LE BERLAY-QUOI?

Examining the architectural iconography of the Berlaymont in the context of the European identity-making process

History thesis

April 15, 2021 Written by Dominik Stoschek With the help of Dr.Sabina Tanović Outline

Preface 01

Part 00 Introduction 03 Research question 03 State-of-the-art 05 Structure and methodology 07

PART 01 Defining European identity 09 Identity complementarity vs. opposing identities 09 The ambiguous nature of European identity 13 European (architectural) symbolism and its influence on 17 European identity

PART 02 Examining the symbolic function of the Berlaymont and its 23 impact on European identity The Berlaymont: Symbol of European identity? 23 The arrival of the EU institutions in Brussels 25 The creation of a new city district: The EU quarter 27 The heart of the EU quarter: The Berlaymont building 31 The Berlaymont as featured in the public eye 39

PART 03 Conclusion 47 The tragic symbol of the EU’s strenuous quest for a European identity 47

PART 04 Appendix 49 Index of abbreviations 49 Index of figures 50 Bibliography 53 “Brussels issuchanabstract place,itisnotto Brusselsthatone is goingto feel indebt;noonewillfeel arelation ofreciprocity, of obligation,responsibility toward Brussels.” Social theoristJeanBaudrillard’s perception ofBrussels in an interview withMonicaSassatelli2002 in aninterview

01 I Le Berlay-quoi?

02 I Preface ■ ofBrussels. embark onaquestforEuropean identityintheEUquarter towardsbelonging of Europeanthe place? this at Union Therefore,toI intend thesis this in sense Waswonder: feelgenuinely Does someone was accidental? it intentional, it acertain intoof tiny,consisting fabric anurban to two- three-storeyOne might buildings. apartment states epicentrethe EU quarter, ofthe emotional mentioned two the between oscillation the theythose areto supposed represent: The Europeancitizens. Berlaymont,the at Arriving of Europeinstitutions political powerful these façadesthemost themselves hide from bareanonymous, walls.Walkingbehind that suspect not would one la Loi, de Rue the down youfaçades, you wereare decoratedrichly greetedpast being walking now by art-deco only anewquarter,not entering differenta completely but city. Whereasago a moment Parc the along hill deBruxellescrossing and Avenue the feelinghas the one of des Arts, feelingsat Brussels CentralArriving ofawe and consternation. walking upthe Station, professionally involvedareEU institutions, the with always by accompanied ambiguous Visits to world’sthe of Brussels, one greatwherecities, cosmopolitan is mygirlfriend Preface even intensifies, seeing this proud manifestation of the

European project embedded ■ the emergence ofanEuropean identity? How of architectureEuropean ofthe perceivedBrussels isactually in institutions througheyesthe of European intheconscience the building citizens.one canask how the Withthisinmind, perceived,is publicly presencemissing at the ithints of EU quarter how the measuring is probablythis statisticalfootnote Although 01). the mostreliable not for instrument of Germany generates moresearchthe double than results ofthe PalaceParisin returnevenor 13 searchmillion 38 results. Even Federalthe Chancellery representationalwhile other likebuildings StreetDowning 10 Élysée the or inLondon term the buildings, thedifferentWhen comparing of Googlesearch numbers results onEuropean government for oneofthefirstsymbolsEU’s uniteddiversity (Hein,2004:140-142). into Economic(ECC) Community Commission’s( building architecturalalso the but of Europe. focalpoint Europeanof the completion the After administrative,the became only Brussels, not capital, Belgium the in 1959, EU, when the Architecturally,already culminated thispursuit six decades agointhede-factoof capital 2005). Gialdino, Europeantosymbols dedicated message (Curti unifying this disseminate been (Curti searchthe has been Europeana common for in diversity” “United as its slogan identity its creationSince Europeanof the one 1950s, in the Union’s (EU)greatest aspiration Research question PART 00 those the does chosen Gialdino, first who the architectural by are architecture 2005)

a INTRODUCTION the media Berlaymont actual euphemistically jury manifestation of subject the from inBrussels delivers anapproximateresults, ofonemillion Berlaymont more of conveys. the of than European the and the surrounding EU quarter contribute tocontribute surroundingthe and EU quarter then 2000 Officially still Union’s proposals, Berlaymont young adopted ambition ECC the in ) in 1968, it developed) in1968, laying motto May Berlaymont to unite: 2000, the is one groundwork Its after (seeFig. of citizens. many it had

03 I Le Berlay-quoi?

04 I Part 00 Introduction Fig. 01

Results from search aGoogle forfourdifferent onthe03.01.2021 government buildingsinEurope (Stoschek, 2021) on social media inorder to bridgethegapbetweenperception ofthespectators andexamination withreactions andimpressions ofthepublicinnewspaper articles architecture anditsinfluenceonanevolvingquarters’ European identity. Iwillreline this totry contributeto thisresearch gapinexamining thehistoric development oftheEU building is seenthrough theeyes oftheEuropean citizens. Inthefollowingtext,Iwill andespecially the studies omittingdeeperanalysis abouthowthequarter Interestingly, stemsfrom mostoftheresearch thefieldofurban abouttheEU quarter has simply never been perceived as anarchitectural symbol oftheEU (2004:143). Hein’s positively tothe reinforcement ofanEuropean collective identity. For example, Carola fails toBrussels in European contributethe that quarter asserts embodiments The the matterofEuropean identitywillmainlybeinformedby Bruter’s work. application inthemost recent Eurobarometer surveys. This is why myexamination on prevailed identities complementary Europeanof the field in found its studiesandalso Through Bruter’s extensive research onthetopic ofEuropean identity, of his theory alternative whichtakes thepossibility ofacquiringmultipleidentitiesinto account. identity into consideration inhis 2005book ofopposingcriticizes identitiesfornottakingthephenomenonofEU thetheory to relatively newintroduced supra-national sphere oftheEU offered indeedthepossibility to another, differentneglected thefactthat this theory system. Nevertheless, towardsallegiance systemautomaticallypolitical one excludes belongingof option the European identity creationofopposingidentities,meaningthatthe builtonthetheory phenomenon (Wilken, 2015).Duringthe20thcentury, most oftheresearch about among scientist from different disciplines asitisarather newandstill evolving researchThe Europeanfield of popularand acknowledged widely become hasidentity State-of-the-art acquire majority

urban . Instead, he proposes the theory of complimentary identities,anadapted. Instead, heproposes ofcomplimentary thetheory another,

planning of literature non-national study about

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quarter Therefore, of European demonstrates political identity scientist that and its the Michael architectural Berlaymont Berlaymont Bruter

05 I Le Berlay-quoi?

06 I Part 00 Introduction ■ political system itrepresents. representationalthe architecture citizensits stimulates EU the of to thewith identify common ground. Eventually, to Iwilltry understand ifandhowtheiconography of its surroundings inorder to findoutwhether itfulfilsthis criterionofcreating a theory,thisbasis of On the architecturethe will examine I the of room forinterpretation (Jones,2011:149). to create architecture extent inorder where to its meaningisleftopento leave acertain concludes thatthemost effective way fortheEU to escape this ambiguouspositionis meaningless itself inthedilemmaofcreating acommonground which“isnotso universal asto be as is ascribedto architecture infillingtheculturalvacuum ofpost-national identitiessuch building inBerlinandthePalace ofWestminster inLondon,heinvestigates whichrole buildings andtheirimpactonEuropean identity. Using theexamples oftheReichstag studies ofrepresentational architecture inEurope to elaborate onkey elementsofthese Sociology of Architecture: ConstructingIdentities My significant was itsinfluence? impact onshaping European identitysince itwasinaugurated in1968–andifso,how as depictions ofthe I willputthemainfocus ofmy text onthearchitecture, imposedsymbols andvisual inBrussels (Lewicki,2017:25). the EU quarter public andpoliticalsphere whose differences becomeespeciallyexplicit inthecase of a process oftheEU. EU-space, sometimes also calledEurosphere orBrussels bubble,is whoarespace, meaningEU civil servants actively involved inthedecision-making – residents ofBrussels andEuropean citizens ingeneral –andtheactors oftheEU- term a

the research cornerstone coined EU. He and will by argues

ethnographer of be Berlaymont not the informed so that EU particularistic

quarter. the – a building which serves nowformore –abuildingwhichserves than50years by Paweł attempt

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the architectural exclusionary” to methodology EU where hemakesuse of several case underline

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applied a boundary unifying 2011: in Berlaymont his identity of between 144). the book Jones EU finds and The the

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European part integration Bruter’s to insights justified of my such theory Berlaymont identity thesis, process into criticism as of the official I complimentary with will official and building as the case study of my paper,of case study as the building intoit putting an explore about facts reports aren’t political and missing the part and figures. identities term directives of other Berlaymont the contextualization European As EU-space, documents as a of a transition the theoretical with an examination of tweets an examination with identity.

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07 I Le Berlay-quoi?

