E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 106 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

Vol. 145 WASHINGTON, MONDAY, MARCH 22, 1999 No. 45 Senate The Senate met at 12 noon and was ing business until 4 p.m. this after- ice for my first wife Ann and assisted called to order by the President pro noon. The first 2 hours have been re- at the dedication of the Ann Stevens tempore [Mr. THURMOND]. served for general statements, with Red Cross Building in Anchorage. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. To- time controlled by Senators NICKLES Father Elliott was born in England day’s prayer will be offered by our and DURBIN. The remaining 2 hours are and came to Detroit as a child. He guest chaplain, the Venerable Norman equally divided between the majority came to Alaska in 1951 at a time when H.V. Elliott, Archdeacon of South-Cen- and minority leaders, with the under- our church considered service in Alas- tral Alaska, Episcopal Diocese of Alas- standing that the time will be used for ka as overseas duty. For half a cen- ka, Anchorage, AK. He is the guest of statements in relation to the situation tury, he has ministered to the people of Senator TED STEVENS. We appreciate in Kosovo. our State. He has spent time in many having him with us. Following morning business, the Sen- small towns and villages in Alaska, ate will resume consideration of the such as Nenana, Eagle, Venetie, Beaver PRAYER supplemental appropriations bill. The and Point Hope, just to name a few. In The Venerable Norman H.V. Elliott majority leader has announced there 1980, at my request, he was appointed offered the following prayer: will be no rollcall votes during today’s to serve on the Commission of Alaska Almighty God, in whom our Nation session. However, Members are encour- Natives. Members of that Commission puts its trust, we give You humble and aged to come to the floor to offer and were appointed by President Bush and heartfelt thanks for the many blessings debate amendments today to the sup- Alaska’s Gov. Wally Hickel. Father El- You have most graciously bestowed plemental bill with any votes ordered liott and members of that Commission upon us. We especially give thanks for postponed until tomorrow. spent 3 years traveling through Alaska the men and women who had the zeal Members are reminded that a cloture to help our native people identify solu- and courage to oppose oppression and petition was filed on Friday to the Lott tions to unique problems they face. to form a nation dedicated to obtaining second-degree amendment relating to Norm is also chaplain of the Port of and maintaining the ideals of freedom, Kosovo, with that vote occurring at Anchorage, and he is the Civilian Epis- security, and justice for all its people. 2:15 p.m. on Tuesday. copalian Chaplain for our Armed Help us, we pray, to gladly accept I thank my colleagues for their at- Forces in Alaska. with the same zeal and courage the tention and yield the floor. He is truly a dedicated man, dedi- heavy burden You have laid upon us in Mr. STEVENS addressed the Chair. cated to the word of God and to helping our time to secure freedom from op- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ROB- others. I know that some, such as our pression for all people and to continue ERTS). The able Senator from Alaska. distinguished President pro tempore, to strive for peace among all nations. would recall that Father Elliott visited Guide the deliberations and decisions f us once before when he gave the open- of the men and women called to the GUEST CHAPLAIN ing prayer in 1981. high office and grave responsibility of Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I give I am delighted that a cherished per- Senator and support them as they take my thanks to Dr. Ogilvie, our Senate sonal friend and advisor has been able up this burden and faithfully seek to Chaplain, for arranging the visit of my to visit us today. Again, I thank my serve You and this Nation. good friend, Father Norm Elliott. He We ask this in Your holy name. good friend, the Chaplain of the Sen- was the pastor of the All Saints Epis- Amen. ate, for arranging that. copal Church in Anchorage and has Mr. President, I yield the floor. f been a close personal friend since the f RECOGNITION OF THE ACTING 1950s. We were both, at that time, resi- MAJORITY LEADER dents of Fairbanks, AK. RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The In 1980, our guest chaplain officiated The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under able Senator from Kansas is recog- at my marriage when Catherine and I the previous order, the leadership time nized. were married. He has also officiated at is reserved. Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, I the wedding of my daughter Susan, my f thank the Chair. son Ted and my son Ben. In addition to MORNING BUSINESS f that, he has christened my daughter Lilly and my granddaughters and my The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under SCHEDULE grandson John. the previous order, there will now be a Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, today He has been more than a close friend. period for the transaction of morning the Senate will be in a period of morn- He also performed the memorial serv- business not to extend beyond the hour

∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor.

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VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3028 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 of 4 p.m. Under the previous order, the Kosovo preparing for extensive ground No. 1: certification that the presence time until 1:00 shall be in the control of operations. of those forces to be deployed is nec- the Senator from Oklahoma, Mr. NICK- Mr. President, my colleagues and the essary to the national security inter- LES, or his designee. American public should understand, ests of the United States; Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I sug- notwithstanding yet another round of No. 2: the reasons why the deploy- gest the absence of a quorum. last-minute diplomatic efforts by the ment is in the national security inter- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The administration’s special envoy and the est; clerk will call the roll. architect of U.S. policy in the Balkans, No. 3: the number of military per- The legislative clerk proceeded to Richard Holbrooke, who is meeting sonnel to be deployed; call the roll. with Mr. Milosevic as of today, the No. 4: the mission and objectives of Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, I ask United States is preparing to go to war forces to be deployed; unanimous consent that the order for against the sovereign country of the No. 5: the expected time schedule for the quorum call be rescinded. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and accomplishing the objectives of the de- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. this air attack is very likely to be fol- ployment; GREGG). Without objection, it is so or- lowed by U.S. ground troops. No. 6: the exit strategy; dered. As former Senator Bob Dole said on No. 7: the costs; Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, acting ‘‘Meet the Press’’ yesterday, it is time And lastly, as Senator NICKLES’ designee, I ask for the U.S. to fish or cut bait in the No. 8: the anticipated effects on the unanimous consent to proceed to speak Balkans. morale, the retention and the effective- about Kosovo for up to 30 minutes. Compounding the situation is the ness of United States forces. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without fact that the Russian Prime Minister, Mr. President, although our United objection, it is so ordered. The Senator Mr. Primakov, a staunch opponent of States pilots are about to take part in is recognized. airstrikes and an ally of Milosevic, will an air attack that will put them in f be in Washington tomorrow, and I harm’s way, to be followed by some think his visit really presents a unique 4,000 ground troops, that report—that KOSOVO problem. An attack during Primakov’s report—required by law—has not been Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, the visit would certainly not help repair submitted to the Congress. American people should realize and un- frayed U.S. and Russian relations. Last week, in the briefing that was derstand that in his press conference However, he is not due to leave until conducted by Secretary of State just 2 days ago, President Clinton Friday. In a real paradox, by meeting Albright, National Security Council talked about the justification for with Mr. Primakov this week and de- Chairman Berger, and Secretary of De- United States-led airstrikes against laying the attack, the administration fense Cohen, I again asked if the report Serbian troops in Kosovo and that may well give Mr. Milosevic additional would be forthcoming. I asked if the today we are apparently within hours— time to launch an offensive, an offen- latest briefing—requested, by the way, within hours—of going to war. He ac- sive, by the way, which is also hap- by our Majority Leader LOTT—served knowledged that our U.S. pilots would pening now. in lieu of the report. The response of be put at risk. And last week, the Pen- General Wesley Clark, the NATO Mr. Berger was unclear to me, but in tagon’s top military commanders also commander, has warned time and again past conversations in previous brief- warned those of us on the Senate that if no accord is reached, the Serb ings he said the administration should Armed Services Committee that there forces will resume fighting on a very and could answer all the questions in- could be U.S. casualties if NATO large scale, and that is happening. volved, and that the report would be launches airstrikes in an effort to pres- As the debate showed in the House of made ‘‘at the appropriate time.’’ sure President Milosevic to accept the Representatives several weeks ago, and With the attack imminent, it would peace agreement that has been drafted as the debate also continues in this seem now is the appropriate time. As a by the U.S. and its allies and appar- body as of today and tomorrow, many matter of fact, with all due respect to ently signed by the Kosovar Albanians. in the Congress are concerned and frus- the administration, submitting such a General Michael Ryan, the Air Force trated and torn. Some support air- report would not be difficult and it Chief of Staff, said this: strikes and some do not. Some support would be helpful. If the administration There is a distinct possibility we will lose ground troops; more do not. But we all thinks—and they apparently think— aircraft in trying to penetrate those de- agree, I think, that the Congress and that this is the case, that threats of fenses. the American people certainly deserve military action may alter the behavior Our Marine Corps Commandant a better explanation of the administra- of the Serbs, of Milosevic, what clearer Charles Krulak said: tion’s policy in the Balkans. signal of intent to forcibly stop the vi- It is going to be tremendously dangerous. It is not that we have not asked the olence against the Albanians than the Serbian air defenses are mobile, the terrain administration for clarification. Last President of the United States laying is very tough and the weather cannot be un- July, I offered an amendment to the out the issues to Congress and the derestimated. defense appropriations bill that re- American people? General Krulak also said there were quired the President to come before the Perhaps we can do the administra- some bottom-line questions that still American people and the Congress be- tion a favor today. In answering these need to be answered: What is the end fore he committed the U.S. to a mili- questions, required by public law, let game? What happens if the Serbs do tary involvement in Kosovo. The us simply take public statements from not come to the table after the first amendment was not prejudicial. It sim- the President and his Cabinet officers, airstrike? How long will the strikes go ply required the President to make the as well as statements made in briefings on? Will our allies stay with us? case as to why intervention in Kosovo to the Congress that have been re- General Dennis Reimer, the Army was in our vital national security in- ported in the public press. Chief of Staff, also discussed the prob- terest. As a Member of both the Senate ability—and I emphasize the word The language contained in section Armed Services and Intelligence Com- ‘‘probability’’—of sending 4,000 U.S. 8115 of Public Law 105–262—and it is the mittees, I want to emphasize there troops as part of the NATO peace- law of the land—unambiguously states should not and cannot be any disclo- keeping force. He said: that none of the funds appropriated or sure of military details of any proposed The current commitment on the ground re- otherwise made available under the act action, the timing of the action or the mains a still-elusive peacekeeping argument. may be obligated or expended for any types or selection of various weapon However, our troops earmarked for that are additional deployment of the Armed platforms. prepared. Forces of the United States unless and Let’s take the reporting require- General Reimer agreed with the until the President, in consultation ments—1, 2, and then 4. They ask the chairman of the committee, Senator with the leadership of the Congress, President to describe why deploying to JOHN WARNER, who warned of the mass- transmits to Congress a report that in- Kosovo is in the national security in- ing of Serbian troops on the border of cludes the following: terest of the United States as well as

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3029 what specific objectives our forces will interests. That is what we must do in Answer: In numerous press reports, have once on the ground in the prov- Kosovo. President Clinton and various defense ince. Finally, the President said this: officials have stated the United States They are of particular importance be- One of the things that I wanted to do when will commit up to 4,000 troops for de- cause it will be these goals for which I became president is to take advantage of ployment to enforce a peace agree- our soldiers, sailors, airmen and Ma- this moment in history to build an alliance ment. However, the number of U.S. per- rines will be risking their lives. Let me with Europe for the 21st century, with a Eu- ropean undivided, strong, secure, prosperous sonnel who provide intelligence, put it another way. Should a father, a and at peace. That is why I have supported logistical support, extraction capa- mother, a husband or a wife—or any the unification of Europe financially, politi- bility, and offshore platforms is not family member—have to ask, ‘‘For cally, economically. That is why I’ve sup- available. what did my son or daughter, husband ported the expansion of NATO and a redefini- Question No. 4: What are the mission or wife, mom or dad die for?’’ the an- tion of its missions. and objectives of the forces to be de- swers to these questions will have to Here is another answer that the ad- ployed? suffice. ministration could include in the re- Answer: In regard to the airstrike, Questions Nos. 1 and 2: port to the Congress as justification for the press reports as of today state: Certify the presence of forces to be an attack on Serbia and whether or not NATO plans call first for a short, sharp deployed is necessary to the national this is in our vital national interest. demonstration airstrike consisting mainly of security interests of the United States Secretary of State Albright: This is cruise missiles. [Casualty avoidance—those and the reasons why the deployment is taken from press accounts of congres- are my words not the press commentary.] If in the national security interest. sional briefings. Six reasons: Mr. Milosevic does not submit, NATO, after Here is the answer that I am sug- No. 1: the Balkans represent a bridge additional consultation, [with our allies] between Europe and the Middle East plans to launch a sustained and rigorous gesting to the Clinton administration. bombing campaign that could last as long as President Clinton, taken from Presi- and therefore are of strategic interest. No. 2: unless we stop this conflict, it a week. dent Clinton’s press conference last The report went on to say: Friday: It could be in the report. I am will spin into Albania, Macedonia, A combination of U.S. cruise missiles and quoting the President: Greece and Turkey. The First World War started there. Another could up to 400 American and European fighter jets A part of my responsibility is to try to again. would attempt to take out Serbia’s com- leave to my successors, and to our country in mand and control structures and its air de- the 21st century, an environment in Europe No. 3: we have a humanitarian obli- gation to stop massacres and refugee fense system and also to strip Serbia’s mili- that is stable, humane and secure. It will be tary in Kosovo of its ability to attack a big part of America’s future. flight. Kosovo fighters. No. 4: what we do in Kosovo has a di- The President went on to say: rect bearing on what has been achieved Just for the record again, the same As we prepare to act, we need to remember in Bosnia. press reports stress senior U.S. mili- the lessons learned in the Balkans. We No. 5: what we do in Kosovo rep- tary officers have warned the Congress should remember the horror of the war in resents our leadership role in NATO, the air mission over Serbia would be Bosnia, the sounds of sniper fire aimed at tremendously dangerous with a high children, the faces of young men behind the credibility of NATO; both relevant barbed wire, the despairing voices of those to the future of NATO into the next risk of NATO casualties. who thought nothing could be done. It took century. Question No. 5, as required in the re- precious time to achieve allied unity there, And lastly, No. 6: it is in our national port: The expected schedule for accom- but when we did, our firmness ended all that. interest to oppose Serb aggression. plishing the objectives of the deploy- Bosnia is now at peace. One more answer: Undersecretary of ment. I continue to quote the President: State Thomas Pickering, before the Answer: It is not available—or at Make no mistake, if we and our allies do Senate Armed Services Committee, least it is not available on all the press not have the will to act, there will be more February 25, 1999: reports, the briefings, and the informa- massacres. In dealing with aggressors in the First, we have a clear interest in pro- tion I have been able to obtain in re- Balkans, hesitation is a license to kill. But, tecting stability in a key part of Europe and gard to this weekend and in many pre- action and resolve can stop armies and save our investment in Bosnia. If we don’t stop vious months. lives. the conflict in Kosovo, it could draw in Alba- Question No. 6: The exit strategy for And then the President goes on to nia and Macedonia, potentially threaten our the United States forces engaged in the specifically talk about why he thinks NATO allies in Greece and Turkey and there- by divide the alliance. deployment. this is in our national interest. And it Second, We have an important interest in I want all of my colleagues to pay at- should be made part of the report, if he averting another humanitarian catastrophe tention to this response; this is the would simply submit it to the congres- in Kosovo. Continued conflict also would cre- exit strategy. sional leadership. He said: ate new opportunities for international ter- Answer: American negotiator Chris- We must also understand our stake in rorists, drug smugglers and criminals. topher Hill, in discussing the nego- peace in the Balkans and in Kosovo. This is Third, America has a clear interest in end- tiated peace agreement, has stated in a humanitarian crisis, but it is much more. ing years of Serb repression by strength- ening democracy, upholding the rule of law the press that under the agreement, This is a conflict with no boundaries. It including the valuable contribution of the Serbia would remain sovereign over threatens our national interests. If it con- International Criminal Tribunal for the Kosovo for the next 3 years. Under the tinues, it will push refugees across borders, former Yugoslavia and protecting human and draw in neighboring countries. It will NATO peacekeeping force, including rights. undermine the credibility of NATO, on which the 4,000 Americans, the Kosovo Lib- Finally, persisting conflict in Kosovo eration Army would disband and the stability in Europe and our own credibility would undermine NATO’s credibility as the depend. It will likely reignite the historical guarantor of peace and stability in the Bal- Serbs would withdraw all but security animosities, including those that can em- kans and U.S. credibility as one of the lead- forces. brace Albania, Macedonia, Greece, even Tur- ers of NATO. That is certainly not the case as of key. These divisions still have the potential today. However, Under Secretary of to make the next century a truly violent one Now, there, I have submitted the ad- ministration’s report as to why this is State Thomas Pickering, again, in a for that part of the world that straddles Eu- very cogent and a very comprehensive rope, Asia and the Middle East. in our national interest, a report that Unquestionably, there are risks in military has not been forthcoming, by simply briefing in response said before the action, if that becomes necessary. U.S. and quoting the President, the Secretary of committee February 25: other NATO pilots will be put in harm’s way. State, and the Undersecretary of State. With respect to our exit strategy, we have The Serbs have a strong air defense system. Whether or not you think that adds up learned from our experience in Bosnia that But, we must weigh those risks against the to a rationale as to why we should be we should not set artificial deadlines. Rath- risks of inaction. If we don’t act, the war er, we should seek to create the conditions will spread. If it spreads, we will not be able going to war is another question, but for self-sustaining peace so that the timing to contain it without far greater risk and at least it is there. and circumstances for the reduction and end- cost. I believe the real challenge of our for- Question No. 3 that is required by ing of the presence of an international mili- eign policy today is to deal with problems public law: Please provide the number tary force is well defined. There are a series before they do permanent harm to our vital of military personnel to be deployed. of core conditions—apparently what will

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3030 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 have to take place in regard to Kosovo before morale, retention, and effectiveness of You could say his tactical dissembling has the 4,000 troops—or how many would be de- the United States forces. paid off in foreign policy, too. When he was ployed there as peacekeepers—could exit: While I think this is certainly need- dispatching troops to Bosnia in 1995, he One, military stability including the ed, there is no answer that is available. promised they’d be there for only one year. swift and orderly departure of all Serb So that is it. Albeit, with very lim- The promise helped him win acquiescence forces except those required for border ited time and access to information from a reluctant Congress, and there wasn’t much Congress could do when one year rolled security; two, replacement of Serb se- over this weekend, and probably with into another and the troops did not come curity forces with a functioning, local, some degree a lack of expertise, I have home. representative police force; elections tried to piece together the response Sending troops was the right thing to do, that meet international standards; and that the administration could make and keeping them there beyond a year was establishment of legitimate political within a consultation requirement—a right, too. Any maybe, given doubts in Con- institutions that would provide for sub- requirement again stated in public gress and the country, Clinton’s way was the stantial and sustained Kosovar auton- law—that would certainly help in the only one that would have worked. Maybe omy. debate we are having today in regard honest leadership wouldn’t have carried the That is a pretty tall order. That is a day. We’ll never know. to U.S. policy in the Balkans. What we do know is that his method of op- pretty tall order. We have seen the sit- I have to say, with all due respect to eration—his search for the risk-free alter- uation in Bosnia where we were to be the rationale behind this policy, I be- native, his reluctance to spend political cap- there for 1 year; we have been there for lieve there are a great many more ital, to fully confront or explain the long- 4 so far. It is now $10 to $12 billion. As questions that remain that should have term consequences of policy—has a cumu- we learned in the Balkans, time limits been answered before now, before, once lative, corrosive effect. Clinton wouldn’t don’t mean too much. again, U.S. credibility is on the line. As push for U.S. troops to arrest war criminals Question No. 7, as required by the a matter of fact, last Friday the situa- or assist in the return of refugees, so Bosnia amendment in the defense appropria- tion was summed up aptly by Mr. Fred is farther from real peace than it should be— and the troops will have to stay longer as a tions bill in regard to a report that has Hiatt, a columnist with the Wash- result. not been forthcoming: The costs associ- ington Post. The column was entitled Among foes such as Milosevic, Clinton’s ated with the deployment and the fund- ‘‘The Credibility Factor.’’ I ask unani- credibility diminishes with each unbacked ing sources for paying these costs. mous consent to have the full article threat, each inflated claim of success for pin- Answer: Assistant Secretary of De- printed in the RECORD. prick bombings, each recall of military force fense Kenneth Bacon on February 29: There being no objection, the article even once dispatched. Diminished credibility We have calculated or estimated the was ordered to be printed in the means, in the long run, a greater likelihood cost of what it would be to send the RECORD, as follows: that force will have to be used. Now all these chickens—the diminished U.S. portion of a peacekeeping force [From the Washington Post, Mar. 21, 1999] credibility abroad, the skepticism at home, into Kosovo. That would be about $1.5 THE CREDIBILITY FACTOR above all the unwillingness to fashion a to $2 billion a year but no decision will (By Fred Hiatt) strategy—are coming to roost in Kosovo. be made on sending peacekeepers in ‘‘It’s well known,’’ an administration Clinton has threatened to bomb Milosevic until there is a peace agreement. spokesman said last week, that the Presi- yet again. Maybe this time he means it. But Again, the Under Secretary of State dent is ‘‘a tactician and not a strategist, and then what? Clinton also has promised that Thomas Pickering, who has been very maybe looks to the next day and not the day U.S. troops will not be sent into a ‘‘non-per- candid before the Senate Armed Serv- after.’’ missive’’ environment. They will enter The official was talking about Yugoslav ices Committee, ‘‘An additional impor- Kosovo, in other words, only when Milosevic President Slobodan Milosevic. But the de- welcomes them in. tant element’’—now, just stop here for scription seemed oddly apt for President ‘‘These are incompatible objectives,’’ Sen. a minute. It will be $2 billion a year at Clinton, too. When the two face off, as they Gordon Smith said in an interview. A fresh- least for 3 years and perhaps more. are now doing over Kosovo, that puts the man Republican from Oregon who chairs the Then, Under Secretary of State United States at a disadvantage. A tactician Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee on Thomas Pickering in a very candid with a free totalitarian hand will always Europe, Smith is no isolationist; he has said statement said: have the initiative over one operating in a he would support a dispatch of U.S. troops to An additional important element in ensur- democracy. Kosovo under the right circumstances. But This isn’t to say that Clinton is the moral ing an effective and sustainable agreement he worries that Clinton has no credible plan. equivalent of Milosevic, one of the reprehen- will be international assistance for Kosovo. Perhaps a round of U.S. bombing will com- sible war criminals of this decade. But Clin- The U.S. plans to make a substantial con- pel Milosevic to call off his war against ton is always inclined toward the easy, tribution to bolster European Union efforts. Kosovo civilians, sign a peace treaty and short-term win, the half-way solution; and We have requested $50 million as part of the admit NATO troops. But what it if doesn’t? he has been willing to sacrifice truth and to 2000 fiscal year budget request. We anticipate What if Milosevic responds, instead, with a slight principle to achieve his daily vic- identifying additional funds needed to sup- bloody crackdown in Pristina and villages tories. port the civilian implementation aspects of through the province? Clinton, to assuage Now, when he should be building support in his fretful military commanders, has already the agreement including funds to: Congress and among the public for a difficult Repair damaged infrastructure— promised not to follow air power with troops. but necessary confrontation, he is paying a The thought has just occurred to me, But air power can’t solve every problem. price for that record. With good reason, If NATO bombs, Smith said, it should no if we have airstrikes in Kosovo and many voters do not believe he has thought longer pretend to be neutral. ‘‘The problem Serbia and we destroy the infrastruc- out the consequences of his Kosovo policy; in is Milosevic,’’ he said. ‘‘If you go along that ture, we are now making the promise the post-impeachment era, many members of path, go to win.’’ to send funds to repair the damaged in- Congress do not believe him, period. Is Clinton prepared to see it through? On frastructure— The tactical victories Clinton has achieved Friday he made a case for bombing, but did with deception are considerable. During the not explain what might come next, nor why Stimulate economic growth in Kosovo impeachment trial, it became almost a cli- through microlending; those next steps would be worth the risk to che to attack the President for not having U.S. life and treasure? Time enough tomor- Support free elections; come clean as soon as Ken Starr began nos- Assist in the establishment both of com- row, or maybe the day after. ing around. If he had just ’fessed up in the munal police units and an independent Judi- first place, went the refrain, the country Mr. ROBERTS. In part he stated: ciary system. would have been spared this long trauma. Among foes such as Milosevic, Clinton’s It seems to me, Mr. President, that As a matter of principle, of course that was credibility diminishes with each unbacked will add up to a great deal more money true. But tactically Clinton was right and threat, each inflated claim of success for pin- than the $2 billion a year. I can find no his critics were wrong. If Clinton had said prick bombings, each recall of military force statement by the administration as to back in January 1997 that, yes, he had been even once dispatched. Diminished credibility how they will request these funds. I as- using the Oval Office for sexual encounters means, in the long run, a greater likelihood sume they would come under an emer- with an intern and, yes, he had lied about that force will have to be used. this under oath during a civil deposition and, Now all these chickens—the diminished gency supplemental, very similar to no, he didn’t consider oral sex to be sex—he credibility abroad, the skepticism at home, the one we are discussing on the floor might not have survived the week. But he above all the unwillingness to fashion a today. lied about ‘‘that woman’’ and survived the strategy—are coming [home] to roost in Finally, question No. 8: The antici- week, and the next week, and the one after Kosovo. Clinton has threatened to bomb pated effects of the deployment on the that. Milosevic yet again. Maybe this time he

