Corylus americana Hazelnut N CAA Crataegus sp. Hawthorn N CAA Cyperus esculentus Field Nut Sedge N PJM Cyperus lupulinus Sand Hop Sedge N CAA Cyperus strigosus Yellow Nut Sedge N CAA Yellow Lady Slipper Orchid (Special Cypripedium parviflorum Concern) N GRG Desmodium canadense Canada Tick‐Trefoil P CAA Desmodium illinoiense Illinois Tick‐Trefoil N CAA Desmodium glutinosum Pointed‐Leaved Tick‐Trefoil N CAA Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's Breeches N CAA Dodecatheon meadia Shooting Star N,P GRG Echinacea pallida Pale Purple Coneflower (Threatened) N GRG Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower S CAA Eleocharis acicularis Spike Rush N CAA Elymus canadensis Canada Wild Rye P GRG Bottle Brush Grass N CAA Elymus riparius Riverbank Wild Rye S Elymus villosus Silky Wild Rye N CAA Elymus virginicus Wild Rye S Epilobium coloratum Common Willow Herb NSK Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail N CAA Eragrostis spectabilis Ticklegrass N CAA Erigeron annus Annual Fleabane N EJJ Erigeron pulchellus Robin's Plantain NDC Erigeron strigosus Daisy Fleabane N CAA Erechities hieracifolia Fireweed N CAA Eryngnium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master N,P CAA Eupatorium altissimum Tall Upland Boneset N EJJ Eupatorium maculatum Joe‐Pye Weed N CAA Eupatorium perfoliatum Perfoliate Boneset N CAA Eupatorium purpureum Upland Purple Joe Pye Weed S Eupatorium rugosum var. rugosum White Snakeroot N,P CAA

Eupatorium sessilifolium Sessile‐Leaved Boneset (Special Concern) S Euphorbia corollata Flowering Spurge N CAA Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry N EJJ Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry N CAA Fraxinus americana White Ash N GRG Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash N GRG Galearis spectabilis Showy Orchis N CAA Galium boreale Northern Bedstraw N CAA

107 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum Forest Bedstraw N EJJ Galium triflorum Sweet‐Scented Bedstraw N CAA Gauria biennis var. biennis Bee‐Blossom N CAA Gentiana alba Cream Gentian (Threatened) N GRG Gentiana andrewsii Bottle Brush Gentian N CAA Gentiana andrewsii forma rhodantha Pink Bottle Brush Gentian T JVA Gentiana flava Yellow Gentian S Gentiana quinquefolia Stiff Gentian N,S CAA Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian N GRG Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium N CAA Geum allepicum Yellow Avens N CAA Geum canadense White Avens N CAA Geum triflorum Prairie Smoke N CAA Glyceria canadensis Tall Manna Grass N CAA Gnapthalium obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Pearly Everlasting N CAA Goodyera pubescens Rattlesnake Plaintain N CAA Hackelia deflexa American Stickseed N CAA Hedeoma hispida Rough False Pennyroyal N CAA Hedyotis [Houstonia] longifolia Long‐Leaved Bluets N CAA Helianthemum canadense Rock Rose N CAA Helianthus grosseserratus Saw‐Toothed Sunflower N CAA Helianthus hirsutus Hairy Rough Sunflower N CAA Helianthus occidentalis Western Sunflower N CAA Helianthus pauciflorus Showy Sunflower N CAA Helianthus strumosis Woodland Sunflower S Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem‐Artichoke S Sneezeweed N CAA Heliopsis helianthoides Woodland Sunflower N,S CAA Heuchera richardsonii Alum Root S kalmii Canada Hawkweed N EJJ, CAA Hypericum pyrimidatum Great St. John's Wort S Hypoxis hirsuta Yellow Star Grass N CAA capensis Jewelweed N CAA Iris virginica var. shrevei Blue Flag Iris N,T CAA Juglans cinerea Butternut (Special Concern) N CAA Juglans nigra Black Walnut N CAA Juncus canadense Canada Rush S Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush S Juncus effusus Rush N EJJ Juncus tenuis Path Rush N CAA Juniperus communis Common Juniper N CAA Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar N CAA Koeleria pyrimidata [cristata] June Grass P CAA Krigia biflora Two‐Flowered cynthia N GRG Kunhia [Brickellia] eupatoroides False Boneset N CAA Lactuca biennis Wild Lettuce N GRG Canada Wood Nettle N EJJ Lathyrus palustris Marsh Pea N EJJ

108 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Leersia oryzoides Rice Cut Grass P CAA Lemna minor Common Duckweed N CAA virginicum Virginia Pepperweed N CAA Lespedeza capitata Bushclover N,P CAA Liatris aspera Prairie Blazing Star N,P CAA Liatris cylindracea Cylindrical Blazing Star N,P CAA Liatris ligulistylus Meadow Blazing Star S Liatris pychnostachya Prairie Blazing Star N,P GRG Lilium superbum Turk's Cap Lily N GRG Lithospermum canescens Hoary Pucoon (C = 10) N CAA Lithospermum incisium Pucoon N EJJ Lobelia cardnalis Cardinal Flower T Lobelia inflata Indian Tobacco S Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia N,P EJJ Lupinis perennis Wild Lupine S americanus Water Horehound N,S CAA Lysmachia lanceolata Lance‐Leaved Loosestrife NDC Lythrum alatum Winged Loosestrife S Maianthemum canadense Wild Lily of the Valley N HLS arvensis Common Marsh Mint N CAA Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells S ringens Monkeyflower S fistulosa Wild Bergamont N CAA Monarda punctata Horsemint N CAA Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe N CAA Muhlenbergia racemosa Upland Wild Timothy S Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimble‐Will Muhly N EJJ Napaea dioica Glade Mallow (Special Concern) N CAA Nelumbo lutea Water Lotus T HLS Nothocalais [Microseris] cuspidata Prairie Dandelion (Threatened) T GRG Nymphaea odorata White Water Lily T Oenothera biennis Common Evening Primrose N,P CAA Onosmodium [molle] bejariense var. occidentalis Marbleseed (SGCN) N CAND Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus (Special humifusa Concern) T claytonii Hairy Sweet Cicely N EJJ Sweet Cicely N EJJ Oxalis stricta Yellow Wood Sorrel N CAA Oxalis violacea Violet Wood Sorrel N HLS Panax quinquefolius American Ginseng (Special Concern) N GRG Panicum capillare Witch Grass N CAA Panicum [Dichanthelium] depauperata Panic Grass N CAA Panicum [Dichanthelium] liebergii Lieberg's Panic Grass (C = 10) N,S CAA Panicum [Dichanthelium] oligosanthes Schribner's Panic Grass N CAA Panicum virgatum Switchgrass N,S CAA Parietaria pennsylvanica Pennsylvania Pellitory N EJJ Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine (Threatened) N GRG

109 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper N CAA Paspalum ciliatifolium Hairy Lens Grass S Pedicularis canadensis Wood Betony N GRG Pediomelum esculentum Prairie Turnip (Threatened) N CAA Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella Smooth Cliffbreak (C = 9) N CAA, EJJ digitalis Smooth Pennstemon N,S CAA Penstemon grandiflorus Beardtongue N,S PJM Penthorum sedoides Ditch Stonecrop S Petalostemum [Dalea] candida White Prairie Clover N CAA Petalostemum [Dalea] purpurea Purple Prairie Clover N CAA Phlox pilosa Downy Phlox S Phlox divaricata Wild Blue Phlox S Physalis heterophylla Ground Cherry N CAA Physalis virginianum Virginia Ground Cherry NDC Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid Platanthera leucophaea (ENDANGERED) T JVA Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass N EJJ Poa paludigena Patterson's Bluegrass (Threatened) N CAA Poa palustris Marsh Bluegrass N EJJ peltatum May N CAA Polygala senega Seneca Snakeroot N CAA, DC Polygonatum biflorum Solomon's Seal N CAA Polygonatum pubescens Downy Solomon's Seal N CAA Polygonum amphibium Water Smartweed N CAA Polygonum pennsylvanicum Pennsylvania Smartweed N CAA Polygonum sp. Smartweed N CAA Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane N EJJ Potamogeton natans Floating‐Leaf Pondweed N,T CAA Potamogeton nodosus Pondweed T Potamogeton pectinatus Sago Pondweed T Potentilla arguta Prairie Cinquefoil N CAA Potentilla norvegica Rough Cinquefoil N CAA Potentilla simplex Common Cinquefoil N CAA Prenanthes alba Rattlesnake Root N GRG Prunus americana Wild Plum N CAA Prunus serotina Wild Black Cherry N CAA Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia Mountain Mint N,S CAA Pyrola elliptica Wax‐Flower Shin Leaf N CAA White Oak N CAA Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak N CAA Red Oak N GRG Quercus velutina Black Oak N CAA Ranunculus abortivus Kidneyleaf Buttercup N CAA Ranunculus fascicularis Early Buttercup N CAA Ranunculus hispidus Swamp Buttercup N CAA Ranunculus recurvatus Blisterwort N EJJ Ranunculus rhomboidens Prairie Buttercup NDC Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Crow Foot N EJJ

110 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Ratibida columnifera Long‐Headed Coneflower S Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneflower N,S CAA Rosa arkasana Dwarf Prairie Rose N CAA Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry N CAA Rubus idaeus Red Raspberry N CAA Rubus occidentalis Black Raspberry N CAA hirta Black‐Eyed Susan N,S CAA Rudbeckia laciniata Cut‐Leaved Coneflower N,S CAA Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Black‐Eyed Susan S Rudbeckia triloba Brown‐Eyed Susan S Ruellia humilis Hairy Wild (ENDANGERED) N GRG Rumex orbiculatus [britannica] Great Water Dock N EJJ Sagittaria latifolia Arrowhead N,P CAA Sagittaria rigida Rigid Arrowhead N CAA Salix bebbiana Bebb's Willow N CAA Salix nigra Black Willow N CAA Sambucus canadensis Elderberry N CAA Sanguinaria canadensis Blood Root N CAA Saxifragia pensylvanica Eastern Swamp Saxifrage N GRG Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] tabernaemontani [validus] Soft‐Stem Bulrush N CAA Scirpus americanus Three‐Square Rush S CAA Green Bulrush N,S CAA Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass N,S CAA Scirpus [Schenobulbus] fluviatilis River Bulrush S Scirpus microcarpus Barberpole Sedge S Scirpus pungens Bulrush T lanceolata Early Figwort S Scuttelaria galericulata Marsh Skullcap N CAA Scuttelaria parvula var. missouriensis Leonard's Skullcap N EJJ Senecio aureus Golden Ragwort N EJJ Sicyos angulatus Bur‐Cucumber N CAA Silene antiffhina Sleepy Catchfly N EJJ Silphium integrifolium Rosinweed N,S CAA Silphium laciniatum Compass Plant N,S CAA Silphium perfoliatum Cup Plant N,S CAA Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock N,S CAA Sisyrichium campestre Blue‐Eyed Grass N CAA Smilacina racemosa Solomon's Plume S Smilacina stellata Starry False Solomon's Seal N GRG ecipphata Upright Carrion Flower NDC Smilax herbacea Jacob's Ladder N GRG Smilax hispida Greenbriar N CAA Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod N CAA Solidago flexicaulis Zig‐Zag Goldenrod N CAA Solidago gigantea Giant Goldenrod N EJJ Solidago [Euthamia] graminifolia Grass‐Leaved Goldenrod S Solidago juncea Early Goldenrod S

111 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Solidago missouriensis Goldenrod N EJJ Solidago nemoralis Grey Goldenrod N CAA Solidago ohiensis Goldenrod S Solidago ridellii Ridell's Goldenrod S Solidago rigida Rigid Goldenrod N,S CAA Solidago speciosa Showy Goldenrod N,S CAA Solidago ulmifolia Elm‐Leaved Goldenrod N GRG Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass N,S CAA Sparganium eurycarpum Common Bur‐Reed S Sparganium angustifolium Grass‐Leaved Bur‐Reed N CAA Spartina pectinata Prairie Cordgrass S Casey's Lady's Tresses (Conservation Spiranthes casei var. casei Concern Species) N CAA Spirea alba Meadowsweet N CAA/SK Spirodela polyrhiza Large Duckweed N CAA Sporobolous cryptandrus Sand Dropseed (C = 10) N,S CAA Sporobolous heterolepis Prairie Dropseed N CAA Stachys tenuifolia Woodland Hedge Nettle N CAA Stipa spartea Needlegrass N CAA Taenidia integerrima Yellow Pimpernel N,S DC Talinum rugospermum Fame Flower (Special Concern) S Thalictrum dasycarpum Tall Meadow Rue N CAA Thalictrum thalictroides Rue Anenome N CAA Tilia americana Basswood, Linden N CAA Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy N CAA Tradescantia occidentalis Western Spiderwort N EJJ Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort N CAA Trillium cernuum Noding Trillium N CAA Trillium grandiflorum Large‐Flowered Trillium N CAA Triodanis perfoliata Venus' Looking Glass N CAA Triosetum perfoliatum Tinker's‐Weed N EJJ Cattail N CAA Ulmus rubra Slippery Elm N CAA dioica Nettle N CAA Uvularia grandiflora Bellwort N GRG Verbena hastata Blue Vervain N CAA Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain N CAA Verbena urticifolia White Vervain N EJJ Veronia fasciculata Ironweed N CAA Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's Root S Viburnum sp. High Bush Cranberry N CAA Viola pedatifida Prairie Violet (C = 9) N CAA Viola pedata Bird's Foot Violet N CAA Viola palmata Palm‐Leaved Violet N? CAA Viola pubescens Yellow Violet N CAA Viola sororia Wood Violet N CAA Vitis sp. Wild Grape N CAA Xanthoxylum americanum Prickly Ash N CAA

112 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

ZizIa aptera Heart‐Leaved Golden Alexander (C = 9) N EJJ Zizia aurea Golden Alexander N EJJ

Fungi Morchella esculenta Black Morel Mushroom N HLS, GRG Aleurodiscus sp. White Oak Bark Fungus N CAA

Herpetofauna Ambystoma sp. Tiger Salamander N CAA Bufo americanus American Toad N JMK Chrysemys picta Painted Turtle N JMK Chelydra serpentina Snapping Turtle N JMK Coluber constrictor Blue Racer N RH Emydoidea blandingii Blanding's Turtle (Threatened) N GRG Graptemys geographica Map Turtle N GRG Hyla chrysoscelis Cope's Gray Treefrog N JMK, DC Hyla versicolor Eastern Gray Treefrog N JMK, DC Lampropeltis triangulatum triangulum Eastern Milk Snake N JMK Nerodia sipedon Northern Watersnake N JMK Pituophis catenifer sayi Bullsnake (Protected Wild Animal) N JMK Pseudacris crucifer crucifer Northern Spring Peeper N JMK, DC Pseudacris maculata Northern Chorus Frog N CAA Rana clamitans melanota Northern Green Frog N JMK, DC Rana palustris Pickerel Frog (SC) N JMK Rana pipens pipens Northern Leopard Frog N JMK Storeria dekayi dekayi Northern Brown Snake N JMK Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata Northern Red‐Bellied Snake N JMK Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Common Garter Snake N JMK

Mammalia Blarina brevicauda Short‐Tailed Shrew NJL Canis latrans Coyote N GRG Castor canadensis American Beaver N HLS Didelphis virginiana Opossum N HLS Lutra canadensis River Otter N HLS Marmota monax Woodchuck, Groundhog N HLS Microtus ochrogaster Prairie Vole (Special Concern) N JL Microtus pensylvanicus Meadow Vole N JL/RBS Neovison vison American Mink N HLS Odocoileus virginianus White‐Tailed Deer N HLS Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat N HLS Peromyscus leucopus White‐Footed Mouse/Deer Mouse N JL/RBS Procyon lotor Northern Racoon N HLS Sciurus carolinensis Grey Squirrel N CAA Sciurus niger Brown Squirrel, Fox Squirrel N CAA Sorex cinereus Masked Shrew N RBS Spermophilus tridecemilineatus Thirteen‐Lined Ground Squirrel NJL Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail Rabbit N RBS

113 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Tamias striatus Eastern Chipmunk N RBS Taxidea taxus North American Badger N HLS Vulpes vulpes Red Fox N HLS Zapus hudsonius Meadow Jumping Mouse N JL/RBS

Avian Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper NKK Agelaius phoeniceus Red‐Winged Blackbird N KT, KK Aix sponsa Wood Duck N KT, KK Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow (Special Concern) N KT American Widgeon (Conservation Concern Anas americana Species) N HLS Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler N HLS Anas crecca Green‐Winged Teal N HLS Anas discors Blue‐Winged Teal (Special Concern) N HLS Anas streoera Gadwall NKT Anas platyrhynchos Mallard (WAP Species) N HLS Archilochus colubris Ruby‐Throated Hummingbird NKT Ardea alba Great Egret (Special Concern) N HLS Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron (Special Concern) N HLS Aythya americana Redhead N HLS Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse N KT, KK Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing NKT Bombycilla garrulus Waxwing NKT Bonasa umbellus Grouse N HLS Branta canadensis Canada Goose N HLS Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl N HLS Bucephala albeola Bufflehead N HLS Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye N HLS Buteo jamaicensis Red‐Tailed Hawk N HLS Butorides virescens Green Heron N HLS Cardnalis cardnalis Northern Cardinal N KT, KK Catharus ustulatus Hermit Thrush NKT Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch NKT Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture N KT, CAA Certhia americana Brown Creeper NKT Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher N KT, DC Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift N KT, KK Charadrius vociferus Killdeer N KT, KK Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren (Special Concern) N BRB, KK Coccyzus americanus Yellow‐Billed Cuckoo (SGCN) N KT Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker N KT, KK Contopus cooperi Olive‐Sided Flycatcher (SGCN) N KT Contopus virens Eastern Wood‐Pewee N KT, KK Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow NKK Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay NKK Dendroica coronata Yellow‐Rumped Warbler NKT Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler NKT

