How Do Antibodies Work? Galit Alter Ragon Institute

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How do antibodies work? Galit Alter Ragon Institute Antibodies come from B cells The maturation of the B cell http://hematologyoutlines.com/atlas_topics/69.html https://www.researchgate.net/figure/B-cell-developmentStages-of-B-cell-maturation-are Vaccines and infection lead to the production of antibodies Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Antibodies are produced by antibody secreting cells and come in different structures and qualities AntibodyB cellssecreting cells Different flavors of antibodies Antibodies can provide protection directly and indirectly T cell monocyte Dendritic cell Trim21 phagocyte neutrophil B cell NO Antibodies complement NK cell cytokines eosinophil Antibody anatomy Antibody architecture Fab domain/ Light chain Variable domain N-linked glycan Fc domain/ Constant domain Antibodies bind and neutralize viruses Antibodies recruit the innate immune system to direct killing Natural killer cell Neutrophil Dendritic cell Eosinophil Monocyte Antibodies recruit the innate immune system to direct killing Antibodies act as swarms Eosinophil Natural killer cell Eosinophil Monocyte Kinetics of the antibody response Advantage in numbers Avidity before affinity… Somatic hypermutation and clonal selection https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02469/full Generating diversity Affinity maturation Making a B-cell receptor Antibodies as drugs Fastest growing class of drugs… Ways antibodies are used as drugs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody Antibody drug discovery process Deeper view of discovery process… https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z The Lilly COVID antibody drug The Regeneron antibody drug An alternative to single antibody drugs Serum transfer results What does a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test result mean? What does a positive antibody test mean? Immunity Exposure Sero-Epidemiological studies are needed to establish a threshold of immunity. Defining a protective titer… Re-infection Surveillance Re-infection? negatives convalescents What level of antibodies = IMMUNITY? Evidence of waning immunity??? Stability of humoral immune responses over time First case of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection 0 disease at reinfection! Does Coronavirus-specific immunity exist? Vaccine Immunity is widely different than Natural Immunity Thank you!.

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1 the Immune System
1 The immune system The immune response Innate immunity Adaptive immunity The immune system comprises two arms (rapid response) (slow response) functioning cooperatively to provide a Dendritic cell Mast cell comprehensive protective response: the B cell innate and the adaptive immune system. Macrophage γδ T cell T cell The innate immune system is primitive, does not require the presentation of an antigen, Natural and does not lead to immunological memory. killer cell Basophil Its effector cells are neutrophils, Complement protein macrophages, and mast cells, reacting Antibodies Natural Eosinophil killer T cell CD4+ CD8+ within minutes to hours with the help of T cell T cell complement activation and cytokines (CK). Granulocytes Neutrophil B-lymphocytes B-cell receptor The adaptive immune response is provided by the lymphocytes, which precisely recognise unique antigens (Ag) through cell-surface receptors. epitope Receptors are obtained in billions of variations through antigen cut and splicing of genes and subsequent negative T-lymphocytes selection: self-recognising lymphocytes are eradicated. T-cell receptor Immunological memory after an Ag encounter permits a faster and heightened state of response on a subsequent exposure. epitope MHC Lymphocytes develop in primary lymphoid tissue (bone marrow [BM], thymus) and circulate towards secondary Tonsils and adenoids Lymph lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes [LN], spleen, MALT). nodes Lymphatic vessels The Ag reach the LN carried by lymphocytes or by Thymus dendritic cells. Lymphocytes enter the LN from blood Lymph transiting through specialised endothelial cells. nodes The Ag is processed within the LN by lymphocytes, Spleen macrophages, and other immune cells in order to mount a specific immune response.
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Somatic Hypermutation Targeting to Intrinsic Hotspots of Immunoglobulin
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Allergic Rhinitis Patients of Switch Recombination in the Nasal Mucosa Local Somatic Hypermutation and Class
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