Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces: State-Of-The-Art, Opportunities, and Future Challenges
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Neurotechnologies and Brain Computer Interface
From Technologies to Market Sample Neurotechnologies and brain computer interface Market and Technology analysis 2018 LIST OF COMPANIES MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT 240+ slides of market and technology analysis Abbott, Ad-tech, Advanced Brain Monitoring, AdvaStim, AIST, Aleva Neurotherapeutics, Alphabet, Amazon, Ant Group, ArchiMed, Artinis Medical Systems, Atlas Neuroengineering, ATR, Beijing Pins Medical, BioSemi, Biotronik, Blackrock Microsystems, Boston Scientific, Brain products, BrainCo, Brainscope, Brainsway, Cadwell, Cambridge Neurotech, Caputron, CAS Medical Systems, CEA, Circuit Therapeutics, Cirtec Medical, Compumedics, Cortec, CVTE, Cyberonics, Deep Brain Innovations, Deymed, Dixi Medical, DSM, EaglePicher Technologies, Electrochem Solutions, electroCore, Elmotiv, Endonovo Therapeutics, EnerSys, Enteromedics, Evergreen Medical Technologies, Facebook, Flow, Foc.us, G.Tec, Galvani Bioelectronics, General Electric, Geodesic, Glaxo Smith Klein, Halo Neurosciences, Hamamatsu, Helius Medical, Technologies, Hitachi, iBand+, IBM Watson, IMEC, Integer, Integra, InteraXon, ISS, Jawbone, Kernel, LivaNova, Mag and More, Magstim, Magventure, Mainstay Medical, Med-el Elektromedizinische Geraete, Medtronic, Micro Power Electronics, Micro Systems Technologies, Micromed, Microsoft, MindMaze, Mitsar, MyBrain Technologies, Natus, NEC, Nemos, Nervana, Neurable, Neuralink, NeuroCare, NeuroElectrics, NeuroLutions, NeuroMetrix, Neuronetics, Neuronetics, Neuronexus, Neuropace, Neuros Medical, Neuroscan, NeuroSigma, NeuroSky, Neurosoft, Neurostar, Neurowave, -
Non-Invasive Neurostimulation Methods for Acute and Preventive Migraine Treatment—A Narrative Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Non-Invasive Neurostimulation Methods for Acute and Preventive Migraine Treatment—A Narrative Review Stefan Evers 1,2 1 Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48153 Münster, Germany; [email protected] 2 Department of Neurology, Lindenbrunn Hospital, 31863 Coppenbrügge, Germany Abstract: Neurostimulation methods have now been studied for more than 20 years in migraine treatment. They can be divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. In this narrative review, the non-invasive methods are presented. The most commonly studied and used methods are vagal nerve stimulation, electric peripheral nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation. Other stimulation techniques, including mechanical stimulation, play only a minor role. Nearly all methods have been studied for acute attack treatment and for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. The evidence of efficacy is poor for most procedures, since no stimulation device is based on consistently positive, blinded, controlled trials with a sufficient number of patients. In addition, most studies on these devices enrolled patients who did not respond sufficiently to oral drug treatment, and so the role of neurostimulation in an average population of migraine patients is unknown. In the future, it is very important to conduct large, properly blinded and controlled trials performed by independent researchers. Otherwise, neurostimulation methods will only play a very minor role in the treatment of migraine. Keywords: neurostimulation; vagal nerve; supraorbital nerve; transcranial magnetic stimulation Citation: Evers, S. Non-Invasive Neurostimulation Methods for Acute and Preventive Migraine 1. Introduction Treatment—A Narrative Review. J. One of the recent innovations in migraine treatment was the detection of several types Clin. -
History, Applications, and Mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation
NEUROLOGICAL REVIEW SECTION EDITOR: DAVID E. PLEASURE, MD History, Applications, and Mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation Svjetlana Miocinovic, MD, PhD; Suvarchala Somayajula, MD; Shilpa Chitnis, MD, PhD; Jerrold L. Vitek, MD, PhD eep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for medication-refractory hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders, and it is being explored for a variety of other neurological and psychiatric diseases. Deep brain stimulation has been Food and Drug Administration–approved for essential tremor and Parkinson disease and has Da humanitarian device exemption for dystonia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurostimulation is the fruit of decades of both technical and scientific advances in the field of basic neuroscience and functional neurosurgery. Despite the clinical success of DBS, the therapeutic mechanism of DBS re- mains under debate. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of DBS focusing on move- ment disorders, including the historical evolution of the technique, applications and outcomes with an overview of the most pertinent literature, current views on mechanisms of stimulation, and de- scription of hardware and programming techniques. We conclude with a discussion of future devel- opments in neurostimulation. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(2):163-171. Published online November 12, 2012. doi:10.1001/2013.jamaneurol.45 Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has evolved recovery.1-4 New applications continue to as an important therapy for the treat- emerge, encouraged by past successes and ment of essential tremor, Parkinson dis- the fact that DBS effects are reversible al- ease (PD), and dystonia, and it is also lowing exploration of new targets and ap- emerging for the treatment of medication- plications not previously possible with le- refractory psychiatric disease. -
