Burngreave Messenger February 2013 Issue
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The White Book of STEEL
The white book of STEEL The white book of steel worldsteel represents approximately 170 steel producers (including 17 of the world’s 20 largest steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations and steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of world steel production. worldsteel acts as the focal point for the steel industry, providing global leadership on all major strategic issues affecting the industry, particularly focusing on economic, environmental and social sustainability. worldsteel has taken all possible steps to check and confirm the facts contained in this book – however, some elements will inevitably be open to interpretation. worldsteel does not accept any liability for the accuracy of data, information, opinions or for any printing errors. The white book of steel © World Steel Association 2012 ISBN 978-2-930069-67-8 Design by double-id.com Copywriting by Pyramidion.be This publication is printed on MultiDesign paper. MultiDesign is certified by the Forestry Stewardship Council as environmentally-responsible paper. contEntS Steel before the 18th century 6 Amazing steel 18th to 19th centuries 12 Revolution! 20th century global expansion, 1900-1970s 20 Steel age End of 20th century, start of 21st 32 Going for growth: Innovation of scale Steel industry today & future developments 44 Sustainable steel Glossary 48 Website 50 Please refer to the glossary section on page 48 to find the definition of the words highlighted in blue throughout the book. Detail of India from Ptolemy’s world map. Iron was first found in meteorites (‘gift of the gods’) then thousands of years later was developed into steel, the discovery of which helped shape the ancient (and modern) world 6 Steel bEforE thE 18th cEntury Amazing steel Ever since our ancestors started to mine and smelt iron, they began producing steel. -
Basic Facts About Stainless Steel
What is stainless steel ? Stainless steel is the generic name for a number of different steels used primarily for their resistance to corrosion. The one key element they all share is a certain minimum percentage (by mass) of chromium: 10.5%. Although other elements, particularly nickel and molybdenum, are added to improve corrosion resistance, chromium is always the deciding factor. The vast majority of steel produced in the world is carbon and alloy steel, with the more expensive stainless steels representing a small, but valuable niche market. What causes corrosion? Only metals such as gold and platinum are found naturally in a pure form - normal metals only exist in nature combined with other elements. Corrosion is therefore a natural phenomena, as nature seeks to combine together elements which man has produced in a pure form for his own use. Iron occurs naturally as iron ore. Pure iron is therefore unstable and wants to "rust"; that is, to combine with oxygen in the presence of water. Trains blown up in the Arabian desert in the First World War are still almost intact because of the dry rainless conditions. Iron ships sunk at very great depths rust at a very slow rate because of the low oxygen content of the sea water . The same ships wrecked on the beach, covered at high tide and exposed at low tide, would rust very rapidly. For most of the Iron Age, which began about 1000 BC, cast and wrought iron was used; iron with a high carbon content and various unrefined impurities. Steel did not begin to be produced in large quantities until the nineteenth century. -
What Is Stainless Steel? Table of Contents
eBOOK WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL? TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................3 DISCOVERY OF STAINLESS STEEL .........................................................................................................................4 WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL ..........................................................................................................................................5 CLASSIFICATIONS .........................................................................................................................................................6–9 Austenitic ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 Ferritic ............................................................................................................................................................................................6 Duplex ............................................................................................................................................................................................7 Martensitic ....................................................................................................................................................................................7 Precipitation Hardening............................................................................................................................................................8 -