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3031 means it. [I think he does.] But then what? there is no peace to be kept and neither To get an indication of how the to- Clinton also has promised that U.S. troops side wants to compromise? It seems bacco industry believes it is doing and will not be sent into a ‘‘non-permissive’’ en- that is the case. why the Senate ought to be concerned vironment. They will enter Kosovo, in other Why are we seeking to compel a sov- about this issue, you can take a look at words, only when Milosevic welcomes them in. ereign nation—by the way, Yugoslavia how the tobacco industry assesses its ‘‘These are incompatible objectives.’’ [He was a founding member of the U.N.—to executives’ job performance. Recently, is quoting my colleague and my friend from cede its territorial sovereignty to a the public got a look at information Oregon, Senator GORDON SMITH, who said in guerrilla movement? What message concerning the 1998 compensation an interview—and, by the way, Senator does this send to other secessionists packages for several of the CEOs of the SMITH is the chairman of the Senate Foreign worldwide? major tobacco companies. The com- Relations Subcommittee on Europe] [he] is How do you explain supporting bined compensation package for the no isolationists; he has said he would sup- Yeltsin in fighting to keep Chechnya CEO of Philip Morris and the CEO of port a dispatch of U.S. troops to Kosovo under the right circumstances. But he wor- within the Russian Federation, at a RJR equals $36 million. ries that [there is] no credible plan. cost of about 50,000 casualties—indeed, Last week, Mr. President, you and I Perhaps a round of U.S. bombing will com- comparing the Russian action to the marked up the Federal budget in the pel Milosevic to call off his war against American Civil War and, by implica- Budget Committee with our colleagues, Kosovo civilians, sign a peace treaty and tion, Yeltsin to Lincoln—and bombing but even when you spend a week deal- admit NATO troops. But what if it doesn’t? the Serbs for trying to keep their coun- ing with the Federal budget, $36 mil- What if Milosevic responds, instead, with a try together? That is a point of view. lion certainly sounds like a lot of bloody crackdown in Pristina and villages Which of the many Kosovar factions money. throughout the province? are we supporting? How much top-down I am not against CEOs being com- That is happening as I speak. control and professional discipline do pensated for their work. My guess is Clinton, to assuage his fretful military we expect from all sides involved? that the CEOs, in this case, earn their commanders—who have good reason to fret— The mission order for Bosnia, which salaries. I don’t think they would be has already promised not to follow air power has been referred to as a good case pulling down $36 million a year unless with troops. But air power can’t solve every study for Kosovo, was, ‘‘Attack across they were doing a pretty good job of problem. If NATO bombs, [Senator] Smith said, it the Sava River,’’ and we went in with keeping the ashtrays filled in America. should no longer pretend to be neutral. ‘‘The overwhelming force, which we then Now, the combined compensation problem is Milosevic,’’ he said. ‘‘If you go scaled down as the threat receded. We packages for just these two CEOs is along that path, go to win.’’ are doing it the other way regarding more than 39 of our States and the Dis- I certainly associate myself with the Kosovo. Why aren’t we following that trict of Columbia would have received comments of Senator SMITH. model? Remember the strategic insight under the legislation Congress voted on Is Clinton [is this Congress and are the of an 18-year-old Marine in Beirut: ‘‘If last week. Let me be clear. Two of the American public] prepared to see it through? we are here to fight, we are too few; if tobacco CEOs were making more On Friday, he made a case for bombing [and we are here to die, we are too many.’’ money in 1998 than the vast majority the intervention] but did not explain what All of these questions I have men- of our States would have received for might come next, nor why those next steps tioned—some of which I share with a programs to keep young people from would be worth the risk to U.S. life and great deal of support from others—I getting started with tobacco. treasure. Time enough tomorrow, or maybe think certainly should be debated, For example, my home State of Or- the day after. should certainly come to the floor. egon would receive just over $15 mil- That was the conclusion of the edi- That has not been the case. I do hope lion under the legislation which was torial. the administration will submit their considered last week. That is less than I have questions, but I am not going report soon. I hope they don’t submit half of the CEOs’ compensation. The to take too much time to go over all the report after the President has State of Wyoming would have received the questions I have as a result of the given the order and the troops are $3.61 million, 10 percent of the com- statements that have been made. But there, for at that time every Member of bined compensation packages. I believe in regard to Kosovo, what is the end the Senate and House will certainly that the traditional targets of tobacco state? What do we want to see in want to support our troops. in harvesting new smokers—women, Kosovo once we are done doing what- I worry about this, Mr. President. We children, and minorities—are certainly ever it is we plan to do? are going to war. The President has worth 10 percent of the combined com- If we don’t want to support the inde- spoken to the issue, other Cabinet offi- pensation for 1 year of these two execu- pendence and secession of the cials have spoken to the issue, but tives. Kosovars, why are we serving as their many questions remain. Let us also remember that it is not air force? I yield the floor. just the money the tobacco industry is How do we know we have ever at- Mr. WYDEN addressed the Chair. spending on high-priced executives tained our aims? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- that the Congress should be concerned What are the measures of merit? ator from Oregon is recognized. about. There is another threat to our How long might it take? Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, I ask children, and that comes from the $5 We have talked about an exit strat- unanimous consent to speak for up to billion the tobacco industry spent last egy. I think we should focus on strat- 15 minutes at this time. year on advertising and marketing. egy; that is, on what we are trying to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without That is $96.2 million every week, or achieve, through what means, and how objection, it is so ordered. $13.7 million every day. Again, that is do we know we are done? f far more than many of our States I don’t accept the argument in regard would have received to protect young to NATO credibility, or that NATO TOBACCO SETTLEMENT FUNDS people from smoking. credibility is on the line, as an answer Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, I rise Last year, in the Senate Commerce to why we should go there. NATO’s today to discuss an issue that is vital Committee, I wanted to make sure that credibility is sky high. Just ask all the to improving health care in America— the individuals who had historically nations who want to get in. specifically, whether the States are ac- been targeted by the tobacco compa- How is bombing conducive to peace- tually going to use a portion of the bil- nies would have been eligible to receive ful conflict resolution? Have we ever lions of dollars they received in to- funds for tobacco control and preven- been able to bomb a country into sub- bacco settlement funds to keep Amer- tion programs. I wanted to make sure mission so that they would agree with ica’s youngsters from starting to that just as the tobacco companies our point of view? What if initial smoke. The Senate has discussed this have poured billions of dollars into ad- strikes don’t attain the desired effect? issue over the last few weeks, but I vertising in the inner cities and for ads How far are we willing to go to compel think it may be appropriate to have a targeted to children, the Federal Gov- the Serbs to bend to our will? What are new context as we go forward with ernment would make a special effort to the risks? Why send peacekeepers when these discussions. prevent smoking in those communities.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3032 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 I continue to believe the Federal COMPARISON OF AMOUNT STATES WOULD HAVE BEEN RE- cern on the priority that the Repub- Government needs to play an activist QUIRED TO SPEND ON TOBACCO PREVENTION UNDER lican budget has given to tax cuts and role in assuring that populations which THE SPECTER-HARKIN AMENDMENT WITH CEOS’ COM- how that relates to the Nation’s prior- historically have been targeted by the PENSATION FROM RJR AND PHILIP MORRIS—Continued ities and to the Nation’s needs. tobacco industry would be armed with Mr. President, the Republican FY2000 15% of to- 20% of to- Combined budget resolution fails to meet the na- good information and good preventive bacco set- bacco set- total CEO’s kinds of services, so that the tobacco tlement tlement compensa- tion’s priorities. States payments payments tion for It claims that it will extend the sol- companies would know that our com- (millions per (millions per 1998 (mil- munities are fighting back. year) year) lions) vency of the Social Security Trust Let me give you an example of some Fund. In reality, it would prevent Nevada ...... 6.64 8.85 36 of the steps that the tobacco compa- New Hampshire ...... 7.25 9.67 36 President Clinton’s proposed transfer nies may be pursuing in the days ahead Rhode Island ...... 7.82 10.43 36 of surplus funds to protect this impor- Maine ...... 8.37 11.16 36 to circumvent efforts by the Federal Arkansas ...... 9.01 12.01 36 tant program for future generations. Government such as those we discussed Kansas ...... 9.07 12.10 36 The Republican budget claims that it Iowa ...... 9.47 12.62 36 last week. West Virginia ...... 9.65 12.87 36 will set aside money for Medicare. In We know the tobacco companies are Oklahoma ...... 11.28 15.04 36 reality, it squanders those funds to pay Oregon ...... 12.49 16.65 36 for a tax cut for the rich. now test marketing cigarettes which South Carolina ...... 12.81 17.07 36 produce less smoke so that individuals Colorado ...... 14.92 19.90 36 The Republican budget claims that it Arizona ...... 16.04 21.39 36 will improve education. In reality, it around the smoker will not be bothered Alabama ...... 17.59 23.45 36 in the same way as they were so often Kentucky ...... 19.17 25.56 36 slashes funds for critical programs like Connecticut ...... 20.21 26.94 36 Head Start, job training, and student in the past. Yet, one of the cigarettes, Indiana ...... 22.20 29.60 36 the Eclipse, made by RJR, is showing Virginia ...... 22.26 29.67 36 aid to pay for increases in education. even more signs of being dangerous to Washington ...... 22.35 29.80 36 On the subject of Social Security, the Wisconsin ...... 22.56 30.07 36 Republican budget is an exercise in de- the smoker. With the Eclipse, the evi- Louisiana ...... 24.55 32.73 36 Maryland ...... 24.61 32.81 36 ception. The rhetoric surrounding the dence shows that smokers may actu- Missouri ...... 24.76 33.01 36 budget itself conveys the impression ally be breathing in glass fibers in ad- Mississippi ...... 25.20 33.60 36 North Carolina ...... 25.38 33.84 36 that the majority have taken a major dition to other carcinogens. Tennessee ...... 26.57 35.42 36 step towards protecting Social Secu- I think it is important that the Sen- Georgia ...... 26.72 35.62 36 ate understand this as we go forward Minnesota ...... 37.02 49.36 36 rity. In truth, they have done nothing New Jersey ...... 42.09 56.12 36 to strengthen Social Security. Their with further discussions about how the Massachusetts ...... 43.96 58.61 36 tobacco settlement funds are going to Michigan ...... 47.37 63.16 36 budget would not provide one addi- Illinois ...... 50.66 67.55 36 tional dollar to pay benefits to future be used. If the Federal Government Ohio ...... 54.83 73.10 36 retirees, nor would it extend the life of wishes to waive its portion of the bil- Pennsylvania ...... 62.55 83.40 36 Florida ...... 80.40 107.20 36 the trust fund by even one day. It lions of dollars involved in the tobacco Texas ...... 94.20 125.60 36 merely recommits to Social Security settlement, let’s make sure that at New York ...... 138.91 185.21 36 California ...... 138.93 185.24 36 those dollars which already belong to least a portion of this money—at least In 39 states and the District of Columbia the use 20% of their total set- the Trust Fund under current law. a modest portion—is used to protect fu- tlement dollars is less than the combined compensation of the top two To- That is all their so-called ‘‘lockbox’’ ture generations of Americans against bacco industry CEOs Geoffrey Bible, of Philip Morris Inc. and Stephen F. Goldstone, of RJ Reynolds Tobacco. The compensation total includes base does. the tobacco industry. salary plus bonuses and stock options (source: USA Today, 3/19/99 & 3/16/ By contrast, President Clinton’s pro- I hope the Congress won’t pass up an- 99). posed budget would contribute 2.8 tril- other opportunity to protect America’s Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, I yield lion new dollars of the budget surplus youngsters. I urge my colleagues to the floor. to Social Security over the next 15 continue to try to assure that some I suggest the absence of a quorum. years. By doing so, his budget would portion of the dollars secured in the to- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The extend the life of the trust fund by bacco settlement are actually used for clerk will call the roll. more than a generation—to beyond health services for American’s chil- The bill clerk proceeded to call the 2050. dren. roll. Not only does the Republican plan Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, I ask fail to provide the new revenue to ex- sent that a chart prepared by the Na- unanimous consent that the order for tend the life of the Social Security tional Center for Tobacco-Free Kids the quorum call be rescinded. trust fund, it does not even effectively which compares the compensation The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ROB- guarantee that the existing payroll tax package of just two of the tobacco ERTS). Without objection, it is so or- revenue will be used to pay Social Se- CEOs with the money that would have dered. curity benefits. In essence, there is a been received by the States under the Under the previous order, the time trapdoor in the Republican lockbox. Senate legislation be printed in the between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. shall be Their plan would allow Social Security RECORD. under the control of the Senator from payroll taxes to be used to finance un- There being no objection, the mate- Illinois, Mr. DURBIN, or his designee. specified ‘‘reforms’’. This loophole rial was ordered to be printed in the Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, I yield opens the door to schemes to privatize RECORD, as follows: myself such time as I might use. If oth- Social Security by turning it over to ers arrive on the floor and I have ex- the tender mercy of the private insur- COMPARISON OF AMOUNT STATES WOULD HAVE BEEN RE- ceeded my 10 or 12 minutes, I will yield ance industry. Such a privatization QUIRED TO SPEND ON TOBACCO PREVENTION UNDER to them. plan could actually make Social Secu- THE SPECTER-HARKIN AMENDMENT WITH CEOS’ COM- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- rity’s financial picture far worse than PENSATION FROM RJR AND PHILIP MORRIS ator from Massachusetts. it is today, necessitating deep benefit 15% of to- 20% of to- Combined f cuts. bacco set- bacco set- total CEO’s A genuine ‘‘lockbox’’ would prevent tlement tlement compensa- THE REPUBLICAN BUDGET States payments payments tion for any such diversion of funds. A genuine (millions per (millions per 1998 (mil- Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, this ‘‘lockbox’’ would guarantee that those year) year) lions) week we will have the budget for the payroll tax dollars would be used to Wyoming ...... $2.71 $3.61 $36 Nation before the Senate for consider- protect Social Security, not undermine Alaska ...... 3.72 4.96 36 South Dakota ...... 3.80 5.07 36 ation. I want to speak now on that it. Idaho ...... 3.96 5.27 36 budget, and give special focus and at- While the Republicans claim that North Dakota ...... 3.98 5.31 36 Delaware ...... 4.31 5.74 36 tention to the concerns I have about they, too, support using the surplus for Vermont ...... 4.48 5.97 36 how that budget was put together and debt reduction, they are still unwilling Montana ...... 4.62 6.16 36 Utah ...... 4.84 6.46 36 its particular implications with regard to use it in a way that will help save Nebraska ...... 6.48 8.64 36 to Social Security and to Medicare, Social Security for future generations. New Mexico ...... 6.49 8.65 36 Hawaii ...... 6.55 8.73 36 and also with regard to other domestic There is a fundamental difference be- Washington, DC ...... 6.61 8.81 36 priorities. Then I will express my con- tween the parties on how the savings

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3033 which will result from debt reduction rhetoric about the GOP’s goal of tax almost as large a proportion as they should be used. The Federal Govern- cuts at the expense of Social Security. had to pay before Medicare was enacted ment will realize enormous savings Mr. President, in addition to claims a generation ago. Many senior citizens from paying down the debt. As a result, of extending the solvency of the Social have to pay even more as a proportion billions of dollars which would have Security trust fund, this budget would of their income. By 2025, if we do noth- been required to pay interest on the prevent the President’s proposed trans- ing, that proportion will have risen to national debt will become available fer of surplus funds to protect impor- 29%. Too often, even with today’s each year for other purposes. President tant programs for future generations. Medicare benefits, the elderly have to Clinton believes those debt savings The Republican budget claims that it choose between putting food on the should be used to strengthen Social Se- will set aside money for Medicare, but table, paying the rent, or purchasing curity. I wholeheartedly agree. But the in reality it squanders those funds to the health care they need. Republicans refuse to commit those pay for a tax cut. This is unacceptable. The typical Medicare beneficiary is a dollars to Social Security. Their budg- Even worse is the Republican attempt single woman, seventy-six years old, et does nothing to increase Social Se- to privatize Medicare—or use the crisis living alone, with an annual income of curity’s ability to pay full benefits to in Medicare financing that their budget approximately $10,000. She has one or future generations of retirees. Again, will create as an excuse to promote more chronic illnesses. She is a mother they are short-changing Social Secu- their extreme agenda of slashing Medi- and a grandmother. These are the rity while pretending to save it. care benefits and turning over the pro- women whose benefits Republicans Currently, the Federal Government gram to private insurance companies. want to cut to pay for new tax breaks spends more than 11 cents of every This is the same agenda that Repub- for the wealthy. These are the women budget dollar to pay the cost of inter- licans pursued unsuccessfully in 1995 who will be unable to see a doctor, or est on the national debt. By using the and 1996, and it was the agenda rejected will go without needed prescription Social Security surplus to pay down by President Clinton and Democrats in drugs, or who will go without meals or the debt over the next 15 years, we can Congress and the American people. But heat, so that wealthy Americans earn- reduce the debt service cost to just 2 now our Republican friends are at it ing hundreds of thousands of dollars a cents of every budget dollar by the again. year can have additional thousands of year 2014 and to zero by 2018. Such pru- According to the most recent projec- dollars a year in tax breaks. dent fiscal management now will tions of the Medicare Trustees, if we do This is the wrong priority—and produce an enormous savings to the nothing else, keeping Medicare solvent Americans know it is the wrong pri- Government in future years. Since it is for the next 25 years will require ben- ority, even if Republicans in Congress payroll tax revenues which made the efit cuts of almost 20 percent—massive do not. debt reduction possible, those savings cuts of hundreds of billions of dollars. We all recall that four years ago, Re- should, in turn, be used to strengthen The President’s plan makes up that publicans in Congress also tried to cut Social Security when it needs addi- shortfall, without any benefit cuts, by Medicare to pay for new tax breaks for tional revenue to finance the baby investing 15 percent of the surplus in the wealthy. They sought to cut Medi- boomers’ retirement. the Trust Fund. This investment care by $270 billion to pay for $240 bil- Rather than paying interest to bond- avoids the need for any benefit cuts for lion worth of tax cuts for the wealthi- holding investors today, our plan at least the next 21 years. It also gives est individuals and corporations. Under would use that money to finance Social us time to develop policies that can re- their proposals, senior citizens would Security benefits tomorrow. This is duce Medicare costs without also re- have seen their premiums skyrocket— analogous to the situation of a couple ducing the health care that the elderly an additional $2,400 for senior couples with young children and a mortgage. need and deserve. over the budget period. The deductible They know they will have a major ex- But Republicans in Congress have a that senior citizens pay to see a physi- pense 15 years down the road when different agenda. They want to use the cian would have doubled. The Medicare their children reach college age. They surplus to grant undeserved tax breaks eligibility age would have been raised use their extra money now to pay down to the wealthiest Americans—and then to 67. Protections against extra billing their home mortgage ahead of sched- use the Medicare shortfall as an excuse by doctors would have been rolled ule. As a result, in 15 years the mort- to slash the program and turn it over back. Under the guise of preserving gage will be greatly reduced or even to private insurance companies. Medicare, Republicans also proposed to paid off. Thus, the dollars that were Republicans on the Budget Com- turn the program over to private insur- going to pay the mortgage each month mittee had a clear opportunity to pre- ance companies, and force senior citi- will be available to finance college for serve, protect and improve Medicare. zens to give up their family doctors their children. In the same way the All they had to do was to adopt the and join HMOs. But President Clinton Federal Government is reducing its President’s proposal for investing 15% and Democrats in Congress stood firm debt over the next 15 years so that it of the surplus in Medicare. Instead of against these regressive proposals, and can apply the savings to Social Secu- protecting Medicare, they use the sur- they were not enacted into law. rity in the future. plus to pay for billions of dollars in Now, Republicans on the Finance That is what the President’s budget new tax breaks for the wealthy. You Committee and House Ways and Means proposes. It would provide an addi- don’t need a degree in higher mathe- Committee are at it again. They are al- tional $2.8 trillion to Social Security, matics to understand what is going on ready drafting new Medicare ‘‘reform’’ most of it in debt service savings, be- here. plans. No details have been revealed. tween 2030 and 2055. As a result, the Because the Republican budget does But the funds already earmarked for current level of Social Security bene- nothing to preserve and protect Medi- tax breaks for the wealthy under the fits would be fully financed for all fu- care, their proposals add up to billions Republican budget proposal means that ture recipients for more than half a of dollars in Medicare cuts. there is no alternative to the harsh century. It is an eminently reasonable Every senior citizen knows—and cuts in Medicare. No wonder so many plan, but Republican Members of Con- their children and grandchildren know, senior citizens believe that G.O.P. gress oppose it. too—that the elderly cannot afford stands for ‘‘Get Old People.’’ The Re- The budget Republicans have brought cuts in Medicare. They are already publican elephant never learns. to the floor does not provide one new stretched to the limit—and sometimes As we debate these issues this week, dollar to finance Social Security bene- beyond the limit—to purchase the the Republican response is predictable. fits. What it does provide is nearly 800 health care they need today. Because They will deny that they have any billion new dollars for tax cuts over the of gaps in Medicare and high health plans to cut Medicare. But the Amer- next decade. Tax cuts, not strength- care costs, Medicare now covers only ican people will not be fooled. They ening Social Security, is their first pri- about 50% of the health care costs of know that the President’s plan will put ority. Budgets speak louder than senior citizens. On average, senior citi- Medicare on a sound financial footing words. The actual Republican budget zens spend 19% of their limited incomes for the next two decades—without ben- tells us much more candidly than their to purchase the health care they need— efit cuts, without tax increases, and

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3034 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 without raising the retirement age. acle cures for more and more diseases— Senior citizens need a drug benefit They also know that the Republican but senior citizens will be left out and more than the wealthy need new tax plan will take the surplus intended for left behind if we do not act. breaks. Every senior citizen under- Medicare and squander it on new tax The 21st century may well be the stands that—and so do their children breaks for the wealthy. They know century of life sciences. With the sup- and grandchildren. that the Republican plan for Medicare port of the American people, Congress Finally, it is vital that we continue is benefit cuts and additional burdens is on its way to the goal of doubling to make investments in education pro- on the elderly, not the honest protec- the budget of the National Institutes of grams that serve Americans of all ages. tion our senior citizens deserve. Health to support additional basic re- The Republican budget claims it will This week, Democrats will offer search, so that scientists can develop improve education. In reality, it amendments to assure that this year’s new therapies to improve and extend slashes funds for critical programs like budget protects Medicare, rather than the lives of senior citizens and all citi- Head Start, job training, and student destroying it. Under our proposals, all zens. aid to pay for increases in education. It of the funds the President has proposed These miracle drugs save lives—and is vital that we continue to make in- to devote to Medicare will be put into they save dollars too, by preventing vestments in education programs the Medicare Trust Fund. Our amend- unnecessary hospitalization and expen- which serve Americans of all ages. The ments will assure that Medicare will be sive surgery. All patients deserve af- Nation’s children and families deserve solvent for the next 21 years, without fordable access to these medications. the opportunity for a good education benefit cuts or tax increases or raising Yet, Medicare, the nation’s largest in- throughout their lives. the retirement age. Republicans will surer, does not cover out-patient pre- Student performance is rising across have a chance to vote on whether they scription drugs, and senior citizens and the nation by many indicators. The are sincere about protecting Medi- persons with disabilities pay a heavy federal-state-local partnership is work- care—and the vote on our amendments price for this glaring omission. ing—we shouldn’t do anything to un- will test whether they care more about Up to 19 million Medicare bene- dermine it. Instead, we should do more senior citizens or the wealthy. ficiaries are forced to fend for them- to accelerate positive change. The choice is clear. The Congress selves when it comes to purchasing Student achievement is improving. must act to preserve the benefits that these life-saving and life-improving Performance on the National Assess- senior citizens have earned, instead of therapies. They have no prescription ment of Educational Progress has in- granting new tax breaks for the drug coverage from any source. Other creased, particularly in reading, math, wealthiest Americans. Medicare beneficiaries have some cov- and science—critical subjects for suc- Just as important as preserving and erage, but too often it is inadequate, cess in learning. Average reading protecting Medicare is improving it. unreliable and unaffordable. scores increased from 1994 to 1998 in And the most important single step we Prescription drugs are the single 4th, 8th, and 12th grades. U.S. students largest out-of-pocket cost to the elder- can take to improve Medicare is to pro- scored near the top on the latest inter- ly for health services. The average sen- vide prescription drug coverage for sen- national assessment of reading, with ior citizen fills an average of eighteen ior citizens. Medicare is a compact be- 4th graders outperforming students prescriptions a year, and takes four to tween workers and their government from all other nations except Finland. six prescriptions daily. Many elderly that says, ‘‘Work hard, pay into the Average performance in math has im- Americans face monthly drug bills of system when you are young, and Medi- proved since 1978, with the largest $100 to $200 or more. Some of the newer care will provide health security in gains made by 9-year-olds. Between drugs that can produce miraculous re- your retirement years.’’ But that com- 1992 and 1997, the combined verbal and sults for those who can afford them mitment is being broken every day, be- math scores on the SAT increased by 15 cost $10,000 a year or more. cause Medicare does not cover prescrip- Misuse of prescription drugs results points. tion drugs. in preventable illnesses that cost Medi- Students are taking more rigorous When Medicare was enacted in 1964, care an estimated $16-$20 billion annu- subjects than ever—and doing better in coverage of prescription drugs by pri- ally, while imposing vast misery on them. The proportion of high school vate insurance was not the norm—and senior citizens. What are needed are ef- graduates taking the core courses rec- Medicare followed the standard prac- fective ways to encourage proper use. ommended in the 1983 report, A Nation tice in the private insurance market. Large savings to Medicare will result if At Risk, had increased to 52 percent by Today, ninety-nine percent of employ- physicians, pharmacists and senior 1994, up from 14 percent in 1982 and 40 ment-based health insurance policies citizens are better educated about iden- percent in 1990. Since 1982, the percent- provide prescription drug coverage— tifying, correcting, and preventing age of graduates taking biology, chem- but Medicare does not. Medicare is these problems. istry, and physics has doubled, rising caught in a 35 year old time warp—and Too often, elderly Americans skimp from 10 percent in 1982 to 21 percent in too many senior citizens are suffering on their medicine—they take half doses 1994. With increased participation in as a result. or otherwise try to stretch their pre- advanced placement courses, the num- Too many seniors take half the pills scription and to make it last longer. ber of students who scored at the high- their doctor prescribes, or don’t fill This is not right. And it doesn’t have est levels on AP exams has risen nearly needed prescriptions—because they to happen. If the prescription drugs five-fold since 1982, from 132,000 in 1982 simply cannot afford the high cost of they need are covered by Medicare, to 636,000 in 1998. prescription drugs. In 1983, before the needless hospitalizations will be avoid- But too many students in too many most recent surge in drug costs, one in ed and physician visits will be reduced. schools in too many communities eight senior citizens said they some- The Senate Budget Committee recog- across the country fail to achieve that times had to choose between prescrip- nized the need for prescription drug standard. More children need to come tion drugs and food on the table. Too coverage by adopting a reserve fund for to school ready to learn. More children many elderly Americans are paying this coverage. But the Committee re- need modern schools with world-class twice as much as they should for the serve fund is hedged with unacceptable teachers. More students need opportu- drugs they need, because they are conditions that could retard rather nities for after-school programs. And forced to pay the full price, while other than enhance the cause of ensuring a more qualified students should be able Americans pay less because their meaningful drug benefit. The Congress to afford to go to college. health plans grant discounts. can do better—and it must. The Republican budget proposal is a As a result, too many senior citizens The provision in the budget resolu- welcome improvement over past years. are ending up hospitalized—at immense tion does not actually provide funds for Previous Republican plans drastically cost to Medicare—because they are not a prescription drug benefit. Instead, it cut funding for education. In one of receiving the drugs they need or are allows a prescription drug benefit to be their first acts as the majority party in not taking them correctly. As we enter enacted if certain conditions are met, 1995, Republicans rescinded education the new century, pharmaceutical prod- but those conditions are far too lim- funding by $1.7 billion and proposed to ucts are increasingly the source of mir- ited. abolish the Department of Education.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3035 In subsequent years, they proposed to I yield the floor. the crowd that does not want the sharp cut education by $3.9 billion and $3.1 Mr. HOLLINGS addressed the Chair. elbows of Government coming in and billion. With the strong leadership of The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dis- crowding out finance, running up inter- President Clinton, these cuts were tinguished Senator from South Caro- est costs and disturbing corporate fi- never enacted, and Federal funding for lina is recognized. nance. education has steadily increased. Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I ask When you take the Social Security Republicans have finally begun to lis- unanimous consent that I may proceed credit card to pay down public debt, it ten to the American people on edu- in morning business for 20 minutes. is simply a transaction of increasing cation. The Senate Republican FY2000 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there your Social Security debt. At the Budget Resolution increases funding objection? present time, the deficit in Social Se- for elementary and secondary edu- Without objection, it is so ordered. curity is some $730 billion in the red. cation by $2.6 billion over a freeze. But Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I ask Mr. President, we did not intend that that increase in elementary and sec- unanimous consent that I be recog- in 1983. In 1983, what we did was say: ondary education comes at an unac- nized for 20 minutes following the Sen- We are going to put in an inordinately ceptable and irresponsible cost. The ator from South Carolina. high payroll tax in order to build up a Republicans proposed a reasonable in- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without surplus to take care of the baby crease in funding for elementary and objection, it is so ordered. boomers in the next generation. secondary education, but at the same f That is exactly what we are not time they cut funding for critical pro- doing. We are crowding around on the TRUTH IN BUDGETING grams like Head Start, job training, floor saying, ‘‘Beware, beware, beware, and aid for college students by at least Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I re- the baby boomers, baby boomers.’’ It is 10 percent in FY2000 and by more than member the day when we had truth in not the baby boomers, it is the adults 20 percent in FY2004. budgeting. I will never forget when we on the floor of the Senate looting the It is wrong to rob Peter to pay Paul, promulgated in 1985, almost 15 years fund if we keep the money in, as was and it is wrong for the Republicans to ago, the Gramm–Rudman-Hollings Act. intended in section 201 of the Social Se- propose this irresponsible budget. At that time, we realized that Reagan- curity Act. It is irresponsible to increase funding omics was going up and away with re- As Mr. Greenspan said, take Social for elementary and secondary edu- spect to the growth of the debt and the Security outside the unified budget, do cation programs in order to improve accelerated interest costs upon that not have any unified budget and the Nation’s public schools and slash debt, not just necessarily the growth of growth deficit, just have the national funding that helps young children and the economy. debt and the national deficit, one ac- college students. We got together on a bipartisan basis counting, not two sets of books. That is It is irresponsible to deny 100,000 and, under the auspices of truth in what we called for. We wrote it into children Head Start services that help budgeting, we came to the floor, and law under President Bush in November them to come to school ready to learn. even though we had opposition on both 1990. It is constantly disobeyed and is It is irresponsible to eliminate 73,000 sides early on—President Reagan op- summer jobs and training opportuni- being disobeyed with the two budget posed it, certainly over here the major- proposals of the President and the Re- ties for low-income young people. ity leader, the whip, and the chairman It is irresponsible to jeopardize fund- publicans now. of the Budget Committee opposed it— ing that helps make college more ac- President Clinton’s budget came to on this side of the aisle, on 14 up-or- cessible and affordable for all qualified us. And I call it a fraud because every- down votes, we got a majority of the students. one else has called it a fraud. What it It is irresponsible to ignore the needs Democrats on the basis of truth in did was say we are going to hedge a of communities that need help in mod- budgeting. way against this so-called tax cut move ernizing their school buildings. Schools Fifteen years later, we have gone to on the Republican side politically, so across the nation face serious problems fraud in budgeting. It is all a political we are going to save Social Security, of overcrowding. Antiquated facilities exercise that will bring us later in the we are going to take care of Medicare, are suffering from physical decay, and year to what one might call a Mexican and pay down the debt. They mean are not equipped to handle the needs of standoff. Then both sides will probably public debt. They know they can easily modern education. Across the country, get together, hopefully, and, since the do that with the Social Security 14 million children in a third of the na- media will be covering them and they money. tion’s schools are learning in sub- are moving into an election, do some Incidentally, we had a motion on standard buildings. Half the schools saving of Social Security or at least President Clinton’s budget in the Budg- have at least one unsatisfactory envi- some paying down of the debt. But I et Committee, so I speak advisedly. ronmental condition. It will take over have a bill today, Mr. President, that The record will show it did not get a $100 billion just to repair existing fa- actually requires us to save Social Se- single vote, Democratic or Republican, cilities nationwide. curity. for that President’s budget. It is irresponsible to do nothing to Let me mention that, once the gov- Along comes the Republican budget, see that key education priorities will ernment receives the moneys from the and you can see exactly what is going be met, such as reducing class size, im- payroll tax under section 201 of the So- on. They are meeting with the can- proving teacher recruitment and train- cial Security Act, it immediately buys didate for President, Mr. KASICH, who ing, expanding after-school programs, special securities, 30-year T-bills. With knows better. He is the one, inciden- and ensuring strong accountability for those 30-year T-bills, of course, Social tally—I do not know if he is running as how federal education dollars are Security has the bond, or the IOU, the a Democrat or a Republican—he said if spent. Government has the money, and obvi- the 1993 tax increase and spending cut Mr. President, a nation’s budget is a ously they have been spending that and paring down the size of Govern- reflection of its priorities. The nation’s money for either increased spending or ment, corporate downsizing, Govern- children and families deserve a budget for tax cuts, but not for any paying ment downsizing some 300,000—he said that invests in their priorities—not the down of the debt. The debt continues to if this thing works, ‘‘I will change par- priorities of the right wing. Clearly, go up. ties.’’ I have not seen the distinguished this Republican budget contains the Under section 201 in that particular Congressman recently, but I am wait- wrong priorities for the nation’s fu- instance, it is like having two credit ing to, because I am going to ask him ture. It gives priority to large tax cuts cards. You have a Visa card and a how he is running, as a Republican or for the wealthy, instead of saving So- MasterCard, and you want to pay off Democrat. He promised to change par- cial Security and Medicare, and at the your MasterCard with your Visa card. ties and become a Democrat if it expense of programs for college stu- So you pay down the public debt. Here- worked. It is working. dents, young children, and young in, let’s say the Visa card is Social Se- The Republican budget comes in now adults. I urge my colleagues to oppose curity and the MasterCard is the public and they say, ‘‘We have to do better. this misguided budget. debt or Wall Street credit card. That is We have the House and Senate. We

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3036 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 want to take over the White House, so money in Social Security? It does not creased spending. I could give Social we want to give them a tax cut.’’ just sit there; it earns the highest Security $80 billion. I could give paying How do they do it? With a fraudulent amount allowed by law, just as it did down the debt $80 billion. That is only budget. They go up and above, and my for 33 years—from 1935 until 1968. The $320 billion. We are going to spend that distinguished chairman of the Budget Social Security trust fund was sound. each year—next year and more. This Committee on the Senate side, the Sen- That is a requirement for all corporate country has fiscal cancer. That is the ator from New Mexico, knows better. I endeavors, in that we make it a felony state of the Union. And in the best of have worked with him. We are the two if you try to pay down the company times that we are all enjoying now, if original members since 1974 of the debt with the pension fund. we cannot get some kind of discipline budget process and the Budget Com- The distinguished Presiding Officer, in reality out of the process here in the mittee. he heard me speak of Denny McLain Congress, I do not know how we are He comes in and he adds on almost the other afternoon. So I keep harping ever going to save it. $800 billion to the debt. In addition to on it. Here we say in corporate Amer- I thank the distinguished Chair and adding to the debt, he comes around ica, if you engage in that kind of nefar- yield the floor. and says now, ‘‘We are going to direct ious activity, it is a felony, and off you I suggest the absence of a quorum. in reconciliation that the chairman of go to jail. But here you get the ‘‘Good The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the Finance Committee, the Finance Government Award.’’ It is totally clerk will call the roll. Committee itself, come out with a tax fraudulent what is going on. Neither The legislative clerk proceeded to cut.’’ This is an absolute adulteration side is giving. Both sides are out of re- call the roll. and fraud of the budget process. We in- ality and they are going merrily down Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I ask tended—and it is right in the reconcili- the road as they are with the census, unanimous consent that the order for ation provisions—that if you get to the with no reconciliation. But be that as the quorum call be rescinded. end of the road—and you are always it may, there isn’t any question that The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without slightly over—you can increase some we can pay down the debt under cur- objection, it is so ordered. revenues here, there, or yonder, or you rent policy if we just stay the course. The Senator is recognized. can cut some spending here, there, or That was my motion in the Budget f yonder. You reconcile spending and Committee. You say, ‘‘All that big SPRING PLANTING LOANS FOR revenue so you do what you say and talk, HOLLINGS . What then would you FAMILY FARMERS say what you do to balance items in do?’’ Look at the particular budget we the budget. have. Look at the economy we have. If Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, the Instead, now the Republicans are you were the mayor of a city, if you agenda for the Senate this week is to going to use reconciliation to cut the were the Governor of a State, you continue on the supplemental appro- revenues. Here we are spending $100 bil- would immediately say, ‘‘Well, let’s priations bill. Then at some point this lion more this fiscal year 1999 than we stay the course. We don’t want to let week we will go to the budget bill. My are taking in. Under current policy, it go of the firemen or the policemen. We hope is that we will finish work on the would be $90 billion more, but you can don’t want to start any new endeavors supplemental appropriations bill. I un- see already with this particular mon- right now. Let’s keep this economy derstand that we are heading towards a key shine in the face of reality, there is growing.’’ vote tomorrow on cloture on a Kosovo no chance of a tax cut and having a All we have to do, as Mr. Greenspan amendment to the emergency supple- real budget. We have already come in finally testified, is do nothing, just mental appropriations bill. So we are with caps. hold the line, generally speaking, tak- off on a range of other issues, that Last year we exceeded the caps by $12 ing this year’s budget for next year. By being a foreign policy issue. We already billion. We exceed the caps $21 billion 2006, by that time, above Social Secu- had votes on tobacco and tobacco pro- this year. Then we come and pass an rity surpluses, we would have regular ceeds from the settlement, and so on. $18 billion increase for military pay. surpluses, true surpluses. And that But my hope is that one way or an- That is $50 billion we ought to be look- money could be used to pay down the other we will get through the supple- ing for in either increased revenues or debt. mental appropriations bill in order to spending cuts. Rather, the wonderful I am not for the gamesmanship about provide the resources in that legisla- Budget Committee, on a partisan public debt and the interest costs going tion for spring planting loans for fam- basis—the Republican budget is a down. That is a story out of the whole ily farmers. There are not very many fraud—comes forward and says, Here it cloth. That is not going to happen. weeks until our family farmers will be is—and we are amending the reconcili- Right now, we owe $730 billion to So- in the fields, and they need some oper- ation in this particular process—and cial Security. By the year 2013, we will ating loans to buy the seed and the fuel sends it to the floor directing the Fi- owe Social Security $3 trillion—$3 tril- and to pay the expenses to do spring nance Committee—and the chairman of lion. planting. And we have many farmers in the Finance Committee, incidentally, We are supposed to have, under the North Dakota who are not, under cur- the distinguished Senator from Dela- Greenspan Commission report and law rent circumstances, going to be able to ware, said: If we do not have a tax cut, as it now stands, $3 trillion in the get loans from the Farm Service Agen- it would be highway robbery. We’ve got bank. I know my distinguished friend cy unless we pass this supplemental money sloshing around up here. from North Dakota is waiting to come bill. Unfortunately, they also repeal the here, but I want to make sure we un- So if we do not pass the supplemental pay-go rule. This means they will not derstand the fiscal cancer this country appropriations bill this week, and we need an off-set to pay for their tax cut. has. go home, then we are not in session the When we debate the budget this week, When Lyndon Johnson last balanced next 2 weeks, we are going to be leav- the Republicans are going to ram it the budget, we only had to pay $16 bil- ing these farmers in pretty tough cir- through the Senate—10 hours, 10 hours, lion in interest costs on the national cumstances. Then this supplemental and 10 hours. They can get it through debt—today, we pay $357 billion each has to go through the House, the Sen- in three days and back up all the roll year—almost $1 billion each day. And ate, and go to the President for his sig- calls. And they already have it greased the interest costs go up, just like the nature. Frankly, the fate of a lot of on the Republican side to send it price of energy and gas is going up family farmers rests on our ability to through. Instead of a Budget Com- now, as indicated in the morning paper. get this done. mittee exercising its responsibility to If those little interest costs go up, it Last week, a friend of mine an- promote fiscal responsibility, this will be over a billion dollars a day. nounced that he was quitting farming, budget here is a fraud and promotes ir- With the money we would save in in- which I suppose is not such unusual responsibility. terest costs on the national debt, I news these days. A lot of farmers are To those who say, Mr. President, could give my Republican friends an quitting farming. This friend happens what are you going to do if you pass $80 billion tax cut. I could give my to be Elroy Lindaas, who is a State the Hollings bill that sets aside the Democratic friends $80 billion in in- senator. Elroy is a wonderful fellow. He