State-Of-The-Art BCI Device Technology
State-of-the-Art BCI Device Technology Jose L. Contreras-Vidal, Ph.D. University of Houston STATE OF THE ART PATIENT BCI SOLUTIONS (CORTICAL INVASIVE AND NONINVASIVE, PERIPHERAL) Jose L Contreras-Vidal, PhD Hugh Roy and Lillie Cranz Cullen University Professor Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Houston http://www.ee.uh.edu/faculty/contreras-vidal https://www.facebook.com/UHBMIST Scope • “Neuroprostheses that interface with the central or peripheral nervous system to restore lost motor or sensory capabilities” (FDA’s working definition of BCI) • BCI Devices for Patients with Paralysis and Amputation • Cortical (invasive and noninvasive) and Peripheral • Human investigational studies of BCI devices reported in clinicaltrials.gov Working definition of BCI systems Neural interface – Recording electrode 1 3 Prosthetic, exoskeleton, robotic or virtual effector (usually + shared control) 2 Feedback system – Definitions: Neural stimulator 1 – interface, physical/virtual effector Closed loop 2 – interface, physical effector feedback 3 – interface, feedback Sensor – response system Neural Interface to prosthetic, exoskeleton, robotic or virtual effector (definition 1) Research Clinical Studies Cleared/Approved Myoelectric prosthetic High DOF prosthetic, myoelectric + shared control Invasive cortical interface EEG interface BCI systems Implantable myoelectric sensor Exoskeleton Novel cortical interface * Dry contact EEG * * Not reviewed here. Peripheral nerve sensors * Neural Interface to prosthetic, exoskeleton, robotic -
Wireless, Battery-Free, and Fully Implantable Electrical
Burton et al. Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2021) 7:62 Microsystems & Nanoengineering https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-021-00294-7 www.nature.com/micronano ARTICLE Open Access Wireless, battery-free, and fully implantable electrical neurostimulation in freely moving rodents Alex Burton1,SangMinWon 2, Arian Kolahi Sohrabi3, Tucker Stuart1, Amir Amirhossein1,JongUkKim4, ✉ ✉ ✉ Yoonseok Park 4, Andrew Gabros3,JohnA.Rogers 4,5,6,7,8,9 , Flavia Vitale10 ,AndrewG.Richardson 3 and ✉ Philipp Gutruf 1,11,12 Abstract Implantable deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems are utilized for clinical treatment of diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and chronic pain. However, long-term efficacy of DBS is limited, and chronic neuroplastic changes and associated therapeutic mechanisms are not well understood. Fundamental and mechanistic investigation, typically accomplished in small animal models, is difficult because of the need for chronic stimulators that currently require either frequent handling of test subjects to charge battery-powered systems or specialized setups to manage tethers that restrict experimental paradigms and compromise insight. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate a fully implantable, wireless, battery-free platform that allows for chronic DBS in rodents with the capability to control stimulation parameters digitally in real time. The devices are able to provide stimulation over a wide range of frequencies with biphasic pulses and constant voltage control via low-impedance, surface-engineered platinum electrodes. The devices utilize off-the-shelf components and feature the ability to customize electrodes to enable 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; broad utility and rapid dissemination. Efficacy of the system is demonstrated with a readout of stimulation-evoked neural activity in vivo and chronic stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in freely moving rats to evoke characteristic head motion for over 36 days. -
Combined Occipital and Supraorbital Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine Headaches: Initial Experienceceph 1996 1..13
doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01996.x Combined occipital and supraorbital neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic migraine headaches: initial experienceceph_1996 1..13 KL Reed1, SB Black2, CJ Banta II3 &KRWill1 1Department of Anesthesiology, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, 2Medical Director of Neurology, Baylor University Medical Center of Dallas, and 3Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA Reed KL, Black SB, Banta CJ II & Will KR. Combined occipital and supraorbital neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic migraine headaches: initial expe- rience. Cephalalgia 2009. London. ISSN 0333-1024 A novel approach to the treatment of chronic migraine headaches based on neurostimulation of both occipital and supraorbital nerves was developed and reduced to clinical practice in a series of patients with headaches unresponsive to currently available therapies. Following positive trials, seven patients with chronic migraine and refractory chronic migraine headaches had permanent combined occipital nerve–supraorbital nerve neurostimulation systems implanted. The relative responses to two stimulation programs were evaluated: one that stimulated only the occipital leads and one that stimulated both the occipital and supraorbital leads together. With follow-up ranging from 1 to 35 months all patients reported a full therapeutic response but only to combined supraorbital–occipital neurostimulation. Occipital nerve stimulation alone pro- vided a markedly inferior and inadequate response. Combined occipital nerve– supraorbital nerve neurostimulation systems may provide effective treatment for patients with chronic migraine and refractory chronic migraine headaches. For patients with chronic migraine headaches the response to combined systems appears to be substantially better than occipital nerve stimulation alone. ᮀMigraine, chronic migraine, refractory migraine, peripheral nerve stimulation, occipi- tal nerve stimulation, supraorbital nerve stimulation Kenneth L. -