08 I Part 00 Introduction ■ perception intheprocess oftheemergence ofacollective European identity. that In (DelantyandJones,2002:457). identity” evaluation of identity, the whether In ordersocial media. on building the discuss about how people toabout out evaluate political which perceptionsthese personal I will substantiate with Lewicki’s of hisexperiences, accounts of milieustudiestheEU-quarter. observations and Lifestyle among Eurocrats in Brussels Lewicki’sEU quarter.the in experiences his on notes book his In not media platform Twitter. To andsometimes contextualize short but thepersonal, further the accessible literature, I will analyse Furthermore, available imagesandnewspaperarticles. architectural and history its examine features throughexplorationpersonal my both, and In order to grasp contours ofthepeople’s perceptionI will thoroughlyon thebuilding, more andmore entrenched duringtheEU’s timeofexistence(Lewicki,2017:49). sphereand political between thepublic on howtheboundaries inBrussels have become this topic on questions allowed critical hint – aninitial many interviewees EU-space as not interviews inside as anarchitectureme for is limited – buildings EU institution any contacts without student toadmittance and EU civilservants with access to as the interviews – knowledge inside conclusion, the media reflected way the Reichstag are I figures will also EU-space. coverage with more criteria use Berlaymont impressions of contribute I

will officials of the the differentiated in the reflect “transparency, EU-space of theoretical Berlin Even EU the from building manages tomanages building tocontribute creationthe Europeanan of to to on represented EU for and the see my EU quarter researchers with

understanding framework the and how own institutions, accessibility a Millennium more detailed. impressions the and in building the specifically like objective used , it tweets, Lewicki I Paweł about proved and will Dome by is that Delanty represented analyse […] and how Lewicki I of challenging will occurred connects in a the scientific London, the reflexive make and Berlaymont tweets

who EU Jones during and use quarter his approach were to consisting approach Modernity, Nationality from critically perceived of subjective, in the throughsocial the able autoethnographer their influences research journalists on to examination examine to of get and the collective the personal hold matter to and public three and find the of in opposing identitiescanbedepicted as multiplecircles ofdifferent sizes whichdon’t interfere a cosmopolitan attitudeto life (Bruter, 2005:15). The restrictive character of ofthetheory elitist as wellandconcludedthatanemergingadopted thistheory European identity isinfactan theory Inglehart’sEurobarometer,the of design the including work, to is largea the on basedextent different identities are infactincompatibleandopposing.US-American politologist RonaldF. of opposingidentities arose amongpoliticalscientists, statingthat duringthe20thcentury Out oftheassumptionthatanindividual’s allegianceis bindtowards onestate, thetheory 1871 posthumouslypublished andtranslated poems a an individual canonlyexpress feelings ofbelongingtowards onegiven politicalsystem at intofar Until century,20th the there widespreada was sciencessocialthat in consensus more thanonepoliticalsystem (Bruter, 2005:5ff.). replaced by aEuropean identity andifitis possible to feel astrong sense ofbelongingtowards and anthropologyrevolve around identity canbe national a whether as questions such the the force forpoliticallegitimacyandconsolidating thepowerofEU (Kølvraa, 2018:1406).On institutionsEU have interest aspecial Europeanconstruction of inthe as thedriving identity diversityrelativelyis new, Declarationthe with Europeanthe on starting the 1973, in Identity supra-national Thisespecially isif this process truefornationalidentities,butwhat takes placeatthe system, there can’t existadurable acceptanceofpoliticalpower(Bruter, 2005:2). the According Ponce,and f.). 6 2014: eventuallyand it about enthusiastic be will (Betancourt it with identify rateacceptance citizens:the of more the idea, moreThe they you topeople bind can certain a Politiciansare awarewell correlationstriking the of the and power political between identities Identity complementarityvs.opposing PART 01 time grounds process phenomenon of as opposing Hungarian to of of sociologist the level citizens DEFINING EUROPEANIDENTITY ongoing identities. arguing of poet the choosing Max and EU? European that

Weber, Other liberal Considering European to identify political the integration revolutionary legitimacy identity

with the scientists process, fact it.

in of Sándor Without Poésies magyares that a a such state broader discussions the Petőfi the as is European primarily Ronald sense identification already

in is (Bruter, 2005:15-16). L. the

project maintained just

expressed Jepperson field a with synonym of of sociology a uniting through political it (2002) in his for in

09 I Le Berlay-quoi?

10 I Part 01 Defining European identity Fig. 02 relying on the model of identity opposition, Inglehart asked the participants whetherthey feel asked theparticipants relying onthemodelofidentity opposition,Inglehart the European Gialdino, 2005). On Union whichare conductedandpublished bi-annually (Curti questionnaire fortheEurobarometer, a seriesofpublicopinionsurveys related to topics of Approaches European middleclass” (Lewicki,2015:66). the personalexperienceofLewickiwhodescribes EU-space as “a space ofthewhite, phenomenon this in andtheoneofEU ,hasrisensincetheintroductionhome country oftheEurobarometer confirm national level. This impression is alsoacknowledgedby theEurobarometer surveys, which rather independent politicalsystems whichleave agapbetweenthenationalandsupra- identities andacommonEuropean identity: The EU anditsmemberstatesare stilltwo adopt. at atimewhichiswhyonehas to decidewhichcircle to occupy andthus,whichidentityto with eachother, asitcanbeseen inFig.02.Anindividualcanonly bepresent atonesphere 1973. impression Nevertheless,

that However, to the to reinforces this which Interpretation of the theory ofopposingidentities(Stoschek, 2021) Interpretation ofthetheory percentage this there theory percentage only

is Jepperson’s

an found a of few even people have their still more statement who remains access application, significant identify to. a of clear Jepperson’s

European with threshold inter minority both, alia, identity between the in conclusion (Green, the political

being first the 2015: sum system designs also solely 2). of underlines

an Partially, national

of of elitist their the

towards person circles, hierarchy, somecircles canbeskipped or acquired inanotherorder. Also,theradius ofthe during herorhislife. Still,thisdoesn’t necessarily have to happenfollowing thedepicted system. Similarto thedevelopment identity rings ofatree, anindividual willacquire further away circle the isfromidentifyhe orshethe less withtheparticular will the person, further circles wehave seen inFig.02are nowarranged like growth rings of atree (cf.Fig.03). The canbebest explained withasimple,concentricmodel whereThe principleofthistheory the scales, eventually, they won’t oppose butcomplementeachother(Bruter, 2005:16). the factthatthesemultipleidentities alltake placeondifferent levels andappearindifferent towards thedifferent hierarchical levels of.Considering ofthepoliticalsystem they are part federalism political systems ofdifferent scales. Instateswhere organisational structures such as haveindeed can individual that an the assumption on based multiple allegiancestowards 2005 book identities inhis ofcomplementary confronts ofopposing identities withhis theory thetheory In becomes alltoo quickly aprisoneroflanguage. measure study withanempiricalsurvey as its basis. Arguably acrucialtool to actually beableto much identity completelyoutoftheequation.AlthoughdesignforEurobarometer isnow takesand 2019) (Dewint, EU” relationthe of question the supra-nationaland national between “emotionssimply asksaboutthecitizens particular andpoliticalengagementstowards the applied today asthemost recent publications oftheEurobarometer suggest. The survey now (Bruter, 2005:19). This categoricalandconfrontational framing ofthequestionnaire is nolonger a stronger sense ofbelongingtowards ortowards theirhomecountry theEuropean Union response more meaning to the European person and Citizens of Europe? The emergence of amass European identity to refined, European the decentralization how and lack identity, it fluctuate much neglects of project, attention the one over to are but Eurobarometer identifies add prevalent, paid time. might to to A the with feel person the field citizens just research the can of is respective slightly help

European able are of define asked to multiple connected have political identity the to a develop strong term identities,

sphere, to studies identity what sense a certain . This theory is . is This theory Michael

can a is

of which sociological happening alter belonging affiliation Bruter often from

11 I Le Berlay-quoi?

12 I Part 01 Defining European identity weakEuropean identities(Bruter, 2005;modifiedby Stoschek, 2021) Fig. 03 ■ EU’s self-imposed aspiration to uniteindiversity. approach European survey acknowledged has prevailed over theoppositionofidentitiesinmeantime.Ithas nowbecomeabroadly Through significant threshold whenentering thesphere oftheEuropean identity. on alocallevel inherorhishometown. Though, whatboththeorieshave incommon is the designs

the to identity European extensive

theory of Relative strengthterritorialof circles:identity strongof example the and

the will Eurobarometer therefore research Identity, in the field the work be of next informed of social (Dewint, chapter Michael sciences, by 2019).

will Bruter’s Bruter, deal My finding the with work. further theory its application After

definition elaboration of delving complimentary

in in the into the on context the the most matter identities scientific recent of the of

democracy, oftherulelaw, ofsocialjustice[…]andrespect for humanrights.Alloftheseare fundamentalelements of the they are determinedto defend theprinciplesofrepresentative legal, politicalandmoral order are respected, andto preserve the sameattitudesto life, basedonadeterminationto build the richvariety oftheirnationalcultures. Sharingasthey do The NineForeign AffairsMinistersoftheECon14December1973inCopenhagen a societywhichmeasures upto theneedsofindividual, “The Ninewishto ensure thatthecherishedvalues oftheir European Identity.”

13 I Le Berlay-quoi?

14 I Part 01 Defining European identity for more than28years sincetheendofSecond World War (EC,1973: 2). This which they have incommon” andto preserve thepeacefulunitythathadnowendured EC declared itastheirultimategoal“to ensure ofthe[European] thesurvival civilization intended atthattimeto “play anactive role inworldaffairs” (EC, 1973:1). Therefore, the base. The Nine ofEurope, howtheninememberstates oftheECcalledthemselves, to gainpoliticalweightinorder to make itsvoice heard andbuildastronger negotiation of thetwopoliticalheavyweights oftheUnited States andtheSoviet Union, theEChad Cold War andanaccompanying remorseless arms race, stuck betweenthetensions clear why theECbeganto setoutthesearch foranunitedEurope: Inthemidstof Considering thesituationinwhich ECfounditself inthemid-seventies, itbecomes promising title todrewand the EC of agenda official political the it on put thedocument with a up acknowledged theenormous potentialofacommonEuropean identity, they agreed 460). In1973,whentheninemember-states ofthethenEuropean Community (EC) had aspirationdiversityin ofuniting predecessorits and EU is whythe which organisations cornerstone EU’sfor the important form an the conceptofidentitycan action, of realisationultimate the as long literalthe of meaning ofidentityisnotthestandard relationand the states the member to the rest (Stråth,world of the As387). 2002: abstraction ofanideologicalideaforthepurposestrengthening thebounds between Europeancommon a of concept the why is This morefairly isidentity anthan On and itseventualmeaning actual the between as well as its interpretation:implementation duress.especially under and belonging sense of community gap a huge One canencounter even “problematic Accordingto StråthBo from Europeanthe University Florence,in Institute Italy, is a identity identity The ambiguousnatureofEuropean the an identical way ever-long-lasting of and achieving – Declaration ontheEuropean Identity differs fluid concept” significantly a common interest (Stråth, in identity, from codifying 2002: the large purpose 387). an parts official Its of . of actual identity-creation its European actual literal significance meaning identity which (Jones, - is is to to often be evoke equal, 2011: lost. a