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3037 farms near Mayville, ND. I have been out, not moving in? Elroy Lindaas, the truck and haul the grain to the ele- to the barn dance on his farm a good after 120 years of planting crops and vator, they will be told the food they many times. I guess the last time was making a family farm work, is saying, produce doesn’t really have much about 5 months ago. The barn dances ‘‘I can’t do it anymore.’’ value. The farmers will scratch their that Elroy has are held up in the hay- What is happening? A lot of things. heads and say, ‘‘I don’t understand loft of a very large white barn. The Presiding Officer will not be sur- that.’’ Elroy and his wife have gone to var- prised when I mention the current farm This world adds a New York City in ious garage sales in and around bill, which in my judgment, is a dis- population every single month. Every Mayville over the years, and they aster. In fact, it is interesting that in single month another New York City in would pick up a davenport here or a 1995 when we discussed the Budget Act population appears on the face of this couch or a chair. So up in the hayloft on the floor of the Senate, that budget globe. At least a half billion people and of his barn he has this large expanse bill provided the framework for chang- probably far more than that go to bed lined with very comfortable old chairs. ing the farm bill. The budget that year every single night with an ache in their He has built himself a little stage. He framed the requirements under which a belly because they don’t have anything plays guitar and he has neighbors that new farm bill had to be developed. It to eat. Yet, we are telling our farmers play musical instruments, as well. At was developed into what was called the that what they produce has no value. this barn dance that he holds every Freedom to Farm bill. There is something fundamentally year, they get a little band together. Freedom to Farm had two parts to it. wrong with that. They hang some crepe paper. They get One part made a lot of sense. It gave Working on a bipartisan basis as a a couple hundred people who come up farmers the freedom to plant what they Congress, we have to find a way in this and fill the hayloft at the Lindaas chose to plant, not what the Federal budget mechanism to say to family barn. Government allowed them to plant. farmers that their presence in this On this farmstead, they have planted Second, it cut the tie between farm country matters to America. It 120 consecutive crops. For 120 years prices and government payments. The strengthens our country to have our they have planted crops on the Lindaas bill’s sponsors said because farm prices food production produced by a network farm. But this year, the 121st year they were so good and so robust and healthy of broad-based economic owners, by our won’t be planting a crop because he is at that time, we would give a transi- family farmers. It strengthens our selling his farm this June. tion payment on top of the current country to have the family farm sys- Here is a farm that has been in that strong market prices, and then farmers tem existing in America. family for 120 years, passed from would be on their own. That payment We must decide and decide quickly granddad to dad and son. Why does would decrease over a number of years that the current farm bill doesn’t that farm at this point cease oper- after which farmers would be on their work. It must be changed. People say, ation? Why does the family decide it own. That was essentially the theory of ‘‘Do you want to go back to the old cannot make it any longer? Here is a the program. It was called support prices?’’ I don’t know. I am family farmer trying to do business, transitioning-the-farmers-out-of-a- willing to discuss that. If you have a with prices for wheat and other grains farm program. better idea, let me know. But, do you at Depression-era prices. In constant The problem is, farm prices didn’t really want to go to any community in dollars, the price they get for a bushel stay healthy and family farmers dis- this area and say our nation’s policy is of wheat today is no different than it covered very quickly that as com- more of the same? Do we want to keep was during the Great Depression. modity prices for wheat, feed grains seeing outmigration, and collapsed What does all this mean and what do and others began to collapse, there farm prices? Do we want to keep we do about it all? The chart with this wasn’t much of a price support for transitioning farmers out of farming? map shows what is happening in our them. There wasn’t a government pro- country as we talk about the choices gram that said, ‘‘You are important. Whatever ideas exist in this Cham- and priorities we will make in the sup- So, when commodity prices collapse, ber, I am willing to discuss. I have an plemental appropriations bill and then somehow we will build a bridge over idea for the first step. Let’s take the the budget bill. This map shows those that pricing valley to see if we can help caps off the price support loan rates counties, which are marked in red, you get across.’’ and at least give farmers what the big where we have had an outmigration of We have our farm people looking 2 print said it was going to give them in people. You will see the outmigration years, 5 years, 7 years ahead. They hear the farm bill, and what the fine print from the middle part of America, up the economists say prices aren’t going took away. Let’s take the caps off the and down the farm belt and especially to improve much. They say if that is loan rates, and get the loan rates up to in North Dakota. Up and down the en- the case and if the Federal Government where they ought to be. That is the tire farm belt in the Great Plains, we is not going to help and doesn’t care first step. have an entire region of America that whether there are family farmers left, We have all the farm organizations is being depopulated. People are leav- they will leave. That is what is cre- around town who purport to support ing, not coming. Look at all of these ating the depopulation of a rural area. family farmers. I assume that is who is counties, each of these in red are rural It is also true that the ability to financing them. Yet, every single one counties in which the population is raise grain here and ship it to Asia has has a different message about what leaving. These are the counties that diminished, as the Asian financial cri- ought to be done. Some do not support have lost fifteen percent or more of sis took away our export markets. It is taking the cap off the loan rates. They their population in a fifteen-year pe- true that this administration has not don’t have ideas, but they oppose those riod. been nearly as aggressive as it should who do have ideas. My home county, Hettinger County, have been on the Export Enhancement At some point, if we are going to save ND, is probably a good example. Program. It is also true that, frankly, family farming for this country, we Hettinger County, ND, is right here in the Congress did not provide what the have to get together and find some Southwestern North Dakota. It, too, is administration asked for on EEP. The kind of approach that will reconnect a marked in red. When I left Hettinger administration, Congress, and the mar- decent income to those who produce. County there were 5,000 citizens living kets shaped the circumstances that This isn’t the fault of family farmers. there. Now there are 3,000 citizens. The now conspire in ways that say to farm- This is not their doing. They didn’t next county is Slope County. Both my ers there is not much hope for you out cause the markets to collapse. They home county and the next county are here. didn’t cause the financial crisis in the size of Rhode Island, individually. As we watch the depopulation of a Asia. They didn’t cause the unfair Slope County has 900 people. A year major part of our country, let me make trade from Canada that allows a mas- ago or so they had seven babies born in another observation. Those farmers sive quantity of spring wheat and the entire county. that stay in business will harvest a durum wheat to flood into our market- What is happening with the depopula- crop this fall and receive a price that is place. They didn’t cause that, and they tion of rural areas, with people moving pretty anemic. When the farmers get in ought not be victims.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3038 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 They didn’t cause the foreign policy The Defense Department said it real- time of day to this issue. But this problems that require us to have sanc- ly didn t have the capability of using President’s action and the action of the tions against other countries, or the any more money. The Congress said it Trade Ambassador is far short of what foolish notion that we ought to have didn’t matter to them and demanded it should be, and they know it. any sanctions at all on food and medi- that they have $1 billion more. So $1 I found it interesting when I was in cine. Farmers didn’t cause that. billion more emerged. I tried to get a Europe a few months ago and I picked That is another step we ought to few thousand dollars, a few hundred- up the paper. I read that we are going take. I don’t say this suggesting that it thousand-dollars, or a few million dol- into a trade war with Europe over ba- will solve the farm problem, because it lars to deal with the emergencies in In- nanas. I am sitting there in Europe won’t. We ought to decide all sanctions dian housing and Indian health care. I thinking, gee, that is strange. Let’s on food and medicine anywhere in the couldn’t do it. But $1 billion, which the see, where do we produce bananas in world ought to be ended. I may offer Department of Defense didn’t want, the United States? I guess maybe we that to the budget resolution this didn’t ask for, and didn’t need emerged produce a few bananas in Hawaii. But week. Does anyone think Saddam Hus- mysteriously. In fact, it turns out that by and large, we don’t produce bananas sein or Fidel Castro missed a meal be- they could not even spend it. in the United States. So why do we cause we can’t ship food to Cuba or Of the $1 billion, the Department of Iraq? Not hardly. All that sanctions have a Trade Ambassador prepared to Defense could only find $150 million in go into a trade war over bananas, hurt are our farmers here in this coun- uses in fiscal year 1999. Do you know try and poor people and hungry people something we don’t produce? I guess it what that was for? A third of it, is because U.S. corporations produce abroad. amounting to $56 million was used for My point is we must pass this supple- bananas in Latin America and they are contract transition and rebaselining. mental bill in order to allow some of trying to sell them to Europe. Europe Does anybody know what that is? Does these family farmers to get into the won’t let the bananas in, so we get all that sound as if you are building a field this spring. Without it, many of exercised and we are going to have a weapon? Contract transition and re- them won’t get into the field. Then we trade war over bananas. baselining. They are going to allocate must fix this farm program because I want to ask the Trade Ambassador another $50 million in the next fiscal this farm program doesn’t work. We this: If you are willing to go into a year because they could not use it in must work on a range of other issues, trade war over bananas, which we don’t the last fiscal year. They want to use including trade to deal with the unfair produce, would you be willing to take trade problems our farmers face. There $400 million on things other than na- some reasonable action against coun- are a whole series of other steps that tional missile defense because they tries that inundate our markets and we can and should take. could not find a use for it in national cut our prices on something we do I want to mention this issue of prior- missile defense. produce, such as spring wheat, durum, This priority comes from a Congress ities. I come from one of the most rural and barley? Why is it that we are will- that says that we don’t have enough States in America, and our family ing to go to bat here and ratchet up a money and we can’t help these farm farmers are in desperate trouble. Even big trade dispute with Europe over ba- folks. It doesn’t matter that these as we debate these issues, we are told nanas when we don’t produce any real farmers aren’t doing very well. They there is limited money available and bananas. Yet, we seem unable, or un- say we can’t help them much because we just can’t do all of these things. If willing, to take action against the Ca- that is your priority, then farmers we don’t have the money. My point is that this is about making nadians, who clearly are violating our don’t matter much. trade laws and who are causing mas- I mentioned that in 1995 the genesis choices. We have a responsibility to make thoughtful choices, good choices, sive dislocation in the center part of of the current farm bill originated here our country by undercutting our grain on the Senate floor in the Budget Act choices that will strengthen our coun- try. I find it more than a bit dis- markets and hurting our family farm- that was brought for a vote to the Sen- ers.? ate. And so better farm policy could appointing to discover that there is plenty of money for someone else’s pri- Oh, I have thought from time to time start this week here in the budget reso- about getting a truckload of bananas lution that is brought to the Senate orities, but not enough money to deal with what I think is a priority for this and dumping it on the front steps of later this week. the USTR s office to say at least here Let’s talk about what the priorities country such as the long-term eco- you can see some bananas when you are. The majority party will bring a do- nomic health of family farming. walk out. You won’t see any in the mestic budget mark to the floor this I want to also mention one contrib- fields and you won’t see any banana week that decreases domestic spending uting factor to the farm troubles in trees anywhere you look in the conti- by slightly over $20 billion. The pro- this country of ours. I mentioned trade nental United States. You have this big posed mark of the Budget Committee just a moment ago. I want to go back trade dispute going on over bananas, will have a $9.1 billion increase for de- to it because our prices have collapsed which you won’t be able to find in most fense over that which was assumed in for a range of reasons. These are the the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. So, in prices that our farmers receive for corners of this country. That would at defense, their budget will provide $290 grain when they haul it to the eleva- least give our trade office a chance to billion, a $9 billion increase. But, in tor. One of the reasons is that we have see bananas. But I decided I could not other domestic discretionary spending, a trade policy in this country that is a afford to do that, and it would probably their budget would take $20 billion in terrible trade policy. We say to the rest be a stupid stunt anyway. cuts. of the world that we are for free trade, Somebody needs to say: You are not Now, last year in the fall, we passed open trade, come and trade with us. thinking straight. If you want to stand some emergency aid for farmers. In Yet, we refuse to stand up and have up for the economic interests of this that omnibus appropriations bill Con- any backbone at all to stand for our country, then stand up for things we gress provided aid for a range of things, producers when we are the victims of produce. Then someone will say to me: including agriculture. $1 billion was unfair trade. Mr. Senator, you know there are some added for the national missile defense Let me give you an example. The Ca- agricultural groups that support action program. $1 billion. It was money that nadians continue to flood our country against Europe on the banana issue? wasn’t asked for by the Defense De- with their durum wheat and their Yes, I am sure there are. We have doz- partment. This money wasn’t needed spring wheat, undercutting our farm- ens of farm organizations in this coun- by the Defense Department. The De- ers’ prices. Our nation can’t seem to do try who say they speak for farmers, fense Department said it was spending a thing about it. For years now, it has and they wouldn’t know a pair of cov- money as rapidly as it could to find the gone on. I acknowledge that our Trade eralls from an oil rag. I mean, they technology and the solutions to hitting Ambassador and this President have wouldn’t know a pickup truck from a a bullet with a bullet, which is what taken some action, which is more than razorback hog. In fact, they don’t know the national missile defense program previous Presidents have done. Pre- much about farming. They are about is. vious Presidents would not give the agribusiness. They lobby under the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3039 name of farmers, but they really rep- care needs. Medicare relieves them of But the problem here is, the Presi- resent the agrifactories of this coun- that kind of anxiety. dent has gone out with a commitment try. We must, it seems to me, commit before he talked to Congress about it, I say to them: You are off supporting ourselves, in the context of choices and now we have really changed the this dispute about bananas, and you that we make in the budget this year whole nature of NATO without con- are probably all upset that I am under- and in future years, to the long-term gressional approval. We are saying that cutting you. No, all I am interested in financial future and solvency of both we are going to bomb a sovereign coun- doing is getting the limited resources Social Security and Medicare. I think try because of their mistreatment of of the U.S. Trade Ambassador’s office in the next 2 or 3 days we will have a people within their country, the prov- to start fighting for the economic in- robust, healthy, and aggressive debate ince of Kosovo, and we are going to terests of what we produce in this on this. Perhaps the debate will include take this action, basically declaring country. Things like wheat and steel? some who never liked Medicare in the war on a country that should not be an Sure, we have people concerned about first place, and who wouldn’t vote for enemy of the United States and in fact steel. I will join them. How about fo- it now, if they had a chance. I have was a partner at the peace table in the cusing on wheat coming in from Can- heard a couple of people suggest as Dayton accords on Bosnia. ada at secret prices, sent to us by a much in recent years. But, there are So now we are taking sides. We are state trading enterprise that would be those on that side and perhaps many of turning NATO, which was a defense al- illegal in this country? We send audi- us on the other who believe very liance—is a defense alliance—into an tors up to Canada and they say, ‘‘We strongly that this is a program that aggressive, perhaps, declarer-of-war on want information about what price you has been very, very healthy for tens of a country that is not in NATO. Mr. are selling for.’’ They say, ‘‘We are millions of American people and who President, I just do not think we can sorry, we don’t intend to give you any believe that we ought to continue to take a step like that without the Con- information at all.’’ That is violative provide solvency for it in the long gress and the American people under- of our trade laws, and we ought to have term. standing what we are doing and, fur- a Trade Ambassador who will do some- Mr. President, I yield the floor. thermore, approving of it. thing about that and a President who I suggest the absence of a quorum. There is no question that Mr. will join her to say it is time to stop The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Milosevic is not our kind of person. We that kind of unfair trade. VOINOVICH). The clerk will call the roll. have seen atrocities that he has com- Well, Mr. President, my time is about The bill clerk proceeded to call the mitted in Kosovo. But, in fact, there over. I know that, as we begin the roll. have been other atrocities committed budget process this week and as we Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I by the parties with whom we are pur- complete, hopefully, action on the sup- ask unanimous consent that the order porting to be taking sides. The Alba- plemental this week, we will have a for the quorum call be rescinded. nians have committed atrocities as discussion about choices. I have talked The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without well, the Kosovar Albanians. So we are a great deal about agriculture and the objection, it is so ordered. now picking sides in a civil war where farm program. f I think the U.S. security interest is not Let me conclude by saying that one clear. THE SITUATION IN KOSOVO of the most significant choices we will I think it is incumbent on the Presi- make, in addition to those I have de- Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I dent to come to Congress, before he scribed, will be the issue of the broad rise today to talk about the situation takes any military action in Kosovo, to choices of what we are able to do with in Kosovo. We have been watching this lay out the case and to get congres- the future surplus. One of the major situation unfold for days, actually sional approval. What would he tell choices will be to determine whether months—actually, you could say thou- Congress? First of all, before we put there will be reserves left from that sands of years. But it is coming to a one American in harm’s way, I want to surplus to invest in Social Security head in the very near future, perhaps know: What is the intention here? and to protect Medicare. I am espe- in hours. As I speak today, Richard What is the commitment? What hap- cially concerned with the issue of Holbrooke is talking to Slobodan pens in the eventuality that Mr. Medicare, which is the major issue that Milosevic and trying to encourage him Milosevic does not respond to bombing, represents the difference between the to come to the peace table. I hope he is that he declares he is going to go for- two budget resolutions that will be successful, and I know every American ward without responding to an inter- brought to the floor of the Senate. hopes that he is successful. But what I vention in his country? What do we do That, I think, will be an aggressive think we must talk about today is then? Do we send ground troops in to and healthy debate and an appropriate what happens if he is not. force him to come to the peace table? one. What happens if Mr. Milosevic says, And if we did, could we consider that is There are those who stood on this ‘‘No, I am not going to allow foreign really a peace? What if NATO decides floor some 35 or so years ago and said troops in my country,’’ and if he says to strike and an American plane is shot that the Medicare Program would he is going to move forward with what- down? What if there is an American make sense for this country for senior ever he intends to do in the governance POW? What then? What is our commit- citizens who had no health care. They of that country? I think we have to ment then? found that insurance companies were step back and look at the situation and My concern here is that the adminis- not lining up to ask if they can insure the dilemma which we face, because tration has not looked at the third, older folks. They didn’t run around there is no question, this is not an easy fourth, and fifth steps in a plan. They looking for older folks to insure, be- decision. What comes next? have only addressed step 1, which is, we cause old folks aren’t the kind of peo- Basically, the President has com- are going to bomb because they will ple you make money from. You insure mitted the United States to a policy in not come to the peace table and accept young, healthy people, and make NATO to which he really does not have the agreement that we have hammered money from those folks. the authority to commit. The con- out. I just say, before we go bombing Sixty percent of the senior citizens of sequences are that we have to make a sovereign nations, we ought to have a this country had no health insurance, decision that would appear to walk plan. We ought to know what steps 3, 4, and we passed Medicare over the objec- away from the commitment he made and 5 are, because I believe Congress tions of many. Now, 99 percent of the without coming to Congress, and that has a right to know what this commit- senior citizens in this country have is not a good situation. I do not like ment is. How many people from the health care. They don’t go to bed at having to make such a choice, because United States of America are going to night worried about whether their I want our word to be good. When the be put in harm’s way? What is it going health circumstance will change in a United States speaks, I want our word to cost and where is the money going way that will cause them very substan- to be good. Whether it is to our ally or to come from? Is it going to come from tial trouble because they won’t have to our enemy, they need to know what other defense accounts, so other places the money to deal with their health we say we will do. in the world where we have troops are

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3040 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 put at risk? Is it going to come at the volve yourselves, to extricate yourself ation that I can’t remember us ever risk of our Strategic Defense Initia- when there is no clear policy. having before; that is, to take an af- tive? Just where is the money going to That is why so many of us in Con- firmative military action against a come from? Most of all, most impor- gress are concerned and why we realize sovereign nation that has not com- tant of all, what is the mission? How the dilemma. We understand that this mitted a security threat to the United much are we going to be required to do is not an easy black and white deci- States. Before we would sit back and and what is the timetable? sion. We are talking about a commit- let the President do that, I cannot in Mr. President, I would support a plan ment that the President has made. I do good conscience say, well, he has made that would say when the two parties not like stepping in and saying that we the commitment, even though he come to a real peace agreement, we shouldn’t keep a commitment the didn’t have the right to do it, so we would put our troops, along with our President has made. Overriding that have got to let him go forward. Per- European allies in NATO, together in a great concern is the consequence of not haps if we aren’t lucky and if Milosevic peacekeeping mission of a short dura- requiring the President to have a plan does not come to the table, we would tion which would make sure that and a policy that will set a precedent have more and more and more respon- things settle down until we could have for the future. I think we could explain sibilities because of the potential con- others rotate in and take our place. I it by sitting down with our European sequences that could occur if he does would support a plan that went that allies and saying, first of all, if we are not come to the table. far. going to change the mission of NATO, We must know what those con- I would also support a plan of helping this must be fully debated and fully ac- sequences are and what we are pre- the Kosovars, but without putting cepted by every member of NATO with- pared to do in the eventuality that an American troops in harm’s way. You in their own constitutional framework. American plane is shot down, that we know, the difference between the Clin- If we are going to turn NATO from a have an American prisoner on the ton doctrine and the Reagan doctrine defense alliance into an affirmative ground or that we bomb and bomb and is that President Reagan would support war-making machine, I think we need bomb and bomb and he still does not do freedom fighters with arms, with mon- to talk about it. what we have asked him to do. We have etary contributions, with intel- I will support some affirmative ac- to determine what we do in that even- ligence—many, many forms of support tion on the part of NATO, if we are tuality. I certainly hope that we will for freedom fighters—but he would able to determine exactly what would consult with the Russians so that this never put a U.S. military person in the trigger that and not go off on one mis- war does not escalate into something middle of a civil war. He would help, sion without having a precedent for a that we haven’t thought about. If Rus- but he would not make that commit- different mission and, therefore, cre- sia decides to step in on the side of Ser- ment. ating expectations among more and bia, we could have grief beyond what Under the Reagan doctrine, there- more people that we will step in to de- anyone is saying right now. fore, we could help Afghan rebels and fend the autonomy of a country such as I hope the President will work with Nicaraguan freedom fighters. At the Kosovo or Bosnia. We must not allow Congress to fashion a new mission for same time, we could also continue to the expectations to be such that we are NATO that will have the full support of remain strong in Europe and Asia be- drawn into every conflict, because we Congress and the American people. I cause we could allocate our resources will not be able to survive with the believe we could do that, because I and we would not drain our resources strength that we must have when only don’t think we are far apart at all. We in small civil conflicts in chosen places the United States will be the one cannot do it on an ad hoc basis. We around the world. standing between a real attack from a cannot all of a sudden attack another What bothers me about what has ballistic missile or a nuclear warhead country on an ad hoc basis and call been happening in the last 3 or 4 years or an invasion of another country that a policy. is that we have been putting troops where we do have a strategic interest. I hope the President will come to- into civil conflicts in certain parts of We cannot allow there to be so many gether with Congress and have hear- the world but not all parts of the questions because there is so little pol- ings. Let’s hear from the American world. So every time we do it, it makes icy. That is the responsibility of Con- people on just what they believe is the the decision not to do it somewhere gress, to work with the President. role of the United States. Let’s hear else a little harder. We practically in- We will work together. Congress will from Congress about what our commit- vaded Haiti and we still have 500 troops work with the President to hammer ments should be and what is a ready di- in Haiti today. We had 18 Army Rang- out a new mission for NATO. We will vision of responsibility for keeping the ers killed in Somalia in a mission that always do our fair share in the world. world as safe as we can make it, given was ill-defined and was actually mis- We will never walk away from that. We that 30 countries have ballistic missile sion creep. The original mission of have to determine what is our fair technology, some of whom are rogue feeding starving people had been ac- share, what is our allocation. I submit nations. Let us step back with our Eu- complished, but we didn’t leave. We de- that the United States will always be ropean allies and determine if this is cided to capture a warlord, something the leader in technology, and we will the right decision to make, or are there our military is not trained to do and, create a ballistic missile defense that other ways that we could be helpful to therefore, the miscalculation cost us will shield not only the United States the Kosovar Albanians. the lives of 18 great young Americans. and our troops wherever they may be I remember hour after hour after We have inserted ourselves into in any theater in the world, but we also hour, over a 2-year period, talking places like Haiti, Somalia and Bosnia, will protect our allies, if we have the about letting the Muslims have a fair but we have not inserted ourselves into strength to go forward. We will not fight in Bosnia, because they didn’t Algeria, where there are just as many have the strength to go forward if we have arms when two of their adver- atrocities as there have been in any continue to spend $3 and $4 billion a saries did. We never took that step. place in the Balkans. We have not in- year on conflicts that do not rise to the Now there is a cease-fire in Bosnia, but serted ourselves into Turkey, where level of a U.S. security interest. there are also many years to go before there is mistreatment of the Kurds. We We must be able to choose where we we will know what the cost is and if it aren’t getting involved in the Basque spend our defense dollars so that we can be lasting, because today, Bosnia is separatist movement in Spain. We will all be protected, ourselves and our still as ethnically divided as it ever didn’t step into Iran when the Aya- allies, from a rogue nation with a bal- was because it is not safe for the refu- tollah took over from the Shah and listic missile capability that can put a gees to move back in. was assassinating almost every mili- chemical or biological or nuclear war- One can say there is disagreement on tary leader that couldn’t get out of the head on it and undermine the integrity just how successful was the Bosnian country, plus the religious minorities of people living in our country. mission. We do not see fighting, but that were still there and their leader- Mr. President, the consequences are NATO has just toppled a duly elected ship. It is very difficult, when you start too great for us to sit back and let the president of one of the provinces. It is choosing where you are going to in- President commit U.S. forces in a situ- pretty hard to understand. I think it is

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3041 tenuous that we would go in and forc- will again as we face the crisis today I, too, think consultation on these ibly remove an elected president while that could have very long-term con- matters is required. Also required is a we are touting democratic ideals. sequences for our country and for every significant and robust debate about ex- There was a way to go into Bosnia, one of our young men and women in actly what is in this country’s national but Kosovo is very different. Kosovo is the field wearing the uniform of the interest. The Senator from Texas has a civil war in a sovereign nation. There United States of America. Their lives been very consistent on raising these are atrocities. There have been atroc- are worth a debate and a policy, and questions over a long period of time. ities on both sides. We are picking one that is what we are going to try to give However, it bothers me some that the side, and we are doing it without a vote them in the next 24 hours. timing of this particular amendment of Congress. I do not think we can do I thank the Chair. I yield the floor. comes at exactly the moment that it. I do not think the President has the Mr. DORGAN addressed the Chair. there are these discussions today in right to declare war, and under the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Belgrade with President Milosevic Constitution, he certainly does not. ator from North Dakota. about the consequences of continuing And under the War Powers Act, it Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I lis- to do what he is doing. Obviously, any- takes an emergency. This is not an tened to the Senator from Texas and, I body has a right to offer any amend- emergency. We are not being attacked. must say, there are many Members of ment. But I was, frankly, surprised to United States troops are not in harm’s the Senate who have concerns about a see the amendment that has been of- way at this point. range of these issues. But I will also fered as a second-degree amendment. I say that one of my concerns is that as We can take the time to talk about understand that there will be a vote on sensitive negotiations occur in Bel- it, and the consequences are so great I a cloture motion tomorrow at 2:15 on grade today with Mr. Holbrooke and think it is worth the time to set a pol- this second-degree amendment. And others, a resolution that says ‘‘The icy that allows us to have some con- this is a very difficult time for us to be United States national security inter- tinuity for the next 25 years, so that essentially sending this message to Mr. ests in Kosovo do not rise to a level our enemies and our allies will know Milosevic. that warrants military operations’’ what the greatest superpower in the Mrs. HUTCHISON. Will the Senator seems not to be the best of timing. world is going to do and they will not yield? I understand all the points the Sen- have to guess. Mr. DORGAN. I am happy to yield to ator made. As she knows, we have had Mr. President, it is a dilemma, and I the Senator from Texas. realize it is. I do not feel comfortable some discussions about NATO in the Mrs. HUTCHISON. I just say to the past. I am someone who voted against with the choice. I do not feel com- Senator from North Dakota that I un- expanding NATO for a number of rea- fortable at a time when we have gone derstand the concern about timing. sons. But NATO does exist. This coun- out on a limb, through our President And I could not agree with him more try is a part of NATO, and NATO has who made a commitment for us, even about the timing. But I will just point indicated to Mr. Milosevic that there though we were not part of it. Never- out that the amendment I offered was are consequences to his actions. The theless, I would like to give the Presi- actually offered early last week as an actions he has taken obviously include dent that support, but it is worth it to amendment that I thought should be the slaughter of innocent civilians. take the time and do it right and ask I am troubled, I guess, by having a considered in a supplemental appro- the President to come forward to give resolution on the floor of the Senate at priations bill because, of course, it will us his plan, to tell us what happens this moment. There will be a time and require a supplemental appropriation. when American troops are prisoners of should be a time for a robust and ag- As you know, after the bill was laid war or on the ground or shot down. We gressive discussion about what exactly down and other amendments were con- need to know what we would do in that is in our national security interest. sidered, this second-degree amendment eventuality before we send them there. I was someone who was nervous was put on Friday. And now so much That is the least that we can expect. about Bosnia. I would characterize the has happened in the last 48 hours that I hope we can debate this resolution. circumstances in Bosnia differently the timing is not perfect; there is no I hope people will give their views. I than the Senator from Texas did. There question about it. have heard great debates already on it, is not just a cease-fire there, there is a I just say to the Senator from North not on the Senate floor, though. The peace agreement in Bosnia, and this Dakota that we have been trying to time has come for us to have this de- country went to Bosnia as a peace- talk about this for quite a while. And bate, and let’s vote up or down. There keeper, not a peacemaker. We did not the House took up an amendment 2 will be people voting on both sides in send American troops into Bosnia to weeks ago that now is totally obsolete, good conscience, seeing it a different create a peace that did not exist. We because the Serbs have refused to come way but with the same goal. So let’s sent American troops in as part of a to the table. So I concede that the tim- have that debate. Let’s do it right. NATO contingent in Bosnia to keep a ing is bad, but I do not know when it Let’s don’t haul off bombing an inde- peace that already existed. Those of us gets better. We certainly are not going pendent nation before the Senate and who were watching what happened in to influence Mr. Milosevic right this the House of Representatives has a Bosnia understood genocide was occur- minute in that Mr. Holbrooke is talk- plan and approves it or disapproves it. ring in that area. We got involved ing to him right this minute. That is what our Founding Fathers in- through NATO. Frankly, it has worked But I do think that we have to have tended when they wrote the Constitu- to this point in a manner that has un- this debate, because if we do start an tion, and it is more appropriate today doubtedly saved the lives of many in action before we have had this debate, than ever. that region. and before the American people fully I hope we will do that, because then The Kosovo issue is, in many ways, understand what the issues are and can the American people will know what is as difficult and perhaps more difficult, weigh in, I do not think that would be going on and they will support it or not and I do not know that airstrikes will acceptable, particularly if it is a long- support it. If we are going to have a have any impact at all. I honestly do term commitment. So I do not disagree long-term commitment, which I hope not know. The Senator from Texas in- at all with what seems to be very bad we do not, but if we do, at least it will dicates that the President should con- timing. I just do not know when it gets be with the support of Congress as sult with Congress, and she is abso- better. Desert Storm was. That was a tough lutely correct about that. I know that Mr. DORGAN. If I might reclaim my debate. People spoke from the heart on there was a meeting on Friday. I was time, the timing here is more than both sides. They took a vote, and Con- invited to a meeting at the White ‘‘less than perfect,’’ as the Senator sug- gress supported the President going House on Friday, as were a number of gested. If I were involved in negotia- into Desert Storm. That is the way it my colleagues. I believe a bipartisan tions this afternoon in Belgrade with should be, Mr. President. That is the group of Members of Congress were at Mr. Milosevic, the Lott amendment way it should be under our Constitu- the White House on Friday when the would be of great concern to me, be- tion, under our democracy. That is the President discussed the circumstances cause I would expect that someone sit- way our Government works. I hope it in Kosovo. ting across the table from me would

