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Impact of the Darkling Beetle Alphitobius Diaperinus (Panzer) On

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BiologicalControl20,000–000(2000) doi:10.1006/bcon.2000.0874,availableonlineathttp://www.idealibrary.comon ImpactoftheDarklingBeetleAlphitobiusdiaperinus(Panzer)on EstablishmentofthePredaceousBeetleCarcinopspumilio(Erichson) forMuscadomesticaControlinCaged-LayerPoultryHouses DavidW.Watson,1 PhillipE.Kaufman,DonaldA.Rutz,andCarolS.Glenister* DepartmentofEntomology,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork14853;and*IPMLaboratories,Inc.,Locke,NewYork13092-0099 ReceivedNovember4,1999;acceptedAugust5,2000 supportsnumerousbeneficialspeciessuchasparasi- Understandingtheinsectnaturalhistoryinacaged- toids,predatorymites,andthepredaceoushisterbee- layerpoultryhouseisessentialtodevelopingInte- tle,Carcinopspumilio(Erichson)(RuedaandAxtell, gratedPestManagementstrategies.Inthisstudywe 1997;GedenandStoffolano,1987;RuedaandAxtell, observedtheinteractionofthreeinsectscommonly 1985). foundinpoultrymanure:afilthflypredator,Carci- Poultryandlivestockintegratedpestmanagement nopspumilio(Erichson)(Histeridae),andtwopoultry pests,thehousefly,MuscadomesticaL.(Muscidae), programsoftenincludeparasitoidstoaugmentflycon- andthedarklingbeetle,Alphitobiusdiaperinus(Pan- trolefforts(RutzandAxtell,1979;AxtellandRutz, zer)(Tenebrionidae).Manuresampleswerecollected 1986;Milleretal.,1993;Petersenetal.,1995).Given weeklyandtheinsectswereextractedusingBerlese– theproperconditions,naturallyoccurringpredators Tullgrenfunnels.Collectedinsectswereidentifiedto suchasadultandlarvalC.pumiliomayalsoimpose speciesandlifestage.WhenC.pumiliopopulations significantnaturalmortalityonnumerousmiteand equaledorexceededthoseofthelarvalhousefly,sub- dipteranprey,includinghouseflies(Axtell,1981;Ge- sequentadulthouseflypopulationswerenotconsid- denetal.,1988;Geden,1990).Bothadultandlarval eredpestiferous.C.pumilioadultandlarvalcohorts stagesofthebeetlefeedonhouseflyeggsandfirst variedsignificantlyamongpoultryhouses.FewC.pu- instars,andpoultryhouseswithabundantpredaceous miliolarvaewerefoundinhouseswithabundantdark- beetlepopulationsgenerallyexperiencefewflyprob- lingbeetlepopulations,suggestinganegativeimpact lems(Geden,1984;Gedenetal.,1988). ontheestablishmentofC.pumilio.Laboratorystudies Unlikethehisterbeetle,thedarklingbeetle,A.dia- confirmedthatlarvaldarklingbeetlessignificantlyre- perinus,isacommonpestofchickenandturkey ducethesurvivalofC.pumilioeggsandlarvae.Adult houses.Alllifestagesarefoundinpoultrylitterand darklingbeetlesdidnotreduceC.pumilioeggorlar- manurewheretheyfeedonmanure,litter,meal,dead valsurvival.©2000AcademicPress KeyWords:housefly;litterbeetle;darklingbeetle; birds,andotherinsects(LeschenandSteelman,1988). histerbeetle;poultry;biologicalcontrol;Integrated Darklingbeetlesharborandtransmitnumerousdis- PestManagement. eases:Newcastledisease,avianinfluenza,infectious bursaldisease,Marek’sdisease,andfowlpox(Dela Casaetal.,1973,1976).Furthermore,darklingbeetles INTRODUCTION havebeenshowntotransmitseveralotherinfectious agentsincludingSalmonella,Aspergillusspp.,Esche- Biologicalcontrolplaysanimportantroleinafully richiacoli,Bacillusspp.,Streptococcusspp.,Reovirus, integratedflymanagementprogram.Enclosedpoultry Rotavirus, Eimeria (coccidiosis), and tapeworms housesarewellsuitedtothedevelopmentofthebio- (McAllisteretal.,1994,1995;Despinsetal.,1994).In logicalcontrolcomponentbecausetheyofferastable additiontotheirpotentialtospreaddisease,darkling environmentsupportingpopulationsofpestspecies, beetlesalsocauseseverestructuraldamageandcanbe includingthehousefly,MuscadomesticaL.,andthe theobjectofnuisancecomplaints(Vaughanetal., darklingbeetle,Alphitobiusdiaperinus(Panzer)(Ax- 1984;Miller,1997). tellandArends,1990).Inaddition,thisenvironment Ourgoalwastoexplorethepotentialforimproving flysuppressionusingC.pumilio.EstablishmentofC. 