lost theirfaithintheUS-Dollarand adoptedasystemoffloatingexchangerates (Broz andFrieden, 2011:588). eventuallyand WesternUS-Dollar 1971. systemin a reformin monetary European international of the countries coveragegold to due expendituresovervaluationthe in enormous war culminated Vietnam as the such of the of ones conference 1 what isalready there: The richvariety ofnationalcultures. According to thedocument, intensifying theEuropean integration process –rather anattemptto passively preserve affairs, the from having theclearintentiontoApart occupy aplaceintheforeign policy ofworld economics (EC,1973:1). superordinatethe forward worldof stage international the on EC the positioning of aim identity thatwouldboosttheirpublicimageto theoutsideworld,butclearly brought ofhaving aconvincing definitionofEuropeannot onlyunderscored theimportance Declaration ontheEuropean Identity, thenineforeign ministersoftheECtherefore been introduced, theECfelt compelledto filltheneweconomicvacuum. Withthe system (Broz andFrieden, 2011:588).Afterasystem offloatingexchange rates has factors inevitably ledto theabandonmentofBretton Woods fixed exchange rate reconstructionpost-war drasticthe and boom increase theselead, price oil the of currencies expenditures, such as theVietnamwar. This forced theEC-memberstates to tietheir World War, theUS-dollar becamehighly overvalued dueto enormous andunexpected Westernthe in upswing economic long-lasting a Secondthe of end the since bloc and created aneconomicvacuum (Stråth, 2002:388).Oncethereliable basis for states andtheUnited StatesaftertheBretton Woods Agreement objective these from states The time period between the late 1940s and the early 1970s is called Bretton iscalled early 1970s the and late 1940s the between period The time Woods Era. The the of was

United together Bretton were Declaration on theEuropean Identity

challenged pegged States, Woods, and Canada, to the held to when value jointly in Western July of an the 1944, float European unexpected US-Dollar, regulated the countries, US-dollar. which the crisis in capitalist’s istherefore –insteadofactively turn Australia Together was arose fixed and world between Japan. to monetary with gold. 1 From collapsed in1971 The the West order deterioration now slowly on, including European currencies

ending of the the

15 I Le Berlay-quoi?

16 I Part 01 Defining European identity ■ external appearance to therest oftheworld. values, EC’s firstattemptofdefiningEuropean identityonthebasis offundamental,shared (EC, 1973:2)through whichanEuropean identity willnaturally evolve over time.Inthe solely theenvisioned diversity willgive Europe its “originality and[…]owndynamism” this term is

initially just a formally

declared mean to justify

solidifying Europe’s

identity anditsimagebothforcitizens andfortherest ofthe of Europe by adoptingmeasures to strengthen andpromote its Community shouldrespond to theexpectationsofpeople “The European Councilconsidersitessentialthatthe The European Councilonthe25and26June1984atFontainebleau world.”

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18 I Part 01 Defining European identity of theEC(Awesti, 2009:1-2). tocame EuropeanSingle the when halt an was introducedAct promotingforce economic the marketsingle the of ratesgrowth states and aslow ECmember economic inthe toin comparison theU.S. The phaseofeurosclerosis to1980 eraan describe arosemainly It EC. the in stagnation topolitical due and economic of unemploymenthigh 2 EC “a newpolitical,cultural andsocialdimension” (EC,1985). cultural other and measures policy toawarenesspublic the boost toEU and ofthe give the meeting a “Citizens’for Europe” twelvenext Council the the following during months 1985) (EC, Pietrotowas commissioned committee the Adonnino, developproposals measures for representativechaired fromstates and member ten then the byof each politician Italian 1985). (EC, again Toan end, that revitalisationneglected Europeanthe of integration process intoput has been focus the measures takenhighly also the crisis, but scope ofthe economic the encompassed that Fontainebleau,of Paris,of Europeansouth the of a meeting for wereonly not Council, the Single Europeancrisis, the saw it as Council a necessity to raiserates the acceptance of the for areduceddemand toUK contribution theEUbudget. To overcomethis economic Common and since the formation of the EC – better known as the phase of “eurosclerosis of phase as the known better – EC the of formation the since processthe European of integration phases challenging most the of one itself in found 1980s, the and 1970s the During 126). 2015: (Wilken, early 1980s the in undertaken moreand A second active endeavourto a Europeanconstruct from identity was within ON EUROPEANIDENTITY EUROPEAN SYMBOLISMANDITSINFLUENCE Eurosclerosis heads Garibaldi, European in Agricultural of June the 2009: 1984. Market EC is 411). member a Policy term In and their Prevailing coined (CAP) the

states final Monetary by among ad hoc report, German in came this committee was introduced.committee one of Consisting the they influential Union together crisis EC presented member (Boeri were economist on major the and states a

Herbert set 25 Garibaldi, disagreements June of and common Giersch Margaret 1984 2009: between at EU 412). the Thatcher’s about symbols 2 1970 ” (Boeri ” Palace When the and In this context, it is especiallyinterestingit context, this In to a moreexamine recent codifying of example EuropeanEuropeanof the context the in heritage integration process were addressed. This tointroductionthe is alsonecessary mention EU, it Europeanthe of Culture.of Capital Toreport’sthe explain architecturalcommon the on impact culturaland the of heritage 9 ff.). administrative a “Europesans frontiéres”,freedomthe meaning of movement and and goods of people of on theimplementation focusedparticularly EU citizens: ofthereport The secondpart effectespecially long-lasting and an immediate also had nonetheless, lifethe on ofthe so-called initiated as Europe, anthem taken into effect werean EU got the over issued(1981), years:coming the EUpassports receivingAfter approval the oftheEuropean oftheseinitiativesa number Council, had been Fig. 04 architectural a EuropeanIdentity: Euroof the The design refersthat banknotes to implicitly the well is as the

remembrance (1985), (Wilken, Adonnino report Decades first patrimony formalities a time Euro banknotesfrom theEuropa series,inusesince2013 (Deutsche Bundesbank,2019:9) 2015: flag (1985) in (1985) days 128). of the such

were the dedicated such history These and

EU as complemented as a the (Fig. motto symbolic the of to recognition the 04). Europe a (2000). certain then One measures day by can EC To of subject on rather professional that celebrate not the mentioned only matters to 5th administrative open of find the

May qualifications of a history a in debate Romanesque and architecture the European projects first and about heritage part (EC, and it which, bridge of Years 1985: were the its of

19 I Le Berlay-quoi?

20 I Part 01 Defining European identity questionnaire (Bruter, 2009:1508-1509). photos.news and placebo The effectexposurethe of toa with examined EU wasthen the symbols of news and positiveboth containing negative and newsletter Europe,EU and the newsabout other as wellsymbolsand from weresix countries the of each a sent Everyexperiment. panel the in participants weeks, 200 two tookpart states frommembers France,Kingdom, (United six which countries Germany,and Sweden) Portugal, Belgium, 4 intended (Watkins, 2015). certain 3 exposurethe ofEUcitizens to symbolsofEuropeanintegration individual’sthe stimulates respondents1200 from six twelveof thethen states of theEU hypothesised that member effectiveness of symbolsincreatingidentity.a common The 2.5-year study Effect of and News Symbols on the Political Identity of European Citizens by symbolic by(Bruter,and, system legitimacy political gain extension, 91). 2005: new this The successof initiativesThe discussed are evidenceEU’sthe for to intention clear give to identity their Jones, 2002:461). totend which be“symbolsrather ofunity (Delanty.diversity” and community than and tobut overcomedifferencesnational andeventually aimatcreating“post-cultural designs” toambition concentrate not byidentities monuments singlenational national on depicting structures as non-representationaldesignated theysince imaginary, show and buildings non-existing fictional the architecture5-euro-noteof glassy the piece of backside also apost-modern, the on but on Michael front European reflections The study was carried out beforeout The studywas carried EU enlargement the At2004. in of 15 EU consisted the this time, recreatedStam Robin todesignated sevenbridges the of each banknote a imaginary artist In 2011, side approach 3 (Bruter,90). 2005: This abstracteduniversalisticand approach reveals EU’s the Bruter’s of building the of towards 2009 500-euro-note epoch prevalent published in the European European Dutch (Delanty. city panel identity of architectural Spijkenisse, study and construction Jones, experiment bringing styles 2002: them shaping but, Time Bomb? The Dynamic 461). a at bit the more These has same which proved which the to been depictions life 4 withalmost time, than confirmed originally can are be ■ has beenpublished. renovationDeclarationthe after long – 1990s works inthe Europeanon in 1973 Identity Berlaymont policies EU’ssymbolisms ofthe the will examinewhether The nextchapter cultural self-imposed evenvisible and immediately symbols becomes accelerates over(Bruter,time 1519). 2009: introducedmeasuressymbolic European on identity. toIn addition of impact the this, conducted (Bruter,duties and rights accompanying the system and evaluatingAfter 1500). 2009: the A towards associatedsharedand the itscommunity valuescultural andcommon heritage. and civiccomponent. affectsThe cultural citizen’s mainlythe part sense of belonging Accordingto Bruter, Europeancan bedividedinto identity twocomponents: The cultural of aEuropeanconstruction (Bruter,its civiccomponent – primarily identity 1504). 2009: civic European are - a building which has been erectedhas been has undergonewhich but a building 1968 - in large-scale survey, reflected identity, Bruter in the draws on design the the other of conclusion the hand, European relates that there Commission’s to the is identification a significant headquarter effect with a of building political newly

21 I Le Berlay-quoi?

22 I Part 01 Defining European identity houses, typicalfortheBrusselsbourgeois, andface-liftedoffice glass, shinymetalandstone frontages. This spacedoesnot buildings from thesixtiesto theeightieswithlotsofsmooth surroundings, impersonalspace,grey officebuildings,loads “It’s like inWarsaw here, everyone isinahurry, notnoticing of theirage,mostthemwithacoffee with-milk-colouror establishments from thesixtiesandseventies. Regardless grey facades. There oldandnarrow are also19thcentury their fellow menandwomenoranyotherpeopleintheir of cars.[…]Buildingsinthisstreet are atotal mixture of invite oneto contemplateit,norto enjoy it, inBrusselsforthefirsttime when visitingtheEUquarter it’s aspacethatyou pass inhurry” Ethnographer Paweł Lewickionhisexperience