114 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler NKT Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink (SGCN) N KT Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird N KT, KK Egretta thula Snowy Egret (SGCN) N HLS Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher (SGCN) N KT, KK Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat N KT, KK Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane N HLS American Bald Eagle (Protected Wild Heliaetus leucocephalis Animal) N SR Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow N KT, KK Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush (SGCN) N KT, KK Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole N KT, KK Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole NKT Junco hyemalis Dark‐Eyed Junco NKT Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganzer N HLS Merganser americanus American Merganzer N HLS Melanerpes carolinus Red‐Bellied Woodpecker N KT, KK Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red‐Headed Woodpecker (Threatened) N DP, GRG, CAA Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey N HLS Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow N KT, KK Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow N KT, DC, KK Molothrus ater Brown‐Headed Cowbird N KT, KK Myiarus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher N KT, KK Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler (SGCN) N KT Otus asio Eastern Screech Owl NKT Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting N KT, KK Phasianus colchicus Ring‐Necked Pheasant N HLS Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose‐Breasted Grosbeak N KT, KK Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker N KT, KK Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker NKT Pipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee NKT Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanger N KT, DP, KK Podilymbus podiceps Pied‐Bill Greeb NDC Poecile atricapilla Black‐Capped Chickadee N KT, KK Polioptila caerulea Blue‐Gray Gnatcatcher N KT, KK Porzana carolina Sora Rail NDC Protonotaria citrea Prothonatory Warbler (Special Concern) N CC Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle N KT, KK Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe NKT Scolopax minor Woodcock (SGCN) N CAA, HLS Seiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird N KT, KK Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart N KT, KK Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird N KT, KK Sitta canadensis Red‐Breasted Nuthatch NKT Sitta carolinensis White‐Breasted Nuthatch N KT, KK Spinus tristis American Goldfinch NKK Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow N KT, KK Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow (Special Concern) N KT, DC, KK

115 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Stelgidoperyx serripennis Northern Rough‐Winged Swallow NKT Strix varia Barred Owl NKT Sturuella magna Eastern Meadowlark (SGCN) N KT, DC, KK Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow N KT, DC, KK Taxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher (SGCN) N KT Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellow Legs N HLS Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellow Legs N HLS Troglodytes aedon House Wren N KT, KK Turdis migratorius American Robin NKT Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird NKT Vermivora pinus Blue‐Winged Warbler (SGCN) N KT Vireo flavifrons Yellow‐Throated Vireo N KT, KK Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo NKK Vireo olivaceus Red‐Eyed Vireo N KT, KK Xanthocephalus xanothocephalus Yellow‐Headed Blackbird NKT Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove NKT Zonotrichia albicollis White‐Throated Sparrow N KT, DC Zonotrichia querula White‐Throated Sparrow NKT

Crustacea ‐ Decapoda (Crayfish) Orconectes (Trisellescens) immunis Calico Crayfish N CAA

Insecta ‐ Coleoptera (Beetles) (103 families) [Taxomony in progress] NDY Alaus oculatus Eyed Click Beetle NAT Harmonia axyridis Lady Beetle N KEJ

Insecta ‐ Hemiptera (Leafhoppers and Planthoppers) Metcalfa pruinosa Citrus‐Flatid Planthopper N KEJ

Insecta: Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps) Andrenidae N KMK Aphelinidae N KMK N KMK Apidae dupla Say N KMK Bethyliidae N KMK Braconidae N KMK Braconidae (Alysiinae) N KMK Braconidae (Cheloninae) N KMK Braconidae (Euphorinae) N KMK Braconidae (Helconinae) N KMK Braconidae (Microgastrinae) N KMK Ceraphronidae N KMK Chalcididae N KMK Charipidae N KMK Chrysididae N KMK Colletidae N KMK

116 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Crabronidae N KMK Cynipidae N KMK Diapriidae N KMK Dryinidae N KMK Encyrtidae N KMK Eucoilidae N KMK Eulophidae N KMK Eurytomidae N KMK Figitidae N KMK Formica sp. Scaffold Ant NDC Formica exsectoides Allegheny Scaffold Ant NDC Halictidae N KMK Halictidae Dialictus sp. N KMK Halictidae Lasioglossum sp. N KMK Halictidae Sphecodes sp. N KMK Ichneumonidae N KMK Megachillidae N KMK Megaspilidae N KMK Mutilidae N KMK Mymaridae N KMK Pergidae N KMK Platygastridae N KMK Pompilidae (Pompilinae) N KMK Pteromalidae N KMK Scelionidae N KMK Sierolomorphidae N KMK Signiphoridae N KMK Specidae N KMK Stephanidae: Megischus sp. Stephanid Wasp N KMK Tenthrenidae N KMK Tiphiidae N KMK Trichrgrammatidae N KMK Vespidae N KMK Unidentified N KMK

Insecta ‐ Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies) Abagrotis alternata Mottled Grey Cutworm Moth N KEJ Abagrotis cupida Cupid Dart Moth N KEJ and LF Abrostola urentis Spectacled Nettle Moth N KEJ Acanalonia conica Planthopper Moth N KEJ Achyra rantalis Dark‐Spotted Moth N KEJ Acleris bowmanana Tort Moth N KEJ Acleris semipurpurana Yellow Tort Moth N KEJ Acrolophus sp. Burrowing Webworm Moth N KEJ Acronicta hasta Cherry Dagger Moth N KEJ Acronicta interrupta Interrupted Dagger Moth N KEJ Acronicta lobeliae Lobelia Dagger Moth N KEJ Acronicta ovata Ovate Dagger Moth N KEJ

117 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Acronicta rubricoma Ruddy Dagger Moth N KEJ Actias luna Luna Moth N KEJ Aethes angulatana Angular Aethes N KEJ Aglossa cuprina Grease Moth N KEJ badinodis Pale‐Banded Dart Moth NLF clemensella Clemens's Agonopterix N KEJ Agonopterix nigrinotella Walsingham's Agonopterix Moth N KEJ Agonopterix pulvipennella Featherduster Agonopterix Moth N KEJ Agonopterix robiniella Four‐Dotted Agonopterix Moth N KEJ Agonopterix thelmae Thelma's Agonopterix Moth N KEJ Agriphila vulgivagellus Vagabond Crambus Moth N KEJ Agrochloa bicolorago Dot Moth N KEJ Agrotis gladiaria Swordsman Dart Moth N KEJ and LF Agrotis ipsilon Black Cutworm Moth N KEJ and LF Agrotis venerabilis Dusky Cutworm Moth N KEJ and LF oxygala Bog Grass Moth N KEJ Allagrapha aerea Unspotted Looper Moth N KEJ Alsophila pometaria Fall Cankerworm Moth N KEJ Amolita fessa Feeble Grass Moth N KEJ Amorpha juglandis Walnut Sphinx N KEJ Amphipoea sp. Ear Moth N KEJ Amphipyra pyramidoides Copper Underwing Moth N KEJ Amphipyra tragopoginis Mouse Moth N KEJ Anageshna primordialis Yellow‐Spotted Webworm N KEJ Anagrapha falcifera Celery Looper N KEJ and LF Anavitrinella pampinaria Common Grey Moth N KEJ Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper Butterfly N KEJ Anicia illapsa Reaper Dart Moth NLF Schlaeger's Fruitworm Moth N KEJ Antheraea polyphemus Polyphemus Moth N KEJ Anticarsia gemmatalis Velvetbean Caterpillar Moth N KEJ Anticlea multiferata Many‐Lined Carpet Moth N KEJ Apamea amputatrix Yellow‐Headed Cutworm Moth N KEJ Apamea dubitans Doubtful Apamea Moth N KEJ Apamea lignicolora Wood‐Colored Quaker Moth N KEJ Apantesis phalerata Harnessed Moth N KEJ and LF Apatelodes torrefacta Spotted Apatelodes Moth N KEJ Apoda buguttata Shagreened Slug Moth N KEJ Apoda y‐inversum Yellow‐Colored Slug Moth N KEJ Aristotelia roseosuffusella Garden Webworm, Clover Aristotelia N KEJ oreasella Cherry Shoot Borer Moth N KEJ Argyrotaenia quercifoliana Oak Leaf Roller Moth N KEJ Asterocampa celtis Hackberry Emperor Moth N KEJ Atalopedes campestres Sachem Butterfly N KEJ Athetis miranda Miranda Moth NLF Atteva aurea N KEJ Atteva punctella Ailanthus Webworm Moth N KEJ Autographa precationis Common Looper Moth N KEJ

118 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Baileya australis Small Baileya Moth N KEJ Baileya levitans Pale Baileya Moth N KEJ Balsa tristrigella Three‐Lined Balsa Moth N KEJ Besma quercivoraria Oak Besma Moth N KEJ Bleptina caradrinalis Bent‐Winged Owlet Moth N KEJ Boloria bellona Meadow Fritillary Butterfly N KEJ, KL/DL, LF Baloria selene Silver‐Bordered Fritillary Butterfly N KL/DL Bucculatrix angustata Ribbed Cocoon‐Maker Moth N KEJ Caenurgia chloropha Vetch Looper Moth N KEJ Caenurgina crassiuscula Range Grass Moth N KEJ Caenurgina erechtea Forage Looper Moth N KEJ Calledapterxy dryopterata Calledapterxy Moth N KEJ Calophasia lunula Toadflax Brocade Moth N KEJ Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak Butterfly (Special Concern) NAT Callosamia promethea Promethea Moth N KEJ Caloptilia belfrageella Leaf Roller N KEJ Caloptilia umbratella Maple Leaf Roller N KEJ Calyptra canadensis Canadian Owlet Moth N KEJ Cameraria conglomeratella Oak Leaf Miner N KEJ Campaea perlata Pale Beauty Moth N KEJ Capis curvata Curved Halter Moth N KEJ amica Girlfriend Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala blandula Charming Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala cara Darling Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala habilis Habilis Underwing Moth NLF Catocala ilia Ilia Underwing N KEJ Catocala micronympha Little Bride Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala minuta Little Underwing Moth N KEJ Bride Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala obscura Obscure Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala palaeogama Oldwife Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala parta Mother Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala retecta Yellow‐Grey Underwing Moth N GRG Coll. Catocala serena Underwing Moth N KEJ Catocala ultronia Underwing Moth N KEJ Celaena reniformis Reniform Sedge Moth N KEJ Celastrina ladon neglecta Spring Azure N KEJ and KL/DL Cenopis reticulatana Reticulated Fruitworm Moth N KEJ Ceratomia amyntor Elm Sphinx N KEJ Ceratomia undulosa Waved Sphinx N KEJ Cercyonis pegala Common Wood‐Nymph N KEJ and KL/DL Cerma cerintha Tufted Bird‐Dropping Moth N KEJ Chionodes thoraceochrella Black‐Smudged Chionodes Moth N KEJ Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Blackberry Looper N KEJ Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique‐Banded Leafroller N KEJ Chrysodeixis includens Soybean Looper N KEJ Chrysoteucha topiaria Topiary Grass Veneer Moth N KEJ

119 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Cisseps fulvicollis Yellow‐Covered Scape Moth N KEJ and LF Cissusa spadix Black‐Dotted Brown Moth N KEJ Clemensia albata Little White Lichen Moth N KEJ Clostera apicalis Apical Prominent Moth N KEJ Clostera strigosa Striped Chocolate‐Tipped Moth N KEJ Coleophora trifolii Large Clover Casebearer Moth N KEJ Colias eurytheme Orange Sulfur N KEJ and KL/DL Colias philodice philodice Clouded Sulfur N KEJ/KL‐DL Coryphista meadii Barberry N KEJ Cosmia calami American Dun‐Bar Moth N KEJ Cosmopteri x sp. Cosmopterix Moth N KEJ Costaconvexa centrostrigaria Bent‐Line Carpet Moth N GRG Coll. Crambodes talidiformis Verbena Moth N KEJ Crambidia pallida Pale Lichen Moth N KEJ Crambus agitatellus Little Grass Moth N KEJ Crambus albellus Small White Grass‐Veneer Moth N KEJ Crambus leachellus Leache's Grass‐Veneer Moth N KEJ oxygramma Sharp Stigma Looper Moth N KEJ Ctenucha virginica Virginia Ctenucha Moth N KEJ Cucullia asteroides Goldenrod Hooded Owlet Moth N KEJ Cupido comyntas Eastern Tailed Blue Butterfly N KEJ Danaus plexpppus Monarch Butterfly N GRG Coll. Darapsa choerilus Azalea Sphinx Moth N KEJ Darapsa myron Virginia Creeper Sphinx Moth N KEJ Datana angusii Angus's Datana Moth N KEJ Datana integerrima Walnut Caterpillar Moth N KEJ Decantha boreasella Reticulated Decantha Moth N KEJ Decodes macdunnoughi McDunn's Tortricid Moth N KEJ Deidamia inscriptum Lettered Sphinx Moth N KEJ Depressaria pastinacella Parsnip Webworm Moth N KEJ Desmia funeralis Grape Leafhopper N KEJ balluca Green‐Patched Looper Moth N KEJ Diaphania hyalinata Melonworm Moth N KEJ flavocostella Cream‐Bordered Dichomeris Moth N KEJ Dichomeris furia Dichomeris Moth N KEJ Dichomeris ligulella Juniper Webworm Moth N KEJ Dichomeris ventrella Dichomeris Moth N KEJ julianalis Julia's Dicymolomia Moth N KEJ Diedra cockerellana Cockerell's Moth N KEJ Dyspteris abortivaria Bad‐Wing Moth N KEJ Eacles imperialis Imperial Moth N KEJ Ectropis crepuscularia Small Engrailed Moth N KEJ Elachista sp. Grass Miner Moth N KEJ chalcedonia Chalcedony Midget Moth (Rare) N KEJ Elaphria versicolor Variegated Midget Moth NLF Ennomos magnaria Maple Spanworm Moth N KEJ Eoreuma densella Wainscot Grass‐Veneer Moth N KEJ Epiblema tandana Kearfott's Epiblema Moth N KEJ

120 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Epicallima argenticinctella Orange‐Headed Epicallima Moth N KEJ Epiglaea decliva Sloping Sallow Moth N KEJ Epinotia lindana Diamondback Epinotia Moth N KEJ Epirrhoe alternata White‐Banded Toothed Carpet Moth N KEJ Columbine Duskywing Moth (Special Erynnis lucilius Concern) N KEJ and KL/DL Erynnis tiliaria Dusky Wing Moth N KEJ Estigmene acrea Salt Marsh Moth N KEJ Euchaetes egle Milkweed Tiger Moth N KEJ Eucirroedia pampina Scalloped Sallow Moth N KEJ Eucosma dorsisignatana Triangle‐Backed Eucosma Moth N KEJ Eucosma giganteana Giant Silphium Eucosma Moth N KEJ Eudryas grata Beautiful Wood Nymph Moth N KEJ Eudryas unio Pearly Wood Nymph Moth N KEJ Eugonobapta nivosaria Snowy Geometer Moth N KEJ Eulithis diversilineata Lesser Grapevine Looper Moth N KEJ Eulithis gracilineata Greater Grapevine Looper Moth N KEJ Eulogia ochrifrontella Broad‐Banded Eulogia Moth N KEJ Eumorpha pandorus Pandorus Sphinx N KEJ Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore Checkerspot (Rare) N KEJ and KL/DL Euphyes conspicua Black Dash NAT Eupithecia miserulata Common Goldenrod Eupithecia Moth N KEJ Eupsilia morrisoni Morrison's Sallow Moth N KEJ Eupsilia tristigmata Three‐Spotted Sallow Moth N KEJ Eupsilia vinulenta Straight‐Tooth Sallow Moth N KEJ Eurema lisa Little Yellow NAT Eusarca confusaria Confused Eusarca Moth N KEJ Eustixia pupula Spotted Peppergrass Moth N KEJ Euthyatira pudens Dogwood Thyatirid Moth N KEJ Euxoa scholastica Scholastic Dart Moth N KEJ Euxoa tessellata Tessellate Dart Moth N KEJ Euxoa velleripennis Fleece‐Winged Dart Moth N KEJ and LF Faronta [Dargida] rubripennis Pink Streak Moth (Special Concern) N KEJ Feltia jaculifera Dingy Cutworm Moth N KEJ and LF Feltia subgothica Subgothic Dart Moth N KEJ Forficula auricularia Common Earwing Moth N KEJ Furcula borealis White Furcula Moth N KEJ Furcula cinerea Grey Furcula Moth N KEJ Donacaula sp. Long Snout Moth N KEJ Galgula partita Wedgling Moth N KEJ Geina sp. Grape Plume Moth N KEJ Gluphisia septentrionis Common Gluphisia Moth N KEJ Glyphipterix circumscriptella Chamber's Narrow‐Winged Moth N KEJ Grammia arge Arge Moth N KEJ Grammia virgo Tiger Moth N KEJ Gretchena bolliana Gray‐Flanked Gretchena Moth N KEJ Haematopis grataria Chickweed Geometer Moth N KEJ Halysidota tessellaris Banded Tussock Moth N KEJ

121 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Haploa lecontei Leconte's Hapola Moth N KEJ Haploa reversa Reversed Hapola Moth N KEJ Harrisimemna trisignata Harris's Three‐Spot Owlet Moth N KEJ Helicoverpa zea Corn Earworm Moth N KEJ and LF Heliomata cycladata Common Spring Moth N KEJ Herpetogramma abdominalis Cambrid Snout Moth N KEJ Herpetogramma pertextalis Bold‐Feathered Grass Moth N KEJ Herpetogramma thestialis Zigzag Herpetogramms Moth N KEJ Leonard's Skipper Butterfly (Special Hesperia leonardus Concern) N KEJ/GRG Coll.