The Five Weirs Walk
The Five Weirs Walk How voluntary action transformed an urban riverside Urban River Corridors and Sustainable Living Agendas Brightside Weir on Sheffield’s River Don Produced by the Urban River Corridors & Sustainable Living Agendas Project (URSULA) in collaboration with the Five Weirs Walk Trust. With thanks to the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for funding this publication through the Knowledge Transfer Account. Research by Margi Bryant & Peter Moug Text by Margi Bryant Designed by John Conibear/CDA 6 Barlow Moor Road, Manchester M20 6TR 0161 445 8461 [email protected] Printed by Print & Design Solutions (University of Sheffield) Bolsover Street, Sheffield S3 7NA 0114 222 1220 [email protected] All photographs courtesy of Five Weirs Walk Trust except: Kingfisher (front cover): Margaret Holland Volunteers (p.12): River Stewardship Company © University of Sheffield 2012 The Five Weirs Walk his booklet tells the story of the Five Weirs Walk, a public path and cycle route along the River Don in Sheffield. The Walk was conceived, developed Tand steered to completion by the Five Weirs Walk Trust, a handful of enthusiasts bolstered by support from statutory authorities, private companies, local charities, national funding bodies and countless members of the public. Over a period of 20 years and more, the Walk developed from a bright idea to a keystone in the regeneration of the urban river corridor. When the University of Sheffield undertook a major research project on urban river corridors, the Five Weirs Walk presented an opportunity to look at the role of voluntary action in a successfully completed local project. -
Sheffield Development Framework Core Strategy Adopted March 2009
6088 Core Strategy Cover:A4 Cover & Back Spread 6/3/09 16:04 Page 1 Sheffield Development Framework Core Strategy Adopted March 2009 Sheffield Core Strategy Sheffield Development Framework Core Strategy Adopted by the City Council on 4th March 2009 Development Services Sheffield City Council Howden House 1 Union Street Sheffield S1 2SH Sheffield City Council Sheffield Core Strategy Core Strategy Availability of this document This document is available on the Council’s website at www.sheffield.gov.uk/sdf If you would like a copy of this document in large print, audio format ,Braille, on computer disk, or in a language other than English,please contact us for this to be arranged: l telephone (0114) 205 3075, or l e-mail [email protected], or l write to: SDF Team Development Services Sheffield City Council Howden House 1 Union Street Sheffield S1 2SH Sheffield Core Strategy INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Introduction to the Core Strategy 1 What is the Sheffield Development Framework about? 1 What is the Core Strategy? 1 PART 1: CONTEXT, VISION, OBJECTIVES AND SPATIAL STRATEGY Chapter 2 Context and Challenges 5 Sheffield: the story so far 5 Challenges for the Future 6 Other Strategies 9 Chapter 3 Vision and Objectives 13 The Spatial Vision 13 SDF Objectives 14 Chapter 4 Spatial Strategy 23 Introduction 23 Spatial Strategy 23 Overall Settlement Pattern 24 The City Centre 24 The Lower and Upper Don Valley 25 Other Employment Areas in the Main Urban Area 26 Housing Areas 26 Outer Areas 27 Green Corridors and Countryside 27 Transport Routes 28 PART -
Birth of Stainless
By an unknown writer The development of stainless steel The inventor of stainless steel, Harry Brearley, was born in Sheffield, England in 1871. His father was a steel melter, and after a childhood of considerable hardship, he left school at the age of twelve to get a job washing bottles in a chemical laboratory. By years of private study and night school he became an expert in the analysis of steel and its production. Having already established his reputation for solving metallurgical problems, Brearley was given the opportunity in 1908 to set up the Brown Firth Laboratories, which was financed by the two leading Sheffield steel companies of the day. This was a highly innovative idea for its time; research for its own sake on the problems of steel making. In 1912 Brearley was asked to help in the problems being encountered by a small arms manufacturer, whereby the internal diameter of rifle barrels was eroding away too quickly because of the action of heating and discharge gases. Brearley was therefore looking for a steel with better resistance to erosion, not corrosion. As a line of investigation he decided to experiment with steels containing chromium, as these were known to have a higher melting point than ordinary steels. Chromium steels were already at that time being used for valves in aero engines. Iron has an atomic weight of 56, chromium 52, so chromium steel valves are lighter than their carbon steel counterparts, another reason why they were adopted so quickly by the emerging aircraft industry. Using first the crucible process, and then more successfully an electric furnace, a number of different melts of 6 to 15% chromium with varying carbon contents were made. -