App Stores for the Brain: Privacy & Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces∗
App Stores for the Brain: Privacy & Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces∗ Tamara Bonaci1, Ryan Calo2 and Howard Jay Chizeck1 Abstract—An increasing number of Brain-Computer Inter- training time and user effort, while enabling faster and more faces (BCIs) are being developed in medical and nonmedical accurate translation of users’ intended messages. fields, including marketing, gaming and entertainment industries. BCI-enabled technology carries a great potential to improve and This development raises, however, new questions about enhance the quality of human lives. It provides people suffering privacy and security. At the 2012 USENIX Security Sympo- from severe neuromuscular disorders with a way to interact with sium, researchers introduced the first BCI-enabled malicious the external environment. It also enables a more personalized application, referred to as “brain spyware”. The application user experience in gaming and entertainment. was used to extract private information, such as credit card These BCI applications are, however, not without risk. Es- PINs, dates of birth and locations of residence, from users’ tablished engineering practices set guarantees on performance, recorded EEG signals [31]. reliability and physical safety of BCIs. But no guarantees or standards are currently in place regarding user privacy and As BCI technology spreads further (towards becoming security. In this paper, we identify privacy and security issues ubiquitous), it is easy to imagine more sophisticated ”spy- arising from possible misuse or inappropriate use of BCIs. In ing” applications being developed for nefarious purposes. particular, we explore how current and emerging non-invasive Leveraging recent neuroscience results (e.g., [11], [17], [26], BCI platforms can be used to extract private information, and we [37]), it may be possible to extract private information about suggest an interdisciplinary approach to mitigating this problem. -
Neuroscience and Neuroethics in the St Century
OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 07/10/2010, GLYPH 1 chapter 2 neuroscience and 3 neuroethics in the st 4 century 5 martha j. farah 6 Neuroethics: from futuristic to 7 here-and-now 8 One might not know it to see the numerous chapters of this Handbook summarizing prog- 9 ress on a wide array of topics, but the fi eld of neuroethics is very young. Most would date its 10 inception to the year 2002, when conferences were held on the ethical implications of neu- 11 roscience at Penn and at Stanford-UCF and a few early papers appeared (Farah 2002 ; Illes 12 and Raffi n 2002 ; Moreno 2002; Roskies 2002 ). Initially neuroethics was a predominantly 13 anticipatory fi eld, focused on future developments in neuroscience and neurotechnology. In 14 his introduction to the Stanford conference, “Neuroethics: Mapping the Field,” William 15 Safi re explained the distinctiveness of neuroethics, compared to bioethics more generally, 16 by explaining that neuroscience “deals with our consciousness, our sense of self … our per- 17 sonalities and behavior. And these are the characteristics that brain science will soon be able 18 to change in signifi cant ways” (quoted in Marcus 2002, p. 7, emphasis added). 19 Neuroethics has developed rapidly since then, driven in large part by developments in 20 neuroscience. Th e anticipation and extrapolation that characterized its earliest years, which 21 some skeptics dismissed as science fi ction, has receded. In its place has grown a body of 22 neuroethics research and analysis focusing on actual neuroscience and neurotechnology. 23 What accounts for this change? Part of the shift refl ects the deepening neuroscience exper- 24 tise of many neuroethicists and the migration of neuroscientists to the fi eld of neuroethics. -
The Impact of Neuroscience on Health Law
Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law Scholarly Works Faculty Scholarship 2008 The Impact of Neuroscience on Health Law Stacey A. Tovino University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub Part of the Health Law and Policy Commons, Law and Psychology Commons, and the Medical Jurisprudence Commons Recommended Citation Tovino, Stacey A., "The Impact of Neuroscience on Health Law" (2008). Scholarly Works. 84. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/84 This Article is brought to you by the Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law, an institutional repository administered by the Wiener-Rogers Law Library at the William S. Boyd School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Neuroethics (2008) 1:101–117 DOI 10.1007/s12152-008-9010-z ORIGINAL PAPER The Impact of Neuroscience on Health Law Stacey A. Tovino Received: 10 February 2008 /Accepted: 25 March 2008 / Published online: 23 April 2008 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Advances in neuroscience have implica- human subjects,8 and the regulation of neuroscience- tions for criminal law as well as civil and regulatory based technologies.9 Little attention has been paid, law, including health, disability, and benefit law. The however, to the implications of neuroscience for more role of the behavioral and brain sciences in health traditional civil and regulatory health law issues. insurance claims, the mental health parity debate, and In this essay, I explore the ways in which disability proceedings is examined. neuroscience impacts a range of American health, disability, and benefit law issues, including the scope Keywords Health insurance . -
Neurodata and Neuroprivacy: Data Protection Article Outdated?