Hesperia ottoe Ottoe Skipper Butterfly (Special Concern) N GRG Coll. Heterocampa guttivitta Saddled Prominent Moth N KEJ Heterocampa obliqua Oblique Heterocampa Moth N KEJ Holomelina aurantiaca Orange Holomelina Moth N KEJ Horisme intestinata Brown Bark Carpet Moth N KEJ immanis Hop Vine Borer Moth N KEJ Hylephila phyleus Fiery Skipper Butterfly N KEJ Hyles lineata White‐Lined Sphinx N KEJ and LF Hypagyrtis unipunctata One‐Spotted Variant Moth N KEJ Hypena scabra Green Cloverworm Moth N KEJ Hypenodes sp. Broken‐Line Moth N KEJ Hypercompe scribonia Giant Leopard Moth N KEJ Hypoprepia fucosa Painted Lichen Moth N KEJ and LF Hypoprepia miniata Scarlet‐Winged Lichen Moth N KEJ Hyppa xylinoides Common Hyppa Moth N KEJ Hypsopygia costalis Gold Triangle Moth N KEJ Idaea demissaria Red‐Bordered Wave Moth N KEJ Idia aemula Waved Tabby Moth N KEJ Idia americalis American Snout Moth N KEJ Idia lubricalis Glossy Black Idia Moth N KEJ Idia majoralis Greater Idia Moth N KEJ Ipimorpha pleonectusa Even‐Lined Sallow Moth N KEJ Iridopsis larvaria Bent‐Line Grey Moth N KEJ Isogona tenuis Thin‐Lined Owlet Moth N KEJ Isturgia dislocaria Pale‐Veined Isturgia Moth N KEJ Itama pustularia Sailing Dinghies Moth N KEJ Junonia coenia Common Buckeye Butterfly N KEJ, KL/DL, LF implicata Implicit Arches Moth N KEJ Lacinipolia meditata Thinker Moth N KEJ Lacinipolia renigera Minor Birstly Cutworm Moth N KEJ Lacinipolia subjuncta Brown Arches Moth N KEJ Lemmeria digitalis Fingered Lemmeria Moth N KEJ Lethe eurydice Eyed Brown N KEJ commoides Wainscot Moth N KEJ Leucania inermis Unarmed Wainscot Moth N KEJ Leucania linda Linda Wainscot Moth N KEJ Leucania multilinea Many‐Lined Wainscot Moth N KEJ

122 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Leucania phragmitidicola Phragmites Wainscot Moth N KEJ Leucania pseudargyria False Wainscot Moth N KEJ Leucania ursula Ursula Wainscot Moth N KEJ Leucomele miriamella Tineid Moth N KEJ Leuconycta diphtheroides Green Leuconycta Moth N KEJ Limenitis archippus Viceroy Butterfly N KEJ phragmitella Shy Cosmet Moth N KEJ Lineodes integra Eggplant Leafroller Moth N KEJ eremitus Hermit Sphinx Moth N KEJ Lithophane antennata Ashen Pinion Moth N KEJ Lithophane bethunei Bethune's Pinion Moth N KEJ Lithophane franclemonti Franclemont's Pinion Moth (New to Wisconsin) N KEJ Lithophane grotei Grote's Pinion Moth N KEJ Lithophane hemina Hemina Pinion Moth N KEJ Lithophane oriunda Oriunda Pinion Moth N KEJ Lithophane unimoda Downy Pinion Moth N KEJ Loscopia velata Veiled Ear Moth N KEJ Loxostege cereralis Webworm Moth N KEJ Loxostege sticticalis Beet Webworm Moth N KEJ Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper Butterfly (Rare) N KEJ and KL/DL Lycaena paleas American Copper Butterfly N KEJ and KL/DL rivulalis Bog Lygropia Moth N KEJ Lymantria dispar Gypsy Moth N KEJ Lytrosis unitaria Common Lytrosis Moth N KEJ Macaria multilineata Many‐Lined Angle Moth N KEJ Machimia tentoriferella Gold‐Striped Leaf Moth N KEJ Macrochilo absorptalis Slant‐Lined Fan Foot Moth N KEJ Macrochilo orciferalis Bronzy Macrochilo Moth N KEJ and LF Magusa orbifera Orbed Narrow‐Wing Moth N KEJ Malacosoma americana Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth N KEJ Malacosoma disstria Forest Tent Caterpillar Moth N KEJ Maliattha synochitis Black‐Dotted Lithacodia Moth N KEJ Marmara sp. White Pine Barkminer Moth N KEJ Marathyssa inficita Dark Marathyssa Moth N KEJ Meganola minuscula Confused Meganola Moth NLF adjuncta Hitched Arches Moth N KEJ Melanchra picta Zebra Caterpillar Moth N KEJ Meropleon ambifusca Newman's Brocade Moth N KEJ Metanema inatomaria Yellow‐Lined Thorn Moth N KEJ inulta Unsated Sallow Moth N KEJ Microcrambus elegans Elegant Grass‐Veneer Moth N KEJ Mocis texana Texas Mocis Moth N KEJ Monopis spilotella Monopis Moth N KEJ latex Fluid Arches Moth N KEJ oxygala Lesser Wainscot Moth N KEJ Mythimna unipuncta White Speck N KEJ Nadata gibbosa White‐Dotted Prominent Moth N KEJ

123 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Nedra ramosula Grey Half‐Spot Moth N KEJ Nematocampa resistaria Horned Spanworm Moth N KEJ Neodactria luteolellus Mottled Grass‐Veneer Moth N KEJ Nephelodes minians Bronzed Cutworm Moth N KEJ and LF Noctua pronuba Yellow Underwing N KEJ Nomophilia nearctica Crambid Moth N KEJ Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak Butterfly N KEJ Ochropleura implecta Flame‐Shouldered Dart Moth N KEJ and LF Odontosia elegans Elegant Prominent N KEJ Ogdoconta cinereola Common Pinkband Moth N KEJ Olethreutes devotana Tortrix Moth N KEJ Operophtera bruceata Bruce Spanworm Moth N KEJ Oreta rosea Rose Hooktip Moth N KEJ Orgyia leucostigma White‐Marked Tussock Moth N KEJ Orthodes goodelli Goodell's Archer Moth N KEJ Orthodes majuscula Rustic Quaker Moth N KEJ Orthonama centrostrigaria Bent‐Line Carpet Moth N KEJ Orthonama obstipata Gem Moth N KEJ Orthosia alurina Grey Quaker Moth N KEJ Orthosia garmani Garman's Quaker Moth N KEJ Orthosia hibisci Speckled Green Quaker Moth N KEJ Orthosia rubescens Ruby Quaker Moth N KEJ Ostrinia nubilalis European Corn Borer N KEJ Pachysphinx modesta Big Poplar Sphinx N KEJ Palthis angulalis Dark‐Spotted Palthis Moth N KEJ Paonias myops Small‐Eyed Sphinx N KEJ Papaipema arctivorens Northern Burdock Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema baptisiae Indigo Stem Borer Moth N KEJ Burdock Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema cerina Golden Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema eupatorii Eupatorium Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema furcata Ash Tip Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema harrisii Heracleum Stem Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema impecuniosa Aster Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema inquaesita Sensitive Fern Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema leucostigma Columbine Borer Moth N KEJ and LF Papaipema maritima Maritime Sunflower Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema marginidens Brick Red Borer Moth (Rare) N KEJ Papaipema nebris Common Stalk Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema necopina Sunflower Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema nepheleptena Turtle Head Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema rigida Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema sciata Culver's Root Borer Moth N KEJ Papaipema silphii Silphium Borer Moth N KEJ/GRG Coll. Papaipema unimoda Meadow Rue Borer Moth N KEJ Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail N KEJ and KL/DL Parapoynx badiusalis Chestnut‐Marked Pondweed Moth N KEJ Parornix sp. Leaf Mining Moth N KEJ

124 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Peridroma saucia Variegated Cutworm Moth N KEJ Perispasta caeculalis Titian Peale's Pyralid Moth N KEJ Pero sp. Pero Moth N KEJ quernaria Oak Beauty Moth N KEJ Phalaenostola larentioides Black‐Banded Owlet Moth N KEJ Pheosia rimosa Black‐Rimmed Prominent Moth N KEJ Phigalia strigataria Small Phigalia Moth N KEJ Phoberia atomaris Common Oak Moth N KEJ Phragmatobia fuliginosa Ruby Tiger Moth N KEJ Phycoides selenis Northern Crescent N KL/DL Phycoides tharos Pearl Crescent N KEJ Phyllocnistis sp. (white species group) Miner Moth N KEJ Phyllocnistis insignis Aster Miner Moth N KEJ Phyllocnistis vitifoliella Grape Leaf Miner Moth N KEJ Phyllodesma americana Lappet Moth N KEJ Phyllonorycter celtifoliella Hackberry Miner Moth N KEJ Pieris rapae Cabbage White Butterfly N KEJ Plagodis fervidaria Fervid Plagodis Moth N KEJ Plagodis phlogosaria Straight‐Lined Plagodis Moth N KEJ Plathypena scabra Green Cloverworm Moth N KEJ Platypolia mactata Adorable Brocade Moth N KEJ Pleuroprucha insulsaria Common Tan Wave Moth N KEJ Plusia contexta Connected Looper Moth N KEJ Poanes massasoit Mulberry Wing Butterfly (Rare) N KL/DL Pococera expandens Striped Oak Webworm Moth N KEJ Polites mystic Long Dash Butterfly N KEJ Polygonia comma Comma N KEJ Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark Butterfly N KEJ Polygonia oreas Grey Comma N KL/DL Polygonia progne Grey Comma N KEJ Ponometia candefacta Olive‐Shaded Bird Dropping Moth N KEJ Prionoxystus macmurtrei Little Carpenterworm Moth N KEJ Prionoxystus robiniae Carpenterworm Moth N KEJ Prochoerodes lineola Large Maple Spanworm Moth N KEJ Prochoerodes transversata Maple Spanworm Moth N KEJ Prolimacodes badia Skiff Moth N KEJ Protodeltote muscosula Large Mossy Lithacodia Moth N KEJ Protolampra brunneicollis Brown‐Collared Dart Moth NLF Proxenus miranda Miranda Moth N KEJ electilis Chosen Sallow Moth N KEJ Psaphida grandis Gray Sallow N KEJ Psaphida resumens Figure‐Eight Sallow Moth N KEJ Pseudaletia unipuncta Armyworm Moth N KEJ Pseudoplusia includens Soybean Looper N KEJ and LF Pseudopostega cretea White Eyecap Moth N KEJ Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Tufted Thyatrid Birch Moth N KEJ acrionalis Mint Pyrausta Moth N KEJ Pyrausta bicoloralis Bicolored Pyrausta N KEJ

125 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Pyrausta orphisalis Orange Mint Moth N KEJ Pyrgus communis Checkered Skipper (Rare) N AT Pyrrharctia isabella Isabella Tiger Moth N KEJ Rachiplusia ou Grey Looper Moth N KEJ Raphia frater Brother Moth N KEJ Renia flavipunctalis Even‐Lined Renia Moth N KEJ Rivula propinqualis Yellow Snout Moth N KEJ Satyrium calanus Banded Hairstreak Butterfly N KEJ Satyrium caryaevorum Hickory Hairstreak Butterfly (Special Concern) N KEJ/AT/KL‐DL Satyrium liparops Striped Hairstreak Butterfly (Rare) N AT Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak N KEJ and KL/DL Satyrodes eurydice eurydice Eyed Brown N KL/DL arcigera Arcigera Flower Moth N KEJ Scoparia biplagialis Double‐Striped Scoparia Moth N KEJ Scopula inductata Soft‐Lined Wave Moth N KEJ Scopula limboundata Large Lance Border Moth N KEJ Sicya macularia Sharp‐Lined Yellow Moth N KEJ Simyra insularis Henry's Marsh Moth N KEJ Sitochroa palealis Greenish‐Yellow Sitochroa Moth N KEJ Spaelotis clandestina Clandestine Dart Spaelotis Moth N KEJ Sparganothis sulfureana Fruitworm Moth N KEJ Speranza evagaria Drab Angle Moth N KEJ Speranza pustularia Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth N KEJ Speranza subcessaria Barred Angle Moth N KEJ Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary (Rare) N KEJ Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary N KEJ and KL/DL Sphinx kalmiae Laurel Sphinx N KEJ Spodoptera frugiperda Fall Armyworm Moth N KEJ and LF Spodoptera ornithogalli Yellowstriped Armyworm Moth N KEJ Spoladea recurvatis Hawaiian Beet Webworm Moth N KEJ Striacosta albicosta Western Bean Cutworm Moth N KEJ Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak Butterfly N KEJ Sunira bicolorago Bicolored Sallow Moth N KEJ Sympistis chionanthi Fringe‐Tree Sallow Moth N KEJ Synchlora aerata Sticky Cat Moth N KEJ and LF Synclita obliteralis Waterlily Leafcutter Moth N KEJ Taleporia walshella Bagworm Moth N KEJ Tarachidia candefacta Olive‐Shaded Bird Dropping Moth N KEJ Telphusa latifasciella White‐Banded Telphusa Moth N KEJ Tetanolita floridana Tetanolita Moth N KEJ Tetracis crocallata Yellow Slant‐Line Moth N KEJ Tolype velleda Large Tolype Moth N KEJ and LF Tortricidia flexousa Abbreviated Button Slug Moth N KEJ Trichodezia albovittata White‐Striped Black Moth N KEJ Trichoplusia ni Cabbage Looper Moth N KEJ Udea rubigalis Celery Leaftier Moth N KEJ Ufeus satyricus Grote's Satyr Moth N KEJ

126 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

Urola nivalis Snow Urola Moth N KEJ Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral Butterfly N KEJ and KL‐DL Vanessa cardui cardui Painted Lady Butterfly N KEJ and KL‐DL Virbia aurantiaca Orange Holomelina Moth N KEJ Vitacea polistiformis Grape Root Borer Moth N KEJ miscecolorella Sweetclover Root Borer Moth N KEJ Xanthorhoe ferrugata Dark‐Barred Twin‐Spot Carpet Moth N KEJ Xanthrotype sospeta Xanthrotype Moth N KEJ Xanthrotype urticaria Xanthrotype Moth N KEJ [Agnorisma] badinodis Pale‐Banded Dart Moth N KEJ Xestia c‐nigrum Setaceous Hebrew Character Moth N KEJ Xestia dolosa Greater Black Letter Dart Moth N KEJ Xestia normaniana Norman's Dart Moth N KEJ Xestia smithii Smith's Dart Moth N KEJ Xylena curvimacula Dot‐and‐Dash Swordgrass Moth N KEJ Xylesthia pruniramiella Tineid Moth N KEJ Ypsolopha dentella Honeysuckle Moth N KEJ Ypsolopha falciferella Chokecherry Moth N KEJ Zale lunata Moon Zale Moth N KEJ and LF Zanclognatha cruralis Early Zanclognatha Moth N KEJ Zanclognatha ochreipennis Wavy‐lined Zanclognatha Moth N KEJ Unidentified Blastobasinae N KEJ Unidentified Epermeniidae N KEJ Unidentified Lyonetiidae N KEJ Unidentified Nepticulidae N KEJ Unidentified Xylorictidae N KEJ

Insecta: Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) Anax junius Common Green Darner N KL/DL Celithemis elisa Calico Pennant N KL/DL Celithemis eponina Haloween Pennant N KL/DL Erythemis simplicicolis Common Pondhawk N KL/DL Leucorrhinia intacta Dot‐Tailed Whiteface N KL/DL Libellula pulchella Twelve‐Spotted Skimmer N KL/DL Libellula luctuosa Widow Skimmer N KL/DL Pachydiplax longipennis Blue Dasher N KL/DL Pantala flavescens Wandering Glider N KL/DL Perithemis tenera Eastern Amberwing N KL/DL Sympetrum semicinctum Banded Meadowhawk N KL/DL Tramea lacerata Black Saddlebags N KL/DL Tramea onusta Red Saddlebags N KL/DL

Insecta: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Locusts) Neoxabea bipunctata Two‐Spotted Tree Cricket N KEJ Oecanthus niveus Narrow‐Winged Tree Cricket N KEJ

Insecta: Phasmatodea (Stick‐Bugs) Diapheromera femorata Giant Walking Stick N CAA, KEJ

127 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Scientific Name Common Name Source Voucher