Admired Properties
Page 1 of 3 ADMIRED PROPERTIES Why invest in Sheffield? Sheffield is a city with a welcoming, independent spirit and a thriving cultural scene, well known for its industrial roots dating back to its heyday in the 1900’s as the Steel City. The city of steel, backed from its rich heritage firmly secured in the industrial revolution, is now considered one of the northern economic powerhouses. In a prospering hub with a population of 560,000, is expected to reach to over 633,000 by 2037. As a result, the government have already planned to transform infrastructure in anticipation of its rapid growth by driving £238 million into the city. Along with some other northern cities such as Liverpool, Leeds and Newcastle, Sheffield has become one of the most exciting investment hotspots in the UK property sector. Whether you’re looking to invest in commercial property, student housing or residential buy to let, there are a vast amount of opportunities in Sheffield. House prices in Sheffield The population of Sheffield More than 25% of Sheffield It is estimated that the local have grown by almost is predicted to grow 15% graduates choose to stay economy will grow £3bn 25% in the last five years by 2035 (Sheffield City in the city permanently by 2025 (The Sheffield City (Zoopla, December 2018) Council, 2018) (University of Sheffield, Region Strategic Economic 2018) Plan 2015-2025) Page 2 of 3 ADMIRED PROPERTIES THRIVING YOUNG POPULATION There is a huge demand for private residential rental property both in the city centre and in the suburbs of Sheffield, mainly due to Sheffield being home to two of the UK’s largest universities (Sheffield University and Sheffield Hallam University). -
The History of Stainless Steel (#05279G) the History of Stainless Steel
© 2010 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org The History of Stainless Steel (#05279G) The History of Stainless Steel Harold M. Cobb ASM International® Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Copyright © 2010 by ASM International® All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. First printing, June 2010 Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASM’s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. -
Introduction
The History of Stainless Steel Copyright © 2010, ASM International® Harold M. Cobb All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org CHAPTER 1 Introduction “Starting from rust, men have produced something which looks like platinum and resists chemical attack like gold, and yet a square inch can support a quarter of a million pounds . this is the crowning achievement of metallurgy.” Stainless Steel—The Miracle Metal Carl Zapffe, metallurgical consultant, 1960 AS LATE AS the year 1910, the following statement appeared in the British journal The Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel (Cush- man and Gardner): “The tendency to rust is a characteristic inherent in the element known as iron, and will, in all probability, never be to- tally overcome.” As the first hundred years of what may well be called “The Stainless Steel Age” draws to a close, it seems an appropriate time to tell the story of the remarkable discoveries of stainless steels and their myriad applications. There were quite a number of nonferrous metals that were available for use under certain corrosive conditions. They included nickel, nick- el silver (the nickel-copper-tin alloy that contained no silver but re- sembled it somewhat), copper, brass, and bronze. There were also two new alloys, aluminum and Monel, a nickel-copper alloy discovered in 1905 that was used for roofing the new Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City. The nonferrous metals served well, but they were more expensive than steel and not as strong. As a result, there was extensive use of ordinary steels with coatings to resist corrosion, coatings that often consisted of nonferrous metals such as zinc and tin, which could be 2 / The History of Stainless Steel applied by dipping the steel into the molten metals or by electroplat- ing the steel with copper, brass, tin, nickel, chromium, or zinc. -
Science and Innovation KS3 / LESSONS 1-5 WORKSHEETS