23 I Le Berlay-quoi?

24 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont ■ tragic symbol oftheEU’s eye,public toleading unfavourable,an evenharmful framing eventuallyand it becomethe letting these accompanyingnegative news has potentially deteriorated thebuilding’s perception inthe district orthetedious renovation worksofthe such bythat thebuildingitselfhas beenovershadowed many unfavourable from thestart sideevents requirements thebuildinghadto Iassume ofconstruction.Furthermore, faceeven before its start has open the that is hypothesischapter The of this architecture ofthebuilding. diversity andtransparency whichsimultaneously give spaceforvarious the ways ofobserving willthereforesurrounding bebasedupontheguidingprinciplesofopenness, EU quarter in The perceptionstart. ofabuildingwilldevelop over itstimeofexistence, eventually resulting conveyed message should always betheviewerandmustnotalready bedeterminedfrom the interpretation. theoretician, argues thatinorder to symbolize diversity, abuildingneeds to give room for In his1980book universal andthereby to too many clichédstereotypes whileavoiding presenting its institutional architecture as too the the readable inthearchitectural andespecially inthearchitecture of embodiments oftheEU quarter political In this chapter, ofthethesis, Iaimto investigate whetherthe“new whichis themainpart European identity? The PART 02 representing Berlaymont

EU simply accessible as

needs refrains the

never Berlaymont preceding to building in Brussels. As seen in the example of the design of the Euro banknotes, buildinginBrussels. Asseenintheexample ofthedesign oftheEuro banknotes, Jencks

of plural and cope, Signs, Symbols, and Architecture openness, been future-orientated architecturally

identities top-down once claims fluctuatingandstrenuous able THE SYMBOLICFUNCTIONOF BERLAYMONT diversity again, to

that

(Jones, fulfil development vague andanonymous with the : SymbolofEuropean and building the 2011: answer the Berlaymont transparency” exuberating ambiguous Berlaymont by 149). of

its on the , quest forits

Charles planners, building, although imagined as a modern, modern, a as although imagined building, The who EU expectations (Jones,

position inthe1990s. The mediacoverage of examination quarter interprets (Jones, 2011:144). Jencks, Lucien European identity. 2011: into defined US-American de and 168) and a of Vestel monofunctional the the are by defines

avoiding recognisable building and relentlessly

Jean architecture a building’s catering and Gilson, office

high and the

postponed in 1952, the ECC saw itself under time pressuretime ECC saw itself under the 1952, in postponed new institutions the that clear became is why it which states’ 5 two applicantsLuxembourg andStrasbourg -submittedaproposal showcasing howthe For thecompetitionoffuture capitalofEurope new urbanhighway approaching tothe possibilityWith changes.enormous ofbecomingtheEU’s the and capital permanent decision-makers -appealedtopostponed Brussels timeandagainby theresponsible committeeofexperts of concept formodernizing thecity inanurbanistic aswell inaneconomiccontext. The idea elected nationalgovernment inBelgium,therefore, cleared thepathforprescribing Brussels a Germanic zone oftheEU, were equallyrepresented (Sterken, 2015:105). The 1954newly fact thatBelgiumdisplayed theLatinand acompromise solution where bothparts, due to its central geographical locationwithinEurope, its metropolitan character andthe tocities chosen been had Brussels of cityinstitutions, thesethe host shortlisted the Among district, followingexamples suchasthecity ofBrasília (Sterken, 2015:105). states favoured adecentralized approach whileotherspleadedfortheconceptofasingle headquarter – together withits sixmemberstates were onthesearch foralocationtheircommon Coal andSteelCommunity (ECSC), andtheEuropean Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) when thethenthree European institutions-theEuropean Economic Community, theEuropean The Brussels in of theEUinstitutions The arrival Luxembourg, Strasbourg andBrussels. (Hein,2004:67-68). a hat to beintegrated intoinfrastructure. anexistingurban This led to discardingpossibility ofcreatingthe completely becoming story task In 1958, a competition was held by a committee of experts fromECC tothe member the facilitate was byheld a competition of experts In 1958, a committee to of new unanimously Europe’s (Hein, the World’s European andencouraged themintheirintentionto subject Brussels andits EU network(Hein,2004:138). 2004:

quarter Fair political decide district 1958 67). in on focal and It

Brussels a in was single mind, reduced point

a European delicate Brussels dates - the albeit field capital. back of and of initiated temporary 5 applicants , the city of Brussels – next to the other , thecityofBrussels –next to theother to After politicised the a multiple final post-war

to nature decision the operation three major as period on the centrally this projects as final in matter some the located decision

cityfabric such was late head cities already fifties as was of of a

25 I Le Berlay-quoi?

26 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont ■ had beenbroken. the and overshadowedhas and creationthe quarter EU the of This board legitimacy amongthestakeholders butalso amongthepopulation,hadbeenthrown over the The proclaimed competitionin1958,aconceptinitially established to gainacceptanceand mention thatthepeople’s willhadn’t beenconsidered andwas,infact,completely neglected. account considerationstates’ the member on but groundsthe on based will city which report, of this of suggested for allbutwhatisthelesser evil forafew. Althoughthecommittee’s unambiguously report as thequestforlowestcommondenominator, aquest determinednotforwhat isbest characterizedwas capital described bestpossiblyby be it can set, intersecting small a very political powergames amongthememberstates.Asthis quest foracommonEuropean rather city oftheEU wasa Thus, history showed thatthedecisionprocess fortheheadquarter capital oftheEU, albeitnothaving any politicallegitimacy temporary decision becamesuccessively apermanentonemakingBrussels thede-facto (Sterken, to 2015:106).Withtheinstitutions continuingto take grow roots, andstarting this reached toyearsperiod oftwo a time establish bothinstitutions for temporarily in Brussels and 138). Strasbourg decision whichinevitably ledto acceptingthedecentralized approach ofappointingBrussels, Communities’ another postponement ofthree years (Sterken, 2015:106).OnthemeetingofEuropean ratified Initially plannedto announcethewinnerofcompetitionin1958,after Treaty ofRome capable ofhosting internationalevents and proper accommodationfortheEU institutions. Quartier

occupied process However, in untransparent the Léopold, for favour to ECSC and the is office choose Council since least Luxembourg symptomatic of south-east and an spaces loss both and unofficial the Brussels in January of informal Euratom, institutions,

in power from as for the the decision as

the designated the 1958, (Hein, the top-down three major EU’s city the EU’s the which equal 2004:

ECSC centre, founding disagreements headquarter members process Quartier seats 138). had and could been phase

the of At marked Léopold, were the this be Euratom, hitherto city, introduced among transformed European during point unable Berlaymont the by an (Sterken, 2015: 107). (Sterken, 2015:107).

it major final its already the unofficial is to

institutions through first almost member reach decision into even before ground disagreements

years took an agreement unnecessary an the up office states of hadn’t (Hein, unanimous back their existence district

led 2004: door. work been was and

to to

distinguishes 6 where quarter structure 6 the districts: and itsneighbouring of The dimensions tobetween theEUquarter distinguish The shops unique, The Léopold (Dessouroux, 2011). city million While the areathis in EU institutions ledtoconcentrationsudden the of administration space and area was a ratherLéopold While thearea aroundoverlooked the Quartier residential upper-class also broughtbut a massive about transformationwithin. of functions distribution of the Brussel’son impact a substantial The arrivalhad only not EUinstitutions the of fabric, city The EUquarter The creation ofanew city district: everyday experiencedbehaviour ofpeople(Lewicki,2017:24). throughconstitutes unspokenways rules and of behaviours.Lived space,incontrary, iscreatedthrough the Perceivedrefersspace to “sensualindividuals the explorationexperience”and conceivedwhile space of space

For marked subsequent EU of consequences loss with there Brussels and m² quarter over of by (Lewicki, just workshops were between coining was the the decades a are

had transformation once added accumulation few only the three 2015: not of more private term and pulsing this about had different defined in 42, than EU-space, the urban even to office 0,12 give 45). following ways life six of by into centuries renewal way in office million Million Although official Lewicki of buildings a this how to monofunctional two spaces more space quarter m² refers m² were boundaries accumulated one decades. of till of can profitable to profound: office the office and can Henri is be today late defined: the indeed space, but Lefebvre’s At space office identity office 1950s, absence the Many depict a Perceived,

unintended most find end district in space Production of Space neighbourhoods due 1958, the solely of certain of of conceived establishment the to a (Sterken, it (Sterken, built no mixed, a the 20th defining perceived spots less fact in and century, the lively 2015: 2015: than in which he inwhich in that lived lost element Quartier the of space urban space. three 103). 103). flats, their the the EU

27 I Le Berlay-quoi?

28 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont Espace Léopold,hometo theEUparliament[9]withadjoining PlaceLux [10](BruCiel,2020). Europethe EC [7], of the building Europeanseat ofthe complementary building, the and [8] Council architectural cornerstones: important following the the Fig. 06 the RuedelaLoifrom Parc Royal to theformerGare deBruxelles-Luxembourg [5](BruCiel,2020). former the quarter,east ofthe in the [1] de laLoistretchesRue the acrossPointRond site of the past the [2] Schumann Fig. 05 4

Berlaymont

Rue Belliard Rue Belliard Rue Aerial photograph of Quartier Léopold in 2014. Aerial photographLéopold Today, ofQuartier of constitutes EU quarter the from Parcthe Cinquantenairedu Starting 1953. in Léopold photographAerial Quartier of monastery [3] to [3] axis, Belliard,Rue Parc the monastery runs parallel Royal toimportant Another [4].