CAA = Craig A. Annen, Integrated Restorations, LLC CAND = Craig Anderson, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources GRG = Gerald R. Goth, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc. GRG Coll. = Gerald R. Goth Collection, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc. PJM = Paul J. Michler, Michler & Brown, LLC EJJ = Emmet J. Judziewicz, University of WI ‐ Stevens Point BROCK = Thomas D. Brock, Savanna Oak Foundation, Inc. RH = Robert Hay, WDNR, Ret. JMK = Joshua M. Kapfer, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc. JL = Jeff Lorch, University of WI ‐ Madison KT = Kevin Thusius, Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation HLS = Harold Lee Swanson, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc. BRB = Brian R. Bubb, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc. SR = Steve Richter, The Nature Conservency DP = Dave Phillips, WDNR KEJ = Kyle Johnson, University of WI ‐ Madison KMK = Katie M. Kieler, Integrated Restorations, LLC LF = Les Fergee, University of WI ‐ Madison JVA = John Van Altenach, DY = Dan Young SK = Susan Kercher, Integrated Restorations, LLC KL/DL = Karl and Dorothy Legler, Wisconsin Butterfly Association RBS = Ryan B. Stephens, University of Wisconsin‐Stephens Point DC = David Cordray, Integrated Restorations, LLC KK = Kim Kreitinger, WDNR CC = Cherry Carbon

128 Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded Appendix A-2: Species of Conservation Concern

Scientific Name Common Name Voucher Status Abundance (if known) Location

Plantae Agastache nepetoides (I) Yellow Giant Hyssop CAA Threatened 301 (2009) Units 1, 2, 3 (In metapopulation) Asclepias meadii (P) (T) Mead's Milkweed GRG Extirpated 10 (2010) Unit 1

Asclepias purpurescens (T) Purple Milkweed BROCK Endangered 5 (2009) Unit 2 (proposed)

Asclepias sullivantii (P) Prairie Milkweed CAA Threatened Not yet observed Unit 1 Cacalia [Hasteola] suavolens (P, I?) Hastate Indian Plantain CAA Special Concern > 2 (2008) Units 2, 20 (In metapopulation) Cacalia tuberosa [Arnoglossum plantagineum] (I) Tuberous Indian Plantain GRG Special Concern Too numerous to count Units 1, 7, 9, 15 (In metapopulation) Callirhoe triangulata (I) Clustered Poppy Mallow CAA Special Concern 1 (2009) 1 (2010) 1 (2011) Unit 1

Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia (I) Prairie Sandreed CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 9 A few Unit 1

Camassia scillioides (P) Prairie Hyacinth CAA Endangered Not yet observed Units 1, 2, 13

Castilleja sessiliflora (I) Downy Yellow Painted Cup CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 10 5 (2009-2011) Unit 1

Cirsium hillii (T) Hill's Prairie Thistle GRG Threatened 4 (2010) Unit 2

Cypripedium parviflorum (I) (T) Yellow Lady Slipper Orchid GRG Special Concern 10 (2009-10) Unit 5 Echinacea pallida (I) Pale Purple Coneflower GRG Threatened Too numerous to count Units 1, 7, 14, 15 (In metapopulation) Eupatorium sessilifolium (P) Sessile-Leaved Boneset CAA Special Concern Not yet observed Unit 2 Gentiana alba (I) Cream Gentian GRG Threatened Too numerous to count Units 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 15 (In metapopulation) Juglans cinerea (I) Butternut CAA Special Concern 2 (2009) 2 (2010) Unit 5 Lithospermum canescens (I) Multiple sightings; Hoary Puccoon CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 10 Units 1 and 15 (In metapopulation) 2007-2011 Special Concern 3 obs. In 2007 Napaea dioica (I) Glade Mallow CAA Units 9, 13, 20

129 DE-LISTED BY WDNR IN 2011 1 obs. in 2010 Nothocalais [Microseris] Prairie Dandelion GRG Special Concern 10 Unit 1 cuspidata (P) Scientific Name Common Name Voucher Status Abundance (if known) Location

Onosmodium [molle] bejariense var. Marbleseed CAN Species of Greatest Conservation Need Too numerous to count Unit 1 occidentale (I) Opuntia humifusa (T) Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus CAA Special Concern 2 (2008-10) Unit 1

Panax quinquefolius (I) American Ginseng GRG Special Concern Sighting not yet confirmed Unit 8

Panicum [Dichanthelium] liebergii (I) Lieberg's Panic Grass CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 10 (2007-2011) Unit 1 Parthenium integrifolium (I) Wild Quinine CAA Threatened Too numerous to count Units 1, 20 (In metapopulation) Pediomelum esculentum (I) Prairie Turnip CAA Special Concern 13 (2009) Unit 1

Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella (I) Dwarf Cliff Break EJJ Coefficient of Conservatism = 10 Several Unit 1 Phemeranthus Prairie Fame-Flower CAA Special Concern Not yet observed Unit 1 [Talinum] rugospermus (P) Platanthera leucophaea (T) Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid CAA Endangered Refer to Appendix F Units 1, 9, 13, 20 (In metapopulation) Poa paludigena (I) Patterson' Bluegrass CAA Threatened 2 (2011) Unit 9 Signthing not yet Ruellia humilis (I?) Hairy Wild Petunia GRG Endangered Unit 1 confirmed Spiranthes casei var. casei (I) Species of Conservation Concern (Flora of Casey's Lady's Tresses CAA 4 (2008) 3+1 (2011) Units 2 and 3 (In metapopulation) North America vol. 26)

Sporobolous cryptandrus (I) Sand Dropseed CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 10 2 clones (2007-2011) Unit 1

Stipa spartea (I) Needlegrass CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 9 Too numerous to count Unit 1 Viola pedatifida (I) Prairie Violet CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 9 Too numerous to count Units 1 and 15 (In metapopulation) (I) Heart-Leaved Golden Alexander CAA Coefficient of Conservatism = 9 Several Units 1, 7, 15 (In metapopulation)

(I) = Indigenous to the Preserve (T) = Transplanted germplasm (P) = Planted from local genotype seed

Herpetofauna Coluber constrictor Blue Racer RH Protected Wild Animal Unit 1 130 Most recent sighting in Emydoidea blandingii Blanding's Turtle HLS Threatened Units 1, 9, 20/32 2011 Scientific Name Common Name Voucher Status Abundance (if known) Location

Population size increased Pituophis catenifer sayi Bullsnake JMK Protected Wild Animal Units 1, 3 from 1 to 5 (2008-2011)

Pseudacris maculata Boreal Chorus Frog JMK Species of Greatest Conservation Need Unit 20 Multiple Sightings (2009 - Rana palustris Pickerel Frog JMK, DC Special Concern Unit 9 11)

Mammalia Microtus ochrogaster Prairie Vole JL SCGN/Special Concern 4 (2008) Unit 1

Avian Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow KT Special Concern/In Decline (BBS) Unit 1 Species of Conservation Concern (Sample Anas americana American Wigeon HLS Units 9, 31 and Mossman 1997) Anas discors Blue-Winged Teal KT Special Concern/In Decline (BBS) Unit 31

Anas platynchos Mallard KT Wildlife Action Plan Species Unit 31

Ardea alba Great Egret KT SGCN/Special Concern Unit 31

Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron KT Special Concern Unit 31

Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren BRB Special Concern 5 (2008) Unit 9

Coccyzus americanus Yellow-Billed Cuckoo KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need

Contopus cooperi Olive-Sided Flycatcher KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need

Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink BRB Species of Greatest Conservation Need 7 (2008) Unit 1

Sturuella magna Eastern Meadowlark KT Special Concern/In Decline (BBS) Unit 1

Egretta thula Snowy Egret HLS Species of Greatest Conservation Need Unit 31 Multiple Sightings; most Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need Units 1, 9, 18 recent in 2010 131 Heliaetus leucocephalis American Bald Eagle SR Protected Wild Animal 1 (2008-09) 1 (2011) Unit 9, 20, 32 Scientific Name Common Name Voucher Status Abundance (if known) Location

Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need Unit 12 Multiple Sightings (2006- Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-Headed Woodpecker DP Threatened Units 2, 3, 8, 12, 25 12) Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need

Protonotaria citrea Prothonatory Warbler CC Special Concern Unit 25 Multiple Sightings (2004- Scolopax minor Woodcock HLS Species of Greatest Conservation Need Units 9, 12, 20, 25 11) Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow KT Special Concern/In Decline (BBS) Unit 1

Sturuella magna Eastern Meadowlark KT/DC/KK Species of Greatest Conservation Need Multiple Sightings East Valley

Taxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need Units 8, 12

Vermivora pinus Blue-Winged Warbler KT Species of Greatest Conservation Need

Insecta Agronopterix thelmae Thelma's Agonopterix Moth KEJ Rarely Observed Unknown Unit 15

Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak Moth AT Special Concern Unknown (2011) Unit 1

Elaphria chalcedonia Chalcedony Midget Moth KEJ Rarely Observed Unknown Unit 15

Erynnis lucilius Columbine Duskywing Moth KL/DL Special Concern Multiple Sightings East Valley

Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore Checkerspot KL/DL Rarely Observed Unknown Units 9, 15

Faronta [Dargeta] rubripennis Pink Streak Moth LF/KEJ SGCN/Special Concern Multiple Sightings Unit 15

Hesperia ottoe Ottoe Skipper KEJ Special Concern Unknown Unit 15

Hesperia leonardus Leonard's Skipper KEJ Special Concern (In decline*) Unknown Unit 15 Uncommonly Collected - New species to Lithophceue franclemonti Franclemont's Pinion Moth KEJ 1 (2008) 2 (2009) Unit 15 science in 1998 Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper Butterfly KEJ/KL/DL Rarely Observed Multiple Sightings Unit 9 132

Papaipema marginidens Brick Red Borer Moth KEJ Only one other record from WI Unknown Unit 15 Scientific Name Common Name Voucher Status Abundance (if known) Location

Multiple Sightings (2009 - Papaipema silphii Silphium Borer Moth KEJ Endangered Unit 15 2011) 10 (2009)

Phyllocnistis vitifoliella Grape Leaf Miner Moth KEJ New to Wisconsin Unknown Unit 15

Phyllocnistis insignis Aster Miner Moth KEJ New to Wisconsin Unknown Unit 15

Poanes massasoit Mulberry Wing Butterfly KL/DL Special Concern Unknown East Valley

Pyrgus communis Checkered Skipper Butterfly AT Rarely Observed Unknown Unit 9

Multiple Sightings 1 Satyrium caryaevorum Hickory Hairstreak Butterfly KEJ/AT/KL Special Concern Unit 15 (2009) 3 (2010)

Satyrium liparops Striped Hairstreak Butterfly AT Rarely Observed Unknown East Valley

Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary KEJ Rarely Observed Unknown East Valley

Stephanidae: Megischus sp. Stephanid Wasp KMK Previously undocumented in Wisconsin 2 (2008) Unit 1/2 (border)

*Ann Thering is of the opinion that this species is in severe decline and its status should be changed to WI Endangered.

CAA = Craig A. Annen, Integrated Restorations, LLC CAND = Craig Anderson, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources GRG = Gerald R. Goth, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc. GRG Coll. = Gerald R. Goth Collection, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc. PJM = Paul J. Michler, Michler & Brown, LLC EJJ = Emmet J. Judziewicz, University of WI - Stevens Point BROCK = Thomas D. Brock, Savanna Oak Foundation, Inc. RH = Robert Hay, WDNR, Ret. JMK = Joshua M. Kapfer, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc. JL = Jeff Lorch, University of WI - Madison KT = Kevin Thusius, Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation HLS = Harold Lee Swanson, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc. BRB = Brian R. Bubb, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc. SR = Steve Richter, The Nature Conservency DP = Dave Phillips, WDNR KEJ = Kyle Johnson, University of WI - Madison KMK = Katie M. Kieler, Integrated Restorations, LLC 133 LF = Les Fergee, University of WI - Madison JVA = John Van Altena Scientific Name Common Name Voucher Status Abundance (if known) Location

DY = Dan Young SK = Susan Kercher, Integrated Restorations, LLC KL/DL = Karl and Dorothy Legler, Wisconsin Butterfly Association RBS = Ryan B. Stephens, University of Wisconsin-Stephens Point DC = David Cordray, Integrated Restorations, LLC KK = Kim Kreitinger, WDNR CC = Cherry Carbon 134 Appendix A-3: Species Richness and Floristic Quality of Management Unit 1 Botanical Name Common Name C 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow 1 X X X X X Actaea rubra Red Baneberry 7 X X X Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair Fern 7 X X X Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant Hyssop (THR) 5 62 157 297 X X Agrostis gigantea Red Top 0 X X X Agrostis hyemalis Bent Grass 4 X X X X X Ambrosia artemesiifolia Common Ragweed 0 X X X X X Ambrosia psilostachya Western Ragweed 2 X X X Amorpha canescens Leadplant 7 X X X X X Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem 4 X X X X X Andropogon scoparius Little Bluestem 4 X X X X X Anenome canadensis Canada Anenome 4 X X X X Anenome cylindrica Thimbleweed 6 X X X X X Anenome [Pulsatilla] patens Pasque Flower 7 X X X X X Anenome virginiana Tall Anenome 5 X X X X Antennaria plantaginifolia Plantain-Leaved Pussy Toes 3 X X X X X Antennaria neglecta Pussy Toes 3 X X X X X Apocynum androsaemifolium Prairie Dogbane 2 X X X X Aquilegia canadensis Columbine 5 X X X X X Arabis canadensis Sickle Pod 7 X X X Arabis lyriata Lyre-leaved Rock Cress 4 X X X X X Arenaria stricta ssp. stricta [Minuartia michauxii] Rock Sandwort 7 X X X Arisamea triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit 5 X X Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed 1 X X X X X Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed 6 X X X X X Asclepias verticilatta Whorled Milkweed 2 X X X X X Aster azureus [oolentangnesis] Sky Blue Aster 5 X X X X X Aster ericoides Heath Aster 4 X X X X X Aster lateriflorus Calico Aster 3 X Aster leavis Smooth Aster 6 X X Aster linariifolius Linear-Leaved Aster 8 X X X X Aser novae-anglae New England Aster 3 X X X X X Aster pilosus Frost Aster 1 X X X X X Aster sericeus Silky Aster 8 X X X X Canada Milk Vetch 8 X X X X X Baptisia alba White False Indigo 7 X X X Baptisia bracteata Cream False Indigo 8 X X X X X Bouteloua curtipendula Side Oats Grama 6 X X X X X Brachelectrum erectum Long-Awned Wood Grass 7 X X X X Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome 7 X X X X Bromus kalmii Woodland Brome Grass 8 X X X X Cacalia [Arnoglossum] atriplicifolia Indian Plantain 4 X X X X X Cacalia [Hastolea] suavolens Sweet Indian Plantain (SC) 8 not obs. 1 0 0 0 Cacalia [Arnoglossum] tuberosa [plantaginea] Tuberous Indian Plantain (SC) 8 1 4 0 0 0 Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia Prairie Sandreed 9 X Callirhoe triangulata Clustered Poppy Mallow (SC) 8 not obs. 2 4 4 3 Campanula rotundifolia Harebell 5 X X X X X Carex cephalophora Oval-Headed Sedge 6 X X X X Carex eburnia Bristle-Leaved Sedge 8 X X X X X Carex intumescens Greater Bladder Sedge 5 X X X X X Carex meadii Mead's Sedge 6 X X X X Carex muhlenbergii Muhlenberg's Sedge 4 X Carex normalis Woodland Sedge 5 X X X X X Carex pennsylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge 3 X X X X X Carex tonsa Parachute Sedge 4 X X X Castilleja sessiliflora Downy Yellow Painted Cup 10 X X X X X

135 Botanical Name Common Name C 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Celastrus scandens Bittersweet 3 X X X X Cirsium discolor Old Field Thistle 4 X X Conzya [Erigeron] canadensis Horseweed 0 X X X X X Coreopsis palmata Bird's Foot Coreopsis 8 X X X X X Coreposis grandiflora Large Flowered Coreopsis 0 X X X X X Cyperus lupulinus Sand Sedge 3 X Desmodium canadense Canada Tick-Trefoil 4 X X X X X Desmodium illinoiense Illinois Tick-Trefoil 7 X X X X Desmodium glutinosum Pointed Leaved Tick-Trefoil 6 X X X X Dodecatheon media Shooting Star 7 X X X X X Echinacea pallida Pale Purple Coneflower (THR) 7 TNTC TNTC TNTC X TNTC Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower 0 X X Elymus canadensis Canada Wild Rye 4 X X X X X Elymus hystrix [Hystrix patula] Bottlebrush Grass 6 X X X X Elymus villosus Silky Wild Rye 6 X X X X X Eragrostis spectabilis Ticklegrass 3 X X X X X Erigeron annus Annual Fleabane 0 X X X X Erigeron strigosus Fleabane 2 X X X X X Eryngnium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master 8 X X X X X Eupatorium altissimum Tall Upland Boneset 4 X X X X Eupatorium rugosum var. rugosum White Snakeroot 1 X Euphorbia corollata Flowering Spurge 4 X X X X X Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry 3 X X X X Fragaria virginiana Hillside Strawberry 1 X X X X Galearis spectabilis Showy Orchis 6 X Galium boreale Bedstraw 5 X X X Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum Forest Bedstraw 7 X X X Gaura biennis var. biennis Bee-Blossom 2 X Gentiana puberulenta Stiff Gentian 9 X X X X X Gentiana alba Cream Gentian (THR) 7 4 4 12 X X Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian 6 X X Geum allepicum Yellow Avens 3 X X Geum canadense White Avens 2 X X X X X Geum triflorum Prairie Smoke 7 X X X X X Gnapthalium obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Pearly Everlasting 3 X Goodyera pubescens Rattlesnake Plaintain 7 X Hedyotis [Houstonia] longifolia Long-Leaved Bluets 6 X X X Helianthemum canadense Rock Rose 6 X X X X Helianthus occidentalis Western Sunflower 6 X X X X X Helianthus pauciflorus Showy Sunflower 7 X X X X X Heliopsis helianthoides False Sunflower 5 X X X X X Hieracium kalmii Canada Hawkweed 5 X X X X Hypoxis hirsuta Yellow Star Grass 8 X Juncus tenuis Path Rush 1 X X X X X Koeleria pyrimidata [cristata] June Grass 7 X X X X X Krigia biflora Two-Flowered Cynthia 4 X X X Kunhia [Brickellia] eupatoroides False Boneset 5 X X X X X Lactuca biennis Wild Lettuce 3 X X X X X Lespedeza capitata Bushclover 5 X X X X X Liatris aspera Prairie Blazing Star 5 X X X X Liatris cylindracea Cylindrical Blazing Star 9 X X X Lilium michiganense Turk's Cap Lily 6 X X X X X Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon 10 X X X X X Lithospermum incisum Fringed Puccoon 8 X X X X Lupinis perennis Wild Lupine 6 X X X lanceolata Lance-Leaved Loosestrife 6 X Wild Bergamont 3 X X X X X