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3042 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 say, ‘‘Well, you are offering threats of that if the situation is not contained I say to my friend, the Presiding Offi- airstrikes, but I can tell you that at there, it will spread very quickly and cer and former Governor of Ohio, the this moment there is legislation pend- we will have a very substantial, broad- truth of the matter is the world has ing in the U.S. Senate to prohibit those er problem on our hands in Europe. My changed so fundamentally that this very strikes you’re suggesting rep- colleague from Delaware is waiting to calculus of what the last step will be is resent the threat to me.’’ speak. He knows a lot more about no longer relevant, especially if we try I only say that I wish at this point these issues and has been involved with to answer it before the first step is we could have found a way—or could them much longer than the combined taken. It leads to a policy of paralysis. still find a way—to have the kind of de- service of myself and the Senator from I remember arguing then with a man bate about what is in the national se- Texas. I had great admiration for then and do curity interest, what is the role of But I think all of us are probably now, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs NATO, all of the kinds of discussions nervous about these issues. We do not of Staff, Gen. Colin Powell. I remember that the Senator suggests. Clearly, know exactly what the right approach him making the argument that unless those are discussions we should and might be. I only rose today to say that we could submit front-end to put will have. But I rose simply to say I I am concerned about the timing of 300,000 troops in Bosnia, then we think the timing of this amendment this debate. Just this afternoon sen- shouldn’t put anybody in there. My ar- detracts from the ability of our nego- sitive negotiations are occurring in gument was then and it is now that tiators to express the threat of NATO Belgrade with Mr. Milosevic. I hope Mr. that thinking is an absolute policy for action. Milosevic will hear at least one voice paralysis. I guarantee you that the If I were negotiating for our side, de- coming from this Congress, perhaps world we are entering in the 21st cen- bating this amendment is probably the many voices, saying that the slaughter tury doesn’t lend itself to that kind of last sort of thing I would want to see in that region of the world must stop— calculus. happen, because I don’t think it serves one way or the other. When there were two superpowers our negotiating interests. With that point, let me yield the and we decided whether or not to go I do not say that personally in terms floor. I know my colleague, Senator into Czechoslovakia when the Prague of anybody who offered this. The Sen- BIDEN, is waiting to speak. Spring was crushed, or when we de- ator from Texas indicated that she in- Mr. President, I yield the floor. cided whether or not we were going to The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- troduced this discussion in the Appro- invade the counteroffensive in Hungary ator from Delaware. priations Committee, of which I am a when the Russian tanks rolled in, the Mr. BIDEN. I thank my friend. calculus then was pretty clear. We member. She is correct about that. But I want to begin by saying to Senator this most recent amendment was laid could say if we responded, then there HUTCHISON, I think she is performing a was a likely probability the Soviet down, I believe, Friday, and a cloture valuable service. This debate needs to motion filed on Friday; and that is Union would respond to our response, be undertaken. She and I have had very and there would be a likely possibility what I am concerned about. different views on the Balkans from Mrs. HUTCHISON. The Senator is this would lead to World War III. the very outset. She, along with a ma- It was a reasonable calculus. We correct, it was laid down Friday. But jority of my colleagues, 3, 4, 5, 6 years this amendment does not prohibit the could do a cost-benefit analysis and ago, told me that bombing would not ask if the cost of involvement was airstrikes. It just says that we must work in Bosnia and we should not be worth the possible payoff. And we do come to Congress first, that the Presi- involved in Bosnia and they asked, this balance, this calculus. We did this dent must come to Congress and ‘‘Why are we getting involved?’’ They under Democrats and Republicans for present a full plan first. And I think were legitimate, real questions. And 50 years and did it pretty darn well. In- that is warranted before this type of she could have turned out to be as deed, we won the cold war. action would be taken in this very un- right, though I think she and others We are dealing with a different world usual circumstance. have proved to be wrong. now. We are not dealing with a group But as the Senator said, it is coming No one knew then. I could not answer of people who are essentially cautious, to a head very quickly. This amend- some of those questions then. I could who are part of a great empire, and ment was offered last week. The sec- not answer in 1992, when I came back who had scores of divisions along the ond-degree was also offered last week. from Bosnia and there was the report Fulda Gap ready to roll into Western So we are trying to have a clear plan, about what was happening in death Europe if, in fact, war broke out. We certainly, before we get into a situa- camps, about the support of Milosevic are dealing now with a group of tin- tion which could be very long term, across the Drina, with the VJ involved armed dictators—malevolent, dan- with very dire consequences. And I with the Serbs in Bosnia. I could not gerous dictators. think the full debate is what we are prove or convince people that there In Iraq we are dealing with a man looking for, not necessarily a cutoff, were massive massacres that had taken named Saddam Hussein. I heard when I but certainly having all the facts be- place and would be taking place. I urged, along with others, that we fore us before we make such an impor- could not convince anyone—either should bomb Saddam Hussein, ‘‘If you tant decision. NATO or the President initially—that bomb Saddam Hussein, what is the sec- Mr. DORGAN. I would just point out, the longer we waited, the more the sit- ond, third, fourth and fifth step you are sending American men and women into uation would deteriorate, and the hard- likely to take?’’ We couldn’t say then harm’s way is something I think no er it would be to put back together. because these guys don’t operate under President wants to do. We’ve had ill- But the question I was always asked the same rational basis that we do. fated incursions and actions taken by then is the one I am asked now as a They are cunning. They are smart. But Republican Presidents and Democratic vocal supporter of using force, along they have fewer cards to play, and Presidents alike. The perfection of for- with NATO, to bomb Milosevic; and their cards are less obvious. eign policy is not the province of any that is, people say to me now, ‘‘Well, I approach things a little differently one party. BIDEN, tell me what the last step is. these days. I have been a Senator for 27 I was sitting here—the Senator from You tell me the first step now. Tell me years, and I have been involved in for- Texas was talking about President what the last step is. You’ve got to eign policy, deeply involved, for the Reagan—and I was recalling that I was have an end game here, BIDEN. If you’re bulk of that time here. I approach it in Congress when Americans in Beirut talking to the President of committing this way now: Do we know what will were killed by a truck bomb. There to a lift-and-strike policy in Bosnia’’— happen if there is inaction? What hap- have been a lot of circumstances where that was 6 years ago, or more than that pens if we don’t act? we had to learn exactly how and when now, 7 years ago—‘‘you’ve got to be In Iraq, if we don’t act, we know for we involve ourselves. It is a lesson that able to tell us, if you lift the embargo certain Saddam Hussein acquires weap- is very hard to learn. and you engage in airstrikes, what hap- ons of mass destruction. We know this The folks who feel very strongly pens?’’ The following are the contin- because he has used poison gas before. about American and NATO involve- gencies—if you list them, they are all We know he has used chemical weap- ment in Kosovo will make the case reasonable questions. ons. We know he has invaded other

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3043 countries. We know that he has been critics. But it is a healthy, long-term Then, the Wednesday before, I was at willing to sacrifice tens of thousands of debate. a St. Patrick’s Day function where we his people in a war with Iran. So we My friend asks whether or not I raised money for a fund in the name of know where this guy is likely to go if would be happy to yield for questions. a deceased mayor, and a very intel- we do nothing. I am always happy to yield for ques- ligent fellow, a graduate of Annapolis We have a different calculus now. In tions from the Senator from Pennsyl- named Healy, a premiere builder in our a superpower world, the calculus in- vania. I am not always able to answer State, said, ‘‘JOE, I’m a Republican’’— volved fairly cautious actors. We did them, but if he has a question, I am I hope I am not going to get him in not have Russian troops invading Latin happy to yield. trouble—‘‘but I’ve been liking you for a America. We did not have Russian Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, I while. JOE, for God’s sake, don’t go troops, in the wake of the Cuban mis- broach this subject gingerly, as we down this bombing route.’’ Then I sile crisis, storming into Cuba. We did have shared many hours together on started to explain some things to him not have Russians looking for opportu- the train ride from Washington to Wil- and didn’t change his mind, but he nities to have a Russian soldier con- mington, where he departs. He should said, ‘‘I didn’t know that.’’ fronting an American soldier. It was a go to Philadelphia, but he gets off at Wilmington. I sent the Senator a note, These are two illustrations, and I pretty cautious group of folks we dealt think you could probably canvas the with. Dangerous, bad, an evil empire, as he was in the middle of his discourse and I would not want to interrupt him gallery here and ask them how much but pretty cautious. they have heard about Kosovo and How about today? What is the down- if he chose to proceed with the line he had. However, there are a number of what do they know, and whether they side of not acting? I will argue in a mo- believe what we are apparently about ment that it is immense. It is immense subjects that I think would be useful to discuss with the distinguished Senator to undertake makes any sense. The and it is clear, as clear as anything you very sure answer to your short ques- can prognosticate in international af- from Delaware because he and I have discussed foreign policy, as well as tion is that, no, the public is not suffi- fairs. ciently informed. We must remember that we are a Eu- many other subjects, on many occa- ropean power. Whenever I am asked sions. We have agreed on many sub- At our recent meeting at the White why we would consider keeping 4,000– jects—not always—and on many of our House, you will recall that I, and I 7,000 troops in Bosnia to protect 100,000 judgments. think the Senator from Pennsylvania people from being massacred, I respond The first subject that is on my mind and others, stood up repeatedly and by saying that for 54 years we have is on the use of force in Kosovo. Spe- said, ‘‘Mr. President, ultimately, you cifically, the level of public under- kept as many as 365,000 troops in Eu- must educate the public.’’ The Presi- standing and support which is present rope to prevent the subjugation of peo- dent told us that in his first news con- at the moment. Senator BIDEN and I, ple. We now have 100,000 soldiers cur- ference he was going to lead with along with 29 others, attended a meet- rently deployed in that theater. Why is Kosovo. ing in the Oval Office on Friday to dis- the idea of using 2,000–4,000 of them to cuss the situation in Kosovo. The gen- But I have said to him and to the na- keep people of Kosovo from being sub- eral concern uniformly present, was tional security adviser, as well, that I jugated and massacred such a radical the level of public understanding of believe the President has to address intellectual breakthrough? this issue and the level of public sup- the Nation. I think the President Were the United States of America port, and the question of how much should go on television at prime time, not deeply involved in the affairs of public support we needed in order to and take a half hour and literally, with Europe, how many in this Chamber undertake these airstrikes. That would a map and a pointer, sit there and say: think Europe would be able to avoid be the first subject on which I would be This is Kosovo, this is why it is impor- the instability that has characterized very interested in the views of the Sen- tant, this is what happens if we don’t it for 300 years? Who is going to step to ator from Delaware. act. When we act, if we do, we think we the fore? France? England? Germany? Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I will be will bring about the following result. They are all great nations, all great al- happy to respond. American forces probably will be lies, but they suffer from disabilities I think the Senator and I agree that killed, but possibly not. None were in we do not. They have lived on the con- there has hardly been any public Bosnia, but this is a much more sophis- tinent for an eternity. They have old knowledge or discussion of Kosovo. One ticated air defense system in posses- and deep animosities and differences of the reasons I am speaking on this sion of the VJ. They are much more so- and allegiances. All of Europe has a matter is that I feel obliged to lay out phisticated militarily than we faced history of dealing with Serbs and Mos- the background on this issue: what is anywhere with a bombing campaign in lems, Albanians, Kosovars, Bosniacs, going on, what is at stake, why we Bosnia, and it is possible that Amer- Croats, and it affects significantly must act, and the consequences of our ican forces will be hurt. their latitude. action. I agree with what is implicit in Mr. SPECTER. If the Senator would What might happen were America to the Senator’s question: The American yield for a follow-up question, when the leave? Ask the French whether they public has not been given sufficient Senator from Delaware spoke at the would like to see us pull up stakes and facts to allow them to be informed as meeting last Friday, he referred to the leave Europe, bring the boys and the to whether or not the course of action issue of the likelihood of casualties. women home. Ask anyone who has the President wants to take is, in fact, When I had an opportunity to speak, I spent a lot of time dealing with Euro- wise. did, too. We both made the same point, pean affairs what happens if the United I was telling my staff as I walked although you made yours with more States disengages. over here that, this weekend, I came emphasis, which is not As a student of history and a partici- out of a 5 o’clock mass, and a friend of uncharacteristic. pant in history, I ask whether America mine—a very informed fellow, who is, I has ever been able to keep its distance think, a supporter—pulled me aside on I suggested to the President—— from an unstable Europe. Lucky Lind- the steps of the church and said, ‘‘JOE, Mr. BIDEN. I will take that as a com- bergh thought it was a good idea. A lot look, you may be right, and I tend to pliment. of other people who were more deeply trust your judgment in foreign policy; Mr. SPECTER. It is a compliment. involved in the conduct of foreign af- but I have tried my best to read every- fairs thought it was a good idea. This thing I could.’’ I listened, and he used I suggested to the President that he questions represents an historic isola- this phrase: ‘‘I listen to MacNeil/Lehrer be very direct on the problems and the tionism versus internationalism debate Newshour every night, and I am wait- risks, because if there is to be public we have had in this country for over 200 ing to hear somebody explain to me understanding, the public ought to be years. Internationalists are character- this deal in Kosovo. I know you spent a informed about the risks. ized as adventuresome by their critics, lot of time, JOE, on the Bosnia thing, When the Senator from Delaware and isolationists are characterized as but isn’t this different? Explain it to spoke, and he has repeated it today so narrow and self-interested by their me.’’ it is not something I am telling out of

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3044 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 a quasi-private meeting, he used the strikes against the Federal Republic of ration and some discussion between word ‘‘probably,’’ as opposed to the Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro, not only the Senator from Delaware word ‘‘possibly.’’ The Senator and oth- pursuant to a decision of the North At- and myself but others in this not to- ers including myself all emphasized the lantic Council Treaty Organization in tally filled Chamber. point that there had to be public order to achieve the objectives in sec- When the Senator from Delaware re- awareness as to what was going on in tion 2.’’ fers to the pending amendment offered Kosovo. Through my resolution, I want us to by the Senator from Texas, Mrs. The President has made a start. He step right up to our constitutional task HUTCHISON, and the second-degree led off his news conference with the of deciding whether or not to authorize amendment offered by the Senator topic, but he did not give a 30-minute the use of force. from New Hampshire, Senator SMITH, I speech in detail. That would be a short I am the guy, by the way, who, in a believe the Senator from Delaware will speech considering the complexity of very contentious meeting with Presi- be interested to know that the major- this subject. This which raises the dent Bush, insisted that we have hear- ity leader had looked for an approach question as to what is the level of pub- ings in the Foreign Relations Com- where a substitute might be offered by lic understanding, which I think is a mittee on a resolution for the use of the leader of the Democrats and where very important factor in letting me go force in the Persian Gulf war. I believe a substitute might be offered by Sen- to a second subject, if I may. that is a congressional prerogative. ator LOTT. The first part of this is hypothetical. One might argue that the President It may well be that Senator LOTT If the President knew he would get an doesn’t need congressional authoriza- would be interested and perhaps agree- affirmative vote in a resolution from tion. I think he does. In my view, a able—obviously, I cannot speak for Congress on the use of force in Kosovo President is always better equipped Senator LOTT —to having the Biden would he be wise to seek it? Would it and better advised to go into a risky amendment proposed as he has articu- strengthen his hand to have an affirm- operation if the American people know lated. There might be an agreement by ative vote? I, as the Senator from Dela- what is at stake. the majority leader, which I would cer- ware, do not like to deal with My experience, Mr. President, is that tainly endorse, to have an up-down hypotheticals, but we have to on some Senators and Congressmen do not like vote without a two-stage procedure and occasions. So I ask my colleague about to be counted. Keep in mind that I have without having to go to a cloture vote. his view as to whether the President been here for six Presidents. We in Con- For the people who are watching on would welcome an affirmative vote if gress don’t like to be counted on issues C-SPAN II, a cloture vote means that he knew he would get one, and would of war and peace—Democrats or Repub- there would be a vote to try and limit his hand be strengthened if he had con- licans—because if, in fact, the risky the debate. It requires a supermajority gressional authorization before he took business the President wishes to under- of 60. This would enable us to vote on military action. take succeeds, we all want to be able to the resolution, however it is articu- Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I will re- say, ‘‘Good idea, Mr. President. I was lated. spond by saying two things. I will an- with you.’’ If it fails, Congress wants There are three items on which I swer the second part of his question the luxury of saying, ‘‘I told him. He would like the response of the Senator first, which is very easy. Clearly, his never should have done that. Bad from Delaware. Let me name them and hand would be strengthened if he had idea.’’ then come back to the one. Let me one. I came out of the so-called Vietnam name them in inverse order. Second, the first part of the question: war generation. The only thing most Should we have the vote strictly on a Would President support it? everybody in my generation can agree resolution without a two-step proce- I also said in my statement to the on is that a foreign policy of this great dure, as the Senator from Delaware ar- President and our colleagues that I be- nation cannot be sustained very long ticulates it? lieve the Congress should—should—be without the informed consent of the Question No. 2: What are the consid- confronted with a specific piece of leg- American people. erations? islation authorizing the use of force. I Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, if the What is the argument that he doesn’t think it is constitutionally wise and Senator will yield again, first, I can have to come to Congress, that we are politically necessary that be done. confirm the contentious meeting. In not implicating a constitutional re- Mr. President, such a congressional fact, I can confirm that the Senator quirement for congressional authoriza- vote will spark the very debate on this from Delaware was present in many tion to undertake this military action, floor that I think is needed to further contentious meetings, not only with if it is an act of war? inform the American public about what President Bush but others. Those were Let me deal with the most immediate is at stake. the meetings where some light was question; that is this business of a clo- By the way, I called the White House shed. ture vote. I am, frankly, a little sur- after we had our meeting with the I was interested to note the prised to see the necessity to go to a President and reiterated that I hoped generational difference by the Senator cloture vote, although I do not ques- he would send up a resolution. He did from Delaware, and he indeed associ- tion anybody who seeks to. I really do not. So I wrote one. I was prepared to ated himself with the Vietnam war. I question this particular cloture vote. It attempt to amend Senator HUTCHISON’s would choose to associate myself with might be something that is worth dis- amendment. But, in the meantime, as the Persian Gulf war. cussing, whether it is appropriate to is his prerogative, the majority leader Mr. BIDEN. I think that is appro- have a filibuster over the issue of the came in and offered a second-degree priate. use of force. A matter of this mag- amendment to Senator HUTCHISON’s. So Mr. SPECTER. I don’t want to move nitude which involves a Constitutional I now have no ability to amend her to a generation older. I would like to authority, separation of powers, a pro- amendment. move to a generation younger. vision of the Constitution of which I am told that we are going to vote When my colleague talked about sub- there is none any more important. on cloture. If we get cloture—and I mitting a resolution, he was very art- So let me specify the question for the hope we will get cloture—then there ful, as he always is. He said it will be consideration of the Senator. Is it ap- will be an up-or-down vote on the Lott- constitutionally wise and politically propriate for a filibuster to be staged Smith amendment. That amendment necessary. Then he moved on to say to bar the Senate from voting on says that the President can’t take any that he believes the President has a whether to authorize or deny the Presi- action in Yugoslavia until funds are constitutional duty, although an argu- dent authority to use force? authorized. I would prefer having an ment could be made on the other side. Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, let me be up-or-down vote on that notion. As usual, the Senator from Delaware precise. It is legally permissible but My resolution says, ‘‘The President anticipated the next line of inquiry as unwise. Let me explain what I mean. is authorized to use the United States to whether this military action is an I think the reason for the cloture Armed Forces for the purposes of con- act of war. I believe this is a subject vote is not because the majority leader ducting air operations and missile which really could use some elabo- expects anyone to filibuster. It is a tool