10 Rue de la Loi la de Rue Loi la de Rue 5 9 7 Berlaymont 8 3 , seat of the EC [6], the Charlemagne, the [6], EC the seat of , 6 2 1 1 Place 7 mainly Léopoldwas While intheearly 1950s, theoriginalurbanmorphology oftheQuartier (Lewicki,2017: 42,45). character oftheEUquarter emphasizeswhich bubble Brussels alreadythe the again once exclusivedetached and sharetheir these placesandcontribute dominate toand theindustry theemergenceof youngambitious trainees representativesand other in theinstitutions working from NGO’s and lived byfrom people and aspiring EU civilservants, EU-space: Established the within aroundroundabouttoSchumann next the right the life like is buzzing, PlaceLux Fig. 07 job isjustaspossiblefindinga new love affair(Lewicki,2017:49-53). the whereas aplace youngerespecially amongBrusselsbubble the is known of members building, EU parliament the boundaries composed

between Lux, Euratom buildingintheRueBelliard 51-55(Sterken, 2015:106) a square of business two filled to and with 7 three near the EU parliament building or the bars andrestaurantsthe or building EU parliament nearthe

private restaurants storey life become

and apartment bars blurred. at the Berlaymont Here, buildings, end meeting of Rue , these spaces arethese , created du the new Luxembourg newly contacts

created and and finding right offices next a new to

29 I Le Berlay-quoi?

30 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont ■ 268). in rather Léopoldwas, therefore, inevitableQuartier anddemonstrated theEU’s preference fora 140; Sterken,were112) 2015: erected. theof morphology initial the of destruction The Joyeuse an entire city block suchastheEuratom building intheRueBelliard 51-55(Fig.07)orthe urban huge leapinscalecompared to thesurrounding structures (Fig.06). The results ofthis in2014are nowclearlyvisibleandshow a (Fig. 05)whiletheedgesofEU quarter Léopoldwas smoothly integrateddramatic: into In1953,theQuartier theurbanfabric Léopold. la Loi,themainstreetThe impactonthecity’s oftheQuartier morphology was avoidvisualaxisthe towardsobstructing Parcthe Cinquantenairedu deRue the along height restriction of55metres. This limitationwas imposedby thecity government to erected Fig. 08 creating intervention efficient

by building

private an urban and Commission (Sterken, 2015:106) Joyeuse (Fig. investment were cost-effective emblem 08), enormous: building provisional - companies as in approach a the manifestation 10-storey home Rue

and over de to

tall intended the la paying faceless of Loi, European European to provisional attention maximize

office Commission symbolism buildings home to profits, aesthetic to which (Hein, (Hein, the pushed qualities European 2004: 2014: fill the up

Other EU institution buildings that followed sufferedfollowed that buildings EU institution Other fate: asimilar the The Charlemagne, for maximizingtheamountofprojected office units(Hein,2014:269;Sterken, 2015:107). feasibility to minimizeventure,risk ofaloss-making the eventuallyresulting necessity the in house other, administrations. local Brussels therefore levela high demanded ofeconomic werecity,in another established tointended Brussels authorities prepareto thebuilding and overhanded todecision-makers national whowerethe economic about mainlyconcerned surroundingquestions for building’sthe was now principles design further and location disinterestlate 1950s. creatingthe in during a coherent imaginary urban The responsibility tobuildings governments national private and entrepreneurs issymptomaticECC’sthe for Francoiscompany transfer etFils,the overpower of decision-making ECC’sthe institution Commissioned Brussels. The EC’s proximity toprivate the real-estate sectorthis case unmistakable. is in non-transparentsometimes and complex of rental practices EU quarter the in ECC the of this government,Belgian the toleases them turn in which alreadyhad ECC, the in applied been (Sterken, governmentoffered to stepinas a futurerenting tenant to anewbuilding out ECC the ECC’sthe presencetoBrussels and in literallyit turn into aconcrete reality,Belgian the states. member consensus ofthe a political possible without ECC was the not To solidify overcoming temporary todecision together bring in asingle,prominentall ECCinstitutions the Still, building. premises growth movedEU institutions the After toadministrative Brussels,the faced unexpected body The The heartoftheEUquarter: the cityofBrussels wished tono longer investECC as infacilitiesforthethenlong the of the extension 1965 form functional and, 2015: Berlaymont for in and the Rue the consequently,

feasibility thus 107).

and shortage Euratom de la not financed The Berlaymont Loi yet of scheme and of and the the legitimized office the by

Rue project. necessity building (Fig. 09), was built bywas built 09), (Fig. aprivate real-estate developeras Joyeuse the of space. Joyeuse brokering Belgian In presence for a Acquiring building possible quickly office authorities office of and space the or event became buildings erecting demonstrates ECC and that rapidly posed too from built the buildings small increased. European a by the

major time the which private in and construction the challenge The institutions led again sector name rented to the the of to to

31 I Le Berlay-quoi?

32 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont (Ministère Des Fig. 09 Léopold intoLéopold aprivatizedalso alteredbut business district, directionscity’sof the plans initial the Furthermore, rather cities(Hein,2014:273). thanequallydistributedover allthree EUheadquarter arebuildings the EUinstitution states that member other mainlyconcentrated inBrussels toBrussels had conferenceinternational as an disguised be centre toavoid fromclaim the decision-making developersplanners. and This impressiontransparentof absence an of democraticand variousbetween stakeholders,Brussels, privateof city the ECC, the them among Council seat remainedthe of question (Sterken,open 111). 2015: Europeanthen the for building The

of Ministers, The even Berlaymont Berlaymont intensified the Justus-Lipsius 90 Travaux Publics,1970) building not only kickstarted the development of the Quartier development the Quartier the of kickstarted only not building building and the Charlemagne right behind it as of 1970 it behind right Charlemagne the and building when the building, temporary was seat a of result the European of miscommunication Parliament in architecture scene who later designed other key buildings in the EU quarter – werearchitecture faced keyother designed scenewholater EU quarter in the buildings Lucien already(Sterken, before108). outdated 2015: even constructions The architects started doubt building’sthe 2004), envelope couldn’texceed metres.of 50 limitation height the This left coveredentirean almost approximatean with block city area threealmost of hectare (EC, called monastery,century nineteenth on thesiteofaformer Léopold oftheQuartier the edge Eventually,headquarter’sECC new the was erectedat building 1969 and 1963 between infrastructure ofthecity“towards (Lewicki,2017:74). expatsandEUcivilservants” bydistinctiveEU institutions the economic directingwithin of EUcivilservants” status the In itsdevelopment270). strategy, “symbolicthe on its focus Brussels put of city the and certain ratherthe line. with wealthy residential This linkedarea EU quarter the Brussels leaving of a centrewas replacedneighbourhoods working-class the with in favour a south-west for tocity the connecting and south subwayplanned fromoriginally the running line north increased, EU quarter the of importance system: Asthe network urban its expanding on Fig. 10 core fromdrawing11), Fig. (cf. wings spanout unequal four which its inspirationfrom the acentralencompassing design a building with up came and this challenge with circulation as Berlaymont de mark

to Vestel, the on project’s

how Rue de la Loi with the former the de laLoiwith Rue Jean , giving the Gilson ambition future the future and priorities to André accommodate building of and the Berlaymont its Jean city name of Polak 5000 Brussels monastery (before2020) (BruCiel, 1920) monastery (Fig. EU - well-known 10). officials, would Although a look number figures like the (Hein, in project which Brussel’s 2014: was site

33 I Le Berlay-quoi?

34 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont The Fig. 11 was the eventuallyresulting undergroundfour in levels area equals almost a surface which with forcedto building’s ofthe move furthermore largeparts programmeinto basement the surroundingits structuresto Due 12). (Fig. restriction,height the architectsthe were allowed The inParis (Hein,2014:269ff.). just recently finishedUNESCOheadquarters area suspended made

for of out an the of open twelve building load-bearing core ofthebuilding(Sterken, 2015). displays Typical steel, and offices above the floor

with accessible the circulationcore fromwings extend. unequal the four which construction are plan ground its aligned innovative of the esplanade floors along Berlaymont company structure (cf. the on façade Fig. . The centreof thecross-shaped point building had the 13) consisting ground to while (EC, pay service 2004). increased floor of rooms which pre-flexed As the attention are tries main included steel to to structure integrate beams the in fire the

with attractedseveral renowned internationally architects Foster,as Norman such toup come as regionBrussels-Capital newly established Nonetheless, the urged to renovate building the renovationcosts rocketed and even exceeded14). Fig. costs (cf. construction initial the overBrussels, the in locations 57 asbestosof detection the forced Europeanthe toCommission move scatter and out extensiveand renovation threeworks (Sterken, decadeslater When in1991, 111). 2015: eventuallywould but time, that at technique to common lead was avery which tedious resistancethis, they Considering building. ofthe wrappedasbestos steelbeamswith the advanced load-bearingstructure withitspreflexed steelbeamsanditscentral concrete (Ministère Des Fig. 13(right) Fig. 12(left) representational EUinstitutionalbuilding (Hein,2004:156). ofhavingthe chance again missedout once a what constitutes debate about apublic it had a design

become

for core together withthenearby runningsubway linebecomevisible(Sterken, 2015). Construction siteofthe architect’s intentionto create alightandaccessiblebuildingbecomesclear. View ontosuspended the under esplanade the “a a symbol new headquarters for Travaux Publics,1970) Europe Berlaymont Berlaymont and building, the building1968. The innovative andtechnologically building was close to building as demolished being city” the (Hein, Brussels-Capital 2004: Berlaymont 155). Although building in 1970. in building The region objected this matter and