136 Botanical Name Common Name C 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Monarda punctata Horsemint 3 X X X Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimble-Will Muhly 1 X X X X Oenothera biennis Common Evening Primrose 1 X X X X X Onosmodium molle Marbleseed (SC) 5 4 32 85 X X Opuntia humifusa Prickly Pear Cactus (SC) 5 T (2) T (2) 3 X Oxalis stricta Yellow Wood Sorrel 0 X X X X X Oxalis violacea Violet Wood Sorrel 8 X X X X X Panicum [Dichanthelium] capillare Witchgrass 1 X Panicum [Dichanthelium] depauperatum Starved Panic Grass 4 X X X X Panicum [Dichanthelium] leibergii Leiberg's Panic Grass 10 X X X X X Panicum [Dichanthelium] oligosanthes Schribner's Panic Grass 4 X X X X Panicum virgatum Switchgrass 4 X X X X X Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvanian Pellitory 2 X X X Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine (THR) 8 TNTC TNTC TNTC X X Pediomelum esculentum Prairie Turnip (SC) 8 1 12 13 X 14 Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella Smooth Cliff Brake 10 X X X X Penstemon digitalis Beardtongue 4 X X X X Penstemon grandiflorus Large-Flowered Beardtongue 4 X X X X X Petalostemum [Dalea] candida White Prairie Clover 8 X X X X X Petalostemum [Dalea] purpurea Purple Prairie Clover 7 X X X X X Phlox pilosa Downy Phlox 7 X X X X Physalis heterophylla Ground Cherry 3 X X X X X Physalis virginiana Virginia Ground Cherry 4 X Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass 0 X X X X X Podophyllum peltatum May Apple 4 X Polygala senega Seneca Snakeroot 8 X X X Polygonatum biflorum Solomon's Seal 4 X X X X Potentilla arguta Prairie Cinquefoil 7 X X X X X Potentilla norvegica Common Cinquefoil 0 X X Prenanthes alba Rattlesnake Root 6 X X X Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia Mountain Mint 6 X Ranunculus fascicularis Early Buttercup 4 X X X X X Ranunculus recurvatus Woodland Buttercup 5 X Ranunculus rhomboideus Prairie Buttercup 7 X X Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneflower 5 X X X X X Rosa arkansana Dwarf Prairie Rose 4 X X X X X Rudbeckia hirta Black Eyed Susan 4 X X X X X Sanguinaria canadensis Blood Root 6 X X X Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis Leonard's Skullcap 6 X X X X Senecio aureus Golden Ragwort 5 X X X X X Silphium integrifolium Rosinweed 6 X X X X X Silphium laciniatum Compass Plant 8 X X X X X Silphium perfoliatum Cup Plant 4 X X X X X Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock 7 X X X X X Sisyrichium campestre Blue-Eyed Grass 7 X X X X X Smilacina stellata Starry False Solomon's Seal 5 X X X X X Smilax ecirrhata Upright Carrion Flower 5 X Smilax hispida Greenbriar 5 X X X Smilacina racemosa False Solomon's Seal 5 X X X Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod 1 X X X X X Solidago gigantea Giant Goldenrod 3 X Solidago missouriensis Missouri Goldenrod 7 X X X X Solidago nemoralis Grey Goldenrod 4 X X X X X Solidago rigida Rigid Goldenrod 5 X X X X X Solidago speciosa Showy Goldenrod 5 X X X X X Solidago ulmifolia Elm-Leaved Goldenrod 5 X X Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass 5 X X X X X

137 Botanical Name Common Name C 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Sporobolous heterolepis Prairie Dropseed 10 X X X X X Sporobolous cryptandrus Sand Dropseed 3 X X X X X Stachys tenuifolia Woodland Hedge Nettle 6 X X Stipa spartea Porcupine Grass 9 X X X X X Taenidia integerrima Yellow Pimpernel 7 X Thalictrum dasycarpum Tall Meadow Rue 4 X X X X X Tradescantia occidentalis Western Spiderwort 5 X Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort 5 X X X X X Triodanis perfoliata Venus' Looking Glass 3 X X Triosetum perfoliatum Tinker's-weed 3 X X X X Uvularia grandiflora Bellwort 7 X X X Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain 3 X X X X X Verbena urticifolia Nettle-Leaved Vervain 2 X X X Veronia fasciculata Ironweed 5 X X X X Viola palmata Hybrid Violet 8 X X Viola pedata Bird's Foot Violet 7 X X X X X Viola pedatifida Prairie Violet 9 X X X X Viola pubescens Yellow Violet 5 X X X X X Viola sororia Wood Violet 3 X X X X X Zizia aptera Heart-Leaved Golden Alexander 9 X X Zizia aurea Golden Alexander 7 X X

Species Richness C 122 160 166 149 151

Mean C 5.11 5.03 5.09 4.97 5.11 FQI 56.40 63.64 65.58 60.667 62.793

138 Appendix A‐4: Species Richness and Floristic Quality of Management Unit 7 Botanical Name Common Name C Modal

Achillea millefolium Yarrow 1 Yes Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem 4 Yes Anenome cylindrica Thimbleweed 6 Arnoglossum atriplicifolium Pale Indian Plantain 4 Arnoglossum [Cacalia] plantiganea Tuberous Indian Plantain (Special Concern) 8 Asclepais syriaca Common Milkweed 1 Aster azureus Sky Blue Aster 5 Aster ericoides Heath Aster 4 Aster leavis Smooth Aster 6 Yes Aster sp. Aster novae‐anglae New England Aster 3 Aster pilosus Frost Aster 1 Carex sp. (ovales) Sedge 4 Carex cephalophora Oval‐Headed Sedge 6 Carex intumescens Greater Bladder Sedge 5 Carex stipata Common Fox Sedge 2 Carex trichocarpa 7 Desmodium canadense Canada Tick Trefoil 4 Desmodium illinoiense Illinois Tick Trefoil 7 Yes Desmodium glutinosum Pointed Leaf Tick Trefoil 6 Dodecatheon meadia Shooting Star 7 Echinacea pallida Pale Purple Coneflower (Threatened) 7 Yes Erigeron strigosus Fleabane 2 Eryngnium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master 8 Yes Gentiana alba Cream Gentian (Threatened) 7 Yes Geum allepicum Yellow Avens 3 Juncus tenuis Path Rush 1 Heliopsis helianthoides Ox Eye Sunflower 5 Heuerchera richardsonii Alum Root 7 Liatris aspera Prairie Bushclover 5 Yes Lobelia spicata Pale Spiked Lobelia 6 Monarda fistulosa Bergamont 3 Onoclea sensiblis Sensitive Fern 5 Pycnanehemum virginianum Virginia Mountain Mint 6 Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneflower 5 Yes Rudbeckia hirta Black‐Eyed Susan 4 Silphium laciniatum Compass Plant 8 Silphium perfoliatum Cup Plant 4 Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod 1 Solidago rigida Rigid Goldenrod 5 Solidago speciosa Showy Goldenrod 5 Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort 5 Thalictrum dasycarpum Tall Meadow Rue 4

139 Botanical Name Common Name C Modal

Verbena urticifolia Nettle‐Leaved Vervain 2 Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's Root 6 Violata palmata Palm‐Leaved Violet 5

S46

Mean C 4.67 6.782329983 FQI MP2008 31.65

140 Appendix A‐5: Species Richness and Floristic Quality of Management Unit 20 Botanical Name Common Name C

Ambrosia artimesifolia Common Ragweed 0 Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem 4 Angelica atropurpurea Great Purple Angelica 6 Arnoglossum atriplicifolia Prairie Indian Plantain 4 Asclepias incarnata Marsh Milkweed 5 Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed 1 Aster ericoides Heath Aster 4 Aster novae‐anglae New England Aster 3 Aster pilosus Frost Aster 1 Aster prenanthoides Red Stem Aster 9 Aster simplex [puniceus] Marsh Aster 5 Baptisia leucantha White Wild Indigo 7 Baptisia leucophaea Cream Wild Indigo 8 Cacalia [Hasteola] suavolens Sweet Indian Plantain (SPECIAL CONCERN) 8 Calamagrostis canadensis Canada Bluejoint Grass 5 Carex scoparia Nodding Sedge 4 Carex sp. Sedge 1 Carex stipata Common Fox Sedge 2 Carex stricta Tussock Sedge 7 Carex vulpinoidea Brown Fox Sedge 2 Chelone glabra Turtlehead 7 Cicuta maculata Poison Hemlock 6 Conyza canadensis Canada Horseweed 0 Cyperus strigosus Yellow Nut Sedge 1 Desmodium canadense Canada Tick Trefoil 4 Dodecatheon media Shooting Star 7 Eleocharis acicularis Spike Rush 5 Elymus canadensis Canada Wild Rye 4 Equisetum arvense Horsetail Rush 1 Erechites hieracifolia Fireweed 2 Erigeron strigosus Daisy Fleabane 2 Eryngnium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master 8 Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe Pye Weed 4 Eupatorium perfoliatum Perfoliate Boneset 6 Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry 1 Gentiana andrewsii Bottle Gentian 6 Geum allepicum Yellow Avens 3 Geum canadnese White Avens 2 Helenium autumnale Sneezeweed 4 Heleopsis helianthoides Ox Eye Sunflower 5 Helianthus grossesserratus Sawtooth Sunflower 2

141 Botanical Name Common Name C

Helianthus tuberosus Tuberous Sunflower 2 Juncus tenuis Path Rush 1 Liatris pychnostachya Marsh Blazing Star 7 Lilium superbum Turk's Cap Lily 6 Mentha arvense Marsh Mint 3 Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamont 3 Napaea dioica Glade Mallow (SPECIAL CONCERN) 6 Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine (THREATENED) 8 Pennstemon hirsutus Beardtongue 4 Platanthera leucophaea Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (ENDANGERED) 10 Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass 0 Polygonum careyi Carey's Smartweed 6 Polygonum pennsylvanicum Pennsylvania Smartweed 1 Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia Mountain Mint 6 Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneflower 5 Rudbeckia hirta Black Eyed Susan 4 Rudbeckia laciniata Golden Glow 6 Rudbeckia triloba Brown Eyed Susan 4 Rumex orbiculatus Marsh Dock 8 Scirpus atrovirens Green Bulrush 3 Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass 4 Scirpus validus Soft Stemmed Bulrush 4 Scutelaria galericulata Marsh Skullcap 5 Silphium integrifolium Rosinweed 6 Silphium laciniatum Compass Plant 8 Silphium perfoliatum Cup Plant 4 Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock 7 Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod 1 Solidago missouriensis Missouri Goldenrod 7 Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass 5 Spartina pectinata Prairie Cord Grass 5 Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort 5 Verbena hastata Marsh Vervain 3 Veronia fasciculata Ironweed 5 Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's Root 6 Viola sororia Wood Violet 3 unknown forb 1 1 unknown forb 2 1 S79 418 Mean C 5.36 8.888194417

142 Botanical Name Common Name C

FQI WP2007 47.63

143 Appendix A-6: Planting List for Unit 31 Wet Prairie Planting (2008)

Botanical Name Common Name weight (oz) Source Allium cernuum Nodding Wild Onion 1 P. Moon Anenome canadensis Canada Anenome 2 Collected Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed 1 Collected Aster azureus Sky Blue Aster 1 P. Moon Aster punecius Red-Stemmed Aster 1 P. Moon Aster sagittifolius Arrow-Leaved Aster 1.25 Agrecol Astragalus canadensis Canada Milkvetch 2 DCP Baptisia leucophaea Cream Baptisia 8 Eldred Bidens cernua Nodding Bur Marigold 0.25 P. Moon Bidens frondosa Common Beggar's Ticks 1 Collected Cacalia suavolens Sweet Indian Plantain 1 P. Moon Carex annectens xanthocarpa Small Yellow Fox Sedge 1 P. Moon Carex bebbii Bebb's Sedge 8 Agrecol Carex bicknelii Copper-Shouldered Oval Sedge 1 Agrecol Carex crinita Fringed Sedge 0.5 P. Moon Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge 1 Collected Carex intumescens Shinning Bur Sedge 0.125 P. Moon Carex meadii Mead's Stiff Sedge 0.25 P. Moon Carex normalis Spreading Oval Sedge 1 Collected Carex scoparia Nodding Sedge 1 Collected Carex tenera Narrow-Leaved Oval Sedge 0.5 P. Moon Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge 16 Collected Chelone glabra Turtlehead 0.125 P. Moon Dodecatheon meadii Shooting Star 8 DCP Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe Pye Weed 1 Collected Gentiana alba Cream Gentian 0.75 Collected Gentiana andrewsii Bottle Gentian 0.125 Collected Gentiana andrewsii forma rhodantha Bottlebrush Gentian Variant 0.5 VAP Gentiana puberulenta Downy Gentian 0.125 P. Moon Geum allepicum Yellow Avens 1 Collected Heliopsis helianthoides Early Sunflower 4 Collected Juncus canadensis Canada Rush 0.5 P. Moon Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush 0.5 P. Moon Juncus tenuis Path Rush 0.25 P. Moon Liatris pycnostachya Prairie Blazingstar 4 Collected Lilium superbum Turk's Cap Lily 0.25 Collected Lycopus americanus Water Horehound 16 Agrecol Monarda fistulosa Bergamont 1 P. Moon Napaea dioica Glade Mallow 16 Sugar/Blk Earth Oenothera biennis Evening Primrose 1 Collected Phlox pilosa Prairie Phlox 0.125 P. Moon Pycnanthemum virginianum Mountain Mint 3 Agrecol Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneflower 1 Collected Rudbeckia hirta Black-Eyed Susan 1 Collected Rudbeckia laciniata Wild Golden Glow 0.25 P. Moon Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Black-Eyed Susan 1 Agrecol Rudbeckia triloba Brown-Eyed Susan 1 P. Moon Scirpus atrovirens Green Bulrush 3 Collected Solidago graminifolia Grass-Leaved Goldenrod 3 Agrecol Solidago ohioensis Ohio Goldenrod 1 Agrecol Solidago riddellii Riddell's Goldenrod 0.25 Collected Thalictrum dasycarpum Meadow Rue 0.5 Collected

144 Botanical Name Common Name weight (oz) Source Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort 5 Collected Verbena hastata Hastate Vervain 1 Collected Zizia aurea Golden Alexander 1 Collected

Totals 57 species (1:3 graminoid/forb ratio) 42 forbs 15 sedges

127.3 ounces (7.95 lbs) of seed planted 1.5 acres; 5.3 lbs per acre

Source: Collected (On-site at the Preserve) Agrecol = Agrecol Nursery (Local Genotype Seed Requested) P. Moon = Prairie Moon Nursery (Local Genotypes Requested) Collected (On-site at the Preserve) Sugar/Blk Earth = Collected from remnant populations along the Sugar River and Black Earth Creek DCP = Donated by Dane County Parks VAP = Donated by Jon van Altena, Koshkonong Corners State Natural Area