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3045 that he has learned and has sharpened Mr. SPECTER. It may be we can I are friends because I am happy to and honed very well to gain control move ahead and structure a free- have his extended questions, because and maintain control of the agenda and standing resolution which has been dis- his questions always shed light on the provide for the inability of anyone to cussed, maybe two resolutions, one by subject. amend whatever he wishes us to vote Senator DASCHLE on behalf of the I agree with everything he said so on. That is what this is about. Democrats, one by Senator LOTT on be- far. Let me be specific. When there is a This has nothing to do with anyone half of the Republicans, and vote. Republican President, the Republicans filibustering. Indeed, I have not heard a But let me come to the question that argue the President doesn’t need con- single person suggest a filibuster. It I think is by far the most important, gressional authority. When there is a has to do with the leader using, skill- which the Senator from Delaware had Democratic President, all of a sudden fully, as he does, the tools to be able to broached. That is the question about the Democrats support the President’s control the agenda of the Senate and whether there is a constitutional re- unilateral war-making power. determine what we will vote on, how quirement for congressional authoriza- Let me give you the argument that long we will debate, and if we will de- tion. could be made by scholars as to why bate. As I look at the proposed military ac- the President has the constitutional If the Lott-Smith amendment pre- tion, what has been described con- authority to act absent our approval. vails and is attached to the supple- stitutes an act of war. The Constitu- They would argue that our actions in mental, I predict that the entire sup- tion gives the President extensive au- Kosovo are not an act of war. But as plemental will fail. If that happens we thority, as Commander in Chief, but the Senator knows, the war clause does will never have any action on Kosovo gives the Congress the sole authority not require an act of war; it requires a or the supplemental for the near term. to involve the United States of Amer- use of force, a use of force that con- That is my guess. ica in war—to have a declaration of stitutes an offensive action. They There is some confusion in the war. That constitutional authority by would argue that this is defensive in House, because they thought, as the Congress has been very, very signifi- nature. Presidents do that all the time. President thought, that there would be cantly eroded. Remember why President Reagan in- Korea is perhaps the best example. I an agreement between the Kosovars vaded Grenada. To save medical stu- had occasion recently to pick up Mar- and the Serbs as a consequence of the dents. That was the reason. That was garet Truman’s biography on President meetings in France. They concluded the thin reed upon which he held his Truman and, seeing at least her that they should debate whether or not entire rationale, because everyone ac- version as to what President Truman we would place American forces on the knowledges that if it is an emergency faced in 1950, I wondered if the posi- ground, as offered by the President, if or it is to defend American citizens and tions I have taken have been correct. there was a peace agreement. their property, it could be done. But there is no peace agreement. So But I stand by them, that there ought In Kosovo, the argument could be someone introduced an amendment—a not to be the use of force without con- made that there are U.S. personnel on freestanding bill on the House side— gressional authorization. The use of the ground who would be in harm’s thinking they could pass a prohibition force was authorized prior to the Gulf way. If we do not take action, the on the use of any American forces to war in a historic debate which occurred roughly 40,000 Serbian troops near implement any peace agreement on this floor back on January 10, 11 and Pristina could threaten the small num- signed. That was voted down. 12 of 1991. ber of American forces in Macedonia. I Again, the public and a lot of our col- I agree with the distinguished Sen- can picture the argument being put to- leagues are not adequately informed on ator from Delaware when he says the gether by the President’s legal counsel. this. The headlines when the House Members of Congress like to avoid Because the Americans forces in Mac- voted were: House Supports Use of votes on these issues. We faced an im- edonia are now in jeopardy, there was a American Forces In Kosovo. That is minent airstrike last February in Iraq, requirement to act to save them. not quite true. The House said it would February of 1998, and we chose not to permit a deployment in a permissive decide the issue. At that time air- There also could be an argument environment. strikes were not made. In December of made that airpower would be used for Now we are going to vote in the Sen- 1998, the Congress had ample oppor- the purpose of protecting American ate on something completely different, tunity to decide the question about air- personnel in Belgrade. The President something that may produce a very strikes which did occur in mid-Decem- could argue that Milosevic, with a long ambiguous result. The Lott-Smith ber over Iraq. Again, the Congress de- history of genocidal acts and acts of amendment bars all funding for the cided not to take up the issue. When we brutality, is about to move on Amer- purpose of conducting military oper- took up the issue of use of force in 1991, ican personnel. That is the nature of ations by Armed Forces of the United it came in a very unusual procedure, the argument that could be made. States in Serbia and Montenegro. where the Senator from Iowa, Senator There is also an argument, which I What does that mean? Does that HARKIN, raised a procedural point the think is totally specious, that this mean that, under our Constitution, if day we swore in Senators who were qualifies as an emergency. The Found- this passes with the supermajority nec- elected or reelected in November of ing Fathers, in this Senator’s view, essary to overcome a sure presidential 1990, so we took up the question. clearly contemplated emergency situa- veto, that airstrikes are not permis- So my view—and I have expressed it tions where the President would have sible because bombs cost money and a number of times on this subject—is to use force. That is why they gave they are going to be dropped on parts that however the matter is resolved, it Congress the power to ‘‘declare’’ war of Serbia? I suspect it does. Rather ought to be resolved by the Congress. rather than ‘‘make’’ war. They did not than take such an ambiguous vote, we This subject has not really had the ap- want to tie the President’s hands in the should not shirk our responsibility propriate kind of discussion and de- context of an emergency. here. bate. Another argument being made, which Mr. SPECTER. Will the Senator yield So, I now ask the question in a spe- is not accurate but is made all the time for an additional question? cific form to the Senator from Dela- by people justifying Presidential ac- Mr. BIDEN. I sure will. ware. What are the arguments in favor tion in an area of making war or using Mr. SPECTER. The Senator has gone of the President’s position not to re- force, is that there are 200 years of through a discussion as to what Sen- quire congressional authority? Does precedent. They will list hundreds of ator LOTT may have intended by the the Senator from Delaware agree with times where American forces were used cloture motion, by the amendments the proposition that I have articulated, without prior congressional authoriza- pending, and by—as the Senator from that the Constitution does require Con- tion. It is a specious argument, in my Delaware characterizes it—our arcane gressional authority before military view, but it is one that has credibility procedure. force is used in bombing in Kosovo? only as a consequence of its repetition. Mr. BIDEN. I could be wrong, but Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, you can That is the other argument that will be that is my reading of it. tell the Senator from Pennsylvania and used.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3046 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 People will cite Libya. Did the Presi- clude logistical support in the theater. building up for days, weeks, and dent have a right to go in? I found Sen- If I were the President’s lawyer on this months, and where there has been ator HUTCHISON’s rendition of history one, I would say, Mr. President, don’t ample opportunity for the issue to be fascinating, because her memory of worry about this sucker passing. You considered by the Congress and where Reagan and my memory of Reagan are OK. You can work this one out. the President has not taken the case to were fundamentally different. I don’t You don’t have to fight Congress on the American people, and where debate mean it critically. I mean it factually. whether using force is constitutional. in the Senate only draws three Sen- She said Reagan never put American With this amendment, you can do what ators—we are honored the Senator forces in harm’s way. Well, hell, they you want. from Virginia, the chairman of the flew all the way from England, all the Thirdly, it excludes any measure nec- Armed Services Committee, has joined way across the Iberian Peninsula, and essary to defend forces against an im- us. bombed the living devil out of Libya. mediate threat. Well, I guarantee you I join what the Senator from Dela- Was that a declaration of war? Most the argument will be made that once ware has had to say about the debate Senators said it basically worked. It NATO decides to move, all those forces we had on the War Powers Act in 1983, cowed the Libyan dictator for a while, in Macedonia are in harm’s way. Not where I asked then-chairman of the and no American got hurt. only there, but American forces a little Foreign Relations Committee, Senator I cite that not to be critical of any- bit across the Drina River in Bosnia Percy, a series of questions as to thing President Reagan did, but to would also be in harm’s way. whether Korea was an act of war, or point out that we often hear the prece- I guarantee you that the argument Vietnam was an act of war, developing dence argument used. They say the will be made, if this were to become at that time a requirement for con- Congress didn’t do anything then. law, that the Lott amendment gives stitutional authorization. Therefore, that makes it constitu- the President the authority to bomb We then had a very spirited debate tional. Yet there is a seamless fabric to and use force. with the Senator from Virginia, the the Constitution. Action, no matter Mr. SPECTER. If the Senator will Senator from Delaware, the then-Sen- how often repeated, cannot make an yield on this point. ator from Georgia, Senator Nunn, and unconstitutional undertaking constitu- Mr. BIDEN. Sure. many others on January 10 and 11 in tional. That argument has been put Mr. SPECTER. When the Senator 1991. That is the kind of consideration forward by this administration and at goes over the sections, they are so we ought to have now. least six other Presidents. comprehensive as to make any prohibi- I believe it is possible we can articu- I might point out that the Lott pro- tion meaningless. late a resolution like the resolution of posal, the very thing we are going to Mr. BIDEN. I think so. the distinguished Senator from Dela- vote on, may also be unconstitutional. Mr. SPECTER. Which is one of the ware so you do not have the prohibi- It bars Defense Department funds for grave difficulties of having a resolution tion and all these exceptions clauses the purpose of conducting military op- which prohibits Presidential action, where we do not know what we are erations by the Armed Forces of the but tries to accommodate to some spe- talking about. If you have a resolution United States. The only exceptions to cial circumstance. In the articulation denying the use of funds and then ex- the funding restrictions are (1) intel- of the circumstances, it renders it ab- ceptions, it is totally unintelligible. ligence activities, including surveil- solutely meaningless and gives such If we have to delay the budget resolu- lance; (2) the provision of logistics sup- latitude to the President, which may tion, this matter is of sufficient impor- port; and (3) any measure necessary to well be more latitude than he has tance that we can do the budget resolu- defend U.S. Armed Forces against im- tion next week. We might impede upon under the Constitution. mediate threat. Note that this third I come back for purposes of a ques- the recess. We can get that done and exception would give the President the tion, which I am about to ask, what the have the kind of debate we need. excuse I just mentioned. I thank my colleague from Delaware Senator from Delaware has had to say So the Lott proposal is flawed in two for yielding and for the erudition which about the many occasions where force respects. First, as a constitutional he has brought to this subject, as he has been used, where acts of war have matter, it is unnecessary. The Con- teaches constitutional law and talks stitution already bars offensive mili- been undertaken. I agree totally that about this substantive matter to ac- tary action by the President unless it simply a recitation of those occasions quaint the American people as to what is congressionally authorized. If Con- does not establish a constitutional the constitutional law requires. I yield gress adopts the Lott amendment, it norm. One of the grave difficulties is back to him so he can go on with his would imply that the President has that as the Congress sits silent, the speech. I want to hear the substance as carte blanche to take offensive action Senate sits silent again and again and to why he thinks we ought to be under- anywhere unless Congress makes a spe- again. There has been such a total ero- taking these military strikes as a mat- cific statement to the contrary. sion of the constitutional requirement ter of national security, as a matter of We are telling the President he can’t that the Congress has the authority to national policy, as a matter of vital na- do something that the Constitution al- declare war. The situation as to emer- tional interest, especially in the con- ready says he can’t do. Then we build gency, which is used so frequently to text where he says that the American in exceptions, exceptions that give him justify Presidential action, is totally people are not really informed, they authority beyond what, in my view and absent here. are not really in a position to be sup- the view of most constitutional schol- This may be the clearest kind of case portive of this matter at this time. ars, he is entitled to as a matter of which we have seen where there has Mr. BIDEN. I thank the Senator. I constitutional law. been time for a Congress to deliberate, will respond—— Let me repeat the exceptions he to consider, and to act. I believe that Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I won- builds. The amendment provides for the missile strikes in December of 1998 der if I can interpose a question to both providing intelligence activities. As against Iraq should have required prior my colleagues. the Senator knows, that can involve congressional authorization. But an ar- Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I would be U.S. personnel. They may be all sitting gument can be made, tenuous as it is, delighted to do that, but I want to up in Rhein-Main Air Force Base, or that we are still operating under the warn anybody who comes to the floor, sitting in Italy. They may be on resolution for the use of force from I came to the floor to deliver what I AWACS aircraft at a distance that January of 1991. I think it is wrong, but thought to be, if not enlightened, a can’t be shot down. I do not know. It one can make that argument. comprehensive rationale for why I also could include spotters. It can in- When you talk about Libya, you may think we should act. I am happy to clude people on the ground. It could in- talk about the element of surprise, in- stay here as long as possible, and I am clude U.S. military aircraft flying in jecting some element of emergency. I happy to delay giving that speech, but Kosovo airspace, but not participating do not want to get involved as to as long as the Senator realizes that in the actual strikes. whether that is justifiable or not. But when we finish our discussion, it is Secondly, it provides for a provision if you take the present circumstance, going to take me 20 to 25 minutes to of logistical support. That could in- where the situation of Kosovo has been deliver this speech.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3047 One of the arguments here that no because he was in combat, because he not support the use of force by the U.S. one has laid out sufficiently—I am not was in the military and because he military together with our allies in sure I am capable of it—is why we knows, I suspect, what it feels like sit- this frightful situation in Kosovo? should do what the President is seek- ting there, figuratively speaking, Mr. BIDEN. Thank you. ing to do, why we should do what strapped in waiting for an order. Mr. President, let me begin my more NATO has voted to do, and why we I am always very reluctant to argue formal remarks by referring to the con- should be either for or against doing a position that may get somebody cluding remarks I made on this floor that. killed, may get somebody maimed, on October 14, 1998, immediately after We did discuss here a very important may get someone put in a prison camp. the agreement between Ambassador subject about whether or not it is con- And men like Senator KERREY, a Con- Holbrooke and the President of Yugo- stitutionally permissible to use force gressional Medal of Honor winner, and slavia, Slobodan Milosevic, was made absent congressional consent. Senator MCCAIN, who argued against public. All I am suggesting is that the Presi- my position for years on Bosnia—not I said at that time: dent and those of us who support the Kosovo; Bosnia—when men who are [W]e must never again allow racist thugs use of airpower in conjunction with brave like that, men like DANNY like Milosevic to carry out their outrages NATO should lay out why that action INOUYE, Senator CHAFEE, and Senator while the alliance dawdles. is in America’s interest. What are the HOLLINGS, my seatmate, when they Referring to the just concluded costs, what are the risks, what are the have questions about this, I take it agreement, I further stated: benefits, and why should we do it? very, very seriously. [W]e must brook no more opposition from Those who disagree with our position Mr. WARNER. If the Senator would Milosevic on its implementation. To use a should lay out in one place, where peo- allow me to make one clarification to domestic American term, we must adopt a ple can go to the RECORD, why they your statement. I want to make it policy of ‘‘zero tolerance’’ with [this] Yugo- think we should not do that. There are clear I said I served with others who slav bully. legitimate arguments in opposition be- were in combat. I was a ground officer Many of us had hoped that the mistakes that enabled the Bosnian horrors to take yond the constitutional arguments in who helped strap them in, who checked place would teach us a lesson. opposition to the use of force in their radios and their communications. Unfortunately, we have repeated many of Kosovo. Occasionally, I did get to ride along those errors and have thereby allowed As long as the Senator understands with them in a back seat, but I never Milosevic and his storm troopers to repeat that, I am happy to yield for questions. put myself in the combat category their atrocities in Kosovo. I do not want to keep him here to have with those brave men who, day after Twice is enough. There must not be a third to listen to my speech. When we con- day, were strapped in to fly combat. time. clude this colloquy, if I do not lose the But I lived with them, slept there in I do not cite that to suggest any air floor, I will be delivering that speech. the same tents, ate in the same mess, of erudition, Mr. President. I cite that I am happy to yield for a question. used to go up and observe what they to say my position—right or wrong— Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I am had to do. has been consistent since the day this going to take 11⁄2 minutes to pose a But let me tell you, I think we have agreement has been signed. question. to put ourselves in that cockpit right Mr. President, from the bottom of Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, the Sen- now as if we were qualified to be in my heart, I regret to report that there ator should take as much time as the combat and show that the Congress of has been a third time. There have been Senator wants. the United States wants to support more massacres, have been violations Mr. WARNER. Again, we all draw on them. I think that is absolutely essen- of the agreement, and both the mas- our experiences in life. I served over- tial. sacres and the violations are con- seas in Korea with an air unit, as a Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I did not tinuing as we speak; indeed, as I speak combat officer, I might say. Right now, mean to misrepresent. I have great re- at this moment. Let’s look at the dis- I am trying to put myself—and I hope spect for the Senator. I know he was graceful record. my colleagues put themselves—into a Secretary of the Navy. He also is more Everybody forgets that we are oper- cockpit and we are strapped in, as informed in a personal sense about ating in the context of Holbrooke- these young Americans are right now, this—not, I am reluctant to say, not Milosevic agreement, an agreement strapped in waiting for an order, which the issue; I think I am as informed as that has been signed on by our allies could come in the next hour. he is, or quite frankly, as anybody on and our friends. The President has been Having met with the President the the floor—but in terms of all that goes saying for the last month and a half other day with my two colleagues here into a young man’s or woman’s head as that if Milosevic does not sign on to an on the floor, I am convinced that he is they are about to take off the deck of agreement, assuming that the going to join other NATO leaders and that carrier or off that piece of con- Kosovars do sign on, we will bomb. For give that order at an appropriate time crete, or whatever the mission. an unusual thing, NATO already acted. if the current mission of diplomacy by But let me suggest that I will lay out NATO got together and debated this another courageous man, Mr. for you why I personally am willing to issue. And NATO members all voted Holbrooke, is not successful. do something that I am not happy unanimously to use airpower if in fact I hope we can start to focus pretty about doing; and that is, vote to sup- one side or the other did not—did not— quickly, not so much on all the histor- port asking the brave young women agree. So what happened here is, there ical parts of this important issue, like and men of our military, in this case is an agreement. The context of this sovereignty and constitutionality, but the fliers—Navy, Marine, Air Force—to whole debate is that agreement in 1998. on what we are going to do to support risk their lives. And it is a real risk. Immediately following the our military. It seems to me that this There is a probability someone is going Holbrooke-Milosevic agreement, ma- body at this time has to look itself in to get hurt. chinery was set in place to prevent a the eye and say these men and women Mr. WARNER. I look forward to lis- recurrence of massacres that had al- are about to fly, about to take risks tening very tentatively to hopefully ready occurred in Kosovo and in Bosnia with our allies, and I think it is essen- most of it. I think it is important we the previous years and to move toward tial that the Congress of the United do lay out the case. I will allude to, I an interim agreement on the future States be on record as supporting think, much the same case that you do. status of Kosovo. them. I will address that in such oppor- But I do believe it is essential to this On October 25, 1998, the Yugoslav tunity as I may have following my dis- Senate to pass on the Smith amend- Government and the North Atlantic tinguished colleague’s speech. ment, if that is what is before us at Treaty Organization fleshed out the Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, in re- this time; and then it seems to me that Holbrooke-Milosevic agreement, au- sponse to the Senator’s question, for someone could possibly come on with a thorizing exact numbers—exact num- technical purposes, I agree with him resolution like, as I understand, the bers—of troops, the so-called VJ, and 100 percent. I am an admirer of the Senator from Delaware, which clearly Serbian Interior Police, so-called Senator from Virginia, in no small part focuses on the issue: Do we or do we MUPs, who are a bunch of thugs, would

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3048 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 be able to be in Kosovo province. The Mr. President, the tragic events of it usually—in 1989, on the 600th anni- agreement also specified the garrisons Kosovo have a clear historical cau- versary of the Battle of Blackbirds to which they were to be restricted. sality which I will summarize now. Field, to which I earlier referred, That was signed by NATO and Kosovo is considered by Serbs to be the Milosevic traveled to Kosovo and deliv- Milosevic, and a cease-fire took effect, heartland of their civilization. There, ered a rabble-rousing speech in which monitored by unarmed NATO aircraft, in the year 1389, on the so-called Black- he promised that no Serb would ever be and international compliance verifiers birds Field near present-day Pristina, pushed around by anyone again any- were allowed into Kosovo. the medieval Serbian knights were de- where in the world, notwithstanding Like his ideological model earlier in feated by the Ottoman Turks, which the fact that it was a hard case to this century, Milosevic has treated led to more than five centuries of make that that was happening. most of this agreement as a ‘‘scrap of Turkish domination of the Balkans. On March 23, 1989, without the con- paper.’’ The Yugoslav Government has It was a courageous fight. They saved sent of the people of Kosovo, Milosevic flagrantly violated the limits stipu- Christianity and the rest of Europe, amended the Constitution of Yugo- lated in the October agreement. Rather but the bottom line was, they lost. And slavia, revoking the autonomous status than the 12,500 regular army troops and the bottom line was that the Balkans that they had had for roughly the past the 6,500 special police called for—a for 500 years were dominated by Tur- 15 years. total of 19,000—there are presently key and many parts became Moslem. The following year, the parliament 40,000 Yugoslav soldiers and Serbian The Albanians, however, also claim and the government of Kosovo were special police forces in the province of Kosovo as their own and, in fact, can abolished by further unlawful amend- Kosovo, in clear violation of the agree- trace their habitation there even fur- ments to the Constitution of Yugo- ment. ther back than the south Slavs, the slavia. As for the cease-fire called for—it is Serbs. A thoroughgoing purge of ethnic Al- a total joke. Milosevic was afraid to As a result of the policies of the Com- banians in Kosovo followed. Thousands refuse entry of the international munist dictator of the former Yugo- of hard-working citizens were sum- verifiers or to shoot down NATO slavia, Marshal Tito—whom I had the marily fired from their civil service po- planes. So as a result, we have a docu- interesting pleasure of having lunch sitions, and the Serbian Government mented ongoing pattern of warfare, with in his private residence in Split, denied funding to basic institutions of both against units of the Kosovo Lib- Yugoslavia, with now deceased Ambas- Kosovo society. eration Army, but especially against sador Averell Harriman, one of the It is absolutely necessary to note the Kosovar civilians. most interesting encounters I ever had reaction of the Kosovars to these mas- There have been countless massacres, in my career—the former Yugoslavian sive violations of their human and civil but the most widely publicized one was dictator, Marshal Tito. rights. What was that reaction ini- perpetrated by the Serbs on January In 1974, the Kosovar Albanians were tially? Under the leadership of Dr. 15, 1999, in the village of Racak. There granted the status of an autonomous Rugova, the Kosovars—and he is a 45 Kosovar Albanian civilians—women region within the Republic of Serbia Kosovar—the Kosovars set up a par- and children—were slaughtered. The because of this history. Basically, the allel, unofficial system of governance. Serbs, of course, asserted that they all Albanians were allowed local control, They set up schools, hospitals, and had been KLA fighters who had either while border security and foreign rela- other institutions that make society been killed in combat or shot while tions remained under the control of run. Mr. President, under Dr. Rugova’s fleeing. Belgrade. In the next 15 years, the per- leadership, the Kosovars held to a pol- Unfortunately for the Serbs, a Finn- centage of Serbs in the Kosovo popu- icy of nonviolence for nearly seven ish-led team of forensic experts that lation dropped from approximately years. I do not know any other example examined the bodies reported un- one-quarter to less than one-tenth. At elsewhere of such self-restraint any- equivocally that the victims had been the time this agreement was reached— where in recent years. forced to kneel and had been executed this autonomy was granted by Tito in The United States recognized that by being riddled with small-arms fire. 1974—one out of four people living in Kosovo was a tinderbox that could ex- They got down on their knees. These the province of Kosovo were Serbs; plode at any time. For that reason, bullet wounds were in the back of their three out of four were Albanians living former President George Bush sent a heads. They were executed, just like within Serbia. They were basically warning to Mr. Milosevic at Christmas they did in Bosnia, just like Hitler did Moslem, and the others were Orthodox 1992, the so-called Christmas warning. in World War II. Christians. Since that time, it has be- Keep in mind, the Kosovars had not Just yesterday, Mr. President, 10 come 10–1; only 1 in 10 are Serbs. used violence; they were still peace- Kosovars were massacred by Serbs in Now, this has occurred for several fully trying to piece together their so- the village of Srbica. During the past reasons: A much higher birth rate ciety. On Christmas of 1992, the three 10 days, the Yugoslav Army and the among the Kosovar Albanians than Senators in this Chamber at the mo- Serbian special forces have gone on the among local Serbs; ‘‘buyouts’’ of many ment were all here at the time—not in offensive, seizing the high ground Serbian homesteads by Kosovars, some the Chamber—and President Bush, a above roads and railroads, moving in of whom earned hard currency abroad; Republican President, issued the their most modern weaponry, including and some harassment of Serbs by Christmas warning that said the M–72 and M–84 tanks, and conducting a Kosovars, although nothing approach- United States was prepared to inter- search and destroy mission against ing the ethnic cleansing that is now vene militarily if Serbia attacked the Kosovar villages suspected of harboring being carried out by the Serbs. ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. KLA sympathizers. Meanwhile, in Serbia proper, an am- Mr. STEVENS. Will the Senator The net result is a new flood of refu- bitious young Communist politician yield? gees so great that their number is now named Slobodan Milosevic engineered Mr. BIDEN. Yes. approaching 450,000—450,000 the number a coup against the communist leader- Mr. STEVENS. Is that the quote reached last fall. ship of Serbia. He needed a vehicle to from President Bush’s statement? I might remind my colleagues, the consolidate his power, and the time- Mr. BIDEN. No; it is not a quote; it is only difference was, last fall when it honored vehicle used by most rogues is a paraphrase. reached that number, folks were able rabid nationalism. He needed to be able Mr. STEVENS. I urge the Senator to to flee to the mountains because they to spread his newly consolidated power quote. were not full of snow, they were able to to the Serb-inhabited regions of Yugo- Mr. BIDEN. As a matter of fact, I am hide. One of the reasons for the ur- slavia outside of Serbia. So in a famous about to come to that quote. gency that was being argued in the ne- speech in 1989—he would have done President Bush’s warning was con- gotiations by Mr. Holbrooke was—and proud any demagogue who has ever ar- tained in a letter delivered to we all seem to agree—was that winter rived on the political scene, and I am Milosevic and General Panic, the com- was coming and all these folks would not referring to anyone here, I am re- mander of the Yugoslavian Army. The die. Well, it is winter there now. ferring to those folks who don’t make New York Times and the Associated

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3049 Press quoted Bush’s letter as saying: past, I expect that the Christmas warn- Since the end of the Cold War, it has ‘‘In the event of conflict in Kosovo ing by President Bush kept him from been our policy to extend this zone of caused by Serbian action, the United using the force he wanted to. stability eastward in Europe by three States will be prepared to employ mili- Dr. Rugova came to me and others methods. tary force against the Serbians in and said, ‘‘Get us into Dayton. While First, we have agreed to a well-con- Kosovo and in Serbia proper. this is being discussed, get us on the ceived, measured enlargement of Let me read it again: ‘‘In the event of agenda.’’ We made a mistake, in my NATO, which has already brought Po- conflict in Kosovo caused by Serbian view. We said, ‘‘No; you are not on the land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic action, the United States will be pre- agenda; this is just about Bosnia. This into the alliance. pared to employ military force against is about Bosnia and nothing else.’’ And Second, NATO has entered into part- the Serbians in Kosovo and in Serbia so when peaceful means began to fail, nerships with many countries in the re- proper.’’ and had clearly failed in late 1996, gion, which in time will probably yield Perhaps because of this Christmas seven years later, the Kosovar resist- additional alliance members, which warning, Milosevic refrained from an ance called the Kosovo Liberation also in the short run has created pro- all-out military assault on the Army—the UCK or the KLA, whatever ductive relationships with a great Kosovars, contenting himself with the you would like to call it—began to en- power like Russia. legal repression that I described ear- gage in larger attacks, a la the IRA. Third—and here is where Kosovo lier. Milosevic then saw an opportunity. comes in—we have determined to op- The Kosovars waited in vain for the Having been humiliated in his aggres- pose directly the aggressive policies of West to help. They hoped that their sive wars against Slovenia in the demagogues like Milosevic who are plight would be placed on the agenda of spring of 1991, and Croatia in the sum- trying to foment ethnic and religious the Dayton peace negotiations in No- mer of 1995, and having seen the Bos- hatred. vember of 1995, but having been warned nian Serb puppets routed in the fall of We know, as NATO knows, that its by Milosevic that he would walk out if 1995 and forced to accept a compromise credibility is on the line in Kosovo. We Kosovo were brought up, the West, settlement in Dayton, the Yugoslav have warned Milosevic countless times under this President, President Clin- dictator needed another crisis to divert to halt his fascist aggression. We have ton, and our NATO allies, restricted the Serbian people’s attention from the cooperated with our NATO allies, and the talks to Bosnia and Herzegovina. massive failure of his authoritarian, with Russia, in fashioning a fair in- So, finally, in late 1996, armed Communist economic and political terim settlement for Kosovo. Kosovar resistance began on a small policies. We know that if Milosevic’s scorched- scale under the loosely organized So what did he do? He did what is earth policy of ‘‘ethnic cleansing’’ is Kosovo Liberation Army, abbreviated often done. He found a common enemy. allowed to continue, the inevitable re- UCK in Albanian, but as KLA in the He appealed to this naked, rabid na- sult will be a massive tide of refugees, West. Gradually, the KLA escalated to tionalism and used the suppression of which would destabilize fragile democ- larger attacks by February of 1998. Let the KLA as a justification, as his vehi- racies in Macedonia and Albania. We me review the bidding again here, and cle, attempting in the process to drive also know that Milosevic is itching for I will get the letter, or the news ac- the ethnic Albanian population out of the excuse to overthrow the demo- counts quoting the letter, if I can, for large areas of Kosovo. What have been cratic and reformist government of my friend from Alaska, and I will enter the results? Montenegro, which is a direct chal- it into the RECORD. To date, approximately 2,000 Kosovar lenge to his authoritarian communist Now, what happened? In 1989, this Albanians and Serbian civilians have rule in Yugoslavia. genocidal leader of Yugoslavia, named been killed. More than 400,000 Kosovar We also know that the ultimate Milosevic, had seized power and at- Albanians have been driven from their nightmare—which is not impossible by tempted to consolidate Serbs through- homes, including tens of thousands any means—is a widening of the hos- out the former Yugoslavia. He made a during the past 10 days. Thousands of tilities to include NATO members speech on the 600th anniversary of homes in hundreds of villages in Greece and Turkey, who have different Blackbirds Field near Pristina to en- Kosovo have been razed to the ground. interests in this outcome. rage and bring up the blood of every One-quarter of Kosovo’s livestock has Mr. President, the national interests Serbian living in the region. It worked been slaughtered and 10 percent of its of the United States are directly very well in Bosnia. It got them going arable land burned. A food blockade threatened by the continued aggressive in Bosnia and, as well, in Kosovo. Then has been imposed upon large segments actions of the Yugoslav Government in he, under the Serb Constitution, by of the Kosovar population. Kosovo. most accounts, unconstitutionally The world has taken note of this. The For that reason, Mr. President, I amended the Constitution, taking United Nations Security Council has think we should do what I said earlier, away the autonomy that Tito had passed two important resolutions—Nos. which is, introduce a resolution au- granted to Kosovo in 1974. But even 1160 and 1199—in 1998, decrying the re- thorizing air operations, in conjunction when that was done, the Albanian pression and calling for an end to it. with the Activation Order voted on by Serbs did not use force or violence. Milosevic publicly agreed to the U.N. the North Atlantic Council of NATO. They were headed by a guy named Dr. demands and has cynically continued I urge my colleagues to support that Rugova, who said they would, by non- his state terrorism. resolution. violent means, attempt to reestablish Mr. President, why should we be sur- I thank the Chair and yield the floor. their societal institutions, allowing prised by this? We saw it repeated and Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I com- them their dignity and their right to repeated in Bosnia, until we had the mend the majority leader and Senators work. nerve to act. HUTCHISON and SMITH for bringing this In the meantime, Milosevic comes in What is at stake for the United matter to the Senate floor today. With and he heads down from Belgrade and States in all of this? In the interest of fighting escalating in Kosovo, with the the orders are essentially: fire them time, I will come back to the floor at a Serbs refusing to sign a peace agree- all. Fire them all. All of the civil serv- more appropriate time to enlarge upon ment, and with U.S. military air units, ice jobs were eliminated, all of the this. But I will say that our entire pol- together with those of our allies, schools were shut down, the language icy in Europe since the end of World poised to strike, it is important, if was not allowed, and so on. Still, the War II has been to promote stability there is time, for the Senate to address Kosovars did not use force. Still, they through the spread of democracy. In this situation. attempted, through peaceful means, to order to create the security conditions Under most contingencies, the U.S. regain their autonomy. And with the for this development in Western Eu- military should not be sent into harm’s help of President Bush—I can only sur- rope, we created NATO in 1949, and for way without the support of the Amer- mise this, I can’t read Milosevic’s 50 years this alliance has provided an ican people and the Congress. Our na- mind, but knowing what a coward he umbrella under which our allies have tion has learned, from recent contin- is, based on what he has done in the survived and prospered. gencies that, without such support,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3050 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 when casualties occur, a clamor could There are many questions that must EMERGENCY SUPPLEMENTAL AP- begin to ‘‘bring our troops home.’’ We be addressed. The most important PROPRIATIONS ACT FOR FISCAL witnessed that in Somalia; we could question is, what happens if bombing YEAR 1999 see that again in Kosovo. Our military does not succeed? There are very few The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- deserves our support. I say to my fel- operations, historic examples, where ate will now resume consideration of S. low Senators, if you were sitting in a air power alone has succeeded in meet- 544, which the clerk will report. cockpit, ordered to carry out strikes ing our military objectives. Some have The bill clerk read as follows: against the Serbian military, you made the argument here today that air A bill (S. 544) making emergency supple- would like to know that the Congress, strikes were the key to bringing the mental appropriations and rescissions for re- the elected representatives of the peo- Bosnian Serbs to the peace table in covery from natural disasters, and foreign ple, is with you, supporting your mis- Dayton. I had the opportunity to visit assistance, for the fiscal year ending Sep- sion and concerned for the risks you with two people last week who were in- tember 30, 1999, and for other purposes. are taking. timately involved in the Bosnia crisis— The Senate resumed consideration of I first visited Kosovo in August of former British Defence Secretary Mi- the bill. 1990 on a delegation headed by Senator chael Portillo and former U.N. High Pending: Robert Dole. I commend this brave vet- Representative in Bosnia, Carl Bildt. Hutchison amendment No. 81, to set forth eran for his mission to the Balkan re- Both of these men told me that air restrictions on deployment of United States gion in the past few weeks in the cause strikes were an important part, but not Armed Forces in Kosovo. of peace. His efforts contributed to the the decisive factor in ending the fight- Lott amendment No. 124 (to amendment No. 81), to prohibit the use of funds for mili- securing of signatures by the Kosovar ing in Bosnia. History records that the Albanian delegation on a peace agree- tary operations in the Federal Republic of Croatian offensive against the Serbs, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) unless ment. and the fact that the parties were all During my visit to Kosovo in 1990, I Congress enacts specific authorization in law exhausted from fighting were of equal for the conduct of those operations. saw first-hand the oppression of the significance to the important air cam- Mr. STEVENS addressed the Chair. Kosovar Albanians by the Serb au- paign by the United States and our al- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- thorities. I returned to the region most lies. Today, that is not the case in ator from Alaska. recently in September of 1998, traveling Kosovo—the parties there are, regret- AMENDMENT NO. 124 through Kosovo with Ambassador tably, ready to fight. Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, what Christopher Hill and elements of a cou- My point is,—there is risk in relying rageous international observer group is the pending business? on air strikes, alone, to stop the fight- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The called KDOM. Since last March we have all closely ing in this crisis. We must know what present business is amendment No. 124 followed developments—indeed the hu- our next steps will be and how far we offered by the majority leader. manitarian tragedy—in this troubled are ready to go with other initiatives Mr. STEVENS. The amendment to region. And since last September, when to stop the fighting in Kosovo. If this the Hutchison amendment? The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is NATO first threatened the use of force first military action is taken—which in correct. against Milosevic, NATO credibility my view this contingency is tanta- Mr. STEVENS. The Kosovo question has been on the line. We are now at a mount to an act of war—what comes is the pending issue. defining moment in this crisis. next and how far we are willing to go? The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is Since September, I have been out- We must have in mind not simply our spoken in my support for the use of first step, but our second, third or correct. Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I have U.S. ground troops as part of a NATO- fourth steps before we commit U.S. listened with interest at the state- led force to implement a peace agree- troops. ments made by the distinguished Sen- ment that is in place relative to While one of my main concerns in ator from Delaware. And he has some Kosovo. In my view, such a military this is the credibility of NATO now force is necessary—once a peace agree- that we have threatened military ac- very good points. My memory of the ment is reached—if the parties to the tion for many months, we must ask conversations that were held at the agreement are to have the confidence ourselves what happens to NATO credi- time President Bush made the state- necessary to be bound by the provi- bility if the air strikes fail to accom- ment that the Senator from Delaware sions of such a peace agreement. And I plish their objectives? That would be a referred to was that the President was believe U.S. participation in such a devastating blow to the Alliance if we talking about racial cleansing, or geno- force is necessary if we are to maintain take the drastic step of attacking a cide, on the part of the Serbs versus our status as the leader of the NATO sovereign nation, and are not success- the Kosovo population—not just a mili- Alliance. ful in the ultimate objective. tary incident, but an act of genocide, My greatest concern has been and What of the credibility of the United but an act of racial cleansing in the continues to be that a deterioration of States and our leadership on the con- magnitude of a national aspect. the situation in Kosovo could under- tinent of Europe, in military as well as There is no question that there is a mine the modest gains we have economic or diplomatic partnerships? dispute here. And the Senator from achieved in Bosnia—at a cost of over $8 What of the credibility of the U.S. Delaware has heard my comments that billion to date to the American tax- military as a partner in other actions? I made to the President. I believe that payer; and could lead to problems in There are important issues that can be article V of the NATO agreement does neighboring Macedonia, Montenegro, debated in the context of the pending not authorize bombing in Serbia. Albania, and perhaps Greece and Tur- amendment. I was very interested over the week- key. The Smith amendment provides that end to listen to people talk on the In addition, I share with all Ameri- the Congress must be on record as sup- radio and television about Yugoslavia. cans concern for the humanitarian porting this operation before we com- It seems that we are slipping back now, tragedy we have witnessed—are now mit the U.S. military to the crisis in that it is a Yugoslav question, not just witnessing—in that troubled land. Kosovo. I agree. We owe it to the men a Serb-Kosovo question, that is being But what happens if a peace agree- and women of the Armed Forces to act raised now by the media. But in any ment remains elusive, which is now the on this issue. For that reason, I will event, I think this would be the first situation with which we are faced. It is support the Smith amendment and time in the history of NATO that one thing to deploy troops into a per- vote for cloture on this amendment. NATO has taken offensive action missive environment for the purpose of against a nation that has a dispute overseeing the implementation of a f within its borders. I think it is a hor- peace agreement. It is quite another to rendous proposition that the Serbs are use military power—air—to compel a CONCLUSION OF MORNING presenting to Kosovo. ‘‘Either leave, or sovereign nation to sign an agreement BUSINESS be exterminated.’’ to end what is essentially an internal The PRESIDING OFFICER. Morning But the question really is, What is civil war. business is closed. the proper justification for this action