35 I Le Berlay-quoi?

36 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont president oftheECC,LionelloLevi Sandri,reveals: processconstruction was accordingly perceived devastatingas to a note vice- theformer (Sterken, be subwaysouth line. tohad building a single in all EU institutions combining of The idea decisions suchasrelocationthe subsequent questionable north- planned originally of the stakeholders,framed by toolofty expectations, requirements high by andaccompanied governmentsprocess national of intentions economic mostly wasbasedon privateand architecturalthe manifestations ECC’sthe of this presenceBrussels. Nevertheless, in appearance structure togetherouter well-adapted its distinctive,with very not simultaneously but four by Brussels’ citizensits colossalappearance for anditswindowless frontsides of the raisedbuilding awareness, anypublic a negativeof mostly albeit nature.was criticised It Notwithstanding, Johnson, at Fig. 14

rejected wings

2015: facing as definitely 110). the after he wrotehe after towas about it that demolished.”be TomPeck, columnist “Breaking: being closeto beblownup(Peck, 2020). it the The Independent was imminent This streets marks the Boris then is first why (Hein, a scarcity Johnson turning EC time digs out an article from an article digsout The Telegraphfrom bywritten 1991, Boris the 2004: correspondent in Commission’s of has the point 143). office still left towards young the The space in Berlaymont suspended, final Brussels, history a became rather assessment

of building about optimistic the technologically obvious ECC the just of that Berlaymont the twenty already development planning an seven innovative institution building in 1964 years and of

ratherstrategyand sustainablebuilding symbolisies the absenceofaconsequent than cravingsince theyfor the published building the tragicdepicts Conceivedmismatch. of thisurbanistic focalpoint as a state-of-the-art storey areCharlemagne as the shiny facadessuch next toright positioned two to old, three respect15-storeyor district. of the existing morphology the for structuresglazed, with other of thethree EUseats next to Luxembourg andStrasbourg. AmyriadofEUfacilitiesand ultimately Today,is thepresencetoambition the and EU institutions of the headquarter main bethe ■ presenting anoptimisticprospect oftheEU’s architectural future (Hein,2014:274). office buildings the designofbuildingwouldhave beenquitedifferent.” from cemented buildings the from modernist Note to theformer Vicepresident oftheECC,LionelloLevi Sandri,1964 in are the Brussel’s scattered first that iftheECChadbeenproject manager, era half with urban all of the Declaration on European Identity over the fabric potential 20th the although Quartier century to fill “In anutshell,wecansay Léopold the the (Fig. symbolic city 15). is without The officially vacuum

Berlaymont in any 1973, still sense the just the ECC building of one edifice scale was out

37 I Le Berlay-quoi?

38 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont Fig. 15

existing buildingsfrom before 1950(European Commission,2004). The Berlaymont buildingaftertherenovation intheearly2000s.Rightnextto it,theold openness”, but admits that in the context of the missing lifemissing the of context the in standards,that security admits high but the openness”, and feeling receptionof “transparencylight spacious and the that hall creates acertain and (Jones, accessibility, Accordingly, motto newself-imposed the forthe to EUofficialswhostillknewthe old “moredifferencemain – the 2004) (Ridderbusch, spacious,accessible andlight” according replacedby aglazed interior,In the elements. shading sun façade with became building the had years building’s ofrenovationafter thirteen works,theECheadquarters appearance outer when the In 2004, tragicnotoriously perception negative andpartially ofthe appearance. the at hints nicknames such of dissemination and existence Thus, the Brussels, referringspaceship 2004), to considerablybut itsnewfuturistic outer detached for the nickname another added renovationthe After of the as “l’antre«Berlaymonstre»” du cavethe meaning 2005), (Buxant, Berlaymonster. ofthe Belgian as the Newspaperssuch 2021). wayeveryits foot amusing (Kimberley,EU puts then the and which now in blunders the at of Twitter: Apro-European TwitterBerlaymonsternamed account in an points 16) (Fig. wayits made intobut EU-bubble the EU institutions, of the out pop-culturalthe sphere (Banks, 2004). building insiders of among only well-known is This not term headquarter architecturalof theEU and itsequallyenormous appearanceEC of the form inthe “Berlaymonstre”Brussels, referringof to bureaucraticthe exuberatingand gigantism the parlance, common In eye The (Lewicki, 2017:57-58) is “conceived -aspace which this spaceremindsmore him ofanairport ratherlived”than altered 2011: Berlaymont significantly: following 168). Berlaymont In his Paul The notes Berlaymont Jones’ old Berlaymont

was on as featured in thepublic asfeatured concrete Berlaymont his officially criteria Berlaymont visit

was is often mockedis often or “Berlaymonster” as the façade La Libre of for finished reopened , calling it “Raumschiff Brüssel”(Ridderbusch, it “Raumschiff , calling the symbolic Berlaymont building. Berlaymont elements speak of the EC headquarter building headquarter EC the speakof in again 2004, and Berlaymont seemedto betransparency and were by , ethnographerLewicki agrees

representational German EC removed president inthepubliceye. newspaper completely and José architecture Die Welt Barroso

39 I Le Berlay-quoi?

40 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont (Kimberley, Fig. 16 2021) floor does arrangementsymbolic the public, the of absence Commission’sthe of executive storey While and anoutsourced press area whichis“mainly made upofanewbuilding”(EC,2004). comes withan“VIP entrancebuilding protected with vehicular access”, anti-protest gates onthe report 2004 confrontsonly groundpublic the evenwith more hindrances.other and doors gates, The structure fromtoambition at leasthadthe 1969 offerits suspended spaces with accessiblepublic core values ofthe motifs impressionfromone matches the building ofthe the that acknowledges She Lewicki. of therenovatedthe opening following In hernewspaperarticle and the these for

and including rest the specifications its renovation to The TwitterBerlaymonster,account as a furry, depicted monster. friendly-looking integrated manifest Berlaymont the Description of the Berlaymont executive just already this ground (Ridderbusch, 2004). Indeed, while the Indeed, 2004). (Ridderbusch, apply perception: floor intensify floor for the on esplanade the new the The thirteenth impression face EU , published by, published EC,reveals:the The new (cf. of cabinet the Fig. storey building, of 12),

exclusivity floors, its of Berlaymont the 2004 but Berlaymont starting Berlaymont doesn’t renovated and , Ridderbusch’ the on change initsstate deliberate the , are not version ninth the

floor Interestingly,Commission’sthe that fact the executive storey coversentirethe uppermost presidents whorather lived inahotelandhidanonymity(Quatremer, 2020). moreensuring thus transparency perceptionpublic the with indealing - unlike previous with president Ursula herementioning arrivalthe with that presidentEC new the of is worth it Nevertheless, theypeople only ofthe not detached and represent,aloof employees.own of their but a givenhierarchy conveysit case this in – executive Commission the of image the being These accessed withaso-calledcabinet’s badge(Lewicki,2017:58-59). open, this only the Fig. 17 executivesEC are ofthe apparently17). (Fig. stillworking The differencethis between representatives a visually of spacious specifications little von the

has more building der distinguishable not Leyen, office by “Looks insight only checking Berlaymont led as depict landscape, a the set like to sign with Brexit the up executive that how if areBrussels correspondentNick Gutteridge, stilllit. for interpretsThe Sun, from her self-published phenomenon the EU talks the but own officials lights the have architecture floor also on apartment floors of made are come has the of pictures still EC below the lost European are with of lit top some still a on this by floor their and building working the wood-panelled floor, citizens tonight.” of videos own thirteenth its on can but restaurant the aloof The from supervising symbolize also Brexit lights reputation floor, this provides deal walls on and floor a (Gutteridge, the and sign their and can 13th on the - manifest the that a elected only twitter, floor public more 2020). new the be of

41 I Le Berlay-quoi?

42 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont Fig. 18 as theBrexit forre-occurring (Fig.18),butalso whenit is aboutto express support EU asacommunicatorfaçade ofthebuildingserves messages ofthe to convey important silhouette ofthe effectiveness ofhaving avisual languageto communicate theirmessages. The untransparent andlegal texts. reports Therefore, theECsoon discovered the characterized by amissing commonplatformforexchange andexuberating, Communication glimpse oftheirrepresentatives whenlookingupto them–by nightandfrom adistance. the of phenomenon mentioned the politicians, the of work the leaders observing elected their architectural is anintended dome feature togive citizens the topossibility the above stand politicians as a wayaccessible cupola of reinforcingdemocratic“the as masters, public ideal ofthe wherein Berlin Reichstag case ofthe architectFosterNorman public sees walkable and the desperatelyalmost toattempt looking monitorrepresentativeselected own the the and

(Meikle, Berlaymont

as 2020). servants” is an incidental situation in which citizenswhich in situation incidental isan aretoenabled only a slight gain leader of the Scottish National Party, Scottish of the leader isobviously happy(Sturgeon,that about 2020) “Europeloves the of façade the on Scotland” in Brussels tonight” building “The EUCommission The ECdisplays the message between Berlaymont This (Jones,

can, the for isused as theofficial logooftheEC(EC,2017)and EU 2011: example, and 156), its not cannot citizens only be

be has more observed always Berlaymont striking: been at grand While and Nicola Sturgeon,Nicola and a difficult the matters Reichstag matter

such

nevertheless, amplify andacceleratenevertheless, theeffect ofnewsandsymbols on European and interpretation ofsuch mediacoverage, according to Bruter’s examination, thiswill, “foresta building the scene”crime evaluationthe matter no But 21). (Fig. 2004b) (Banks, reflects rather badlyon the attractstocontributes and attention perceptionthe itcase, this in - building the of news such astherevelation that tropical woodfrom illegallogging wasused forstairs ofthebuildingthatis usedto convey messages. Inside, too,is notonlytheouterpart news outletsuse the toolcommunication façade asa becomesevenmore headquarters’ significant when Soir,(Le 20) (Fig. EC the of permission the ECthe of function 2020). important The of thebuilding’s wingsas acanvas fortheirpoliticalmessages –obviously without where protestors ofnotableNGO’s suchas Greenpeace usedthewindowless facades Berlaymont “absence events Fig. 19 identity (Bruter, 2009:1519ff.). such

of buildingitself alsobecametheaddressee ofseveral activist campaigns participatory as in rainbow colors to support the international day against homophobia (Leifert, 2020) dayinternational (Leifert, the rainbowin homophobia against tocolors support ZDF,news channel German the for shares apicturethe of “EU-Commission the International Berlaymont

opportunities” Berlaymont on #InternationalDayAgainstHomophobia” asabackground fortheirEU mediacoverage. Still,it Day

against andthecommission asGreenpeace declared (Hein, 2014: Homophobia 274), it is (Fig. Stefan not Berlaymont 19). surprising Leifert, But façade lighted façade correspondent due that to the the

