Automated Lighting, Second Edition: the Art and Science of Moving
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Automated Lighting This page intentionally left blank Automated Lighting The Art and Science of Moving Light in Theatre, Live Performance, and Entertainment Second Edition Richard Cadena AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK © 2010 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions . This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this fi eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cadena, Richard. Automated lighting : the art and science of moving light in theatre, live performance, and entertainment / Richard Cadena. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-240-81222-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Stage lighting. 2. Television--Lighting. I. Title. PN2091.E4C33 2010 778.5’343--dc22 2009048623 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-240-81222-9 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com 10 11 12 13 14 5 4 3 2 1 P r i n t e d i n C h i n a This book is dedicated to Noe Cadena, an extraordinary father, husband, little league coach, marathon runner, and engineer who gave of his mind, body and spirit to provide for his family and give them every opportunity he could. Dad, you are my inspiration. —Richard This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword . xvii SECTION 1: Introduction to Automated Lighting. 1 Chapter 1 Automated Lighting in the Third Millennium . 3 Chapter 2 The Foundation of the Automated Lighting Industry. 9 The Genesis of the Automated Lighting Industry . 9 Synchronicity . 12 “If We Can Make It Change Color …” . 17 The Black Hole . 25 For Sale: Automated Lighting . 28 Sue Me, Sue You Blues . 31 The Future of Automated Lighting . 32 Chapter 3 Automated Lighting Systems. 35 Systems Overview . 35 Rigging Systems . 36 Aluminum Structures . 37 Theatrical Rigging . 39 Rigging Hardware . 40 Power Distribution Systems . 41 Disconnect Switch . 42 Feeder Cable . 43 Distribution Panels and Portable Power Distribution Units . 46 Overcurrent Protection . 47 Dimmers . 49 Branch Circuits . 49 Wire Gauges . 51 vii viii CONTENTS Voltage Drop . 52 Connectors . 52 Worldwide Electrical Safety and Wiring Codes . 53 Compliance . 54 Data Distribution Systems . 54 Data Cables . 57 Data Splitters . 58 D a t a A m p l i fi ers . 60 Data Converters . 60 Data Terminators. 61 A/B Switches . 62 Data Connectors . 62 Control Systems . 63 Automated Lighting Controllers . 63 Automated Lighting Consoles . 64 PC-Based Controllers . 64 Dedicated Controllers . 65 Playback Units . 65 Remote Focus Units . 65 Preset Stations . 66 Media Servers . 66 Redundant Backup Systems . 67 Luminaires . 68 Electrical Systems . 69 Electronics Systems . 69 Electromechanical Systems . 70 Mechanical Systems . 70 Optical Systems . 70 Communications Systems. 70 SECTION 2: Electricity and Electronics . 73 Chapter 4 DC Electricity . 75 The Flow of Electrons . 76 The Relative Size of Electrons . 76 The Electron Drift Theory . 76 Friction . 77 Conductive Properties of Materials . 78 Current Convention . 79 Voltage, Current, and Resistance . 80 Water and Electricity—Bad Mix, Good Analogy. 80 The DC Circuit . 81 Contents ix Units of Measure—Current, Voltage, Resistance, Power . 82 The Resistor Color Code . 83 Resistor Wattage . 84 Series Resistance . 84 Parallel Resistance . 85 Series/Parallel Resistance . 86 Ohm’s Law . 88 Practice Problems. 88 DC Power . 89 Practice Problems. 90 Chapter 5 Electricity and Magnetism . 91 Magnetic Lines of Flux . 91 Electromagnetic Induction . 92 Inducing Current. 93 Alternating Current . 95 Chapter 6 AC Electricity . 99 The Alternating Current Generator . 99 Peak Voltage . 101 RMS Voltage . 101 The Inductor . 103 The Capacitor. 106 Phase Relationships . 108 Impedance . 108 The Transformer . 112 AC Power . 115 Power Factor . 116 Three-Phase Power . 118 The Three-Phase Delta-Wye Confi guration . 118 Three-Phase Wye Connections . 119 The Three-Phase Delta-Delta Confi guration . 121 Electrical Safety . 122 Drugs and Alcohol. 123 Chapter 7 Power Supplies . 125 The Diode . 126 H a l f - W a v e R e c t i fi cation . 128 F u l l - W a v e R e c t i fi cation . 129 The Linear Power Supply . 129 Switched-Mode Power Supplies . 133 x CONTENTS Power Supplies for Arc Lamps . 134 The Magnetic Ballast Power Supply . 134 Electronic Switching Power Supply for Gas Discharge Lamps. 137 Advantages of Magnetic Ballast Power Supplies . 137 Disadvantages of Magnetic Ballast Power Supplies . 137 Advantages of Electronic Switching Power Supplies. 138 Disadvantages of Electronic Switching Power Supplies . 138 Chapter 8 Overcurrent and Overvoltage Protection . 139 Fuses. 139 Circuit Breakers . 142 Metal Oxide Varistor . 145 Chapter 9 Digital Electronics . 147 Binary Numbering. 148 Binary Offset . 150 Hexadecimal Numbering . 151 Digital Electronics . 153 Electronic Switching . 154 Data Transmission . 155 Chapter 10 Computer Architecture. ..