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3051 at the present time? If it is genocide, carry out a threat of a negotiating by saying, ‘‘If you don’t sign, we will in then I think we have really ample team based upon their interpretation fact bomb,’’ that would make sense, I cause to be involved. If it is a matter of of the reasons behind a foreign nation’s would argue, if in fact we were arguing relocation of people within a nation, unwillingness to enter into an agree- about a border dispute, if we are argu- based upon whatever power the nation ment that we sponsor?’’ Or, are we ing about whether or not they were to claims to relocate people within their going to take action, as I said, on be- pay reparations, if we were arguing boundaries, it is a different issue. half of humanity to prevent the exter- about whether or not they are going to I must admit to being torn, as one mination of a race? To me, there is a sell oil or whatever. It is not about who has attended the NATO meetings great gulf between those two positions. that. It is about genocide and ethnic many, many times in the past, of what I intend to continue to raise the cleansing. The whole purpose of the will be the future of NATO, if this ac- question with the President and his agreement, the only reason why the tion is taken. representatives about the constitu- rest of Europe—of NATO—agrees with I think the threat that President tional power to make these threats, us that there is a need for force on the Bush made is the threat that all Amer- and then carry them out as threats as ground in Kosovo, is to prevent—pre- icans would support; that is, that we opposed to making a national state- vent—prevent ethnic cleansing; pre- would use military force to retaliate ment—as President Bush did, as I un- vent the systematic isolation of Alba- against a nation that instituted a proc- derstand it—that if there is a process nians, Moslem Kosovars, Moslem ess of racial cleansing, racial extermi- of extermination going on, or racial Serbs. nation within its borders, to the extent cleansing going on, we will not stand So I understand the technical point that it was contemplated at the time. the chairman is making. I do not un- But I have to also raise the question: idly by and watch that process, and we derstand the practical difference. This Where were we in Cambodia? Where will use our military power. agreement that was signed onto relates were we in Ethiopia? Where are we I don’t know whether the Senator to a framework that will assure the going to be as this type of process con- from Delaware sees the difference in international community that this tinues in Africa? And we are reading the two circumstances. But, as far as I more and more about that. Even this am concerned, we are still on the first thug is not going to engage in the last weekend, juxtaposed to the story base. And that is we are asked to sup- genocide he already has, the ethnic about Kosovo, is the story about the port the concept of using force—our cleansing he has been promoting since new racial cleansing commencing once force, mainly unmanned—to coerce the 1989, and the thing for which we have a again in Ethiopia. Serbs into signing an agreement. They tribunal in the Hague. His military It is not an easy issue. And I think it have refused to sign that. As a sov- leadership, his puppets, are on the in- is one that we ought to pursue, be- ereign nation, they have that right. If dictment list of the people engaged in cause, from the point of view of this they take the action that is con- this. Senator, I do not like to set the prece- templated, and that many people feel I acknowledge that it has not dent that an administration informs a they are going to take—that is, to reached the proportions it did in Bos- foreign nation to sign an agreement, enter into a process of racial extermi- nia. I acknowledge that 43 men and or, if you do not sign the agreement, nation—then it is an entirely different women forced to kneel down and have we are going to bomb until you do. question. I do hope that the Senate will guns pointed to the backs of their That to me is a precedent of which I remember that as we are considering heads and have their brains blown out don’t want to be a part. the majority leader’s amendment to- is not enough to say it is genocide If we make a statement, as President morrow. countrywide. But it sure is enough, in Bush made, that if you engage in a It does seem to me that we are still my view anyway, to get the tickler file process that is really against a whole on the question of should we use force moving a little bit and saying: Wait a concept of humanity, we are going to to coerce the Serbs into signing the minute, what happened after that when be first in line to punish you for doing agreement that they do not want to they did that in Bosnia? What hap- it. Somehow or other, there is a place sign. It is perhaps a distinction with- pened after that when the intercepted here where we can find a common posi- out a difference to some people. But it communications we have between tion and support taking action as a na- is a great difference to me. Milosevic and Karadzic and others in tion. But, for myself, I just revolt at Mr. BIDEN. May I respond, Mr. Presi- Bosnia said, ‘‘Go get them, boys.’’ Do the concept that we are going to send dent? we wait for Srebrenica to recur in people out to negotiate peace agree- Mr. STEVENS. Yes. Pristina? Do we wait for that? ments, or whatever other kind of Mr. BIDEN. I think the way that the What the international community agreement it is, and authorize them to Senator phrased it, I can understand said, I say to my friend from Alaska— say, ‘‘Unless you agree with us, we are how he arrives at this issue as he does. international? Let me be more precise. going to bomb you, and we are going to I would argue that it is a distinction The contact group in NATO—they said, bomb you until you change your mind, without much of a difference. ‘‘We do not. We learned a lesson here. and, if you do not change your mind, For example, the distinguished chair- We are not going to wait until he does within our period of time, we are going man talks about extermination justi- that in Kosovo. We are going to work to bomb you again.’’ In this instance, fying our action but relocation not. out an agreement.’’ So they went out- the process would require taking down Historically, that is a distinction with- side Paris in some fancy old castle and the air defenses of another nation in out a difference in terms of genocide. they sat down and negotiated. And the order that we might attack the forces Historically, that is a distinction with- idiot KLA, like the IRA, scuttled it ini- that are on the ground. out a difference. In Bosnia, it was a dis- tially because they threatened the I assume that most Members of the tinction without a difference. This guy Kosovar negotiators who were up there Senate have been there now and know has a track record. The track record is negotiating this agreement. what they are talking about. This is clear. The track record is documented. But keep in mind the purpose of the the most mountainous country of Eu- The track record is obvious. So it is negotiation. The only reason to put rope. It is a place where, as I recall, not a significant leap from President international forces on the ground in some 20-odd divisions under the com- Bush’s letter, which said: If they move Kosovo—the only reason, none other— mand of Adolf Hitler got just abso- against the Kosovars. We could argue, is to guarantee personnel and institu- lutely tied down by the actions of the and President Bush could enlighten us tions that will prevent Milosevic from people there on the ground. Of course, what he meant by that, but the truth being able to do what President Bush they didn’t have the precision bombing of the matter is he has moved against was worried he would do and threat- we have now. They didn’t have the the Kosovars, and he is moving as we ened him that, if he did do it, he would automated systems that we have now speak against the Kosovars. And a half- use force. So there is a distinction, I and unmanned systems that can wreck million people up in the mountains is a acknowledge, between preemptively havoc on any nation. pretty big deal. making this case based upon recent The question, really, to me is, ‘‘Are Second, with regard to this notion of historical record and waiting until it we to offer the use of military power to forcing a peace agreement on someone happens.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3052 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 But I will just say only one thing to agreement, we can start bombing his Serbian military for the rest of my my friend, who has forgotten more— people. And we can do that, too. All lifetime. I think I am going to live a and I mean this sincerely—he has for- without involving our airmen yet. We little while, Mr. President. It does gotten more about our national de- can do all that without involving our seem to me that it is wrong the way we fenses, has forgotten more about the airmen. are approaching this. conduct of war and the way to pursue But the time is going to come when We ought to look at what is in our it, than I am going to learn; and I ac- we are going to have to use manpower national interest. If our national inter- knowledge that. I mean that sincerely. in the air or on the ground, and that is est requires us to use military power, But the one thing I am prepared to war. We ought to make up our mind. Congress should authorize them to use bet—prepared to bet my career on it What the President is deciding is to it. But the Presidency should not use —is if we do not act, I will bet my col- commit an act of war. It is not covered our military power to carry out nego- leagues anything they wish to, within by article V. I do not think there would tiations. That is wrong. I still main- two years—within I think eight be any hesitancy in President Bush, tain that the way it is being ap- months, by the time the snows fall that he was threatening war. If you are proached this time is wrong. next winter—there will be genocide, threatening war in this country, that I yield the floor. documented, on a large scale, in means you get a resolution, you get ap- Mr. NICKLES addressed the Chair. Kosovo. proval of the Congress. Only Congress The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- My only argument is I think NATO is can declare war. ator from Oklahoma. correct and the President is correct. I Mr. BIDEN. If the Senator will yield, Mr. NICKLES. Mr. President, I wish believe President Bush was correct in I agree with you. to compliment Senator STEVENS for saying that we are going to stop you Mr. STEVENS. I hope you do. But the statement he just made. I think he from doing that. what is more, as I see it, once you do is exactly right. The mechanism picked by the com- that, once you lay down the air de- I want to follow those comments and munity, by NATO, was this peace fenses of a country, once you cripple read from the paper what the purpose agreement. That is the purpose of it. It their military—remember who is of this proposed bombing strike is. This was not to extract from Milosevic around them, a bunch of people who is the front page of the New York money, commitment, borders—any- would like to find them crippled. Pret- Times quoting Secretary Albright. She thing else. It was to say: We are setting ty soon you are going to have other says: these folks in place to guarantee that people coming in there. We will be pro- Mr. Milosevic has a stark choice. That you keep your promise that you are tecting the Serbs, before this is over. choice was for him to agree to the settle- not going to eliminate these folks. People just do not understand. We ment signed in Paris last week by the ethnic I understand the difference. I have are finally going to have to put people Albanians who make up most of Kosovo’s enormous respect for my friend from on the ground and when we get people population or face NATO air strikes. Alaska, but that is the basis upon on the ground—how long have they In other words, Mr. Milosevic has to which the Senator from Delaware be- been in Germany since we conquered agree to the peace settlement, and he lieves we should act, knowing full well Germany? We still have men and never has agreed to it, but if he doesn’t what he says. I do not say it lightly, women in uniform in Germany pursu- agree to it, he is going to be bombed. and never having been in combat my- ant to a peace agreement that was en- Bombing is an act of war. So our Sec- self, as my friend from Alaska has tered into 50 or more years ago. That is retary of State and our President on been, I want him to know I do not say what I told the President. Mr. Presi- Friday have said they support this lightly risk these young women and dent, these people are going to be there agreement. The Serbs agree to this set- men. Because it is a risk. He was there 50 years if you do this. If you are going tlement that NATO has negotiated and in the room. We were both there with to do it, you better have the support of that the Kosovars have now signed, or the President. I indicated that I the American people before you do it. else they are going to be bombed. thought the President, based on the in- And the way you get the support of the I made the comment Sunday, I said telligence community reports and also American people is to have their Rep- that is a crummy way to start a war. I based upon the briefings I have re- resentatives here in Congress stand up look at that as us starting the war. Are ceived from the military, that it is and say yes, I am ready to vote for a the Serbians right now at war against probable—not possible, probable—that declaration of war. Kosovo? No, Kosovo is actually part of some American flier is going to lose his I told the President, if he can show Serbia. It has been for hundreds of or her life. So I do not say it lightly, me that there is a concept of inhu- years. Is there a lot of fighting, a lot of but I think it is balanced off against manity, of absolutely racial cleansing, tension? Yes. The Kosovo Liberation whether or not we set a chain reaction ethnic extermination, I will introduce Army, for a little over a year, has been in place, again, where we watch geno- his resolution of war. I told him that. attacking Serbian forces for the pur- cide. Either we have to act at a higher But short of that, I do not see we pose of independence for Kosovo. As a price or don’t act and see it spread. should authorize a negotiator to go matter of fact, there was a celebration I thank my colleague for his time. I over to a foreign conference and say: in one of the towns that was attacked know he has other business he wants to Tell them if they don’t agree with what in the last 2 days, a celebration recog- get to. you tell them to do, we will bomb nizing the fact that about a year ago in Mr. STEVENS. No, Mr. President, them. If they do not agree after that, February was the first martyr for the this is the pending business. If the Sen- we will bomb them again. That is using KLA, the Kosovo Liberation Army. ator is finished? our Armed Forces as a process of nego- The goal of the Kosovo Liberation Mr. BIDEN. I am. I yield the floor. tiation, not for the purpose that we Army isn’t autonomy. The goal of the Mr. STEVENS. I will go on a little maintain our military. We maintain Kosovo Liberation Army is independ- bit and let him know my fears, as I ex- our military to defend this Nation and ence. They have been fighting for inde- pressed to the President, if we go after to carry out our national interests pendence. They have been attacking those air defenses. I hope Serbia knows abroad, not as an arm of negotiators Serbian police in the process, and they if we go after them we will get them. and not to give the Presidency a feel- have been killing some. Then Serbia There is no question in my mind we ing that all they have to do is enter usually responds with a lot more force. have absolute capability to totally de- into a series of negotiations, and if They have a lot more force. They have stroy the air defenses of Serbia. After they fail, then use the military and a bigger army. They have tanks, and having done so, though, I wonder how bomb away. There is more to it than they have killed a lot of people. I am are we going to get him to sign the just bombing. There is more to it than not saying any of this is right. I am agreement. If he doesn’t sign the agree- just using Tomahawks or unmanned just saying this shouldn’t be a purpose ment, then I assume we are going to weapons. There is the concept of what for the United States to go to war, to carry out the threat, and we are going is the followup. I say if we do that, if initiate bombing, because Serbia has to bomb his tanks. And we can do that, we take out their air defenses, we will not yet signed on to a peace accord too. And then, if he doesn’t sign the be involved in trying to manage the that we think is the right thing to do.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3053 I, for one, have serious reservations just wonder how well thought out this dent Bush, which is more than what I about it. What is the peace agreement has been, or if we conduct the bombing, can say at the present time on U.S. that we have decided they have to ac- what happens? leadership, or even NATO leadership. cept? It is autonomy for Kosovo, and I have heard President Clinton say That is regrettable. But also I didn’t the second part of it is stationing 28,000 we want to restore stability in the Bal- hear President Bush, in December of foreign troops in Kosovo. kans. It may be just the opposite re- 1992, saying he wanted to have a multi- Again, Kosovo is part of Serbia. We sult. We may start bombing and the national peacekeeping force stationed are telling them, you must agree to Serbs may really escalate their at- in Kosovo, occupying Kosovo. He didn’t this or you are going to be bombed. I tacks. I will read a comment from an say that. think that is using NATO’s air force as article in today’s New York Times: He just let him know that if he start- a bargaining tool to try to bomb them The Yugoslav foreign minister told CNN, ed a very significant genocide in into submission to a peace accord that ‘‘We are not looking for confrontation,’’ but Kosovo, there would be a price to be they do not want to sign. Most sov- his country considers any NATO force dis- paid. I do not mind if this President ereign nations wouldn’t want to sign patched to Kosovo to be an aggression lets Mr. Milosevic know that. If he onto a deal that would put 28,000 for- against sovereign territory, Yugoslavia. started slaughtering a large number of eign troops on its soil. Other reports were that if the NATO people, yes, there would be a military I think the administration is wrong forces would strike into Serbia, they action against him. It does not mean in this area. Don’t get me wrong. I would use that as an excuse to be more we are going to be occupying Kosovo think Milosevic is a tyrant. I think he aggressive against the KLA. They with 28,000 troops. I think that signal is guilty of a lot of bad things. That might try to strike against the United can be sent. still doesn’t mean that I think we States, but they hopefully won’t have That is not what I am reading in the should go to war with Serbia. If we very much success against our air- paper. Today I read in the paper that start a massive bombing campaign, we planes. U.S. planes are going to be too Mr. Milosevic must agree to the settle- are going to war. high and too fast, too sophisticated to ment signed in Paris last week by eth- I think Senator STEVENS is right. attack. They will see the United States nic Albanians that make up most of The Constitution says Congress shall is now taking sides with the Kosovars Kosovo’s population or face NATO air- declare war. Our forefathers showed and so instead of attacking the United strikes. In other words, we are going to great wisdom. They did not want to get States, where they can’t really be suc- be striking if they do not agree to a involved in a lot of wars. They knew cessful, they will be attacking the peace agreement, and that calls for au- that the elected representatives—the Kosovars. Instead of stopping violence tonomy for Kosovo and calls for sta- Congress, House Members and Senate and bringing stability and peace to the tioning 28,000 troops in their country. Members—would be very reluctant to region, we might be escalating the war. I believe that is unrealistic. I do not do so because we would be sending our We might be starting the war. think that is the right negotiation. I constituents that we represent into I mentioned that to President Clin- do not think you can bomb another war, so we wouldn’t do it lightly. ton. I do not want to see us start the country into submitting to a peace Granted, we also say in the Constitu- war, but if we start bombing we may plan. If they did, we would be putting tion the President is Commander in turn a guerrilla effort, that is going on 28,000 troops, in my opinion, into very Chief, and he has the authority, and we right now between the KLA and Serbs, hostile territory. They would be vul- give him that authority, to respond if into a full-fledged war between the nerable to sniper fire, and that is not a U.S. lives, U.S. interests are at stake, Serbs and Kosovo and see the loss of very good situation either. but that is not the case. And something life greatly escalate, yet still not be I have very, very strong reservations has to happen before Congress has a successful. Just because we bomb does about deploying U.S. ground forces chance to convene and pass a declara- not mean that Serbia is going to say, into Kosovo. I have told that to the tion of war. We have all kind of as- OK, fine, you can bring the 28,000 President. I think that is a serious mis- sumed that. troops in and station them in Kosovo. take. I hope we will not do it. That is Frankly, this President has tried to They may not agree with that. They part of the peace plan. expand that power and I think even may escalate their warfare. You may A lot of people are not aware of it. abused that power in saying he has the have a greater loss of life. They seem to think we are trying to right to agree to an international force Then we are going to have another bring Milosevic to the peace table. I that is going to conduct a war. decision. Are we going to go after that want him to come to the peace table. I NATO has never done that. Senator 40,000 Serbian military force that is in want him to sign a peace agreement. I STEVENS is exactly right. NATO is a de- Kosovo? Are we going to be attacking want him to have peace in Kosovo. But fensive alliance, and it has been suc- those tanks? Are we going to be at- what this administration is saying is, cessful. It was formed to make sure tacking the platoons? Are we going to unless he agrees to the plan that has that if Soviet aggression against our be going after those people? You can do already been agreed to by NATO and European allies would happen, that we only so much, as we all know, with air- the Kosovars, including the deploy- would all work together to repel that power. How deeply engaged in this civil ment of 28,000 troops, we are going to aggression. The very fact that we had war are we going to become? Again, if begin bombing him. significant forces in training and inte- our purpose was to bring about peace Are we going to keep on bombing him grated training, demonstrates it has and stability, can that really happen, if until he agrees to the stationing of been a successful alliance. Never has we ignite that type of warfare through- 28,000 troops in Kosovo? I do not think NATO gone in to say we are going to go out Kosovo and into Serbia? that is realistic. Then if we station into another country that is not I am afraid we may be starting some- 28,000 troops there, one, they are vul- threatening neighboring countries, not thing we can’t get out of; I am afraid nerable to attack because it is a hostile threatening part of the alliance, and we might be there for years and years area and, two, they will have to be conduct military affairs to quell a civil and years. there for a long, long time. war. I have heard some of my colleagues This area does have a history of If we conduct bombing, if NATO con- say, wait a minute, President Bush was fighting that goes back for many, ducts bombing into Serbia, we are for this. I haven’t heard President Bush many centuries. The Ottoman Empire, going to be on the side of the KLA, the say that he was for this. In December the Hapsburg Empire, 1389, the war in Kosovo Liberation Army. I said before, of 1992, President Bush issued a warn- Kosovo—they have been fighting for their goal is not autonomy; their goal ing to Mr. Milosevic: Don’t you dare go centuries. There is real ethnic violence is independence. in and start genocide against the there. There are real problems, and I I will tell my colleagues, there are Kosovars or there will be a price to be understand that. some of our allies who have very seri- paid. I do not think you can station U.S. ous problems about that happening. Frankly, I supported that. It worked. peacekeeping forces everywhere in the The Greeks primarily have serious res- It worked for one reason—because I world where there is violence. There ervations about the wisdom of that. I think Mr. Milosevic respected Presi- are reports that 80-some-odd people

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3054 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 were killed in the last few days in Bor- Right now we have been talking work on this issue, and I share his con- neo; 50-some were killed in Russia by 1 about an amendment: No funds will be tention that the President should seek bomb. I heard my colleague from Dela- used for this combat or airstrikes or congressional authorization prior to ware say in 1 village, 40-some people stationing troops until or unless Con- ordering a deployment to Kosovo. were assassinated, murdered, or they gress authorizes it. That may be the Mr. President, like all of us, I am were killed. I do not know that we have most expedient way of getting this up gravely concerned about the situation seen the autopsy reports. We do not for a vote. in Kosovo. More than 2,000 people, in- know whether they were carrying guns I personally would like to see a cluding women and children, have been or not. They were shot point blank. We straight resolution, just like we had in killed since the fighting between eth- heard that. I do not know that to be the Persian Gulf war, which we voted nic Albanians and Serb security forces the case. on in January of 1991, which authorized escalated just over a year ago. Hun- There are lots of atrocities when you the use of force in the Persian Gulf. We dreds of thousands of people have been start fighting, and we know that. I had a very significant debate. Most of forced to flee from their homes and know we had a civil war in this coun- my colleagues who were here at the hide in the woods during the cold win- try 130 years ago, and we had hundreds time said that probably was the most ter months. Those that are able to re- of thousands of Americans who were important vote they ever cast. turn to their villages often find their killed. I am glad we did not have other I would like for us to have that. That possessions looted and their homes countries intervening in our Civil War. resolution, I say to my colleagues, burned. Recent television news reports I just think that would have been a passed by a vote of 52 to 47, but it was have shown Serb police shamelessly mistake. I know both sides were trying significant, it was intense. We knew waiving to the cameras as they steal to get the French and the British in- what we were talking about. We had televisions and other valuables from volved, but I am glad they did not get significant debate on it. It was a the deserted homes of ethnic Albanians involved. healthy debate, and Congress supported before setting the homes on fire. I seriously question the wisdom of us the resolution. Airstrikes, I tell my Even today, as peace talks have ad- getting involved in this war, or if we friends and colleagues, started shortly journed without an agreement, the vio- are going to get involved in this one, after that resolution. lence continues in Kosovo. I am pleased why we are not getting involved on be- I do not think we are ready for that that four representatives from the half of some of the Kurds in Turkey, in this case in Kosovo today. The ad- Kosovar Albanian delegation last week where the loss of life has been some ministration needs to make their case. signed the so-called Rambouillet agree- 37,000 in the last several years. Or what They then should request a resolution ment. However, I am alarmed that the about in Sudan, where there have been of authorization—we should prepare government in Belgrade continues to over a million people massacred in the one or they should prepare one—and we offer ultimatums and to deploy troops last 10 years? What about in Burundi, would vote on it. I hope we will do that and tanks in Kosovo. The continued de- where 200,000 people have been mur- before hostilities are initiated by fiance of President Slobodan Milosevic dered? I could go on and on. NATO; i.e., the United States. and other Serb leaders is very trou- We have to be very, very cautious Mr. President, I thank my friend and bling. Once again, NATO has threat- when we start deploying U.S. forces colleague from Alaska for his indul- ened airstrikes against Belgrade if the around the world. In some cases, we gence, and I yield the floor. Milosevic government does not comply have done it with very noble inten- Mr. STEVENS addressed the Chair. with the will of the international com- tions, but it has not worked. It did not The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- munity. Once agains, Belgrade has re- work in the early eighties in Lebanon. ator from Alaska. fused. It did not work in Somalia. We had to Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask Last week, the Organization for Se- bring our troops back and, unfortu- unanimous consent that the following curity and Cooperation in Europe evac- nately, we brought back a lot of our amendments be removed from the list uated its observers from Kosovo in an- troops in body bags. at the desk: Senator DURBIN’s Medicaid ticipation of possible NATO airstrikes. Again, I urge my colleagues to think recoupment amendment, Senator The violence in Kosovo has continued, seriously about what we are doing. For KOHL’s bankruptcy technical correc- with the aggression from both sides of crying out loud, let’s not be threat- tion amendment, and Senator LOTT’s this conflict. ening bombing because the Serbs have rules amendment. As we debate this important issue, not signed on to a peace accord that we The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without United States Special Envoy Richard somewhat arrogantly say, ‘‘This is objection, it is so ordered. Holbrooke is again in Belgrade at- what you have to do, and if you don’t Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask tempting one last time to convince agree, you’re going to be bombed.’’ I do unanimous consent that the pending President Milosevic to cease his oper- not think you can bomb a country into amendment be set aside so that we ations against the Kosovar Albanians submission to sign a peace agreement, may consider other amendments that and embark on a path to peace. Al- especially one that also says they have are in order under the previous order. though I commend Mr. Holbrooke for to agree to foreign troops stationed on Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, I ob- his efforts, and hope, of course, that he their soil for an indefinite period of ject. is successful, I am skeptical. time. That is a mistake. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Objec- Mr. President, I firmly believe that it I compliment my friend from Alaska tion is heard. is critical for Congress to take an ac- for his statement. Also, Mr. President, The Senator from Alaska has the tive role in the debate and decision to I reiterate that Congress needs to as- floor. send our men and women in uniform sert its constitutional prerogative, and Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I know into any potentially hostile situation. that is that Congress has the right Senator FEINGOLD wishes to make a As our constituents’ voices in matters under article I, section 8, of the Con- statement, and I wish to accord him of policy, we in Congress must fully de- stitution to declare war. Our fore- that privilege. bate this important issue and vote up fathers did not want to make it easy Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, I rise or down on whether or not to authorize for us to be involved in foreign entan- today to add my thoughts to this crit- such a deployment. glements, and they wanted Congress, ical debate about the potential deploy- While I am pleased that the European i.e., the support of the American peo- ment of United States troops to Kosovo members of NATO are taking the lead ple, to be involved before we would ever as part of a NATO peacekeeping mis- on the proposed deployment to Kosovo do so. I think they were exactly right. sion. I commend the Senator from to implement the Rambouillet agree- If President Clinton wants to initiate Texas, Senator HUTCHISON, for her ment, I have serious concerns about this effort, he should be asking Con- commitment to ensuring that the the United States participation in the gress for a declaration of war. I think Members of this body have the oppor- form of U.S. troops in that mission. we, as leaders in Congress, should co- tunity to fully debate this important No matter how one feels about the operate to bring that resolution to the issue. conflict in Kosovo or about the future floor and have a debate, a discussion, I also commend the Senator from of that province, under current Amer- and have a vote. New Hampshire, Senator SMITH, for his ican policy Kosovo is considered part of

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3055 Serbia, comprising, along with Monte- on a people who have not yet settled are already stretched too thin around negro, the Federal Republic of Yugo- ancient quarrels has to be the last re- the globe. Currently, there are more slavia. Yugoslav President Slobodan sort, not the standard way of doing than a quarter-million American Milosevic had made it abundantly clear business.’’ I agree with Mr. Broder. troops deployed in foreign areas, from that NATO troops are not welcome on Peacekeeping should be the exception, Haiti, to Bosnia, to the Persian Gulf, what he refers to as ‘‘Serb territory,’’ not the rule. I ask unanimous consent to the Korean peninsula. When I talk and he has begun to amass troops along that the full text of Mr. Broder’s col- to my constituents, they are startled the border with Macedonia, where ap- umn be printed in the RECORD fol- to hear that there is something like a proximately 12,000 NATO troops are al- lowing my remarks. quarter-million American troops, ap- ready currently deployed. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without proximately 250,000 American troops, In addition, for the moment, there is objection, it is so ordered. stationed around the world at this no peace to be kept by the peace- (See exhibit 1.) time. keeping force. While the Kosovar Alba- Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, I am I commend again our men and women nian delegation in France has signed seriously concerned that the adminis- in uniform for their service to our the Rambouillet agreement, the Serbs tration has cited the Bosnia mission as country. I cannot, however, support a remain adamant that they will not some kind of positive precedent for a policy that overcommits our American sign the agreement unless the Kosovar deployment to Kosovo—or anywhere troops abroad, especially when the sit- Albanians and the Contact Group ac- else. In my view, the mission to Bosnia uation into which they would be sent cept their latest demands. Many ob- should not be a precedent for anything. in Kosovo is so very uncertain. Again, servers see this as a stalling tactic on The deployment to Bosnia has resulted there will be more debate on this, and the part of the Serbs, since they are de- in, of course, some real benefits for the I think that is terribly important. manding changes to text that already people of that region, but it has re- I conclude my remarks by thanking has been agreed upon. sulted in less favorable consequences the Senators from Texas and New It is into this very uncertain situa- for the United States. However, the Hampshire for their work on this issue. tion and environment that the Presi- lack of clear goals and a timetable for I am also pleased that the House of dent has proposed to deploy 4,000 U.S. withdrawal, and the glaring ab- Representatives took an opportunity United States troops. sence of an exit strategy, now more to debate this extremely important Mr. President, with great regret, I than 3 years later, and more than $9 issue and that the Senate has followed have concluded that I must oppose the billion after the initial deployment, re- suit today. deployment of U.S. troops to Kosovo at main troubling. Again, I regret that I am unable to this time. I am compelled to do so for Let me repeat that. We were prom- support the deployment of U.S. troops several reasons. ised that the troops would be out of to Kosovo at this time. First, the potential for harm to our Bosnia in 1 year, that the troops would EXHIBIT NO. 1 men and women in uniform is too be home by December of 1996; and after [From the Washington Post, Mar. 17, 1999] great, and there is too much uncer- we were promised that, we would spend tainty surrounding the proposed de- at the most $2 billion. Our troops are BEFORE WE SEND IN THE TROOPS ... ployment. The continuing violence in still there, and it has cost over $9 or $10 (By David S. Broder) Kosovo, coupled with the mobilization billion. And now they do not even talk Last Saturday, two days after the House of of Serb troops in the area, fosters a about getting out on any date certain. Representatives had narrowly defeated a res- volatile environment into which our Any new deployment to the Balkans olution opposing the deployment of U.S. troops as part of a NATO peacekeeping force troops should not be deployed. The fact must not unduly add to the spiraling in Kosovo, The Post’s Douglas Farah re- that the Serbs are not presently will- cost American taxpayers are being ported some disquieting news about a pre- ing to sign the Rambouillet agreement asked to bear for our already very, vious peacekeeping mission to Haiti. or allow NATO troops into Kosovo very expensive mission in Bosnia. The chief of the U.S. Southern Command, makes it hard to believe that there will I do not want to see the mistakes of Gen. Charles E. Wilhelm, had told a closed be any peace at all for foreign troops to Bosnia repeated in Kosovo at the ex- session of a House subcommittee last month keep. pense of our men and women in uni- he wanted the troops removed from Haiti be- Second, since 1995, I have vigorously form. Our armed services have served cause the continuing instability of that pov- opposed the deployment of U.S. troops very admirably in the Balkans. They erty-stricken island nation put them at too grave a risk, according to a transcript of the to Bosnia. One can draw disturbing and their families and fellow citizens hearing obtained by Farah. parallels between the deployment to have a right to know the details of the You may be forgiven if you are surprised to Bosnia and the proposed deployment to proposed deployment before it happens. learn the Army is still in Haiti. It has been Kosovo. The administration, in my Third, I am concerned that the pro- more than four years now since the Sep- opinion, has again failed to make the posed deployment to Kosovo could set tember day in 1994 when President Clinton case to the American people and to the a new precedent for international sent a force of 20,000 troops onto the island. Congress for the deployment of U.S. peacekeeping. As we prepare to mark There was immense relief when last-minute ground troops in the Balkans. As with NATO’s 50th anniversary, the topic of negotiations cleared the way for their ar- rival; when they left their bases, they ex- the Bosnia mission, there is no clear continued out-of-area NATO deploy- pected to have to fight their way ashore. But set of goals beyond ‘‘maintaining’’ a ments for peacekeeping is a valid point the brutal generals running the country currently nonexistent peace, there is of concern. How do we justify United backed down, and soon were replaced— no timetable for withdrawal, no cost States participation in NATO missions thanks to U.S. force—by elected president estimate, and no exit strategy. in Bosnia and Kosovo but not in inter- Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Mr. President, I have come to the national deployments in Rwanda, Si- Neither Aristide nor his successor, Rene floor of the Senate many times in the erra Leone, or the Congo, where many Preval, has been able to bring peace or de- last 3 years to talk about the U.S. de- of the same tragic types of occurrences mocracy to Haiti. Factional fighting has im- mobilized the government and stymied ef- ployment to Bosnia. I have consist- have been occurring for several years? forts at economic recovery. And now that ently opposed that deployment and Violent civil wars have shredded the the factionalism has provoked assassinations have supported a number of attempts fabric of civil society around the globe, and bombings reminiscent of the bad old to end it. I cannot help but think that but it doesn’t seem to me, after observ- days, the 500 U.S. troops still in Haiti spend this proposed deployment to Kosovo is ing this for over 6 years, that we have much of their energy just trying to protect another in the long line of ill-fated and a clear principle for deciding where and themselves against those they came to help. seemingly unending peacekeeping mis- when to intervene. No such principle It would be difficult for the Clinton admin- sions that this administration has cho- emerges from the observation and the istration to accept the general’s call for a pullout, for it would concede the failure of a sen to undertake without the explicit justifications for both the Bosnia and peacekeeping mission regularly touted as authorization of the Congress. Kosovo proposed intervention. one of the signal achievements of recent Last week in the Washington Post, Finally, I am concerned about the de- years. columnist David Broder wrote, ‘‘Send- ployment of our men and women in It would be especially embarrassing at the ing in the military to impose a peace uniform to Kosovo because our troops very moment when the administration is