145 Appendix A-7: Planting List for Unit 13 Scrape Planting (2007 - 2008)

Abundance Category Species Scientific Name Weight (oz.) Source Species that were planted from seed in November 2007: Matrix species Fox Sedge Carex vulpinoidea 18 Collected Matrix species Softstem Bulrush Schenoplectus tabernaemontaini 8 Collected Matrix species Lake Sedge Carex lacustris 8 Collected Matrix species Sedge Carex lurida 16 P. Moon Matrix species Water Horehound Lycopus americanus 10 Agrecol Matrix species Green Bulrush Scirpus atrovirens 32 Collected Matrix species Rice Cut Grass Leersia oryzoides 8 Agrecol Matrix species Nodding Sedge Carex scoparia 10 Collected Matrix species Cream Gentian Gentiana alba 10 Collected Subdominant Bottlebrush Gentian Gentiana andrewsii 7 Collected Subdominant Porcupine Sedge Carex hystericina 8 Agrecol Subdominant Shooting Star Dodecatheon media 8 DCP/IAT Subdominant Cream Baptisia Baptisia leucophaea 8 Eldred Subdominant New England Aster Aster novae-angliae 8 Agrecol Subdominant Red Stem Aster Aster puniceus 8 Agrecol Subdominant Marsh Vervain Verbena hastata 6 Collected Subdominant Perfoliate Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum 7 Collected Subdominant Ridell's Goldenrod Solidago ridellii 6 P. Moon Subdominant Marsh Blazing Star Liatris pychnostachya 6.5 Collected Subdominant Water Plantain Alisma subcordatum 4 Collected Subdominant Canada anemone Anemone canadensis 3 P. Moon Subdominant Wild Bergamont Monarda fistulosa 3 Agrecol Subdominant Swamp Marigold Bidens cernua 2 Collected Subdominant River Bullrush Scirpus fluviatilis 2 JF New Subdominant Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia 3 Collected Subdominant Yellow Coneflower Ratibida pinnata 5 Collected Subdominant Field Sedge Carex normalis 1 Collected Subdominant Woolgrass Scirpus cyperinus 2.5 Collected Subdominant Sneezeweed Helenium autumnale 5 Collected Subdominant Spotted Joe-Pye Weed Eupatorium maculatum 5 Collected Subdominant Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris 1 P. Moon Subdominant Common Hop Sedge Carex lupulina 1 P. Moon Subdominant Fringed Sedge Carex crinita 1 P. Moon Subdominant Riparian Wild Rye Elymus riparius 1 P. Moon Subdominant Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata 2.25 Collected Rarefraction Stipate Sedge Carex stipata 0.125 Collected Rarefraction Marsh Avens Geum allepicum 1.5 Collected Rarefraction Winged Loosestrife Lythrum alatum 0.125 P. Moon Rarefraction Monkey Flower Mimulus ringens 0.25 P. Moon Rarefraction Pennsylvania Smartweed Polygonum pennsylvanicum 0.75 Collected Rarefraction Three-square Rush Scirpus americanus 0.5 P. Moon Rarefraction Canada Rush Juncus canadensis 0.5 Agrecol Rarefraction Ohio Spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis 0.25 Agrecol Rarefraction Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardnalis 0.125 Agrecol Rarefraction Bur-Reed Sparganium eurycarpum 0.5 JF New Rarefraction Grass-Leaved Goldenrod Solidago graminifolia 0.5 P. Moon Rarefraction Yellow Nutsedge Cyperus strigosus 0.125 Collected Rarefraction Path Rush Juncus tenuifolia 0.125 Collected Rarefraction Turtlehead Chelone glabra 1 P. Moon Rarefraction Culver's Root Veronicastrum virginicum 1.5 Collected Rarefraction Spike Rush Eleocharis acicularis 0.125 JF New Rarefraction Cup Plant Silphium perfoliatum 0.125 Collected Rarefraction Ironweed Veronia fasciculata 0.125 Collected Rarefraction Prairie Blazing Star Liatris aspera 0.5 Collected

146 Abundance Category Species Scientific Name Weight (oz.) Source Special Common Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis 1.5 JF New Special Pink-Flowered Gentian Gentiana andrewsii forma rhodantha 0.375 VAP Special Glade Mallow Napaea dioica 4 Sugar/Blk Earth Special Turk's Cap Lily Lilium superbum 2.25 Collected Special Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid Platanthera leucophaea 0.125 VAP Special Water Hyacinth Camassia scillioides 1 Midwest

Abundance Category Species Scientific Name Propagule Source Species that were added as live plants in June 2008: Matrix species Tussock Sedge Carex stricta Plugs Agrecol Subdominant White Water Lily Nymphaea odorata Rooted Tuber JF New Subdominant Common Pondweed Potamogeton natans Bareroot JF New Subdominant Nodding Pondweed Potamogeton nodosus Bareroot JF New Subdominant Sago Pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus Bareroot JF New Subdominant Bur-Reed Sparganium eurycarpum Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Prairie Blazingstar Liatris pycnostachya Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Blue Flag Iris Iris virginica shrevi Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Nodding Sedge Carex comosa Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Hop Sedge Carex lupulina Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardnalis Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis Plugs Agrecol Subdominant Porcupine Sedge Carex hystericina Plugs Agrecol Rarefraction American Water Lotus Nelumbo lutea Plants JF New Rarefraction Bulrush Scirpus pungens Plugs Agrecol

Totals 73 species total (1:2.5 graminoid/forb ratio) 52 forbs 17 sedges 2 grasses 2 rushes

252 ounces (15.8 lbs) of seed planted 1.5 acres; 10.5 lbs/acre

Source: P. Moon = Prairie Moon Nursery (Local Genotypes Requested) Agrecol - Agrecol Nursery (Local Genotypes Requested) Midwest = Midwest Prairies (Local Genotypes Requested) JF New = JF New Nursery Collected (On-site at the Preserve) Sugar/Blk Earth = Sugar River and Black Earth Creek Collection Sites DCP/IAT = Donated by Dane County Parks and Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation VAP = John van Altena Property

147 Appendix A-8: Planting List for Units 2 and 3 Savanna Understory Planting (2008)

Forbs and Legumes Botanical Name Common Name Quantity (oz.) SOURCE

Agastache foeniculum Lavender Hyssop 16 P. Moon Agastache scrophulariaefolia Purple Giant Hyssop 8 Collected Allium canadense Wild Garlic 4 P. Moon Allium cernuum Nodding Wild Onion 5 P. Moon Amorpha canescens Leadplant 4 Collected Anenome canadense Canada Anenome 0.125 Collected Aquilegia canadensis Wild Columbine 4 Collected Aralia racemosa Spikenard 0.25 Collected Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit 1 P. Moon Artemesia ludoviciana Prairie Sage 8 Agrecol Asclepias exaltata Poke Milkweed 3 Collected Asclepias purpurescens Purple Milkweed 0.125 PVC Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed 16 Collected Asclepias viridiflora Green Milkweed 1.5 P. Moon Aster azureus Sky Blue Aster 8 Collected Aster drummondii Drummond's Aster 16 P. Moon Aster ericoides Heath Aster 0.5 P. Moon Aster macrophyllus Big-Leaved Aster 0.25 P. Moon Aster novae-anglae New England Aster 8 Collected Aster sagittifolius Arrow-Leaved Aster 8 Agrecol Aster shortii Short's Aster 1 Agrecol Astragalus canadensis Canada Milk Vetch 10 Agrecol Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh 5 DCP/IAT Cirsium discolor Native Thistle 4 Agrecol Coreopsis palmata Bird Foot Coreopsis 2 Collected Desmodium glutinosum Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil 8 Collected Dodecatheon media Shooting Star 32 DCP/IAT Echinacea pallida Pale Purple Coneflower 16 Collected Eryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master 16 Collected Eupatorium purpureum Upland Joe Pye Weed 5 P. Moon Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot 1 JF New Eupatorium sessilifolium Upland Boneset 8 Agrecol Gentiana puberulenta Downy Gentian 0.125 P. Moon Gentiana quinquefolia Stiff Gentian 1 P. Moon Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium 4 P. Moon Helianthus strumosis Woodland Sunflower 1 Agrecol Heliopsis helianthoides Early Sunflower 8 Agrecol Heuchera richardsonii Alum Root 2 Agrecol Hypericum prymidatum Great St. John's Wort 32 Collected Kuhnia eupatoroides False Boneset 16 Collected Lespedeza capitata Bushclover 10 Collected Liatris aspera Rough Blazing Star 4 Collected Liatris cylindracea Dwarf Blazing Star 32 Collected Liatris pychnostachya Prairie Blazing Star 4 Collected Lobelia inflata Indian Tobacco 0.25 P. Moon perennis Wild Lupine 32 MKNS Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells 0.25 P. Moon Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamont 16 Agrecol Oenothera biennis Evening Primrose 4 JF New Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine 0.125 Collected Pedicularis canadensis Wood Betony 0.5 Collected Penthorum sedoides Ditch Stonecrop 1 Agrecol

148 Botanical Name Common Name Quantity (oz.) SOURCE

Petalostemum candidum White Prairie Clover 16 P. Moon Petalostemum purpureum Purple Prairie Clover 16 Collected Phlox divaricata Wild Blue Phlox 0.125 P. Moon Polygonatum canaliculatum Soloman's Seal 1 P. Moon Prenanthes alba Lion's Foot 1 P. Moon Ranunculus fascicularis Early Buttercup 1 P. Moon Ratibida columnifera Long-Headed Coneflower 4 P. Moon Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneflower 16 Collected Rudbeckia hirta Black-Eyed Susan 16 Agrecol Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot 1 P. Moon Scrophularia lanceolata Early Figwort 0.125 P. Moon Smilacina racemosa Soloman's Plume 0.25 P. Moon Silphium mix Rosinweed/Compass/Dock 32 Collected Solidago rigida Stiff Goldenrod 32 Collected Solidago flexicaulis Zig-Zag Goldenrod 4 P. Moon Solidago juncea Early Goldenrod 0.125 P. Moon Solidago speciosa Showy Goldenrod 8 Collected Solidago ulmifolia Elm-Leaved Goldenrod 16 Agrecol Talinum rugospermum Fameflower 0.125 P. Moon Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort 5 Agrecol Triodanis perfoliata Venus' Looking Glass 0.125 P. Moon Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain 16 P. Moon Zizia aurea Golden Alexander 4 P. Moon

Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes Andropogon scoparius Little Bluestem 80 Agrecol Bouteloua curtipendula Side Oats Grama 80 Collected Bouteloua gracilis Buffalo Grass 16 P. Moon Bromus kalmii Prairie Brome 16 Collected Carex sp. Sedge 0.25 Collected Carex bicknellii Prairie Sedge 8 Agrecol Carex brevior Plains Oval Sedge 16 P. Moon Carex cephaloides Sedge 0.25 Collected Carex gravida Long-Awned Bracted Sedge 8 Agrecol Carex muhlenbergii Sand Bracted Sedge 4 P. Moon Carex rosea Curly-Styled Wood Sedge 0.125 P. Moon Elymus villosus/Hystrix patula mix Silky Wild Rye/Bottlebrush Grass mix 80 Agrecol Elymus virginicus Virginia Wild Rye 32 Agrecol Juncus effusus Rush 4 Agrecol Koeleria cristata June Grass 32 Agrecol Muhlenbergia racemosa Upland Wild Timothy 2 P. Moon Panicum leibergii Leiberg's Panic Grass 1 Collected Paspalum ciliatifolium Hairy Lens Grass 0.125 P. Moon Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed 4 Collected

Totals 95 species (1:2 graminoid/forb ratio) 75 forbs 12 grasses 7 sedges 1 rush

961.60 ounces (60.1 lbs) of seed planted 10 acres; 6 lbs per acre

149 Appendix B: Specific Recovery Plans for Plant Species of Conservation Concern

(B‐1): /Labiatae (Mint Family): Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Giant Yellow Hyssop

Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing geometrically, and plants are migrating into areas recently cleared of shrubs in unit 1. Metapopulation have been established in units 2 and 3. Habitat: Oak savanna and open oak woodlands. Location(s): The largest deme is in management unit 1. Smaller demes have been established in management units 2 and 3.

GPS Grid: Unit 1: N43° 07.450’ Unit 2: N43° 07.551’ Unit 3: N43° 07.497’ W089° 40.303’ W089° 40.357’ W089° 40.250’ 970’ elevation 1,011’ elevation 959’ elevation

Abundance: The large population in management unit 1 was initially discovered by Craig Annen in July 2004 while mowing sweet clover. Detailed surveys began in 2007, and have measured geometric increases in the number of individuals in this metapopulation:

Abundance (total number of stems) Deme 2007 2008 2009 Increase 2007‐09 Unit 1 62 155 295 376% [233] Unit 2 0 1 3 200% [2] Unit 3 0 1 3 200% [2] Total 62 157 301 385% [239]

150 Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Comments: Detailed annual surveys have documented geometric increases in the number of individuals comprising this metapopulation during the 2007‐09 sampling period. By calculating the differential series (δN/δt = rN) for the number of individuals sampled from 2007‐09, the per capita finite rate of increase was estimated at (r = 2.225) for the yellow hyssop metapopulation. This growth rate means that the number of individuals in this population doubles every reproductive cycle, and, on average, each plant produces one additional plant every generation so that perennial individuals are replacing themselves. We can use the estimated value of r to

predict the size of this population in 2010, rNt=4 or (2.225) (301) = 669 individuals. Specific Recovery Plan: Since the deme in unit 1 consists of > 250 individuals, seed from these plants can be harvested and planted elsewhere at the Preserve. However, managers must be careful to not overharvest seed from the deme in unit 1 in their effort to establish additional demes in units 2 and 3. Harvesting seed can be thought of in terms of emigration from the population; too much emigration with too little replacement and the population size of the unit 1 deme will decline and eventually crash as existing plants mature and die out without being replaced by new individuals through seed rain. We can use an expanded version of the logistic population growth model that includes a set of terms quantifying the effects of harvesting on population size (the Schaefer‐Clark Model) to determine the upper limit of seed that can be harvested without causing population decline. Plotting N (the population size) as a function of time yields an equilibrium point at N = K, when the population size has reached the maximum number of individuals that the resources present in unit 1 can support. In other words, eventually this population will reach a point when the number of deaths is balanced by the number of newly emerging seedlings, and will no longer grow in size. Plotting the harvest terms in the Schaefer‐Clark Model as a proportion of N gives three possible outcomes with two additional equilibrium points. If no seed is harvested, N will continue to increase over time until the population reaches K (curve r = 2.225). Harvesting seed will cause r to decrease over time. As long as r > 1, the population will continue to grow with seed harvesting, albeit at a slower rate. Moving set‐point equilibria will emerge at a value of N corresponding to the intersection of the harvest term function with the growth curve for the population (N = Nt), the precise equilibrium estimate of N depending on the level of seed harvested (the shaded region of values 2.225 > r > 1). If too much seed is harvested, r will decrease below 1, shifting the set‐ point equilibrium toward the origin (r < 1 curve) and eventually resulting in local extirpation of the population (N = 0):

151

Since the estimated growth rate for the metapopulation is r = 2.225, we can predict that slightly more than half of this value will result in a population equilibrium that is near the value of N at the time when collecting efforts are initiated. The maximum decrease in r that this population can absorb without leading to eventual population decline is 1.225, which corresponds to a collection effort of 61.25% of the annual seed produced. However, since the estimate for r was derived from only three data points (sampling years 2007‐09), variability about this estimate is probably high and a safety factor should be introduced to the final management recommendation. For convenience, let us assume that up to 50% of the seed can be harvested from unit 1 every year without indirectly affecting the population’s long‐term viability. Therefore, DO NOT collect seed from more than 50% of the population in a given year; harvesting more than 50% will cause a bifurcation leading to eventual extirpation of the deme from unit 1. Collect seeds from flowering plants and sow into the vicinity of newly establishing demes within management units 2 and 3. Sow seed into management unit 12 to expand the range of this population and establish an additional metapopulation deme on the east ridge. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within ten feet of any individual plants of this metapopulation.

Conservation Actions: Approximately 50% of the seed produced by this deme was collected in autumn 2007 and 2008 and sowed into adjacent parts of management unit 1, concomitant with shrub removal efforts. Seed was also raked into units 2 and 3 in autumn 2007. The plants in units 2 and 3 that grew were allowed to self‐seed in 2008. A portion of the seed collected from the unit 1 deme was

152 sowed into the unit 2 savanna understory planting in 2008. In 2009, no individuals had yet been observed from this seeding.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

153 (B‐2): Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family): Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed

Conservation Status: Endangered (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Five transplants are established in the seed nursery near the Goth residence. Two transplants flowered in June‐July 2009. Habitat: Oak savanna and open oak woodlands. Location(s): Nursery next to Goth residence. Registration with NHI: N/A, since this is a transplanted population and is not indigenous to the Preserve. Comments: Although historically present in the Driftless Area of Dane County, indigenous populations of this species have never been sampled at the Preserve. Two plugs (live plants) and approximately 25 seeds were donated to the Preserve by Tom and Kathie Brock. The germplasm was originally obtained from the Pleasant Valley Conservancy, near Black Earth, WI. Plugs were grown from seed at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Greenhouse, and the donated seed was stratified and grown by Craig Annen. Plugs were transplanted into the seed nursery in May of 2008 over black landscape fabric and surrounded by protective exclosures to curtail deer browsing. Conservation Actions: Mature pods will be collected from flowering plants and the seed will be frost‐sowed into management units 2 and 3 in 2009.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

154 (B‐3): Asteraceae/Compositae (Composite Family): Arnoglossum [Cacalia] plantagineum [tuberosa] Raf.

Tuberous Indian Plantain

Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing and is in metapopulation with four demes. In portions of unit 9, population appears to be increasing in response to Phalaris arundinacea management. Habitat: Broad ecological amplitude ranging from sedge meadow to dry‐mesic prairie. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 9, with smaller demes in units 1, 7, and 15. GPS Grid: Unit 9: N43° 07.658’ Unit 7: N43° 07.553’ Unit 1: No data available W089° 39.819’ W089° 39.968’ 848’ elevation 870’ elevation

Unit 15: N43° 07.721’ W089° 39.689’ Abundance: The only deme that has been monitored is in management unit 1. In July 2007, one individual was observed growing near a limestone seep on the east slope of management unit 1 (it did not flower). Four depauperate individuals were observed in June 2008 (none were in flower). This species was not observed in unit 1 in 2009. Brush clearing and the resultant drying out of this slope may have made the east slope of unit 1 uninhabitable to this species. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Richard Oberle (The Prairie Enthusiasts, Inc.) has been collecting seed from the deme in unit 9 for several years (possibly since 2004). Specific Recovery Plan: DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in any of the management units where it occurs; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or

155 aminopyralid for any management purposes within ten feet of any individuals of this population. DO NOT apply clopyralid within 15 feet of any individual of this population. Allow smaller demes to self‐seed. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to harvest more than 25% of the seed from the unit 9 deme.