43 I Le Berlay-quoi?

44 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont Fig. 21 Fig. 20 company whichisknownforillegal logginginIndonesia(Greenpeace,2004). Greenpeacethe wood usedforstairsinthe that claims (Le Soir, 2020). demonstrationan accompanying and building Commission roundaboutSchumann the on Greenpeaceprotesta huge with campaign ontomounted banner EU façade ofthe the Berlaymont building comes from building a

in Brussels title the with therefore2009, EC in the a report published promoter EU quarter,EC felt the to compelled shiftitsfocustowards aresponsibleas the acting readthe in Europeanthe ofsymbolson integration the importance acknowledges process be can asit European citizensthe perception about of the However, on thepublic’s perception oftheEUandEuropean identity. architecturalown their in ambitions manifestationsarchitectureof impact the neglecting the impressionThe symbolic ofexclusivity is characteristicof mindset ambiguous for the buildings more beautifulandmore efficientand byintegrating EU convivial areas ofhousing,shops,green spacesorwhatever. them more of into theirimmediatesurroundings intheheart after of through The aimisto give astrong, theEuropean positive quarter in which the EC’sthe which in newlyacquiredarchitectural clearly visible: becomes ambition Declaration on European Identity, a symbolic imageasthecapitalofEurope by makingthe the positive finished the symbolic ongoing renovation The EContheCommission’s buildingpolicy inBrussels,2009 negative image works (Hein, media but simultaneously eschews integratingsimultaneously but these of 2014: the coverage Berlaymont 275). Berlaymont The Commission’s buildings policy Siim and

and other buildings in the buildings andother Kallas, other

in 2004. critical then The vice voices EU president officially among of

45 I Le Berlay-quoi?

46 I Part 02 The symbolic function of the Berlaymont discourse on new building methods and design forms” (von derLeyen,discourse onnewbuildingmethods anddesignforms”(von 2020). architectson todesigners and a futureideas for with up come Europe “stimulatewhich societal necessary the aspects like sustainability,sector.building aesthetics inthe inclusivityand EU wantstothe in 2021, call Starting 8 1 ■ design withinitsownarchitectural manifestations One mayarchitecturalsymbolic beeagerto in storeEU holds see what the its further for developmenttoand strengthenits role task ofcreatingthe in Europeana common identity. toeveran greater toambition its extent architectureshift into back societal of focus the 22). (Fig. Together withtheintroductionof the “expressingabout statement a crystal-clear Europeandiversity cultures” of (Zeitoun,2017) distinctive feature,of re-usedfaçade consisting the frameswindow fromacross Europe,is major bywas complemented one EU quarter the 2009, in published has been report the Since Fig. 22 addition,

The New European Bauhaus

the The oak-framed facadeshowsthereunion ofoldandnew(Olbrechts, 2016) EU council

headquarters, is a new agenda introduced by the EU in October 2020 to further promote introducedagenda is anew by OctoberEU in the to2020 further New European Bauhaus also known as

the Europa 1 , theEUunderscores building. Its most Declaration onEuropean Identity counterproductive inorder to create acommonEuropean identity. The 1971 However, aloof. detachment ofanEU thatalready suffered from thereputation ofbeingarrogant and population. Simultaneously, itconveyed animagecharacterized by remoteness and intosurroundingsurban its toled rateacceptance insufficient an Brussels’within breaking technology, thenegligentandarrogant disregard ofthebuildings integration urban designwasarather neglectedfield-theEU obviously disregarded thestrong EU’s ofSiimKallas in2009,architecture owninstitutionbuildings.Until thereport and thisapproach didn’tidentity-forming policies. Nevertheless, enterthesphere ofthe all take thesamelineofreinforcing theinterest intheEU by establishing relatable, Europeanas the such Cultureof Capital Eurothe for the design or in 2001banknotes promote asymbolic approachwants to to further identity-creation. Cultural activities Although the sphere increasingly solidified(Lewicki,2017:65-66). the privateand political blurred, bordersthe but publicthe and political the between a “space ofthewhite,European middleclass” where theboundaries betweenthe and constructionprocess. developed overThe EU quarter itstimeofexistence into main capitalorthemissing responsibilities andcontrasting prioritiesinthe planning circumstances, beittheunresolvedbeginning withuncertain questionoftheEU’s Brussels, theEU institutionsandthe and followedby allthe more surprisingturnarounds. Sincetheirestablishment in been oneoffluctuationandstrenuousness, coinedby nearly unrecoverable relapses morenow its In years70 than EU’sexistence,the of Europeanfor quest hasidentity quest foraEuropeanidentity strenuous of theEU’s symbol The tragic PART 03 identity. impact ofitsownarchitectural manifestations ontheemergence ofaEuropean the Berlaymont EU

recognized CONCLUSION was conceived as a state-of-the-art buildingwithground- was conceived as astate-of-the-art early therefore settheguidingprinciplesonhowEU

enough Berlaymont that in particular hadto copefrom the inparticular excessive bureaucracy

is

rather

47 I Le Berlay-quoi?

48 I Part 03 Conclusion ■ identity. is notreflected inthisbuildingwhichfrantically aspires to beasymbol forEuropean (Hein, never-ending critiqueofbeing“too distant from its citizens andnotfully democratic” the publiceye, the thealready existing claimsofexclusivity anddetachment.Eventually,nurturing in process,this the attempt an unintendedresonance body, anincidentalconveyer ofmessages inadesperate In theageoflive-broadcasting andsocialmedia,the 2014: to overcome 274). Berlaymont The Berlaymont the fundament EU’s encounters further mutual misunderstandings,onlymutual further encounters is perceived as anarchitectural epitome oftheEU’s

lack of of democracy, transparency the

and Berlaymont right accessibility. to political buildingbecomes participation, However, in

Euratom ECSC CAP ERC EC ECC EU Index ofabbreviations PART 04

Common Agricultural Policy European CoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC) European Atomic Energy Community European Economic Community (renamed to European Community in1993) European Community(predecessor oftheEuropean Union) European Research Council European Union(successoroftheEuropean Communityin2009) APPENDIX

49 I Le Berlay-quoi?

50 I Part 04 Appendix quartier quartier In Léopold Fig. 07 Fig. 06 Deutsche 2013 Fig. 05 Palgrave Macmillan,2005,17. Europe? Fig. 04 Fig. 03 [Diagram]. Fig. 02 Fig. 01 Bruxelles: Badeaux. Cover /Fig.00 Index offigures

Bruter,

BruCiel (2020). Aerial photograph of Quartier Léopold in 2014 [Satellite 2014 in Léopold photograph Aerial (2020). BruCiel Quartier of identities Stoschek, of opposing Interpretation(2021). Dominik. theory of the Stoschek, Dominik.(2021).Results from aGoogle search onthe03.01.2021for Sterken, Sven. Euratom (2015). Belliard Rue the in building [Photograph]. 51-55 photograph] Urban.brusselBruciel,2020,bruciel.brussels/. photograph] Urban.brusselBruciel,2020,bruciel.brussels/. [Satellite 1953 in Léopold photograph Aerial (2020). BruCiel Quartier of Euro(2019). Bundesbank Deutsche frombanknotes Europathe since use in series, example ofstrongweak Europeanand [Diagram]. identities In Citizens of four different government buildings inEurope [Diagram]. Juste Lipse, Espace Léopold. royal, de squares, Cinquantenaire,Léopold, quartier quartier Berlaymont, Demey, Thierry. In (2007). Bruxelles, ville de bureaux: LeBerlaymont et la transformation du [Photograph]. Michael. Bundesbank The Emergence , Bruxelles Patrimoines (15),p.106. (2005). In Zentralbereich Die Relative Euro-Banknoten. of

a Bruxelles, capitale de l’Europe: Quartier (Guide strength Mass Kommunikation Badeaux. European 2019th of territorial Redaktion edn. Histoire, Identity. identity Frankfurt Externe patrimoine). Houndmills: circles: am Medien. Main: the

Fig. 16 commission_en https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/visit-european- tompeck/status/1336797054157402118/ 2021) (Accessed:5March Fig. 15 Fig. 14 Fig. 13 Fig. 12 Léopold Fig. 11 brussels/. Fig. 10 Fig. 09 quartier In Léopold Fig. 08 https://twitter.com/Berlaymonster (Accessed:5March 2021). Kimberley, Ministère Sterken, Ministère

Sterken,

European(2004). Commission The Sterken,Berlaymont Sven.site ofthe Construction building (2015). former the with la Loi de Rue (2020). BruCiel Berlaymonster, renovation[Photograph].early 2000s in the European Commission. it was about to be demolished. Berlaymont building just twenty seven years after he wrote that Peck, Tom.[@tompeck] (2020). suspended Berlaymont building[Photograph]. Bruxelles. Léopold transformation duquartier [Photograph]. In Bruxelles, ville de bureaux: LeBerlaymont et latransformation du quartier (beforephotograph][Satellite 1920) Charlemagne rightbehinditasof1970[Photograph]. Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville de bureaux: LeBerlaymont et la transformation du , Bruxelles Patrimoines (15),p.110. Sven. Sven. Des Des Matthew. Travaux (2015). Travaux (2015).

, Bruxelles Patrimoines (15),p.106. depicted as afurry,depicted monster. friendly-looking Twitter Bruxelles, ville de bureaux: LeBerlaymont et la Joyeuse Publics [@Berlaymonster] Typical Publics (1970). floor building (1970). Breaking: Boris Johnson has left the [Tweet]. Twitterhttps://twitter.com/ , Bruxelles Patrimoines (15),p.110. plan Urban.brussel Bruciel View in Le Berlaymont of the (2021). onto Berlaymont the Rue Berlaymont the Berlaymont de The building after the after building Esplanade la building and the and building Loi Twitter , 2020, bruciel. , 2020, [Photograph]. [Drawing]. monastery monastery under account the In

51 I Le Berlay-quoi?

52 I Part 04 Appendix Fig. 22 the Fig. 21 com/StefanLeifert/status/1261778068911390721/ Fig. 20 2021). #InternationalDayAgainstHomophobia. NicolaSturgeon/status/1223369787260260354 Fig. 19 2021). nickgutteridge/status/1335678800995217410 Fig. 18 have 2021). Fig. 17

Olbrechts,(2016). Quentin. The oak-framed facadeshows the reunion GreenpeaceGreenpeace (2004). used forstairsin thewood claimsthat Greenpeace (2020). Le Soir protestwith ahuge campaign on banner (2020). [@StefanLeifert] Stefan. Leifert, Nick. [@nickgutteridge]Gutteridge, (2020). of oldandnew[Photograph] illegal logginginIndonesia[Photograph] Rond Point Schumann[Photograph] demonstrationand anaccompanying building the EUCommission on the building in Brussels tonight. Sturgeon,[@NicolaSturgeon]Nicola. (2020). Berlaymont made the building comes top floor tonight.

