The Image of Provo, Utah, As Seen Through the Perceptions of Its Residents

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1976

The Image of Provo, Utah, as Seen Through the Perceptions of its Residents

J. Larry Murdock Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Murdock, J. Larry, "The Image of Provo, Utah, as Seen Through the Perceptions of its Residents" (1976). Theses and Dissertations. 4971. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4971

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 1THEI IMAGE OF PROVO UTAH AS SEEN

THROUGH THE perceptions OF

ITS RESIDENTS

A thesis presented to the department of geography brigham young university

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of science

by J larry murdock april 1961976 this thesis by J larry murdock is accepted in its present form by the department of geography of brihanbrihambrigham young university as satisfying the thesis requirement for the decreedegree of master of science

4 aq M richard H jacksjaeksjacksonnnqcfnitteeuopmittee chairman

77. flokfiokfloylioydlloydd BR ludmanhudmanhudmanbudman committee member

z ina date in5 robertlroberti

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TAMESTABLES vi

LIST OF illustrations viii

MJ1jtt 41 ackncwl7ajdgacknowledgmentsris 0 4 ix chapter le1 introduction 1 2 types of perception studies 4 0 6 0 4 resident knowledge of cities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mental mapping 5.5 6 method of study 0 0 analysis of the data 9

REVIEW OF THE 0 0 0 0 14 220 literature 0 ft 0 0 0 0

introduction 9 9 14 studiesstucStudliesllesiles of perception of cities 0 9 15 major published perception studies ofL cities 21 2 other perception studies of cities 0 0 27

Ssummary e 0 e 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 272

AND 3sas3 environmental perception mid BEHAVIOR 0 0 0 28

nature of perception 0 0 0 28 perceptionperce Ption vs attitude 29 how people see 30 visual illusions 31 general perception 32

perception by people 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 a 0 & 33 perception of cities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 summary a 0 0 it 0 it 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 38

4 PART IPROVOSI1 PROVOS GENERAL characteristics AS PERCEIVED

BY RESIDENISRESIDENTS 0 a 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 provo major elements symbolic of 0 0 0 0 40

provo ap in a physical sense 0 1p 0 0 0 0 it 0 0 0 0 4 422 presentdaypresent day provo as described by residents 42 elevation of downtown provo 466

iiiillililillii map proveprovo 46 residents mental p images of 9 esidentsresidentsResidentsresidents1esiesldents 1 mental map images of university avenue 58 provo city boundaries 61

summary p9pa 1T 0 0 0 0 9 4 for partrt I 0 0 0 65 PART II11 PROWSPROVCSprovos VISUAL elewELEMELEMENTSTS AS PERCEIVEPERCEIVEDED BY DRT 0 0 0 0 r03RESIDENTSI1 TS 0 0 0 0 70 major buildings 70 areas of distinctdistinctivenessivenessivaness 72 landmarks 0 0 6 0 0 75 6 industrial locations q 76 proveprovo city center design 76 LDS temple design a 79 proveprovo river and olty development 81 parks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 proveprovo development of south 0 0 85 summary for part IIIT11 0 0 85 PART illliiiliIII111 looLOClocatiatLOCATIONSATIaTIS AND directions IN PROVO 91

LDS templetempietemplopio 0 0 94 proveprovo chyohycity center 0 0 94 catholic church s 95 mouth of rock canyon 95 proveprovo city cemetery 0 95 96 fox movie theater 0 0 daily herald building 97 union block or emporium 97 riverside3 countrcountryy club 98 indian hills residential area 98 summary fforor part illtiitilIIII1111 I1 1 99

5 PROVOS CENTRAL BUSINSSSBUSINESS DISTRICT 101 background and definitions 101 positive preferences for provos central business district 9 s s 102 negative feelingspeelings toward provesprovos central business district 0O f 0 ff s 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ioblob104104 major problems of provesprovos central business district 104 shopping areas chitChatoutsideside provedprovos central business district 10107 most frequently patronized stores 109log quality of merchandise selection 9 0 6 0 0 0 v 0 109log largest department store 0 0 0 0 it 0 4 0 113 effects of the university mall on shopping patterns 114 provo cityscity concern 117 summary 120

iv 606 PROVOS MAJOR f3tr3eustreetsSTREKTSlys1y3 93AS PSRCEIVED BY ESIDDRESIDDRr12sidemtsjnt3 123 major provo streets 124 streets carrying the most traffic 132

summary 0 e 0 0 a 0 13136106log

7 THE IMAGE OF provot SUMMARY AND conclusionsc0nclu y ianslonsionsi0ns 138

lynchs five major elements 139

summary 0 9 9 9 143 conclusions of the study 146 implications of the study 148

A APPENDIX 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 150

B APPENDIX faf9 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 156

SELECTED bibliography a 0 159

v LIST OF TABLES

1 percent of respondents listing provos symbolic elements by location religion age and length of residence t 41 2 percent of respondents stating major phyphysical7 acal1caldeaideal characteristics of provo by location religion age and length of residence t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 43 3 percent of respondents describing the presentdaypresent day situation of proveprovo by location religion age and length of residence 44 4 percent of respondents listing provos elevation by location age and length of residence 47 5 percent of respondents listing major visualized areas on each proveprovo sketch map excluding Streetstreetssp by location Ro age ligionreligion and length of residence 0 0 a 0 55 6 percent of respondents listing major sites along university avenue excluding crossing streets by location