Conservation Actions: As per the specific recovery plan above.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

156 (B‐4): Malvaceae (Mallow Family): Callirhoe triangulata (Leavenw.) A. Gray Clustered Poppy Mallow

Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is stable, but in danger of genetic drift and inbreeding depression. Habitat: Dry and dry‐mesic prairies. Location(s): Growing in the St. Peter sandstone cap atop management unit 1. GPS Grid: N43° 07.381’ W089° 40.298’ 965’ elevation Abundance: One flowering stem was initially observed by Gerald Goth in July 2008. Craig Annen assisted with identification and verification. In 2008, this individual consisted of two stems. In 2009, four stems were recorded. These stems are probably all from the same individual. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Comments: This is the first recorded observance of a relic population of this species from Dane County. Specific Recovery Plan: Scan the remnant for additional individuals. Since only one individual was observed, there is a major risk of a founder effect/genetic drift occurring in this small “population”, along with inbreeding depression if new local genetic material is not introduced to the site. It is imperative to find a local seed source from a relic population. Seed should be collected from nearby populations and sown into appropriate niche space at the Preserve, preferably within managed or remnant‐quality locations. Since this species is listed as Special Concern, a permit is not required to collect its seed. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in management unit 1; doing so could eliminate this population’s

157 unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within 100 feet of this population.

Conservation Actions: We are presently attempting to locate additional individuals and a local relic seed source for this population. For the being, we have been allowing this individual to self‐seed.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

158 (B‐5): Asteraceae/Compositae (Composite Family): Echinacea pallida (Nuttal.) Nuttal. Pale Purple Coneflower

Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing and is in metapopulation with four demes. Habitat: Modal to mesic prairie, occurs from dry to wet prairie. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 1, with smaller demes in units 7, 14, and 15. GPS Grid: Unit 1: N43° 07.394’ Unit 7: N43° 07.554’ Unit 14: No data available W089° 40.246’ W089° 39.971’ 910’ elevation 870’ elevation

Unit 15: No data available

Abundance: Too Numerous to Count (TNTC). Abundance appears to be increasing in response to prairie and savanna management in unit 1. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Comments: This is the northernmost indigenous population of this species known from Wisconsin. Specific Recovery Plan: Continue to collect seed from the unit 1 deme and sow into brush clearing zones, commensurate with prairie and savanna restoration. Since this species is modal to mesic prairie, collect seed from the unit 1 deme and frost‐sow into unit 7 to increase the population size of the deme already present there. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in any of the management units where it occurs; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of

159 any individuals of this population. DO NOT apply clopyralid within 15 feet of any individual of this population. Allow smaller demes to self‐seed. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to collect more than 25% of the seed from the unit 1 deme.

Conservation Actions: In autumn 2007, seed was collected and sown into areas recently cleared of brush to expand this species’ range in unit 1. In 2008, this species was growing within these areas, and several of these individuals flowered in 2009. In autumn 2008, seed was collected and sown into the unit 2 planting.

Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. (2006). Flora of North America, volume 21, Magnoliophyta: Asteridae: Asteraceae, part 3. 616pp.

160 (B‐6): Gentianaceae (Gentian Family): Gentiana alba Muhl. Cream or Yellow Gentian

Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing and is in metapopulation with five demes. Population appears to be increasing in response to brush control and prairie restoration efforts in management unit 1. Habitat: Modal to mesic prairie, occurs from dry to wet prairie. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 7, with smaller demes in units 1, 13, 14, and 15. GPS Grid: Unit 1: No data available Unit 7: N43° 07.558’ Unit 13: N43° 07.800’ W089° 39.97’ W089° 39.765’ 857’ elevation

Unit 14: No data available Unit 15: N43° 07.719’ W089° 39.689’

Abundance: Too Numerous to Count (TNTC). Abundance is increasing in response to prairie and savanna management in unit 1. In 2007 and 2008, four individuals were observed in unit 1. In 2009, 12 individuals were observed, an overall increase of 200% during the 2007‐09 sampling period. Registration with NHI: Records submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: This species has been present at the Preserve since at least 1987. Specific Recovery Plan: Continue to collect seed from the unit 7 deme and sow into the other demes. Since this species is modal to mesic prairie, allow at least 50% of the seed production to reseed itself within the unit 7 mesic prairie remnant. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in any of the management units where it occurs; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides,

161 broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of any individuals of this population. Allow smaller demes in units 1, 13, 14, and 15 to self‐seed. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to collect more than 50% of the seed from the unit 7 deme.

Conservation Actions: In autumn 2007, seed was collected and sown into the unit 13 restoration planting and into areas recently cleared of brush in unit 1. In 2008 and 2009, this species was already growing within unit 13, and several of these individuals flowered in 2009. In autumn 2008, seed was collected from unit 7 and sown into the unit 31 planting.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

162 (B‐7): Juglandaceae (Walnut Family): Juglans cinerea L. Butternut

Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population is in decline due to butternut canker (Sirococcus clavigignenti‐ juglandacearum) infection. Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes in open oak woodlands and mesic forests. Location(s): Growing on the west ridge atop management unit 5. GPS Grid: N43° 07.903’ W089° 40.406’ Abundance: Several butternuts were observed by Paul Michler and Craig Annen during a savanna restoration project in 2005, south of where the GPS population occurs. Craig Annen was unable to relocate those trees during a June 2009 survey. Two butternut trees were observed along the Ice Age Trail during an IAT work party in January 2009, and a fallen dead tree was observed while clearing buckthorn from an oak woodland remnant in March 2009. Both live trees were relocated during a June 2009 survey. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in June 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Butternut canker has definitely affected at least one tree. A younger tree appeared symptom‐free in late May 2009. Specific Recovery Plan: Scan the Preserve for additional individuals. Jeff Long reported seeing some within management unit 8 or 15 in 2009. Continue to monitor the younger tree for signs of canker infection. If none appears, contact P. Thomas Boos at the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (Forestry Division) and report any relevant information to him.

163 Conservation Actions: Buckthorn and elm have been cleared from the surrounding area to encourage these trees to regenerate. For the being, we have been allowing this individual to self‐seed.

Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Committee. (1997). Flora of North America, volume 13. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. 590pp.

164 (B‐8): Malvaceae (Mallow Family): Napaea dioica L. Glade Mallow

Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) DE‐LISTED by WDNR IN 2011 Habitat: Disturbed ground along stream banks and in low wet areas. Location(s): Management unit 9, near a scrape pond and at the south end of unit 20. GPS Grid: Unit 9: N43° 07.559’ Unit 20: No data available W089° 39.970’ 850’ elevation Abundance: Two individuals have been observed at the Preserve by Craig Annen. Both occurrences (units 9 and 20) consisted of isolated, single plants. The glade mallow in unit 9 was observed in June 2008, the one in unit 20 in September 2007 and again in August 2008. Neither was observed in 2009. Large populations exist less than one‐half mile to the south of the Preserve, within the Burlington National Railroad easement and along the banks of the Black Earth Creek. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Specific Recovery Plan: Since only one individual was observed in each management unit, and since this species is dioecious (bearing male and female on separate plants), and also since large populations exist nearby, seed should be collected from nearby populations and sown into appropriate niche space at the Preserve, preferably within managed or remnant quality locations. Since this species is Special Concern, a permit is not required to collect its seed. Conservation Actions: In 2007, seed collections were made from adjacent areas (The banks of both the Black Earth Creek (near the Preserve) and Sugar River (near Belleville, WI) and frost‐seeded into unit 13.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

165 (B‐9): Boraginaceae (Borage Family): Onosmodium [molle] bejariense DC. var. occidentale (Mack) B.L. Turner. Marbleseed

Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing. Managers are attempting to establish metapopulations. Habitat: Dry‐mesic prairies. Location(s): On top of the south slope of management unit 1. GPS Grid: N43° 07.404’ W089° 40.321’ 994’ elevation Abundance: Craig Annen documented four individuals in 2007, 32 in 2008, and 85 in 2009, an increase of 2,025% during the 2007‐09 sampling period. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Two varieties are recognized by NHI botanists: O. bejarense var. hispidissimum (Mack.) B.L. Turner, and O. bejarense var. occidentale (Mack.) B.L. Turner. NHI botanists are presently tracking both varieties. A flowering sample was collected in June 2009 by Craig Annen, pressed, and mailed to Craig Anderson of the WDNR for verification of the variety. It was Craig Anderson’s opinion that the sample was O. bejarense var. occidentale. At Craig Anderson’s request, Craig Annen gave permission to deposit the sample in the University of Wisconsin‐Madison herbarium as a permanent record of this species and variety occurring in Dane County prairie remnants. A collection permit was not required for this activity since this species is listed as Special Concern. Detailed annual surveys have documented increases in the number of individuals comprising this population during the 2007‐09 sampling period. By calculating the differential series (δN/δt = rN) for the number of individuals sampled from 2007‐ 09, the per capita finite rate of increase was estimated at (r = 5.38) for this marbleseed population. The population grew by a factor of eight during the first sampling interval, but only

166 by a factor of 2.5 during the second interval. There is high variability in the population growth estimate and this should be considered when deciding how much seed can be collected without causing population decline.

Specific Recovery Plan: Collect seed and sow into adjacent parts of unit 1 and also into unit 11. Plugging population growth data for this species into a Schaefer‐Clark Model yields a seed collection effort of 81.4% as the threshold for r < 1 and population decline. However, since there was a considerable degree of variability around this estimate, and seed harvest should not exceed 50% per year. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of any individual of this population. Conservation Actions: Seed of this species was collected in autumn 2007 and 2008 and frost‐sowed into adjacent parts of management unit 1, concomitant with brush clearing activities.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

167 (B‐10): Asteraceae/Compositae (Composite Family): Parthenium integrifolium L. Wild Quinine, American Feverfew

Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing, and plants are migrating into areas recently cleared of shrubs in unit 1. One additional metapopulation deme has been established in unit 20. Habitat: All types of prairies. Location(s): Largest deme is in management unit 1. A smaller deme occurs near the middle of management unit 20. GPS Grid: Unit 1: N43° 07.420’ Unit 20: N43° 07.841’ W089° 40.313’ W089° 40.261’ 1,020’ elevation 855’ elevation Abundance: There are more than 100 individuals in unit 1, and approximately 10 individuals in unit 20. This population is too abundant for detailed survey (TNTC = Too Numerous to Count). Registration with NHI: Record submitted in June 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Seed viability is low, though seed production is high. Sow site‐collected seed at higher rates to compensate. Specific Recovery Plan: Collect seeds from flowering plants and sow into adjacent areas of management unit 1. Sow seed into management units 7, 11, and 12 to expand the range of this population and establish additional metapopulation demes. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of any individual plants of this population. DO NOT apply clopyralid within 15 feet of any individual of this population. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to collect more than 25% of the seed from the unit 1 deme.

168 Conservation Actions: Seed was collected in autumn 2007 and 2008 and sowed into adjacent parts of management unit 1, concomitant with shrub removal efforts.

Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. (2006). Flora of North America, volume 21, Magnoliophyta: Asteridae: Asteraceae, part 3. 616pp.

169 (B‐11): /Leguminosae (Legume Family): Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh.) Rydb. Prairie Turnip, Pomme‐de‐Prairie

Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size increased from 2005‐2009. Managers are attempting to establish metapopulations of this population. Habitat: Dry prairies of the Driftless Area. Location(s): Growing in the St. Peter sandstone cap atop management unit 1. GPS Grid: N43° 07.385’ W089° 40.292’ Abundance: This species was observed in April 2005 by Paul Michler and Craig Annen. One flowering individual was recorded in 2007, 12 individuals in 2008 (all flowered), and 13 individuals (12 flowering and one non‐flowering) in 2009, an overall increase of 1,200% during the 2007‐09 sampling period. As of June 2011, no new individuals have been observed. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Specific Recovery Plan: Seed should be collected from this population and sown into appropriate niche space at the Preserve, preferably within managed or remnant quality locations. Since this species is listed as Special Concern, a permit is not required to collect its seed. Seed from this population should also be sown into the dry prairie remnant in management unit 11 to put this species into metapopulation status. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in management units 1 or 11; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, aminopyralid, or clopyralid for any management purposes within 100 feet of this population.

170 Conservation Actions: In 2008, Gerald Goth and Linnea Smith collected seed of this species and sowed it into unit 1 near the source population.

Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp.

171 (B‐12): Orchidaceae (Orchid Family): Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttal.) Lindley. Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid

Conservation Status: Endangered (Wisconsin) (Federally Threatened) Preserve Status: Population size is small but stable and is in metapopulation, with three demes. This population has moderate population viability according to FWS recovery criteria (1999). Habitat: Wet prairies. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 13, with smaller demes in units 1, 9 and 20. GPS Grid: Refer to Appendix F. Abundance: Refer to Appendix F. Registration with NHI: N/A, since this population consists of transplanted germplasm. Comments: EPFO was placed on the federal threatened species list on September 28, 1989. The germplasm present at the Preserve was donated by Jon van Altena. Established EPFO plants were transplanted as live plants in November of 2007 and 2008 (see Appendix F). A permit was not required for this transplant since 1) The plants were donated, not purchased for cash, goods, or services, and the transplanting took place under the guidance, permission, and cooperation of the landowner, 2) The plants were not transported across state boundaries or outside of the continental United States, and 3) The donor site was (at the time of transplanting) private property not under direct federal control (Endangered Species Act of 1973, Section 9 page 31, General Article 2 (Prohibited Acts), Subsections A through E). Transplant sites were selected based on the findings of Bell et al. (2005), who summarized factors that limit the distribution and abundance of EPFO in the Midwest. USFWS (1999) provides an index of population viability based on population size, trends in the number of

172 individuals of a population, habitat size, protection status of habitat, successional status of habitat, and level of management required to maintain the population. The EPFO population at the Preserve scored 14.5 out of a possible 21, meaning that this population has moderate viability according to FWS standards. Increasing population size above 50 individuals would result in a highly viable population at the Preserve.

Specific Recovery Plan: The USFWS outlines four Priority Recovery Actions for this species:

1) Provide for legal protection of sites where EPFO occurs; ideally, sites will be larger than 125 acres in size (the Preserve is permanently protected, and is more than 500 acres in size). 2) Increase the size of the population (additional transplants and/or self‐seeding by established individuals). 3) Monitor the status of the population (already underway). 4) Manage habitat (reduce impacts from drainage and invasion by woody plants and reed canarygrass, also presently underway at the Preserve).

DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within 25 feet of any individuals of this population. Allow existing demes to self‐seed. Since it is unclear how EPFO populations respond to prescribed burns, sites containing EPFO plants should be burned as early as possible in the spring. If there is concern of killing frosts beyond an early burn date, the plants can be mulched to a depth of six inches with leaf mulch or hammermill chaff. Mulch should be manually removed when daily low temperatures rise above the risk of frost damage. USFWS (1999) lists three species of nocturnal hawk moths responsible for EPFO pollination, Eumorpha pandorus (Pandorus Sphinx), Eumorpha achemon, and Sphinx eremitis. The Pandorus Sphinx has been documented at the Preserve near units 13 and 15. The larval host for E. pandorus is Vitis spp., and therefore TSI programs aimed at completely eliminating Vitis spp. from timber‐bearing tree stands should take pollinator requirements of EPFO and E. pandorus into account. Leave at least 20% of Vitis spp. unharmed during TSI activities, particularly in management units 8, 23, 24, and 25, which are nearest to the EPFO demes. Common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) is pollinated by these same moth species. To attract pollinators, plant O. biennis near EPFO demes, but do so at low densities to not completely distract pollinators from EPFO flowers. Protect EPFO plants from browsing by erecting protective exclosures around them.

Conservation Actions: In 2007, a ditch fill/scrape construction/wetland recontouring project was conducted to restore hydrology to remnant sedge meadow in management units 9 and 10. EPFO were transplanted

173 into low bareground areas of units 9 and 13 following scrape construction. Reed canarygrass and brush management have been underway since autumn 2007. Since exposed EPFO flowers are more likely to be pollinated (FWS 1999), only short‐stature sedges and forbs were planted near EPFO locations when planting unit 13. O. biennis was planted at a rate of 1 oz per acre in 2007, and a couple of mature plants were observed flowering in 2009. Unit 13 was burned on 16 March 2009 and unit 9 on 20 March 2009. Burning on these dates did not harm EPFO plants.

Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Committee. (2002). Flora of North America, volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. 723pp.

Additional References: Beacham, W., F.V. Castronova, and S. Sessine. (2001). Beacham’s Guide to the Endangered Species of North America, volume 6: Dicots and Monocots. Gale Group Publishing, 503pp.

Bell, T., P. Kelsey, M. Bowles, and L. Zettler. (2005). Relationships between soil characteristics, distribution and restoration potential of the federal threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. American Midland Naturalist 154(2): 273‐ 285.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1999). Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) Recovery Plan, 62pp.