1 Currentaddress:DepartmentofEntomology,NorthCarolina pumilioverylikelydependsonseveralabioticandbi- StateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695. oticfactorsincludingavailableprey(Gedenetal., 1 1049-9644/00$35.00 Copyright©2000byAcademicPress Allrightsofreproductioninanyformreserved. 2 WATSON ET AL. 1987). To establish an optimal beetle to fly population densities were used to estimate the impact on the ratio for fly management, we chose to monitor hister house fly and hister beetles populations. beetle and house fly populations in poultry houses and Adult house fly densities were monitored using to observe darkling beetle interaction. Laboratory sticky cards (76 by 127 mm). Ten sticky cards were studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of the placed on the support structures in the manure pit of darkling beetle on the survival of C. pumilio. each house and removed after 12–18 h. Data collected from these surveys were used to compare house fly and hister beetle populations so that the number of beetles MATERIALS AND METHODS required to hold the fly population at tolerable levels (i.e., as determined by the producer) could be estab- Five high-rise caged-layer poultry houses, numbered lished. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were selected for field study. Houses 1 Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the and 2 were negative-flow turbo houses in which the air hypothesis that darkling beetle adults or larvae could exhaust was fan-driven from the manure storage area. negatively impact C. pumilio egg and larval survival. Fans in the pit forced air out of the house and fresh air Fresh chicken manure was collected and frozen to kill was drawn from intake vents located on the roof soffit. any arthropods within. Thawed chicken manure (180 Manure dropping through narrow slots in the floor cc) was placed in 1.5-liter plastic containers. C. pumilio beneath the birds produced tall, sharply peaked ma- egg numbers were kept constant at 10 eggs per 180 cc nure mounds. Houses 3 and 4 were conventionally of thawed chicken manure. Zero, 10, 20, and 50 adult ventilated high-rise poultry houses. Exhaust air was darkling beetles were added to each container. Exper- forced from the pit by pit-fans and the manure, which iments to evaluate the effect of A. diaperinus adult on dropped through wide slots in the floor generally, pro- C. pumilio larvae and eggs were replicated 8 and 7 duced wide and flat manure mounds. House 5 was a times, respectively. Similarly, experiments on the ef- positive-flow turbo house in which air was pulled into fects of A. diaperinus larvae on C. pumilio larvae and the house by fans located in the roof ridge and ex- eggs were replicated 10 and 15 times. Cold-killed fly hausted passively from the pit area. Like Houses 1 and eggs were added to each container to supplement larval 2, the manure drops were narrow. feeding. Containers were covered with organdy cloth Our study was limited to poultry houses in various and held under constant light at 28 Ϯ 1.5°C. To reduce stages of production, resulting in diverse insect popu- excessive manure drying, 5–10 ml of water was added lations. Houses 1 and 4 were cleaned during the sur- every 1–2 days. Following a 14-day holding period the veillance period. Houses 2, 3, and 5 had been cleaned manure containing the beetles was placed in Berlese– before the surveillance began. During clean-out, all Tullgren funnels to extract the insects. The numbers of manure was removed, and no pad was retained. All surviving C. pumilio larvae were counted and recorded houses had naturally occurring house fly, darkling bee- and percentage mortality was calculated. Three addi- tle, and hister beetle populations. Augmenting C. pu- tional experiments were conducted to evaluate the ef- milio populations in some houses was encouraged by fects of adult darkling beetle on C. pumilio larval sur- the producer through deliberate transfers of an un- vival and the effect of darkling beetle larvae on sur- specified number of adult beetles captured from houses vival of hister beetle eggs and larvae. Beetle ratios and with abundant beetle populations. experimental design were