WWI: Science and Innovation KS3 / LESSONS 1-5 WORKSHEETS IN ASSOCIATION WITH LESSON 1: WORKSHEET Harry Brearley Harry Brearley was born on 18 February 1871 in Sheffield. Like many children who grew up in the city, Harry was the son of a steelworker. When he left school at the age of twelve (leaving school at an early age to get a job was not uncommon in this age) he became a labourer at his father’s steelworks. In later years he would be promoted to the post of general assistant in the company’s chemical laboratory, where metals were turned into useful parts. Harry worked hard at the lab but also studied at home and in evening classes, learning how to specialize in steel production techniques and chemical analysis. By his early thirties Harry had earned a good reputation in the industry. Industrial change All through the 19th century, Europe had seen a massive industrial transformation which helped to bring about many new scientific inventions. Developments in metallurgy (the study of metals), chemistry and electricity led to new forms of explosives, made firearms more reliable and also made communication by telegraph possible. It was in 1908, when two of Sheffield’s two biggest steelworks decided to jointly launch a new research laboratory, that Harry was asked to lead on the project. He went on to join Brown Bayley’s Steel Works (also in Sheffield) and he became a director of the firm in 1925. The science of war Britain began manufacturing large quantities of weapons before WW1, but there was a problem when they were used in battle – the barrels of the guns eroded. -
A Masterplan for the Lower Don Valley, Sheffield Strategy for Destination
A Masterplan for the Lower Don Valley, Sheffield Strategy for Destination Development LOCUM DESTINATION CONSULTING ROCKWOOD HOUSE PERRYMOUNT ROAD HAYWARDS HEATH WEST SUSSEX RH16 3TW UNITED KINGDOM TEL: +44 (0) 1444 459449 FAX: +44 (0) 1444 458911 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.locum-destination.com DATE: 07 July 2004 FINAL JOB: J04001 FILE: j04001 report draft 040707.doc July 2004 Destination Market Analysis CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary 4 1.1 Current State Analysis 4 1.2 Destination Development Strategy 7 2 Introduction 11 2.1 The Lower Don Valley Master Plan 11 2.2 The Destination Market Analysis 11 2.3 Consultees 12 3 Sheffield – Past, Present and Future 13 3.1 Summary 13 3.2 Background 13 3.3 Sheffield City Strategies 15 3.4 Sheffield Sports Strategies 18 3.5 Tourism Strategies 23 4 The Visitor Market Context 26 4.1 Summary 26 4.2 The Yorkshire Context 27 4.3 The Sheffield Context 32 4.4 How Does Sheffield Compare to the Other Core Cities? 38 5 Destination Audit of the Lower Don Valley 42 5.1 Summary 42 5.2 Assessment of the Lower Don Valley Destination 45 5.3 Meadowhall 49 5.4 Sports Venues 49 5.5 Other 58 Locum Destination Consulting J04001/JEA/7/7/04/j04001 report final 040707.doc Page 2 Destination Market Analysis 6 The Role of Destination Thinking 60 6.1 Summary 60 6.2 The Role of Destination Thinking in Regeneration 60 6.3 The Role of a Large-Scale Visitor Attraction 60 6.4 Creating a Destination: Some Contextual Thinking 62 6.5 The Opportunity 62 6.6 The Destination Effect 63 6.7 Getting the Logic Right 65 7 Developing -
Dr. WH Hatfield
716 NATURE DECEMBER 18, 1943, VoL: 152 sitization. A similar disease is known in cattle. brite', became the most widely used of this series of (3) Porphyria acuta appears later in life. There is no alloys, and its success was largely due to the energetic bone pigmentation or photosensitivity, but much efforts of Hatfield. He made a detailed study of porphyrin is excreted during attacks. Other sets of the properties of the austenitic stainless steels, symptoms may predominate and the disease is especially of the intercrystall-ine corrosion to which usually fatal. they. were liable under certain conditions, as when Porphyrins are to be regarded as products of welded. This difficulty was overcome partly by keep deranged haimoglobin synthesis rather than as ing the carbon content low and partly by adding degradation products. Further knowledge of haimo carbide-forming elements, such as titanium. The globin synthesis will no doubt help to elucidate the activities of his own firm, of which he became a problems of the abnormal production of porphyrins. director, led him to give .much attention to steels for This meeting was very successful, but could have guns, aircraft and marine forgings, and his later been improved by the allotment of more time for researches dealt mainly with alloy steels,. especially discussion of the many interesting points raised by with mechanical properties, behaviour at high tem each contributor. Sir Joseph Barcroft, in his con peratures, resistance to creep, and corrosion. cluding remarks, expressed the hope that the pro As a result of experiences in the War of 1914-18, ceedings would be published in extenso to allow a certain research committees were set up by the Iron more careful study of a valuable contribution to our and Steel Institute, but after the first enthusiasm knowledge of the tetrapyrrolic pigments.