174 (B‐13): Orchidaceae: Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. casei Casey’s Lady’s Tresses

Conservation Status: Listed in Flora of North America as a Species of Conservation Concern. Preserve Status: Not observed in 2009. Habitat: Dry, open woodlands. Location(s): Management unit 2 GPS Grid: N43° 07.572’ W089° 40.422’ 978’ elevation Abundance: A cluster of four flowering stems covering an area of about two m2 were observed in September, 2008 by Craig Annen. Gerald Goth and Linnea Smith assisted in initial identification. Registration with NHI: Since this is species is listed in a regional non‐specific conservation status category (SCC), its location information was not reported to WDNR NHI. Comments: First described as a new species in 1974; uncommon throughout its range. Specific Recovery Plan: Since orchids are difficult and costly to propagate, continue restoring and maintaining savanna habitat and monitor the spread of this species into adjacent restored area. Conservation Actions: Attempting to restore and maintain dry, open savanna habitat with buckthorn and honeysuckle removal. This species appeared in management unit 2 following firebreak construction along the western property boundary in March 2008, and was initially observed in September 2008. Protective exclosures were placed around each individual to prevent deer browsing. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within 25 feet of this population.

Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Committee. (2002). Flora of North America, volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. 723pp.

175 Appendix C-1: General Management Guidelines for Avian Species of Conservation Concern (some data were adapted from Sample and Mossman 1997).

Preferred Cover of Miminum Area Bareground graminoid/forb Litter Residual Tree/shrub Cover Vegetation Height Requirements Suitable Habitat Required Area Species ratio Vegetation* Ammodramus savannarum (Grasshopper Sparrow) IN 25 - 250 acres ≈ 1.0 Medium Medium Medium < 30% < 15 cm preferred Unit 1 DECLINE Anas discors (Blue-Winged Unit 32 (Requires Open < 25 acres > 2.5/1 Medium Low Low 0 - 5% 15 - 35 cm preferred for nesting cover Teal) IN DECLINE Water) Requires herbaceous vegetation for Unit 32 (Requires Open Ardea alba (Great Egret) nesting Water) Ardea herodias (Great Blue Requires herbaceous vegetation for Unit 32 (Requires Open Heron) nesting Water) Cistothorus platensis (Sedge 25 - 250 acres > 2.5/1 High Low High 0 - 5% > 35 cm Units 9, 10, 15 Wren) Coccyzus americanus (Yellow- Requires open marsh and Unit 10, Black Earth 20 - 200 acres Billed Cuckoo) woody vegetation Creek Contopus cooperi (Olive-Sided Requres forest edges and Units 1, 2, 3 Flycatcher) savanna Dolichonyx oryzivorus 25 - 250 acres ≈ 1.0 Medium Medium Medium 0 - 5% 15 - 35 cm preferred Unit 1 (Bobolink) Requires herbaceous vegetation for Unit 32 (Requires Open Egretta thula (Snowy Egret) nesting Water) Empidonax trailii (Willow Shrub structure required > 1 m shrub height Units 2, 3, 10 Flycatcher) Hylocichia mustelina (Wood 25 - 250 acres Low Shrub structure required > 2 meters Units 5, 8 Thrush) Melanerpes erythrocephalus 5 - 50% trees > 15 cm dbh standing snags Units 2, 3, 12 (Red-Headed Woodpecker)

Oporonis formosus (Kentucky Shrub structure required Requires well-established understory 80 - 125 acres < 1.0 Units 5, 8 Warbler) for nesting (> 1 m) canopy Requires open marsh and Scolopax minor (Woodcock) Units 9, 12, 15, 20, 25 woody vegetation 5 - 30% shrubs (> 1 m) Spizella pusilla (Field Sparrow) < 25 acres > 2.5/1 High Medium Medium required; gradual ecotonal 15 - 35 cm preferred Units 2, 3, 4 IN DECLINE transitions Sturuella magna (Eastern < 25 acres ≈ 1.0 High Medium Medium 0 - 5% 15 - 35 cm preferred Unit 1 Meadowlark) IN DECLINE Taxostoma rufum (Brown Shrub structure required Low-Medium > 1 meter Units 5, 8, 12 Thrasher) for nesting

176 *Residual vegetation refers to senescent vegetation standing in spring, prior to the onset of the growing season. Appendix C‐2: General Management Guidelines for Herptiles

Contributed by Dr. Josh M. Kapfer (Natural Resources Consulting, Inc.) and Robert Hay (Wisconsin DNR, retired)

 Maintain or create habitat heterogeneity at a level of 5 – 25% of the total habitat area  Burn fire‐dependent management units in a random rotation with an optimal burn timing window of 1 November through 15 March.  Restrict weed, brush, and forestry mowing to periods when air temperatures are in excess of 80°F.  Maintain or create gradual ecotonal transitions between adjacent management units for predator evasion and foraging.  Maintain or create brush cover in open areas for predator evasion and foraging.  Maintain brush and rock piles in open areas to provide habitat for small mammals and other prey species.  Place large logs into scrape ponds to provide basking sites.  Use herbicide Best Management Practices (BMPs) to avoid incidental harm to amphibians.  Reduce or eliminate dense stands of Phalaris arundinacea and Rhamnus cathartica.

177 Appendix D: Management Units of the Preserve.

178 KEY to Management Units

1. Dry Lime Prairie Remnant 2. LIP Savanna (West) 3. LIP Savanna (East) 4. Brooks Savanna 5. West Ridge Oak Woodland 6. IAT Savanna 7. Mesic Prairie Remnant 8. East Ridge Oak Woodland 9. Sedge Meadow Remnant (SL) 10. Sedge Meadow/Shrub‐Carr Remnant (Brooks) 11. Goth Savanna 12. WHIP Savanna 13. Scrape Plantings 14. Goth‐Swanson Prairie Plantings 15. Wet‐Mesic Prairie Plantings 16. Warm‐Season Planting (CP‐10) 17. Orchard (CP‐10) 18. Phalaris‐dominated Meadow 19. Horseshoe (CP‐10) 20. Wet Prairie Planting (West) 21. North Scrape/Wet Prairie Planting 22. Dry Prairie Remnant 23. Mesic Forest 24. West Valley (CP‐10) 25. North Oak Woodland 26. Brooks Prairie Planting (South) 27. Implement Yard/Ditch 28. Brooks Prairie Planting (North) 29. East Valley Wildlife Food Plots 30. West Valley Wildlife Food Plots 31. Wet Prairie Buffer Strip 32. Open Water 33. KP Savanna Remnant

133 179 Appendix E: Soils of the Preserve.

134 180 CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Appendix F

November Transplanting of Federally‐Endangered Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea)

Craig A. Annen and Jon van Altena Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Orchidaceae: Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley, hereafter EPFO) is a federally‐threatened species that occupies seasonally inundated open‐canopy herbaceous vegetation communities within the glaciated regions of north central and northeastern United States. The species is also listed as endangered in Wisconsin. Conversion of habitat to agriculture, invasions by exotic species (such as Phalaris arundinacea L. and Lythrum salicaria L.), encroachment of shrub‐carr (principally red‐osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera [sericea]) and common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)) in the absence of natural wildfire regimes, and poaching/over collecting have all been implicated as causes of EPFO’s decline and at‐risk status (Beacham et al. 2001; USFWS 2003). Density‐ dependent factors, such as inbreeding depression (Wallace 2003) and genetic drift (USFWS 1999), have also been linked to further population decline and loss of viability in isolated remnant populations. The USFWS outlines four Priority Recovery Actions for this species: 1) Provide for legal protection of sites where EPFO occurs, especially sites larger than 125 acres in size, 2) Increase the size of existing populations, 3) Monitor the status of existing populations, and 4) Manage habitat in a manner conducive to EPFO survival and viability.

The objective of this project was to establish a viable satellite population of EPFO at the Swamplovers Nature Preserve by transplanting dormant EPFO plants

135 181 from the highly viable population of the Jon and Connie van Altena property (now known as Koshkonong Corners State Natural Area), located near Milton, WI. The transplanted population was not registered with the DNR Natural Heritage Inventory since this population consists of transplanted germplasm. A permit was not obtained for this transplant since 1) the plants were donated, not purchased for cash, goods, or services, and the transplanting took place under the guidance, permission, and cooperation of the landowner, 2) the plants were not transported across state boundaries or outside of the continental United States, and 3) the donor site was (at the time of transplanting) private property not under direct federal control (Endangered Species Act of 1973, Section 9, page 31, General Article 2 (Prohibited Acts), Subsections A through E).

Transplant Methods

Soil characteristics, particularly texture, might be an important predictor of orchid transplant success (Scott Weber, Bluestem Farm, pers. comm.). When soil types are mismatched, frost heaving can occur, which can damage the orchid’s fragile perenniating buds (Case 1987). In September 2007, prior to our initial EPFO transplant into the first of four metapopulation demes, we collected five composite soil samples consisting of three soil cores taken to a depth of 15 cm from both the donor and recipient sites. Soils were analyzed for pH, organic matter, phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, CEC, and texture (sand‐silt‐clay fractional analysis) at the University of Wisconsin‐ Madison Soil and Plant Analysis Lab. Soil analysis results are presented in Table 1 of this document. Since EPFO are known to be variably distributed along the soil

136 182 hydrosere (Bell et al. 2005), we matched hydrology between the donor and recipient sites qualitatively.

Transplants were dug to a depth of nine inches with a stainless steel transplanting shovel (W.W. Manufacturing Co., Inc., Bridgeton, NJ). Prior to transplanting, the shovel was washed clean of any adhering soil material and then sterilized with 90% Ethanol Alcohol. Transplants were removed by digging a concentric ring with a diameter of 0.5‐m around each plant or cluster of plants (doubles, triples, and quadruples) and then slowly and gently prying up the soil ball containing the EPFO perenniating bud. Soil balls were wrapped in 20‐mil transparent visquene to prevent desiccation and protect the EPFO buds from wind blasts during transport, and then placed within 0.5‐m diameter tree transplanting baskets. Transplant baskets were transported in open truck beds. Transplants were protected from browsing by steel wire exclosures fixed in position with ¾‐inch diameter stainless steel electrical conduit and then mulched with hammermill chaff to a depth of 10 – 15 cm. To encourage pollination, we planted seeds of Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.), a species that is also pollinated by nocturnal Hawk Moths, near transplants at a density of ten seeds per square meter (this low sowing density was chosen to not completely distract pollinators from EPFO flowers). In 2007 and 2009, we also collected four soil plugs (ca 1 dm3), which were spread out to a depth of 15 cm at the recipient site and planted with EPFO seeds. We reasoned that soil from the donor site would provide the mycorrhizal inoculant for seed germination.

Metapopulations (populations made up of subpopulations separated in space but linked by gene flow) add additional stability to rare or at‐risk species. Dividing

137 183 a metapopulation into separate demes that occupy similar habitats within a habitat matrix increases the likelihood that at least one deme will survive perturbations (e.g. unfavorable growing conditions, hail damage, disease, etc.) that could affect other demes. EPFO were transplanted into four demes at the Swamplovers Nature Preserve:

1. Bareground area created by ditch fill and scrape pond construction (‘Scrape’); 2. A restored wet prairie with a history of agricultural land‐use patterns (‘West Valley’); 3. Into a low spot near a waterfowl production pond in a sedge meadow remnant (‘Far Pond’); 4. Into a calcium‐rich low spot at the ecotonal boundary between a sedge meadow remnant and mesic/dry‐mesic prairie remnant (‘Ice Age Trail’).

Table 2 summarizes outcomes for this project. The USFWS (1999) provides an index of EPFO population viability based on population size, trends in the number of individuals in a population, habitat size, protection status of the habitat, successional status of the habitat, and level of management required to maintain the population. The established EPFO population at the Swamplovers Nature Preserve scored 14.5 out of a possible 21, meaning that this population has moderate viability according to FWS standards. Increasing the EPFO population size above 50 individuals would result in a highly viable population at the Swamplovers Preserve, according to the FWS criteria.

138 184 Table 1: Soil parameters of the EPFO donor and recipient sites (2007).

Soil Characteristic Donor Site Recipient Site pH 7.3 7.5

Organic Matter (%) 7.9 3.9

PO4 (ppm) 19 57

NH4‐N (ppm) 11.5 10.7

NO3‐N (ppm) 22.2 9.2

Ca (ppm) 1633 2474

Mg (ppm) 969 566

K (ppm) 77 91

Cation Exchange Capacity 16 18

Texture Class Loam Silt Loam

Soil Texture Fractionation

Sand (%) 41 11

Silt (%) 39 69

Clay (%) 20 20

139 185 Table 2. EPFO metapopulation at Swamplovers Nature Preserve, 2008 - 2011. EPFO ID Tran. date plug class Deme Location GPS grid Abundance data (b = blooming; r = basal plant; s = seedling) 2007 Transplants (t = 9) 2008b 2008r 2008s 2009b 2009r 2009s 2010b 2010r 2010s 2011b 2011r 2011s 2007-1 7 Nov 2007 triple Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.805' W089°39.758' 3 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 2007-2 7 Nov 2007 double Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.803' W089°39.760' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2007-3 7 Nov 2007 single Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.816' W089°39.782' 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2007-4 7 Nov 2007 single Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.806' W089°39.755' 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2007-5 7 Nov 2007 single Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.802' W089°39.762' 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2007-6 7 Nov 2007 single West Valley (Unit 20) no data-exclosure destroyed 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 9 Totals 5 1 0 5 0 0 5 1 0 1 2 0 Cumulative 9 2008 6 2009 5 2010 6 2011 3 2008 Cumulative Total = 6 Pi 2007 Transplants Established 66.7% 55.6% 66.7% 33.3% 2008 Transplants (t = 9) 2009b 2009r 2009s 2010b 2010r 2010s 2011b 2011r 2011s 2008-1 4 Nov 2008 triple Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.802' W089°39.766' 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 2008-2 4 Nov 2008 double Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.644' W089°39.806' 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2008-3 4 Nov 2008 single Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.646' W089°39.801' 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 2008-4 4 Nov 2008 double Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.801' W089°39.766' 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 2008-5 4 Nov 2008 single West Valley (Unit 20) N43°07.442' W089°40.056' 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 9 Totals 5 0 0 6 1 0 5 3 0 Cumulative 18 2009 5 2010 7 2011 8 2009 Cumulative Total = 10 Pi 2008 Transplants Established 55.6% 77.8% 88.9% Cumulative Pi Established (2007-08) 55.6% 72.2% 61.1% 2009 Transplants (t = 10) 2010b 2010r 2010s 2011b 2011r 2011s 2009-1 11 Nov 2009 quadruple Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.645' W089°39.801' 4 0 1 1 0 0 2009-2 11 Nov 2009 single Scrape (unit 13) N43°07.805' W089°39.768' 0 0 0 0 0 0 2009-3 11 Nov 2009 single West Valley (Unit 20) N43°07.484' W089°40.087' 1 1 0 0 1 0 2009-4 11 Nov 2009 double Ice Age Trail (unit 1) N43°07.266' W089°40.402' 1 0 0 0 1 0 2009-5 11 Nov 2009 double Ice Age Trail (unit 1) N43°07.266' W089°40.406' 1 4 0 4 1 1 Total 10 Totals 7 5 1 5 3 1 Cumulative 28 2010 13 2011 9 2010 Cumulative Total = 26 Pi 2009 Transplants Established 130.0% 90.0% Cumulative Pi Established (2007-09) 92.9% 71.4% 2010 Transplants (t = 10) 2011b 2011r 2011s 2010-1 1 Nov 2010 triple Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.644' W089°39.804' 0 3 0 2010-2 1 Nov 2010 single Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.644' W089°39.803' 0 0 0 2010-3 1 Nov 2010 single Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.647' W089°39.799' 0 0 0 2010-4 1 Nov 2010 single Far Pond (unit 9) N43°07.645' W089°39.800' 1 0 0 2010-5 1 Nov 2010 double Ice Age Trail (unit 1) N43°07.267' W089°40.405' 0 0 0 2010-6 1 Nov 2010 single Ice Age Trail (unit 1) N43°07.264' W089°40.406' 1 0 0 2010-7 1 Nov 2010 single Ice Age Trail (unit 1) N43°07.264' W089°40.407' 0 0 0 Total 10 Totals 2 3 0 Cumulative 38 2011 5 2011 Cumulative Total = 25 Pi 2010 Transplants Established 50.0%

186 Cumulative Pi Established (2007-10) 65.8%

Plug class: Operationally defined as more than one distinct EPFO plants growing in close proximity (within 1 dm of each other). References for Appendix F

Beacham, W., F.V. Castronova, and S. Sessine. 2001. Beacham’s Guide to the Endangered Species of North America, volume 6: Dictos, Monocots, Glossary, Indexes. Gale Group Publishing, New York, NY. Pgs. 3270‐3272.

Bell. T., P. Kelsey, M. Bowles, and L. Zettler. 2005. Relationships between soil characteristics, distribution and restoration potential of the federal threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. American Midland Naturalist 154:273‐285.

Case, F.W. Jr. 1987. Orchids of the Western Great Lakes Region, 2nd Ed. Cranbrook Institution of Science Bulletin 48, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 251pp.

USFWS. 1999. Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) Recovery Plan. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. 62pp.

Wallace, L.E. 2003. The cost of inbreeding in Platanthera leucophaea (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 90(2):235‐242.

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