as described above. House fly larvae, and adult and larval life stages of The ratio of fly larvae to hister beetles was calculated both hister beetle and darkling beetle, were surveyed by dividing the number of fly larvae by the number of using the corer technique developed by Geden and beetles. The differences between hister beetle, house Stoffolano, (1988). Ten samples of manure were ran- fly, and darkling beetle densities within poultry houses domly taken from the manure surface with a 400-cc were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (Minitab, 1997). bulb planter when manure levels were shallow or as The impact of the darkling beetle on the hister beetle in the manure pack deepened from the mid-lateral sur- the laboratory was analyzed using GLM, ANOVA (SAS face (Geden and Stoffolano, 1988). Samples were taken Institute, 1992) following correction of control mortal- to the laboratory and placed in Berlese–Tullgren fun- ity and a log (x ϩ 1.1) transformation (Abbott, 1925). nels to extract the insects. Houses were sampled weekly for a minimum of 18 weeks from 1 June RESULTS AND DISCUSSION through 30 November, 1995. Egg and pupal densities were not determined. Larval life stages were not dif- Production in House 1 had been underway for nearly ferentiated to instar. From these manure samples we 10 months and manure depth was near 1 m when the estimated the hister beetle, darkling beetle, and larval project began on June 1 (Table 1). Surveillance contin- house fly densities for each house. The impacts of ued for 13 weeks when House 1 was depopulated and hister beetles were estimated from changes in house fly cleaned. Larval house fly and C. pumilio populations larval densities. Similarly, darkling beetle population were well established
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  • Comparison of Two Acetylcholinesterase Gene Cdnas of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius Diaperinus, in Insecticide Susceptible and Resistant Strains

    Comparison of Two Acetylcholinesterase Gene Cdnas of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius Diaperinus, in Insecticide Susceptible and Resistant Strains

    130 Kozaki et al. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 67:130–138 (2008) Comparison of Two Acetylcholinesterase Gene cDNAs of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, in Insecticide Susceptible and Resistant Strains Toshinori Kozaki, Brian A. Kimmelblatt, Ronda L. Hamm, and Jeffrey G. Scott* Two cDNAs encoding different acetylcholinesterase (AChE) genes (AdAce1 and AdAce2) were sequenced and analyzed from the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus. Both AdAce1 and AdAce2 were highly similar (95 and 93% amino acid identity, respectively) with the Ace genes of Tribolium castaneum. Both AdAce1 and AdAce2 have the conserved residues characteristic of AChE (catalytic triad, intra-disulfide bonds, and so on). Partial cDNA sequences of the Alphitobius Ace genes were compared between two tetrachlorvinphos resistant (Kennebec and Waycross) and one susceptible strain of beetles. Several single nucle- otide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, but only one non-synonymous mutation was found (A271S in AdAce2). No SNPs were exclusively found in the resistant strains, the A271S mutation does not correspond to any mutations previously reported to alter sensitivity of AChE to organophosphates or carbamates, and the A271S was found only as a heterozygote in one individual from one of the resistant A. diaperinus strains. This suggests that tetrachlorvinphos resistance in the Kennebec and Waycross strains of A. diaperinus is not due to mutations in either AChE gene. The sequences of AdAce1 and AdAce2 provide new information about the evolution of these important genes in insects. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 67:130–138, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. KEYWORDS: acetylcholinesterase; Tribolium castaneum; lesser mealworm; genotyping; AdAce1; AdAce2; Insecta INTRODUCTION at night.