religion age and length of residence 0 0 it 0 0 40 0 59 7 percent of respondents listing provos north and northeast city boundaries by location religion age and length of residence 62 8 percent of respondents listing provos W st boundary by location religreligionbontionglongiont age and length of residence 66 9 percent of respondents listing major architectural or historical buildings in provo by location beilbellreligionReli ionlon age and length of residence t a t t t 0 e 711 10 percent of respondents listing distinctive areas or features of provo by location reilreligionReligiong age and length of residence 0 0 0 0 0 0O fo 73 11 percent of respondents listing major provo landmarks by location religion age and length of residence 0 744 12 percent of respondents listing locations of provo industrial areas by location religion age and length of residence 0 0 0 0 it 0 0 0 0 0 0 if 9 0 0 0 9 0 77 13 percent of respondents and their views toward the design of the provo city center by location religion age and length of residence 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 78 14 percent of respondents and their views toward the design of the LDS temple by location religion age and length of residence 80 15 percent of respondents citing views toward the provo river as a barrier to development by location ageaget and length of residence 0 0 0 0 0 fsas 0 0 IF 0 0 0 4 0 0 10 0 82 16 percent of respondents listing provo parks by location t 84 17 percent of respondentrespondents views toward the development of south provo by location beilreligionReligiono akeageakey and length of

residence 41 0 0 t 0 t 0 0 0 87

vi 18 percent of respondents giving addresses for ten specific provo locations s 93 19 percent of respondents listinglisiigliswig raonreasonss theytay likedLiked tthehe provo central business district by location kaemaeage and length of residence 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ky 0 av&v 103 20 percent of respondents listing reasons they disliked the proveprovo central business district by location religion age and length of residence 105 21 percent of respondents listing major problems of the provo central business district by location religion loo106100log age and length of residence 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 to 0 22 percent of respondents listing shopping centers by location religion age and length of residence 0 0 0 108 23 percent of respondents listing stores normallyno rallynallymally shopped by location religion age and length of residence 110 24 percent of respondents rating the merchandise selection in provo stores by location religion age and length of residence 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 it 0 4 112 25 percent of respondents rating proveprovo department stores by sizesizqsizeslee by location religion age and length of residence 0 0 0 0 0 0 IF 0 v 4 0 0 to 0 0 0 0 115 26 percent of respondents listing effects of the university mall shopping center by location religion age and

0 fo 116 length of residence 4 0 0 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 272 percent of respondents listing major proveprovo streets as drawn and labeled on proveprovo sketch maps by location agaageago and length of residence 0 0 0 t 0 0 6 0 125 28 percent of respondents listing major prolroprooropro ro streets from their perceptions by location ageaget ani length of 127 residence 0 0 0 it 11 0 0 9 a 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 e 0 29 percent of respondents listing provo streets believed to carry the most traffic by location age and length of residence 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 fsas 0 0 0 P 0 133 30 provo streets carrying the most traffic with respondents perceived order contrasted with actual order 135

vii LIST OF illustrations map prevoprovo map 11 1 city street t 0 0 0 s 0 t 0 al1l 2 proveprovo census tracts and the thesis study regions 12 3tat3 mental map of proveprovo drawn by male resident 455445 54 yearbyearsyearbars of age 0 0 q 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 0 49 4 mental map of proveprovo drawn by female resident 354435 44 years

of age IF it 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 41 0 0 4 50 5 mental map of proveprovo drawn by male resident 15 years of

age 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 & 0 51 6 mental map of proveprovo drawn by male resident 13 years of age 52 7 mental map of provo drawn by female resident 455445 54 years

of age & 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 to 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 8 mental map of proveprovo drawn by male resident 263426 34 years of age 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 9 map of the locations of major parks as perceived by provo 86 residents 9 s e e s f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 map of provo showing ten locations which residents were asked to locate t a 1 6 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 92 11 map of the locations of major treetsstreets as perceived by proveprovo residents 9 t 0 t 0 0 s 0 t 0 0 126 12 major elements in prprovesprovosavosovos visual image 0 0 0 0 0 0 145

viii acknowledgments

the author wishes to thank dr richard jackson for referring him to the book from which the main idea of this thesis developed the inaeimaelmae of the city by kevin lynch and for his and dr lloyd hudmansHudmans time for consultation while the author was writing this thesis the author also wishes to thank his wife romanieromanic for editing and proofreading the manuscript the above persons are also to be thanked for encouraging the author to completecomolete the thesis the author also wishes to thank joycelin jarrell for assistance in the final proofreading of the manuscript

ix CHAPTER 1

introduction

environmental perception as a leidffield of tudystudy3tudy is relatively new geographers only began working in this field in the 19608 various terms for environmental perception or portions of it have been used by geographers environmental designers city planners and psychologists all of whom are seeking ways of analyzing how people view the environment 1 in perception studies different words have been used to mean the same things form shashapee figure structure pattern order arrangement configuration plan outline contour 2 terms such as cognitive map mental maps spatial or environmental image have been employed in map making some geographers prefer the use of environmental cognition for environmental perception and others use cognitive map when referring to a spatial image 3