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3056 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 trying to squelch opposition in Congress—fed THE VERY BAD DEBT BOXSCORE From People Who Are Blind or Severely Dis- by such foreign policy luminaries as Henry abled, transmitting, pursuant to law, a list Kissinger—to sending 4,000 U.S. troops to Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, at the of additions to and deletions from the Com- Kosovo in a new peacekeeping mission. close of business yesterday, Monday, mittee’s Procurement List dated March 3, Two days before peace talks resumed be- March 19, 1999, the federal debt stood at 1999; to the Committee on Governmental Af- tween the Serb forces occupying Kosovo and $5,640,185,158,295.15 (Five trillion, six fairs. the rebel forces who claim to speak for the 90 hundred forty billion, one hundred EC–2247. A communication from the Chair percent Albanian population of the province, eighty-five million, one hundred fifty- of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commis- bombs planted by unknown persons killed at eight thousand, two hundred ninety- sion, transmitting, pursuant to law, the least seven people—a reminder of how far Commission’s report on the Secretary of from peace Kosovo is. five dollars and fifteen cents). Health and Human Services’ report con- During House debate, the question repeat- One year ago, March 19, 1998, the fed- cerning the development and implementa- edly raised was what assurance the adminis- eral debt stood at $5,537,630,000,000 tion of a Medicare prospective payment sys- tration could give that once the troops were (Five trillion, five hundred thirty- tem for home health agencies; to the Com- sent into Kosovo, they would ever be able to seven billion, six hundred thirty mil- mittee on Finance. get out. The response was that without lion). EC–2248. A communication from the Chief NATO troops on the ground, the killing Fifteen years ago, March 19, 1984, the of the Regulations Branch, U.S. Customs would go on, and without U.S. participation, federal debt stood at $1,465,615,000,000 Service, Department of the Treasury, trans- mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule our European NATO allies would not go it (One trillion, four hundred sixty-five alone. entitled ‘‘Technical Amendment to the Cus- This was the latest manifestation of what billion, six hundred fifteen million). toms Regulations’’ (T.D. 99-24) received on might be called the Wilsonian conundrum. It Twenty-five years ago, March 19, March 4, 1999; to the Committee on Finance. was Woodrow Wilson, in the aftermath of 1974, the federal debt stood at EC–2249. A communication from the Chief World War I, who most boldly asserted the $471,306,000,000 (Four hundred seventy- of the Regulations Branch, U.S. Customs doctrine that the United States would not one billion, three hundred six million) Service, Department of the Treasury, trans- only use its might to protect its national in- which reflects a debt increase of more mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule terests against any external threats but entitled ‘‘Technical Corrections Regarding than $5 trillion—$5,168,879,158,295.15 Customs Organization’’ (T.D. 99-27) received would aid the struggle for democracy, free- (Five trillion, one hundred sixty-eight dom and self-determination of oppressed peo- on March 4, 1999; to the Committee on Fi- ple wherever it was being fought. billion, eight hundred seventy-nine nance. Wilson’s ambitions were almost instantly million, one hundred fifty-eight thou- EC–2250. A communication from the Chief repudiated by the Senate in the debate over sand, two hundred ninety-five dollars of the Regulations Unit, Internal Revenue the League of Nations, but his ideas have in- and fifteen cents) during the past 25 Service, Department of the Treasury, trans- fluenced almost all his successors from FDR years. mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule through Clinton. Under the slogans of human entitled ‘‘Determination of Interest Rate’’ rights, liberation of captive nations or f (Rev. Rul. 99-16) received on March 15, 1999; peacekeeping, they have tried—with only EXECUTIVE AND OTHER to the Committee on Finance. EC–2251. A communication from the Chief intermittent success—to lift American for- COMMUNICATIONS eign policy beyond the crass calculations of of the Regulations Unit, Internal Revenue power politics and into the exalted realm of The following communications were Service, Department of the Treasury, trans- morality and justice. laid before the Senate, together with mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule What we have learned, I think, is that all accompanying papers, reports, and doc- entitled ‘‘Congressional Review of Market those good values cannot be imposed at the uments, which were referred as indi- Segment Specialization Program Audit Techniques Guides’’ received on March 12, point of a gun—even if the gun is held by an cated: American soldier who wants nothing in re- 1999; to the Committee on Finance. EC–2241. A communication from the Man- EC–2252. A communication from the Chief turn but a safe trip back home. aging Director for Administration, Overseas Peace cannot be built unless and until the of the Regulations Unit, Internal Revenue Private Investment Corporation, transmit- warring parties have exhausted themselves Service, Department of the Treasury, trans- ting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule en- with bloodshed and are ready to take the re- mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule titled ‘‘Production of Nonpublic Records and sponsibility on themselves to turn a new entitled ‘‘Oshkosh Truck Corporation v. Testimony of OPIC Employees in Legal Pro- page. No better example can be found this United States’’ (Fed. Cir. 1997) received on ceedings’’ (RIN3420-AA02) received on March Saint Patrick’s Day than Northern Ireland, March 12, 1999; to the Committee on Finance. 8, 1999; to the Committee on Foreign Rela- EC–2253. A communication from the Dep- where decades of sectarian violence blessedly tions. uty Executive Director and Chief Operating have given way to a shaky peace. EC–2242. A communication from the Gen- Officer of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Cor- The United States, led personally by Clin- eral Counsel, Executive Office for Immigra- poration, transmitting, pursuant to law, the ton, played an honorable and vital role in tion Review, Department of Justice, trans- report of a rule entitled ‘‘Allocation of As- bringing about that change. But it did so at mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule sets in Single-Employer Plans; Interest As- the conference table, using diplomats, not entitled ‘‘Motion to Reopen: Suspension of sumptions for Valuing Benefits’’ received on troops. The lesson is not that we should never be Deportation and Cancellation of Removal’’ March 9, 1999; to the Committee on Health, peacekeepers; rather, that there has to be a (RIN1125-AA23) received on March 16, 1999; to Education, Labor, and Pensions. EC–2254. A communication from the Direc- peace to keep. Sending in the military to im- the Committee on the Judiciary. EC–2243. A communication from the Direc- tor of the Regulations Policy and Manage- pose a peace on people who have not settled tor of the Policy Directives and Instructions ment Staff, Food and Drug Administration, ancient quarrels has to be the last resort, Branch, Immigration and Naturalization Department of Health and Human Services, not the standard way of doing business. Service, Department of Justice, transmit- transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, in ting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule en- a rule entitled ‘‘Indirect Food Additives: view of the posture taken by the other titled ‘‘Exceptions to the Educational Re- Polymers’’ (Docket 97F–0412) received on side of the aisle, as I understand it, we quirements for Naturalization for Certain March 16, 1999; to the Committee on Health, will not take up any other amendments Applicants’’ (RIN115-AE02) received on Feb- Education, Labor, and Pensions. until we dispose of this amendment, ruary 22, 1999; to the Committee on the Judi- EC–2255. A communication from the Direc- which I understand. I will pursue the ciary. tor of the Regulations Policy and Manage- closing arrangement for the Senate so EC–2244. A communication from the Direc- ment Staff, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, that we might put Senators on notice tor of the Office of Government Ethics, transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of that there will be no other amend- a rule entitled ‘‘Standards of Ethical Con- a rule entitled ‘‘Protection of Human Sub- ments considered today and that we duct for Employees of the Executive Branch’’ jects; Informed Consent; Technical Amend- will close. (RIN3209-AA04) received on March 12, 1999; to ment’’ (RIN0910–AA60) received on March 16, f the Committee on Governmental Affairs. 1999; to the Committee on Health, Education, EC–2245. A communication from the Direc- Labor, and Pensions. MORNING BUSINESS tor of the Division of Commissioned Per- EC–2256. A communication from the Direc- Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask sonnel, Department of Health and Human tor of the Regulations Policy and Manage- unanimous consent that the Senate Services, transmitting, pursuant to law, the ment Staff, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, proceed to a period for morning busi- Department’s report on the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Retirement transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of ness, with Senators permitted to speak System for fiscal year 1997; to the Com- a rule entitled ‘‘Ear, Nose, and Throat De- therein for up to 10 minutes each. mittee on Governmental Affairs. vices; Classification of the Nasal Dilator, the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without EC–2246. A communication from the Execu- Intranasal Splint, and the Bone Particle Col- objection, it is so ordered. tive Director of the Committee for Purchase lector’’ (RIN98N–0249) received on March 16,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3057 1999; to the Committee on Health, Education, By Mr. CAMPBELL (for himself, Mr. LUGAR, COVERDELL, LIEBERMAN, LAU- Labor, and Pensions. MCCAIN, Mr. SMITH of New Hamp- TENBERG, ASHCROFT, KENNEDY, SCHU- EC–2257. A communication from the Assist- shire, Mr. KERRY, Mr. LUGAR, Mr. MER, ALLARD, and SANTORUM. This bill ant General Counsel for Regulations, Depart- COVERDELL, Mr. LIEBERMAN, Mr. LAU- is a companion to legislation which ment of Education, transmitting, pursuant TENBERG, Mr. ASHCROFT, Mr. ANTOS ILMAN to law, the report of a rule entitled ‘‘Na- TORRICELLI, Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. SCHU- Congressmen L , G , and 65 tional Institute on Disability and Rehabili- MER, Mr. ALLARD, and Mr. other members introduced in the tation Research’’ received on March 16, 1999; SANTORUM): House. to the Committee on Health, Education, S. 676. A bill to locate and secure the re- Reports indicate that three soldiers Labor, and Pensions. turn of Zachary Baumel, a citizen of the of an Israeli tank crew were captured EC–2258. A communication from the Assist- United States, and other Israeli soldiers by Syrian forces at the 1982 battle of ant General Counsel for Regulatory Services, missing in action; to the Committee on For- Office of Postsecondary Education, Depart- Sultan Yaqub in northern Lebanon. eign Relations. These men were later paraded through ment of Education, transmitting, pursuant By Mr. LUGAR: to law, the report of a rule entitled ‘‘Grad- S. 677. A bill to amend the Immigration the streets of the Syrian capital of Da- uate Assistance in Areas of National Need’’ and Nationality Act to provide a limited mascus. They were never seen nor (34 CFR 648) received on March 15, 1999; to waiver of a requirement for reimbursement heard from again. Zachary Baumel, an the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, of local educational agencies for the costs of American citizen and sergeant in the and Pensions. foreign students’ education in certain cases; Israeli Defense Forces was one of those EC–2259. A communication from the Assist- to the Committee on the Judiciary. ant General Counsel for Regulations, Office men. For over sixteen years, the Syr- of Postsecondary Education, Department of f ian government and the leadership of the PLO have failed to cooperate in the Education, transmitting, pursuant to law, SUBMISSION OF CONCURRENT AND the report of a rule entitled ‘‘Demonstration effort to determine their fate. In 1993, Projects to Ensure Students With Disabil- SENATE RESOLUTIONS Yasser Arafat produced the most tan- ities Receive a Quality Higher Education’’ The following concurrent resolutions gible link to the missing men, return- (CFDA No. 84.333) received on March 15, 1999; and Senate resolutions were read, and ing half of Baumel’s identification dog to the Committee on Health, Education, referred (or acted upon), as indicated: tag. For the last five years, however, Labor, and Pensions. EC–2260. A communication from the Assist- By Mr. ABRAHAM (for himself, Mr. no additional information has been ant General Counsel for Regulations, Office CRAPO, Mr. SANTORUM, Mr. GRAMM, forthcoming. of Special Education and Rehabilitative and Mr. INHOFE): The bill I introduce today requires Services, Department of Education, trans- S. Res. 71. A resolution expressing the the State Department to raise this mitting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule sense of the Senate rejecting a tax increase issue with the Syrian government and entitled ‘‘Assistance to States for Education on investment income of certain associa- tions; to the Committee on Finance. leaders of the Palestinian Authority of Children with Disabilities Program’’ and provide the Congress with a report (RIN1820–AC40) received on March 12, 1999; to f on the information that has been un- the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED covered. It also requires that Pales- tinian and Syrian cooperation in this f BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS effort be a factor in the consideration By Mr. CAMPBELL (for himself, REPORTS OF COMMITTEES for future U.S. assistance. Mr. MCCAIN, Mr. SMITH of New The following reports of committees This legislation is a targeted ap- Hampshire, Mr. KERRY, Mr. were submitted: proach to address the unique and com- LUGAR, Mr. COVERDELL, Mr. By Mr. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee pelling merits of this case in which an LIEBERMAN, Mr. LAUTENBERG, on Energy and Natural Resources, without American-born Israeli soldier and his Mr. ASHCROFT, Mr. TORRICELLI, amendment: comrades remain unaccounted for in a Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. SCHUMER, S. 361. A bill to direct the Secretary of the time of war. As Americans know all Mr. ALLARD, and Mr. Interior to transfer to John R. and Margaret too well, the bitter legacy of missing J. Lowe of Big Horn County, Wyoming, cer- SANTORUM): soldiers and POWs can haunt a nation tain land so as to correct an error in the pat- S. 676. A bill to locate and secure the and interfere with efforts to build bet- ent issued to their predecessors in interest return of Zachary Baumel, a citizen of ter relations between former enemies. (Rept. No. 106–29). the United States, and other Israeli By Mr. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee Clearly, resolving the issue of the MIAs soldiers missing in action; to the Com- on Energy and Natural Resources, with can only strengthen American efforts mittee on Foreign Relations. amendments: to make Middle East peace into a re- S. 426. A bill to amend the Alaska Native Mr. CAMPBELL. Mr. President, ality. Claims Settlement Act, to provide for a land today I continue to voice my support This is the first week of the Jewish exchange between the Secretary of Agri- for the Middle East peace process and month of Nissan—the month of the culture and the Huna Totem Corporation, my work on behalf of soldiers Missing Jewish holiday of Passover—the an- and for other purposes (Rept. No. 106–30). in Action and Prisoners of War. During S. 430. A bill to amend the Alaska Native cient festival that celebrates freedom. the last Congress, I introduced the Claims Settlement Act, to provide for a land I can think of no time that is more ap- Missing Service Personnel Act, provi- exchange between the Secretary of Agri- propriate to propose this legislation, culture and the Kake Tribal Corporation, sions of which were signed into law to and to hopefully begin a process that and for other purposes (Rept. No. 106–31). restore critical Department of Defense will help to resolve the fate of Zachary By Mr. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee procedures for identifying and recov- Baumel and his comrades after so on Energy and Natural Resources, without ering POW/MIAs. The Act ensures that amendment: many years. our government is and will do every- S. 449. A bill to direct the Secretary of the I ask unanimous consent that the bill thing in its power to return those lost Interior to transfer to the personal rep- be printed in the RECORD and I urge my during times of conflict. Last month, I resentative of the estate of Fred Steffens of colleagues to support passage of this Big Horn County, Wyoming, certain land introduced S. 484, the ‘‘Bring Them bill. comprising the Steffens family property Home Alive Act of 1999’’ which creates There being no objection, the bill was (Rept. No. 106–32). a significant incentive for foreign na- ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as S. 330. A bill to promote the research, iden- tionals to return any possibly sur- tification, assessment, exploration, and de- follows: viving American POW/MIAs. velopment of methane hydrate resources, S. 676 and for other purposes (Rept. No. 106–33). Mr. President, today I introduce leg- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of f islation that continues my support for POW/MIAs and assists our Israeli allies Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND in their efforts to learn the fate of sev- JOINT RESOLUTIONS eral soldiers who were overtaken by SECTION 1. CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: The following bills and joint resolu- Syrian forces in June 1982. I am pleased (1) Zachary Baumel, a citizen of the United tions were introduced, read the first to be joined in this effort by Senators States serving in the Israeli military forces, and second time by unanimous con- TORRICELLI, MCCAIN, KERRY of Massa- has been missing in action since June 1982 sent, and referred as indicated: chusetts, SMITH of New Hampshire, when he was captured by forces affiliated

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3058 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 with the Palestinian Liberation Organiza- mit local school officials the oppor- One valuable component of these ar- tion (PLO) following a tank battle with Syr- tunity to waive the cost requirements rangements is an exchange program for ian forces at Sultan Ya’akub in Lebanon. of foreign students studying in our high school students enabling Amer- (2) Yehuda Katz and Zvi Feldman, Israeli public high schools in the United ican youth to spend a year in a foreign citizens serving in the Israeli military high school while students from abroad forces, have been missing in action since States on F–1 visas. The law now man- June 1982 when they were also captured by dates that all foreign students who are spend a year in a high school here. No these same forces in a tank battle with Syr- not in a government-funded exchange tuition is generally exchanged under ian forces at Sultan Ya’akub in Lebanon. program pay or reimburse the local the sister city agreement, but current (3) These three soldiers were last known to school district the cost of their edu- U.S. law states that visitors to our be in the hands of a Palestinian faction cation. country must pay the unsubsidized splintered from the PLO and operating in In those public school districts flood- cost of their education, even though Syrian-controlled territory, thus making ed with foreign students who pay no American students attending schools this a matter within the responsibility of the taxes, this requirement makes good abroad are exempted from the cost re- Government of Syria. sense. However, in those school dis- quirement. (4) Diplomatic efforts to secure their re- Along the Alaska-Yukon, Alaska- lease have been unsuccessful, although PLO tricts which enroll a small number of Chairman Yasir Arafat delivered one-half of foreign students or experience little or British Columbia and U.S.-Mexican Zachary Baumel’s dog tag to Israeli govern- no burden, there may be no desire for borders there are schools serving very ment authorities. tuition reimbursement. The decision to remote communities on both sides of (5) In the Gaza-Jericho agreement between enroll and to require cost reimburse- the border. After enactment of the 1996 the Palestinian Authority and the Govern- ment should be made at the local level. law, Canadian or Mexican students ment of Israel of May 4, 1994, Palestinian of- Current law, however, does not permit were no longer eligible to enter the ficials agreed to cooperate with Israel in lo- United States to attend local public cating and working for the return of Israeli this local discretion. The bill I am in- troducing today will allow local school schools even though governments and soldiers missing in action. the local school districts agreed to en- SEC. 2. ACTIONS BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE. districts the chance to waive the re- quirement that foreign students pay roll the students. (a) RESPONSIBILITY OF SECRETARY OF Many school districts choose to en- for the cost of their education. The de- STATE.—The Secretary of State shall raise roll one or two exchange students a the matter of Zachary Baumel, Yehuda Katz, cision to waive or not waive this re- year. Reciprocal exchange agreements and Zvi Feldman on an urgent basis with ap- quirement should be made at the grass- are beneficial and host families enjoy propriate government officials of Syria, Leb- roots level where the problem, if any, these students in their homes. Amer- anon, the Palestinian Authority, and with exist, not in Washington. My bill seeks other governments in the region and other ican exchange students attending to preserve this principle. It would governments elsewhere which in the Sec- schools in Germany, for example, are retary’s view may be helpful in locating and amend the Illegal Immigration Reform not subjected to the same tuition re- securing the return of these soldiers. and Immigrant Responsibility Act of quirements for their schooling, yet (b) COOPERATION AS A FACTOR IN DETER- 1996 (IIRIRA). they gain an understanding of German MINATIONS OF ASSISTANCE.—Decisions with Foreign exchange students bring history and culture and benefit from regard to United States economic and other knowledge, cultural exposure and un- their travels. Currently, U.S. law re- forms of assistance to Syria, Lebanon, the derstanding to American students, Palestinian Authority, and other govern- quires foreign students to pay their schools and communities. I have been a tuition before they arrive in the United ments in the region, and United States pol- proponent of cultural and educational icy towards these governments and authori- States. The extra paper work, the up- ties, should take into consideration the will- exchanges and have supported most front costs and the extra burden these ingness of these governments and authorities international exchange programs over requirements place on foreign students to assist in locating and securing the return the years—both those which bring for- tend to undermine the purpose of cul- of these soldiers. eign visitors here and those which send tural exchanges. SEC. 3. REPORTS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF American students, scholars and prac- I remain mindful to past abuses of F– STATE. titioners abroad. Most recently, my of- 1 visas and am sympathetic to the bur- (a) INITIAL REPORT.—Ninety days after the fice participated in the Congress-Bun- den that large enrollments of foreign date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary destag program. An intern from Ger- of State shall submit a report in writing to students place on American public Congress detailing the Secretary’s consulta- many worked in my office for several schools. My purpose in introducing this tions with governments pursuant to section weeks and learned about how a Senate bill today is not to weaken the law as 2(a) and the changes in United States poli- office functions. I remain committed to it currently reads, but to provide an cies made pursuant to section 2(b). The re- these exchange programs. They bring outlet for our schools to have an oppor- port shall be a public document and may in- enormous benefits to our country as tunity for enrolling international ex- clude a classified annex. well as to the individuals. change students. (b) SUBSEQUENT REPORTS.—After the initial In 1996, I supported the Illegal Immi- Last year, I was successful in getting report to Congress, the Secretary of State gration Reform and Immigrant Respon- shall submit a report in writing to Congress similar legislation passed in the Sen- within 15 days whenever any additional in- sibility Act. This law states that as of ate. Unfortunately, it was dropped in formation from any source relating to these November 30, 1996, IIRIRA prohibits conference. This bill has the support of individuals arises. The report shall be a pub- any alien from receiving an F–1 stu- many Senators, of the Department of lic document and may include a classified dent visa to attend a public elementary Education, Department of State and annex. school, grades K–8, or a publicly-funded the USIA as well as most U.S. non-gov- (c) CONGRESSIONAL RECIPIENTS OF RE- adult education program unless they ernmental organizations interested in PORTS.—The reports to Congress identified in pay the unsubsidized, per capita cost of immigration, student exchanges, pub- subsections (a) and (b) shall be made to the their education in advance. My bill Committee on International Relations of the lic education. It is my hope that the House of Representatives and to the Com- would not change current law relating Senate will once again pass this bill. mittee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. to elementary schools or adult edu- Mr. President, I ask that the bill be cation. It would not pertain to students included in the CONGRESSIONAL By Mr. LUGAR: on formal, government-funded inter- RECORD. S. 677. A bill to amend the Immigra- national exchanges such as those man- There being no objection, the bill was tion and Nationality Act to provide a aged by the State Department, the ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as limited waiver of a requirement for re- USIA and many other federal govern- follows: imbursement of local educational agen- ment agencies. It would simply allow S. 677 cies for the costs of foreign students’ high school officials to waive the cost Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- education in certain cases; to the Com- of the education of high school-level resentatives of the United States of America in mittee on the Judiciary. foreign students if that was their own Congress assembled, SECTION 1. LIMITED WAIVER OF REIMBURSE- LIMITED WAIVER OF COST REQUIREMENTS FOR choice. MENT REQUIREMENT FOR CERTAIN FOREIGN STUDENTS Several municipalities have ‘‘Sister FOREIGN STUDENTS. Mr. LUGAR. Mr. President, I rise City’’ arrangements between American Section 214(l)(1) of the Immigration and today to introduce a bill that will per- cities and cities in foreign countries. Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1184(l)(1)), as added

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3059 by section 625(a)(1) of the Illegal Immigra- (Mr. ASHCROFT) was added as a cospon- S. 655 tion Reform and Immigrant Responsibility sor of S. 376, a bill to amend the Com- At the request of Mr. LOTT, the name Act of 1996 (110 Stat. 3009–699), is amended— munications Satellite Act of 1962 to of the Senator from Louisiana (Mr. (1) in subparagraph (B), by redesignating clauses (i) and (ii) as subclauses (I) and (II), promote competition and privatization BREAUX) was added as a cosponsor of S. respectively; in satellite communications, and for 655, a bill to establish nationally uni- (2) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and other purposes. form requirements regarding the ti- (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively; S. 395 tling and registration of salvage, non- (3) by striking ‘‘(l)(1)’’ and inserting At the request of Mr. ROCKEFELLER, repairable, and rebuilt vehicles. ‘‘(l)(1)(A)’’; and the name of the Senator from Alabama SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 19 (4) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: (Mr. SESSIONS) was added as a cospon- At the request of Mr. CAMPBELL, the ‘‘(B) The Attorney General shall waive the sor of S. 395, a bill to ensure that the names of the Senator from Delaware application of subparagraph (A)(ii) for an volume of steel imports does not ex- (Mr. BIDEN) and the Senator from Mas- alien seeking to pursue a course of study in ceed the average monthly volume of sachusetts (Mr. KENNEDY) were added a public secondary school served by a local such imports during the 36-month pe- as cosponsors of Senate Concurrent educational agency (as defined in section riod preceding July 1997. Resolution 19, a concurrent resolution 14101 of the Elementary and Secondary Edu- cation Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 8801) if the agen- S. 425 concerning anti-Semitic statements cy determines and certifies to the Attorney At the request of Mr. ASHCROFT, the made by members of the Duma of the General that such waiver will promote the name of the Senator from Kansas (Mr. Russian Federation. educational interest of the agency and will ROBERTS) was added as a cosponsor of SENATE RESOLUTION 19 not impose an undue financial burden on the S. 425, a bill to require the approval of At the request of Mr. SPECTER, the agency.’’. Congress for the imposition of any new name of the Senator from South Da- f unilateral agricultural sanction, or any kota (Mr. JOHNSON) was added as a co- ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS new unilateral sanction with respect to sponsor of Senate Resolution 19, a reso- S. 25 medicine, medical supplies, or medical lution to express the sense of the Sen- At the request of Ms. LANDRIEU, the equipment, against a foreign country. ate that the Federal investment in bio- name of the Senator from Georgia (Mr. S. 434 medical research should be increased COVERDELL) was added as a cosponsor At the request of Mr. BREAUX, the by $2,000,000,000 in fiscal year 2000. of S. 25, a bill to provide Coastal Im- name of the Senator from Georgia (Mr. SENATE RESOLUTION 26 pact Assistance to State and local gov- CLELAND) was added as a cosponsor of At the request of Mr. MURKOWSKI, the ernments, to amend the Outer Conti- S. 434, a bill to amend the Internal names of the Senator from Iowa (Mr. nental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of Revenue Code of 1986 to simplify the GRASSLEY) and the Senator from Wis- 1978, the Land and Water Conservation method of payment of taxes on dis- consin (Mr. FEINGOLD) were added as Fund Act of 1965, the Urban Park and tilled spirits. cosponsors of Senate Resolution 26, a Recreation Recovery Act, and the Fed- S. 459 resolution relating to Taiwan’s Partici- eral Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act At the request of Mr. BREAUX, the pation in the World Health Organiza- (commonly referred to as the Pittman- name of the Senator from Nebraska tion. Robertson Act) to establish a fund to (Mr. KERREY) was added as a cosponsor f meet the outdoor conservation and of S. 459, a bill to amend the Internal SENATE RESOLUTION 71—EX- recreation needs of the American peo- Revenue Code of 1986 to increase the ple, and for other purposes. PRESSING THE SENSE OF THE State ceiling on private activity bonds. SENATE REJECTING A TAX IN- S. 185 S. 528 CREASE ON INVESTMENT IN- At the request of Mr. ASHCROFT, the At the request of Mr. SPECTER, the name of the Senator from Kansas (Mr. COME OF CERTAIN ASSOCIA- name of the Senator from Maryland TIONS ROBERTS) was added as a cosponsor of (Ms. MIKULSKI) was added as a cospon- S. 185, a bill to establish a Chief Agri- Mr. ABRAHAM (for himself, Mr. sor of S. 528, a bill to provide for a pri- cultural Negotiator in the Office of the CRAPO, Mr. SANTORUM, Mr. GRAMM, and vate right of action in the case of in- United States Trade Representative. Mr. INHOFE) submitted the following jury from the importation of certain resolution; which was referred to the S. 227 dumped and subsidized merchandise. At the request of Mr. COVERDELL, the Committee on Finance: S. 531 name of the Senator from Michigan S. RES. 71 At the request of Mr. ABRAHAM, the (Mr. ABRAHAM) was added as a cospon- Whereas the President’s fiscal year 2000 sor of S. 227, a bill to prohibit the ex- names of the Senator from Pennsyl- Federal budget proposal to impose a tax on penditure of Federal funds to provide vania (Mr. SANTORUM), the Senator the interest, dividends, capital gains, rents, or support programs to provide individ- from Louisiana (Mr. BREAUX), the Sen- and royalties in excess of $10,000 of trade as- uals with hypodermic needles or sy- ator from Iowa (Mr. GRASSLEY), the sociations and professional societies exempt ringes for the use of illegal drugs. Senator from Delaware (Mr. BIDEN), under section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Rev- enue Code of 1986 represents an unjust and S. 296 the Senator from Georgia (Mr. COVER- DELL), the Senator from Rhode Island unnecessary penalty on legitimate associa- At the request of Mr. FRIST, the tion activities; (Mr. CHAFEE), the Senator from New name of the Senator from Massachu- Whereas at a time when the Government is setts (Mr. KENNEDY) was added as a co- Mexico (Mr. BINGAMAN), the Senator projecting on-budget surpluses of more than sponsor of S. 296, A bill to provide for from Utah (Mr. HATCH), the Senator $800,000,000,000 over the next 10 years, the continuation of the Federal research from Oregon (Mr. SMITH), the Senator President proposes to increase the tax bur- investment in a fiscally sustainable from Oklahoma (Mr. INHOFE), and the den on trade and professional associations by way, and for other purposes. Senator from North Carolina (Mr. $1,440,000,000 over the next 5 years; Whereas the President’s association tax in- S. 333 EDWARDS) were added as cosponsors of crease proposal will impose a tremendous At the request of Mr. LEAHY, the S. 531, a bill to authorize the President to award a gold medal on behalf of the burden on thousands of small and mid-sized names of the Senator from Rhode Is- trade associations and professional societies; land (Mr. REED) and the Senator from Congress to Rosa Parks in recognition Whereas under the President’s association Pennsylvania (Mr. SANTORUM) were of her contributions to the Nation. tax increase proposal, most associations added as cosponsors of S. 333, a bill to S. 575 with annual operating budgets of as low as amend the Federal Agriculture Im- At the request of Mr. CLELAND, the $200,000 or more will be taxed on investment provement and Reform Act of 1996 to name of the Senator from Delaware income and as many as 70,000 associations nationwide could be affected by this pro- improve the farmland protection pro- (Mr. BIDEN) was added as a cosponsor of posal; gram. S. 575, a bill to redesignate the Na- Whereas associations rely on this targeted S. 376 tional School Lunch Act as the ‘‘Rich- investment income to carry out exempt-sta- At the request of Mr. BURNS, the ard B. Russell National School Lunch tus-related activities, such as training indi- name of the Senator from Missouri Act.’’ viduals to adapt to the changing workplace,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3060 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 improving industry safety, providing statis- over the next five years, many associa- meet on March 22, 1999 at 1 p.m. in Hart tical data, and providing community serv- tions will be forced to cut back on im- 216 for the purpose of conducting a ices; portant services, and some may not hearing. Whereas keeping investment income free survive an economic downturn without The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without from tax encourages associations to main- tain modest surplus funds that cushion the small cushion their investments objection, it is so ordered. against economic and fiscal downturns; and provide. Whereas corporations can increase prices Without such services provided by as- f to cover increased costs, while small and me- sociations, the Government will be dium-sized local, regional, and State-based forced to step in, increasing expendi- ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS associations do not have such an option, and tures and creating additional Govern- thus increased costs imposed by the Presi- ment programs and departments. dent’s association tax increase would reduce During a time when the Government resources available for the important stand- TUNISIA NATIONAL DAY is projecting on-budget tax surpluses of ard-setting, educational training, and profes- ∑ more than $800 billion over the next 10 Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I rise sionalism training performed by associa- today to congratulate the Government tions: Now, therefore, be it years, it is unconscionable that we Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate allow the administration to levy a new and the people of Tunisia on the occa- that Congress should reject the President’s tax on these nonprofit organizations.∑ sion of their annual National Day cele- proposed tax increase on investment income bration, March 20, which this year of associations as defined under section f marks the 43rd anniversary of their 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. AUTHORITY FOR COMMITTEES TO independence from France. While the ∑ Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, I am MEET Republic of Tunisia is only 43 years RAPO joined today by Senator C in in- COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT AFFIARS old, the Tunisian nation has a long rich troducing a Sense of the Senate Reso- Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask history, dating back to ancient lution rejecting a new tax proposed by unanimous consent on behalf of the Carthage. the Clinton administration. As part of Permanent Subcommittee on Inves- Accompanied by the senior U.S.- the administration’s fiscal year 2000 tigations of the Governmental Affairs N.A.T.O. military commander respon- budget proposal, this tax would be lev- Committee to meet on Monday, March sible for the region, I was privileged to ied on the investment income earned 22, 1999, at 1:30 p.m. for a hearing on visit Tunisia last April. At the request by nonprofit trade associations and the topic of ‘‘Securities Fraud On The of Admiral Lopez, I met with top gov- professional societies. This proposal, Internet.’’ ernment and military officials in the which would tax any income earned The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without company of U.S. Embassy officials in through interest, dividends, capital objection, it is so ordered. hopes of integrating U.S. and Tunisian gains, rents and royalties in excess of actions and efforts in Europe. SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGING THREATS AND $10,000, imposes a tremendous burden The United States and Tunisia go CAPABILITIES on thousands of small- and mid-sized back a long way. In 1797, our two na- Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask trade associations and professional so- tions signed a treaty of peace and unanimous consent that the committee cieties currently exempt under 501(c)(6) friendship. Among other things, this on Armed Services Subcommittee on of the Internal Revenue Code. treaty called for ‘‘perpetual and con- Emerging Threats and Capabilities be The administration would like us to stant peace.’’ Indeed, for the past 200 authorized to meet at 2 p.m. on Mon- believe that this tax is targeted to a years, our two nations have enjoyed day, March 22, 1999, in closed/open ses- few large associations, affecting only such a relationship. During World War sion to receive testimony on Depart- those ‘‘lobbying organizations’’ which II, Tunisia’s nationalist leaders sus- ment of Defense Policies and programs exist as tax shelters for members and pended their struggle against France in to combat terrorism. to further the goals of special inter- order to support the Allied cause: they ests. Mr. President, nothing could be The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered. knew which side in that war was fight- further from the truth. ing for the values they held dear. Dur- This new tax would affect an esti- STRATEGIC SUBCOMMITTEE ing the tense cold war years, Tunisia mated 70,000 registered trade associa- Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask was one of America’s most reliable al- tions and professional societies. The unanimous consent that the strategic lies in the Mediterranean, and bulk of these associations operate at a subcommittee of Committee on Armed Tunisia’s friendship proved of tremen- state and local level, many of whom Services be authorized to meet on Mon- dous benefit to the Sixth Fleet. perform little, if any, lobbying func- day, March 22, 1999, at 9 a.m. in open Since the end of the cold war, Tuni- tion. In fact, associations rely on in- session, to receive testimony on Na- vestment income to perform such vital sia has continued to be a friend and tional Security Space Programs and ally of the United States. Tunisian services as education, training, stand- Policies, in review of the defense au- ard setting, industry safety, research President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has thorization request for fiscal year 2000 been very active in supporting the Mid- and statistical data, and community and the future years defense program. outreach. Through association-orga- dle East peace process. He has also The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without sought to open his country’s economy nized volunteer programs, Americans objection, it is so ordered. contribute more than 173 million vol- to greater US investment, a goal that SUBCOMMITTEE ON YOUTH VIOLENCE AND unteer hours per year, at a value esti- has gotten a recent boost from our own CRIMINAL JUSTICE State Department, which has proposed mated at over $2 billion annually. Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask These organizations already con- a new trade partnership with the coun- unanimous consent that a joint hear- tribute millions in taxes for any activi- tries of North Africa, including Tuni- ing, before the subcommittees on ties which place them in competition sia. Our military ties with Tunisia also with for-profit businesses. Yet the ad- Youth Violence and Criminal Justice remain strong. Just last month De- ministration would like to impose a Oversight of the Senate Judiciary Com- fense Secretary William Cohen visited new tax on income earned outside of mittee, be authorized to meet during Tunisia and discussed a number of the competitive business environment, the session of the Senate on Monday, issues of mutual interest, including the income which is used to fund functions March 22, 1999 at 1 p.m. to hold a hear- Iraqi situation, the Middle East peace serving the public welfare. Unlike for- ing in room 226 of the Senate Dirksen process and the Lockerbie bombing. profit corporations, investment income Office building on: ‘‘Review of DOJ I think it is safe to say that few of does not go to shareholders, individ- Firearm Prosecutions.’’ our nation’s bilateral relationships uals, or other companies. Associations The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without have been broadly and consistently do not have the liberty of simply rais- objection, it is so ordered. positive for so long. I hope my col- ing prices, as do ordinary corporations, SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON AGING leagues will join me in congratulating to cover increased costs. Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask Tunisia on its National Day and in Mr. President, faced with an addi- unanimous consent that the Special honoring this great friend of the tional increase in taxes of $1.44 billion Committee on Aging be permitted to United States.∑