Neurodata and Neuroprivacy: Data Protection Article Outdated? Dara Hallinan Philip Schütz Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Germany. ISI, Germany. [email protected] [email protected] Michael Friedewald Paul de Hert Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. ISI, Germany. [email protected] [email protected] Abstract There are a number of novel technologies and a broad range of research aimed at the collection and use of data drawn directly from the human brain. Given that this data—neurodata—is data collected from individuals, one area of law which will be of relevance is data protection. The thesis of this paper is that neurodata is a unique form of data and that this will raise questions for the application of data protection law. Issues may arise on two levels. On a legal technical level, it is uncertain whether the definitions and mechanisms used in the data protection framework can be easily applied to neurodata. On a more fundamental level, there may be interests in neurodata, particularly those related to the protection of the mind, the framework was not designed to represent and may be insufficiently equipped, or constructed, to deal with. Introduction Neurodata is the description of data directly representing the function of the human brain.1 Information allowing the possessor to peer into the processes of the human brain would be of significant value in a plurality of contexts where one party seeks influence or knowledge about another—especially when it would allow the more complete understanding and prediction of the actions of one, or a group, of individuals. -
Prosthetics, Exoskeletons, and Rehabilitation
Prosthetics, Exoskeletons, and Rehabilitation Now and for the Future BY BRIAN DELLON AND YOKY MATSUOKA n the near future, the need for assistive robotic devices will increase. During the 1950s, only 4.9% of the world’s population was over the age of 65. Today, almost 20% is over 65 and this © iSWOOP, COREL CORP. figure is predicted to exceed 35% by 2050. This demographic shift in world population will impose a large burden of care to treat the health risks associated with aging. Robotic solu- tions will help tackle these issues and enable the elderly to regain their independence and Imaintain an enriching, fulfilling lifestyle. The benefits of robotic systems are not limited to healthcare. Applying these technologies to military applications allows soldiers to carry more and walk further. However, the style of recent wars creates additional needs for robotic assistance: while the death toll has been dramatically reduced (10% of injured died in Iraq compared to 30% in World War II), 6% of injury survivors required amputation (compared to 3% in previous wars) and 20% of injury survivors will need permanent assistance for the rest of their lives. Robotic systems for assistance and rehabilitation focus on providing missing movements and sensing, providing safer environments, and providing environments that make regaining move- ment-related function easier and faster. Robotic prosthetics and exoskeletons will provide dex- terity, natural mobility, and sense of touch to missing or paralyzed limbs. Individuals suffering from hip or knee conditions can use a robotically intelligent walker or wheelchair to help pre- vent common accidents like slipping. -
Continuous Vocalization Control of a Full-Scale Assistive Robot
The Fourth IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics Roma, Italy. June 24-27, 2012 Continuous Vocalization Control Of A Full-Scale Assistive Robot Mike Chung*, Eric Rombokas*, Qi An, Yoky Matsuoka and Jeff Bilmes Abstract— We present a physical robotic arm performing real-world tasks using continuous non-verbal vocalizations for control. Vocalization control provides fewer degrees of control freedom than are necessary to directly control complex robotic platforms. To bridge this gap, we evaluated three control methods: direct joint angle control of a selectable subset of joints, inverse kinematics control of the end effector, and control in a reduced-dimensionality synergy space. The synergy method is inspired by neural solutions to biological body redundancy problems. We conducted several evaluations of the three methods involving the real-world tasks of water bottle recycling and grocery bag moving. Users with no prior exposure to the system were able to perform these tasks effectively and Fig. 1. Experimental setup for the two real-world tasks. (a) In the pick- were able to learn to be more efficient. This study demonstrates and-place task, users move water bottles into a trash can. (b) In the bag the feasibility of continuous non-verbal vocalizations for control moving task, users pick up a grocery bag by the handles and move it to the of a full-scale assitive robot in a realistic context. specified region of another table. In the United States, there are over a quarter million individuals with spinal cord injuries, 47% of which are rely heavily on robotic autonomy in human-environments, quadriplegic [1] (i.e., with restricted use of their upper limbs which is still an unsolved research problem [4], [5].