[Tweet]. Twitterhttps://twitter.com/ fromfor is known which a company [Tweet]. Twitterhttps://twitter.com/ [Tweet]. Twitterhttps://twitter. Looks like Brexit talks (Accessed: The EUCommission (Accessed: EU-Commission on (Accessed: 5 5 5 March March March <

Boeri, Tito andGaribaldi,Pietro (2009)‘Beyond Eurosclerosis’, RogerandPonce, Alejandro. (2014)‘Political AcceptanceasanAlternative or Betancourt, timberis‘legal’’, (2004b)‘Kinnockunsure ifheadquarters’ Banks, Martin. (2004a)‘AfterBanks, Martin. 13years andh670mspent,‘Berlaymonstre’ breathes again’, Baeten, Guy. (2001)‘TheEuropeanization ofBrusselsandtheUrbanization Awesti, Anil.(2009)‘TheMythofEurosclerosis: European Integration inthe1970s’, Bibliography Available at:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40272547 2021). (Accessed: 13February pp. 409–461. (Accessed: 6March 2021). Available at:https://scholar.google.de scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=1443864273980719996&btnI=1&hl=de Conference oftheInternationalSociety forNewInstitutionalEconomics Complement to Political Legitimacy:Concept,Measurement and Implications’, timber-is-legal/ (Accessed:27March 2021). October. Available at:https://www.politico.eu/article/kinnock-unsure-if-headquarters- berlaymonstre-breathes-again/ (Accessed:1March 2021). Available at:https://www.politico.eu/article/after-13-years-and-h670m-spent- Politico, doi: 10.1177/096977640100800203 of ‘Europe’’, L’Europe enFormation 8 September. European UrbanandRegionalStudies

, 353-354(3),pp. 39–53.doi: 10.3917/eufor.353.0039

, 8(2),pp. 117–130. Economic Policy Politico, .

, 24(59), 13 Annual

53 I Le Berlay-quoi?

54 I Part 04 Appendix Dewint, Christelle.(2019) Dessouroux, Christian. ‘Bureaux àBruxelles : Delanty, Gerard. andJones,Paul R.(2002)‘European IdentityandArchitecture’, Gialdino,Carlo.(2005) Curti (2005)‘Dansl’antreBuxant, Martin. du«Berlaymonstre»’, Bruter, Michael.(2009)‘TimeBomb? Bruter, Michael. (2005) Broz, Lawrence andFrieden, Jeffry. (2011)‘ThePolitical Economy ofExchange Rate Boissevain, Jeremy. (1975)‘Introduction: towards asocialanthropology ofEurope’, in flash-2019.pdf (Accessed:28 November 2020). eurobarometer/2019/emotions-and-political-engagement-towards-the-eu/report/en- Available at:https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/files/be-heard/ Eurobarometer. (numéro spécial).2011,pp. 14–28. Journal ofSocial Theory Poligrafico eZecca delloStato, Libr. delloStato. giornata 51b8899de4b0de6db9abfd84 (Accessed:5March 2021). Available at:https://www.lalibre.be/international/dans-l-antre-du-berlaymonstre- 1536. doi: 10.1177/0010414009332465 Political IdentityofEuropean Citizens’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. handbooks ofpoliticalscience).Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr, pp. 587–597. E.(ed.) inGoodin,Robert Policy’, Netherlands, pp. 9–17. ofEducational Scienceofthe the University ofAmsterdam by theDepartment in Europe. Boissevain, Jeremy. andFriedl, John.(eds.) . (Englishtranslation). (Per conoscere l’Unione Europea /collana,2).Roma:Ist. The Hague:publishedfortheEuropean-Mediterranean StudyGroup of

Citizens ofEurope? The emergence ofamassEuropean identity Emotions andPolitical Engagement Towards theEU2019 , 5(4),pp. 453–466.doi: 10.1177/136843102760514009 I simbolidell’Unioneeuropea: Bandiera, inno,motto, moneta, The Oxford handbookofpoliticalscience. The DynamicEffect ofNewsandSymbolsonthe Comparative Political Studies

état Beyond theCommunity:Socialprocess deslieux’ La Libre, , in L’Observatoire desbureaux 2 May. , 42(12),pp. 1498–

(The Oxford European . Flash .

Goodin, Robert E.(ed.)(2011) Goodin, Robert European Communities(1985) European Communities(1973) European Comission(2017) European Comission(2012) European Comission(2009) European Comission(2004) European Comission(1986) Green, Stephen.(2015) deny. (Hauscuriosities).London: HausPublishing. Univ. Pr(TheOxford handbooksofpoliticalscience). European CommunityInformationService]. Official PublicationsoftheEuropean Communities;[Washington, D.C.]; [soldby the (Bulletin oftheEuropean Communities. Supplement,7/85).Luxembourg: Officefor December 2020). 4december1973-en-02798dc9-9c69-4b7d-b2c9-f03a8db7da32.html (Accessed:29 Available at:https://www.cvce.eu/obj/declarationoneuropeanidentitycopenhagen1 (Accessed: 6March 2021). Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/graphic_charter_nov_2017.pdf development-of-european-identity-identities_en.pdf 2021). (Accessed:11February Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/policy_reviews/ Business (Accessed: 5March 2021). Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_09_94 Brussels. 2021). (Accessed: 13February Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_86_292 held intheHague:IP/86/292 . Brussels.

The European identity:Historical andcultural realities wecannot The European Commission visual identitymanual The development ofEuropean Identity/Identities:Unfinished The Commission’s buildingspolicyinBrussels:MEMO/09/94 Description oftheBerlaymont A “People’s Europe” ontheeve oftheEuropean Councilto be The Oxford handbookofpoliticalscience A People’s from Europe: theadhocCommittee Reports Declaration onEuropean Identity [Press release]. 16June.

[Press release]. 2April. . Copenhagen. . Oxford: Oxford .

. .

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56 I Part 04 Appendix Meikle, Blair. (2020)‘Brexit news:‘Europe Loves Scotland’Brusselssymbolpaidfor Lewicki, Pawel M.(2017) Le Soir(2020)‘«Lesfeux enAmazonie, l’Europe coupable Kølvraa, Cchristoffer. (2018)‘Psychoanalyzing Europe? Political Enjoyment andEuropean Jones, Paul R.(2011) Jepperson, RonaldL.(2002)‘PoliticalModernities:Disentangling Hein, Carola. (2014)‘BuildingCapitalMindscapesfortheEuropean Union’, inMinkenberg, Hein, Carola. (2004) europe-brussels-snp-eu-commission/ (Accessed:5March 2021). February. Available at:https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/5246156/scotland- claiming EUcommissionwasbehindit’, by SNPdespiteparty among Eurocrats inBrussels. 2021). leurope-coupable-une-banderole-de-40-metres-deployee-sur-le (Accessed: 5March Available at:https://www.lesoir.be/324347/article/2020-09 11/les-feux-en-amazonie- déployée surleBerlaymont’, 11September. Identity’, Liverpool University Press. doi: 10.1111/1467-9558.00151 Dimensions ofInstitutionalDifferentiation’, space. Michael (ed.) hl=de&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false. Available at:https://books.google.nl/books?id=o1BS9Jw6XN0C&printsec=frontcover& Praeger. European Union (Space andplace,12).NewYork: Berghahn.

Political Psychology Power and architecture: The constructionofcapitalsandthepolitics . (Perspectives on the twentieth century). Westport, Connecticut: Westport, . (Perspectives onthetwentiethcentury). The capitalofEurope: Architecture andurbanplanningforthe The SociologyofArchitecture: ConstructingIdentities EU-Space andtheEuroclass: Modernity, NationalityandLifestyle , 39(6),pp. 1405–1418.doi: 10.1111/pops.12547 (Kultur undsoziale Praxis). Bielefeld: Transcipt Verlag. Sociological Theory

»: une banderole de40mètres Two Underlying The ScottishSun, , 20(1),pp. 61–85. . Liverpool: 4

Zeitoun, Lea. (2017)‘SAMYN Wilken, Lisanne.(2015)‘Anthropological StudiesofEuropean IdentityConstruction’, in Watkins, Katie.(2015) von derLeyen, Ursula.(2020)‘Wirbrauchen einneuesEuropäisches Bauhaus’, Stråth, Bo.(2002)‘A European Identity: Sterken, Sven. (2015)‘Bruxelles, villedebureaux: LeBerlaymont etlatransformation du Sassatelli, Monica.(2002)‘An withJeanBaudrillard’, Interview Ridderbusch, Katja.(2004)‘DasMonstervonBrüsselwurde endlichgebändigt’, Quatremer, Jean.(2020)‘Commissioneuropéenne :uncapriceimmobiliercoûteux’. (Accessed: 5March 2021). europa-building-eu-council-headquarters-belgium-04-05-2017/ Available at:https://www.designboom.com/architecture/philippe-samyn-and-partners- Brussels’, Europe. Kockel, U.,Nic Craith, M.andFrykman, J.(eds.) brought-to-life-in-the-netherlands (Accessed:26March 2021). Available at:https://www.archdaily.com/635437/fictional-euro-banknote-bridges- (Accessed: 13April2021). ausland/ursula-von-der-leyen-ein-neues-europaeisches-europa-17006741.html Allgemeine Zeitung Journal ofSocial Theory Léopold’, quartier Theory wurde-endlich-gebaendigt.html (Accessed:5March 2021). Available at:https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article338334/Das-Monster-von-Bruessel- September. couteux_1775279/ (Accessed:13April2021). liberation.fr/planete/2020/01/27/commission-europeenne-un-caprice-immobilier- Coulisses deBruxelles, , 5(4),pp. 521–530.doi: 10.1177/136843102760514045 Chichester West SussexUK:Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 123–144. designboom,

Bruxelles Patrimoines , 17October. Available at:https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ Fictional Euro BanknoteBridgesBrought to Life intheNetherlands 5 April. 5 April. La Libération , 5(4),pp. 387–401.doi: 10.1177/136843102760513965 andPARTNERS completes

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58 I Part 04 Appendix