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3061 JAMES D. WOOD, P.E. County, Montana to enhance their pro- states, including Pennsylvania, Dela- ∑ Ms. MIKULSKI, Mr. President, I am ductivity. He has done this primarily ware, Maryland, and Virginia. proud that one of my constituents, by providing information from research He served three years on ATF’s Na- tional Response Team, served as super- James D. Wood of Abingdon, Maryland, done at Montana State University or visor with the Metropolitan Area Task is a finalist for the National Society of other experiment stations. He has also Force for the Office of National Drug Professional Engineers’ Federal Engi- conducted numerous meetings and Control Policy, and just prior to his neer of the Year Award. workshops to strengthen the farmers’ current assignment, served as Assist- Mr. Wood is a Program Manager for knowledge and capabilities as Yellow- ant Special Agent in Charge of ATF’s the U.S. Army Center for Health Pro- stone County moved from a rural to a Charlotte, North Carolina Field Divi- motion and Preventive Medicine, Aber- more urban county. In addition, he sion, overseeing bombing, church deen Proving Ground, Maryland. He tirelessly maintained personal con- arson, firearms trafficking and ciga- has made significant and lasting con- tacts with local farmers to ensure their rette diversion investigations. tributions to resolve complex air qual- understanding about crops, livestock, farm machinery, and land leases were Members of Congress have been well ity issues and enhance environmental served with Steve at the helm of ATF’s auditing efforts at DOD installations up to date. Over his almost 40 years as a County Legislative Affairs office, and we wish throughout the world over the past two him well in his new position.∑ decades. His extraordinary technical Agent, Mr. Ramney always acted in a f skills, dedication to the engineering positive and helpful manner. He said profession, superlative leadership, and that even though he has answered SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT personal commitment to subordinates many, many questions over the years, IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1999 he has learned that everyone who calls distinguish him as a premier air qual- Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask or stops by teaches him something. For ity expert in the Department of the unanimous consent that the Senate example, he noted that a lot more calls Army. proceed to the immediate consider- were looking for information that peo- Mr. Wood was instrumental in direct- ation of Calendar No. 22, which is S. ple heard about from other universities ing responses to air quality crises af- 364. fecting U.S. forces, including assessing and experimental stations in other The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without and mitigating health risks to U.S. parts of the country. With the advent objection, it is so ordered. The clerk peacekeepers in Bosnia. He is one of of better communications, farmers will report. the foremost authorities on environ- knew more about what was happening The bill clerk read as follows: mental auditing in the Army. in Oklahoma, North Dakota, South Da- A bill (S. 364) to improve certain loan pro- A member of the National Society of kota, Wyoming, and Nebraska. As Mr. grams of the Small Business Administration, Professional Engineers, he has served Ramney said, ‘‘They ask for it and I and for other purposes. in key leadership roles and on the hunt for information wherever it might The Senate proceeded to consider the Board of Directors of the Maryland So- be.’’ Ms. Mary Zartman, Personnel Di- bill. ciety of Professional Engineers, and in rector of the Montana State University Mr. BOND. Mr. President, I rise every leadership position of its Susque- Extension Service stated, with the today in support of the Small Business hanna Chapter during the past 15 years. news of Mr. Ramney’s retirement, Investment Improvement Act of 1999. I His selfless efforts to promote engi- ‘‘He’ll be a hard act to follow.’’ Please am pleased to report the bill received neering awareness of high school stu- join with me in recognizing an unusual unanimous support of my colleagues on ∑ dents are superb. American and a great Montanan. the Committee on Small Business, Wood holds a B.S. in chemical engi- f when we voted to report the bill on February 5, 1999. This is important leg- neering from the University of Mis- TRIBUTE TO SPECIAL AGENT islation for one simple reason: it souri-Rolla, a M.S. in environmental STEVEN J. PIROTTE makes more investment capital avail- engineering from the Johns Hopkins ∑ Mr. KOHL. Mr. President, for the University, and a M.S. in engineering able to small businesses that are seek- past two years, the Bureau of Alcohol, ing to grow and hire new employees. management from the Florida Insti- Tobacco and Firearms’ Office of Legis- In 1958, Congress created the SBIC tute of Technology.∑ lative Affairs has been under the able program to assist small business own- f leadership of Steven J. Pirotte. Special ers obtain investment capital. Forty Agent Pirotte has served as the Execu- years later, small businesses continue YELLOWSTONE COUNTY AGENT tive Assistant to the Director of ATF to experience difficulty in obtaining in- JOHN RAMNEY’S 37 YEARS OF since the beginning of 1997, and in that vestment capital from banks and tradi- PUBLIC SERVICE capacity, has provided conscientious tional investment sources. Although ∑ Mr. BURNS. Mr. President, I rise service to many Members of Congress investment capital is readily available today to recognize Mr. John Ramney, a and their staffs, my own included. to large businesses from traditional fellow Montana, who has spent 37 years Steve is moving to a new challenge Wall Street investment firms, small in public service as an Agriculture Ex- on April 18, when he reports to his new businesses seeking investments in the tension Agent for Yellowstone County, post of duty as the Division Director range of $100,000–$2.5 million have to Montana. Over this period he has and Special Agent in Charge of ATF’s look elsewhere. SBIC’s are frequently helped farmers, downtown business Boston Field Division, with oversight the only sources of investment capital folks and the media with agricultural- over ATF’s functions in Massachusetts, for growing small businesses. related questions, in a professional Vermont, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Often we are reminded that the SBIC manner that is a role model for exem- Island, Northern New York and New program has helped some of our Na- plary public service today. Hampshire. His honest counsel, assist- tion’s best known companies. It has Mr. Ramney’s career served Mon- ance, and expertise will be missed by provided a financial boost at critical tana’s agriculture industry with a all of us who have worked with him. points in the early growth period for unique quiet dedication not usually Special Agent Pirotte began his ca- many companies that are familiar to seen today. He began his career as a reer with the Bureau of Alcohol, To- all of us. For example, Federal Express county agent in training in Thompson bacco and Firearms in 1975 in Falls received a needed infusion of capital Falls and Great Falls, Montana. He Church, Virginia, later serving posts of from two SBA-licensed SBIC’s at a then became a 4–H Agent with the Yel- duty in Washington, D.C., Winchester, critical juncture in its development lowstone County Extension Office in Virginia, and Denver, Colorado. From stage. The SBIC program also helped 1961. After serving as an assistant 1986 to 1989, he served as Group Super- other well-known companies, when county agent in training in Billions for visor for the Mid-Atlantic Organized they were not so well-known, such as six years, he became a full fledged Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force Intel, Outback Steakhouse, America County Agent for Yellowstone County. and coordinated all OCDETF investiga- Online, and Callaway Golf. His job has involved educating the tions in the two field divisions and 26 What is not well known is the ex- agricultural producers in Yellowstone offices throughout the Mid-Atlantic traordinary help the SBIC program

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3062 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 provides to Main Street America Small verage and obtain the lowest possible consent that all after the enacting businesses. These are companies we interest rate. clause be stricken and the text of S. 364 know from home towns all over the The Small Business Investment Im- be inserted in lieu thereof; that the bill United States. Main Street companies provement Act of 1999 clarifies the then be read for the third time and provide both stability and growth in rules for the determination of an eligi- passed; that the motion to reconsider our local business communities. A good ble small business or small enterprise be laid upon the table; and that any example of a Main Street company is that is not required to pay Federal in- statements relating to this legislation Steelweld Equipment Company, found- come tax at the corporate level, but appear at appropriate place in the ed in 1932, which designs and manufac- that is required to pass income through RECORD. tures utility truck bodies in St. Clair, to its shareholders or partners by using The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without MO. The truck bodies are mounted on a specified formula to compute its objection, it is so ordered. chassis made by Chrysler, Ford, and after-tax income. This provision is in- The bill (H.R. 68), as amended, was General Motors. Steelweld provides tended to permit ‘‘pass through’’ enter- read the third time and passed, as fol- truck bodies for Southwestern Bell prises to be treated the same as enter- lows: Telephone Co., Texas Utilities, Par- prises that pay Federal taxes for pur- Resolved, That the bill from the House of agon Cable, GTE, and GE Capital Fleet. poses of SBA size standard determina- Representatives (H.R. 68) entitled ‘‘An Act to Steelweld is a privately held, woman- tions. amend section 20 of the Small Business Act owned corporation. The owner, Elaine The bill would also make a relatively and make technical corrections in title III of Hunter, went to work for Steelweld in small change in the operation of the the Small Business Investment Act.’’, do pass with the following amendment: 1966 as a billing clerk right out of high program. This change, however, would Strike out all after the enacting clause and school. She rose through the ranks of help smaller, small businesses to be insert: the company and was selected to serve more attractive to investors. SBIC’s SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. on the board of directors. In December would be permitted to accept royalty This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Small Business 1995, following the death of Steelweld’s payments contingent on future per- Investment Improvement Act of 1999’’. founder and owner, Ms. Hunter re- formance from companies in which SEC. 2. SBIC PROGRAM. ceived financing from a Missouri-based they invest as a form of equity return (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 308(i)(2) of the Small SBIC, Capital for Business (CFB) Ven- for their investment. Business Investment following: ‘‘In this para- ture Fund II, to help her complete the SBA already permits SBICs to re- graph, the term ‘interest’ includes only the max- acquisition of Steelweld. CFB provided ceive warrants from small businesses, imum mandatory sum, expressed in dollars or as $500,000 in subordinated debt. Senior which give the investing SBIC the a percentage rate, that is payable with respect bank debt and seller debt were also right to acquire a portion of the equity to the business loan amount received by the small business concern, and does not include the used in the acquisition. of the small business. By pledging roy- value, if any, of contingent obligations, includ- Since Mr. Hunter acquired Steelweld, alties or warrants, the small business ing warrants, royalty, or conversion rights, its manufacturing process was rede- is able to reduce the interest that granting the small business investment company signed to make the company run more would otherwise be payable by the an ownership interest in the equity or increased efficiently. By 1997, Steelweld’s profit- small business to the SBIC. Impor- future revenue of the small business concern re- ability had doubled, with annual sales tantly, the royalty feature provides the ceiving the business loan.’’. of $10 million and 115 employees. SBIC smaller, small business with an incen- (b) FUNDING LEVELS.—Section 20 of the Small program success stories like Ms. Hunt- tive to attract SBIC investments when Business Act (15 U.S.C. 631 note) is amended— (1) in subsection (d)(1)(C)(i), by striking er’s experience at Steelweld occur reg- the return may otherwise be insuffi- ‘‘$800,000,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$1,200,000,000’’; ularly throughout the United States. cient to attract venture capital. and In 1991, the SBIC program was experi- Lastly, the bill increases the pro- (2) in subsection (e)(1)(C)(i), by striking encing major losses, and the future of gram authorization levels to fund par- ‘‘$900,000,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$1,500,000,000’’. the program was in doubt. Con- ticipating securities. In fiscal year (c) DEFINITIONS.— sequently, in 1992 and 1996, the Com- 1999, the authorization level would in- (1) SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN.—Section 103(5) mittee on Small Business worked crease from $800 million to $1.2 billion; of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (15 closely with the Small Business Ad- in fiscal year 2000, it would increase U.S.C. 662(5)) is amended— ministration to correct deficiencies in from $900 million to $1.5 billion. The (A) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) through (C) as clauses (i) through (iii), and in- the law in order to ensure the future of two increases have become necessary denting appropriately; the program. Today, the SBIC Program as the demand in the SBIC program (B) in clause (iii), as redesignated, by adding is expanding rapidly in an effort to was growing at a rapid rate. Higher au- ‘‘and’’ at the end; meet the growing demands of small thorization levels are necessary if the (C) by striking ‘‘purposes of this Act, an in- business owners for debt and equity In- SBIC Program is going to meet the de- vestment’’ and inserting the following: ‘‘pur- vestment capital. mand for investment capital from the poses of this Act— Last year, the Senate unanimously small business community. ‘‘(A) an investment’’; and approved a bill similar to the bill that Mr. President, this is a sound bill, (D) by adding at the end the following: is now before the Senate. Today’s bill ‘‘(B) in determining whether a business con- which has the unanimous support of all cern satisfies net income standards established includes two technical changes in the 18 members of the Committee on Small pursuant to section 3(a)(2) of the Small Business SBIC program. The first change re- Business. On February 2, 1999, a similar Act, if the business concern is not required by moves a requirement that at least 50 version of this legislation passed the law to pay Federal income taxes at the enter- percent of the annual program level of House of Representatives by a vote of prise level, but is required to pass income the approved participating securities 402–2. I strongly urge my colleagues in through to the shareholders, partners, bene- under the SBIC Program be reserved the Senate to vote in favor of the ficiaries, or other equitable owners of the busi- for funding with SBIC’s having private Small Business Investment Improve- ness concern, the net income of the business capital of not more than $20 million. concern shall be determined by allowing a de- ment Act of 1999. duction in an amount equal to the sum of— The requirement became obsolete fol- Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask ‘‘(i) if the business concern is not required by lowing SBA’s imposition of its leverage unanimous consent that the bill be law to pay State (and local, if any) income taxes commitment process and congressional read for the third time. at the enterprise level, the net income (deter- approval for SBA to issue 5-year com- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without mined without regard to this subparagraph), mitments for SBIC leverage. objection, it is so ordered. multiplied by the marginal State income tax rate The second technical change requires The bill (S. 364) was read the third (or by the combined State and local income tax SBA to issue SBIC guarantees and time. rates, as applicable) that would have applied if trust certificates at periodic intervals Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask the business concern were a corporation; and of not less than 12 months. The current unanimous consent that the Small ‘‘(ii) the net income (so determined) less any deduction for State (and local) income taxes cal- requirement is 6 months. This change Business Committee be discharged culated under clause (i), multiplied by the mar- will give maximum flexibility for SBA from further consideration of H.R. 68, ginal Federal income tax rate that would have and the SBIC industry to negotiate the and that the Senate proceed to its con- applied if the business concern were a corpora- placement of certificates that fund le- sideration. I further ask unanimous tion;’’.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 6333 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY March 22, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3063 (2) SMALLER ENTERPRISE.—Section recess from 12:30 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. on ROBERT L. TRAMALONI, MICHAEL J. WHITE, 0000 0000 DAVID C. WILLIAMS, 0000 103(12)(A)(ii) of the Small Business Investment Tuesday to allow for the weekly cau- STANLEY F. UCHMAN, 0000 BUJUNG ZEN, 0000 Act of 1958 (15 U.S.C. 662(12)(A)(ii)) is amended cuses to meet. To be lieutenant colonel by inserting before the semicolon at the end the following: ‘‘except that, for purposes of this The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ROBERT C. ALLEN, 0000 THEODORE A. MICKLE, JR., objection, it is so ordered. ANTHONY H. ARNOLD, 0000 0000 clause, if the business concern is not required by BERNADETTE C. ARROYO- PAUL F. MONTANY, 0000 law to pay Federal income taxes at the enter- KEMP, 0000 ANDREW R. MONTEIRO, JR., f prise level, but is required to pass income JEFFERY F. BAKER, 0000 0000 DAUGLAS E. BEAKES, 0000 PAUL S. MUELLER, 0000 through to the shareholders, partners, bene- PROGRAM JAMES H. BERRO, 0000 EMMET P. MURPHY, 0000 ficiaries, or other equitable owners of the busi- MARCUS P. BEYERLE, 0000 ANTONIO NELSON, 0000 ness concern, the net income of the business Mr. STEVENS. For the information JEFFERY M. BISHOP, 0000 DANNY W. NICHOLLS, 0000 JAMES C. BLOOM, 0000 KEVIN M. NOALL, 0000 concern shall be determined by allowing a de- of all Senators, the Senate will recon- DEBORAH J. BOSTOCK, 0000 KEITH J. ODEGARD, 0000 duction in an amount equal to the sum of— vene tomorrow at 10 a.m. and resume ROBERT M. BUCHSBAUM II, MARTIN G. OTTOLINI, 0000 ‘‘(I) if the business concern is not required by 0000 MICHAEL S. PANOSIAN, 0000 consideration of the Lott amendment STEPHEN M. BURNS, 0000 DAVID L. PAUL, 0000 law to pay State (and local, if any) income taxes WALTER R. CAYCE, 0000 LEE E. PAYNE, 0000 to the supplemental appropriations at the enterprise level, the net income (deter- CEDRIC C. CHENET, 0000 ROBERT PERSONS, 0000 bill. Under the previous order, the time JAY A. CLEMENS, 0000 JAMES PETTEY, 0000 mined without regard to this clause), multiplied LOUIS A. DAGOSTINO, 0000 RONALD PEVETO, 0000 by the marginal State income tax rate (or by the until 12:30 will be equally divided for DOMINIC A. DEFRANCIS, DANGTUAN PHAM, 0000 combined State and local income tax rates, as debate on the amendment. 0000 ROBERT H. POINDEXTER, ROBERT M. DIXON, 0000 0000 applicable) that would have applied if the busi- The Senate will then recess until 2:15 RUSSELL W. EGGERT, 0000 KENNETH G. REINERT, 0000 ness concern were a corporation; and p.m. for the policy lunches and upon BRIAN J. FINLEY, 0000 DOUGLAS J. ROBB, 0000 ‘‘(II) the net income (so determined) less any CRAIG A. FLICKINGER, 0000 JAMES L. RUSHFORD, 0000 reconvening will proceed to vote on the RUSSELL G. GELORMINI, BRADLEY S. RUST, 0000 deduction for State (and local) income taxes cal- 0000 VICENTE E. SANCHEZ culated under subclause (I), multiplied by the motion to invoke cloture on the Lott DAVID C. HALL, 0000 CASTRO, 0000 amendment. Following that vote, it is KAREN L. HARTER, 0000 MICHAEL G. SCHAFFRINNA, marginal Federal income tax rate that would PETER J. HEATH, 0000 0000 have applied if the business concern were a cor- hoped that the Senate will begin con- GEORGE M. HILGENDORF, CARL G. SIMPSON, 0000 poration’’. sideration of the fiscal year 2000 budget JR., 0000 JILL L. STERLING, 0000 NEIL C. HUFFMAN, 0000 JAMES R. STEWART, 0000 (d) TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.— resolution. Therefore, Members should JOSE E. IBANEZ PABON, 0000 LARRY TABATCHNICK, 0000 (1) REPEAL.—Section 303(g) of the Small Busi- expect rollcall votes throughout Tues- JAMES L. JOHNSON, 0000 JOHN J. TAPPEL, 0000 ness Investment Act of 1958 (15 U.S.C. 683(g)) is HARVEY E. KELLEY, 0000 JULIA H. TOWNSEND, 0000 day’s session, with the first vote to JAMES E. KING, JR., 0000 ANTHONY J. VANGOOR, 0000 amended by striking paragraph (13). MICHAEL A. KOCH, 0000 SCOTT W. (2) ISSUANCE OF GUARANTEES AND TRUST CER- occur on cloture at 2:15. JOHN KUSSMAUL, JR., 0000 VANVALKENBURG, 0000 TIFICATES.—Section 320 of the Small Business JANICE L. LEE, 0000 JAMES M. WATSON, 0000 f RUSSELL M. LINMAN, 0000 JOSEPH M. WEMPE, 0000 Investment Act of 1958 (15 U.S.C. 687m) is DAVID J. LOUIS, 0000 NORMA I. WESTERBAND, amended by striking ‘‘6’’ and inserting ‘‘12’’. ADJOURNMENT MARK F. LUPPINO, 0000 0000 (3) ELIMINATION OF TABLE OF CONTENTS.—Sec- CHARLES W. MACKETT, 0000 STEVEN L. WIRE, 0000 THOMAS L. MC KNIGHT, 0000 MYGLEETUS W. WRIGHT, tion 101 of the Small Business Investment Act of Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, if EVELYN MENDEZ, 0000 0000 1958 (15 U.S.C. 661 note) is amended to read as there is no further business to come be- To be major follows: fore the Senate, I ask unanimous con- EDDY L. BUFFKIN, 0000 JAMES F. KELLEY, 0000 ‘‘SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. sent that the Senate stand in adjourn- JON D. HAYWOOD, 0000 ROBIN M. KING, 0000 ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Small Business ment under the previous order. JOHN J. HIGGINS, 0000 JEFFERY A. RENSHAW, 0000 Investment Act of 1958’.’’. There being no objection, the Senate, IN THE ARMY Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I fi- at 5:12 p.m., adjourned until Tuesday, THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT nally ask consent that S. 364 be placed IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY TO THE GRADE INDICATED March 23, 1999, at 10 a.m. WHILE ASSIGNED TO A POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND back on the Calendar. RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 601: f The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without To be general objection, it is so ordered. NOMINATIONS LT. GEN. JOHN G. COBURN, 0000 f THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT Executive nominations received by IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY TO THE GRADE INDICATED ORDERS FOR TUESDAY, MARCH 23, the Senate March 22, 1999: UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 624: 1999 FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION To be brigadier general, medical corps Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask JOSEPH E. BRENNAN, OF MAINE, TO BE A FEDERAL COL. JOSEPH G. WEBB, JR., 0000 unanimous consent that when the Sen- MARITIME COMMISSIONER FOR THE TERM EXPIRING JUNE 30, 2003, VICE WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, RESIGNED. IN THE MARINE CORPS ate completes its business today, it IN THE AIR FORCE THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT stand in adjournment until 10 a.m., IN THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS TO THE GRADE Tuesday, March 23. I further ask con- THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINTMENT INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 5046: TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES AIR sent that on Tuesday, immediately fol- FORCE UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTIONS 624 AND 628: To be brigadier general lowing the prayer, the Journal of pro- To be colonel COL. JOSEPH COMPOSTO, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINTMENT ceedings be approved to date, the ROBERT J. VAUGHN, 0000 morning hour be deemed to have ex- IN THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS TO THE GRADE To be lieutenant colonel INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 624: pired, the time for the two leaders be CHARLES E. BUCHANAN, HAROLD M. MC DONALD III, To be brigadier general reserved and the Senate resume consid- 0000 0000 eration of S. 544, the supplemental ap- JAMES F. BUGLEWICZ, 0000 KEVIN C. SMITH, 0000 WILLIAM D. CATTO, 0000 Richard A. Huck, 0000 DUANE L. JONES, 0000 KENNETH V. VOLMERT, 0000 TONY L. CORWIN, 0000 Richard S. Kramlich, 0000 propriations bill. Robert C. Dickerson, Jr. Timothy R. Larsen, 0000 To be major 0000 Bradley M. Lott, 0000 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Jon A. Gallinetti, 0000 Jerry C. Mc Abee, 0000 objection, it is so ordered. DAVID H.T. KIM, 0000 JACK F. ROCCO, 0000 Timothy F. Ghormley, 0000 Thomas L. Moore, Jr. 0000 MARK E. NUNES, 0000 TODD B. SILVERMAN, 0000 Samuel T. Helland, 0000 Richard F. Natonski, 0000 Mr. STEVENS. I further ask unani- DAVID J. REES, 0000 Leif H. Hendrickson, 0000 JOHNNY R. THOMAS, 0000 mous consent that the time between 10 IN THE AIR FORCE IN THE NAVY a.m. and 12:30 p.m. be equally divided THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR REGULAR AP- THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT between the leaders, or their designees, POINTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE UNDER TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 531: TO THE GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SEC- for debate on the Lott second-degree TION 624: amendment relating to Kosovo. To be colonel To be rear admiral (lower half) The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without GERALD F. BUNTING JAMES R. EBERT, 0000 BLAKE, 0000 JAMES E. HANSEN, 0000 CAPT. CRAIG R. QUIGLEY, 0000 objection, it is so ordered. CHARLES W. CAMPBELL, ROBERT B. HULL, 0000 Mr. STEVENS. I further ask unani- JR., 0000 CHRISTIAN L. MAEDER, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR TEMPORARY STEPHAN B. CHRISMAN, 0000 JOHN A. REYBURN, JR., 0000 APPOINTMENT TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE U. S. mous consent that the Senate stand in DAVID S. DOUGHERTY, 0000 FREDERICK W. RUDGE, 0000 NAVY UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 5721:

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:11 Nov 01, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00037 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 9801 E:\1999SENATE\S22MR9.REC S22MR9 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3064To be lieutenant commander CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 22, 1999 CLIFFORD A. ANDERSON, TIMOTHY M. CIOCCO, 0000 0000 JOSE L. CISNEROS, 0000 RICHARD A. GOODWIN, 0000 JOKER L. JENKINS, 0000 DANA A. NELSON, 0000 EDWARD J. STOCKTON, 0000 WALTER L. BANKS, 0000 JOHN C. COLUCCI, 0000 RAYMOND D. GOYET, JR, CARTHER F. JORGENSEN, EUGENE J. NEMETH, 0000 ROBERT J. STOWE, 0000 VICTOR A. BARRIOS, 0000 JOHN A. DONNELL, 0000 0000 0000 MARK J. OBERLEY, 0000 KAI O. TORKELSON, 0000 JOSEPH E. BELL, 0000 DAVID K. FLICK, 0000 WILLIAM B. HALE, 0000 JARED A. KEYS, 0000 MARK H. OESTERREICH, 0000 VINH X. TRAN, 0000 JERRY R. BOSTER, 0000 JAMES R. GARNER, 0000 STEVEN M. HARRISON, 0000 KEITH A. KNUTSEN, 0000 DEAN T. RAWLS, 0000 DANIEL T. TREM, 0000 MICHAEL O. BRUNNER, 0000 CHARLES R. GILLUM, JR, GEOFFREY M. HENDRICK, ROBERT A. KOONCE, 0000 ROBERT T. REZENDES, 0000 DAVID M. TRZECIAKIEWICZ, CARL A. BURKINS, 0000 0000 0000 ROBERT H. LEDOUX, III, 0000 DAVID G. SCHAPPERT, 0000 0000 THOMAS W. CARROLL, 0000 DOUGLAS K. GLESSNER, DIEGO HERNANDEZ, 0000 BRYAN J. LETHCOE, 0000 SCOTT B. SEAL, 0000 JOSEPH M. TURK, 0000 JEFFREY L. CIMA, 0000 0000 TUNG HO, 0000 MICHAEL A. Mc CARTNEY, BRENT E. SMITH, 0000 THOMAS L. WILLIAMS, 0000 LAWRENCE J. HOLLOWAY, 0000 GERHARD A. SOMLAI, 0000 ERIC P. WOELPER, 0000 0000 JOHN J. Mc CRACKEN, 0000 DAVID W. SPANKA, 0000 SAMUELL T. HUGH J. HUCK, III, 0000 JAMES L. MINTA, 0000 JOHN W. SPRAGUE, 0000 WORTHINGTON, 0000 MICHAEL A. HURNI, 0000 JAMES D. MINYARD, 0000 ANDREW B. ST JOHN, 0000 STEPHEN G. YOUNG, 0000

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