I1 environmental psychology environmental perception en- vironvironmentalmental behaviorehavior environics human ecology environmental bio- medicinerediredlmedl cineeine spatial behavior environmentmanenvironmentman relations humanics socio physical design ecological psychology environmental physi- ology human engineering environmental design environmental science ergonomics urban environmentalism sociological psychology behavioral geography psychological ecology and psychopsychogeographygeography t thomas F saarienmaarienSaarien perception of environment association of american geographers commission on college geography resource paper no 5 washington DCIdoidotD C association of american geographers 196911969 j P 330 ajames2james2janesjames J gibson what is form psychological review 58 1951s1951 403403

broger3roger3poger M downs and david stea eds immeimage and environments cognitive mapping and spatialS tiai behavior chicago aldine publishing costcootco 197391973 P 79290790890

1 2

perception is a way of looking at the world or some part of the world such as a city perception may be conscious and unconscious blurred and distinct objective and subjective inadvertent and delib- erate literal and schematic 1 l all people have different backgrounds and everyone perceives his environment from the perspective of different sets of values there are many levels of ugliness and everyone perceives beauty and ugliness from differing points of view 2 each person is affected by his own culture and society As our personality is determined by what happened when we were children and what we experienced then so are perceptions determined by what we were as children and by what we are experiencing now 133

types of PercperceptionpereeLtion studies in the lasttenlast ten years there has been an increase in studies devoted to perception topics some of these studies have been devoted to general treatments of perceptionperceptionsperception44 others have dealt with specific

ldavidcdaviddavid lowenthal geography experience and imaginationimaginations toward a geographical epistemology annals of the association of aneranorameramor can oeraphersgeographersge oEraphers 51 september iggi1961 9 251

2herbertgherbert H swinburne the environment we seeseeg in environment for man the next fifty years ed by william R ewald jr bloom ingtontingtoni indiana university press 1961967 appp 111112111 112 astanley3stanley milgram the experience of living in cities science 16716216 march 1970t190igo 1466 4saariensaarienmaarienSaarienarlen perception of environment 3

topics such as natural hazardhazardssg i1 perception of resource management 2 cross culture views3 mental maps 4 rural and urban landscapes 5 and cities 6 each study was an attempt to explain various behavioral patterns in different locations perception studies of cities are often concerned with the geographic view of a city from different geobrageogrageographicphic regions both within and without the city and in developing some citycitywidewide or area generalizations of he major spatial components this thesis is a study of the perceptionpercepipercept ionlon of a city by its residents

ljamesijames1janesjames K mitchell natural hazards research in perspectives on environment ed by ianlantan R manners and marvinmarv n W mikesell association of american geographers commission of co Y lege geography publication no 13 washington BCDC association of american Geographergeographersst 1974 appp 3113413113419311 3413419 robert madison ward cold C nd wind hazard percep-perce tion by orange and tomato growers in central araldardd south florida michigan geographical publication no 9 ann arbor department of geogra- phyhy university of michigan 1973 2wrowrWR derrick sewell and lanian burton e6sgeos perceptions and attitudes in resources kanapmanagementmanapenentment canadacanaday department of energy minesnebnes and resources policy research and coordination branchbrancho resource paper no 2 ottanaottawayottawaOttottawagawatawag information canada 1971 ajoseph3josephjoseph sonnenfeld environmental perception and adaptation level in the arctic in environmental perception and behavior ed by david lowenthal university of chicago department of geography research paper no 109 chicago 1967 PP 425942 59 lpeter4peterbeterpeter gould and rodney whitewhitet mental mabymapsmagy Baltibaltimoretbaltimoresmoretmores pelican books 1974 cdavid5david lowenthal and hugh 0 prince the english landscape the geographigeographygeographicaleaicaleal review 54 july 196411964 309346309 346 david lowenthal the american scene the geographical review 58 1968s1968 616861 68 6 skevin6kevinkevin lynch the inakeimmeinageimage of the city cambridge mass s MITM I1 T press 1960 4

resident knowledgernoKnowedeewedge of titlestitiescities1

A personsperson knowledge of a city is usually based on several factors apart from the actual atmosphere of the city the following three factors are inportimportantiimportantsimportantianttants

lo101 A persons impression of a given city depends on his im- plicit standard of comparison fsomeonesomeone from a big city might consider provo leisurely while someone from a small town might consider provo to be hectic 2 perceptions of a city are also affected by etherwhetherwh the observer is a touristtouristy newcomernewconertcomert or a longtermlong term resident 3 the popular myths and expectations each visitor brings to the city will also affect the way in which he perceives it although a persons background affects what he sees in the urban scene physicalen en- 0 it can only modify the information the physical vironvironmentment provides to everyone althofalthowalthoughh different aspects of the cityspatialcityeltyeity spatial frameworks trees or shoschos naymay be particularly significant to different people the examples given suggest that it is possible to isolate certain physical characteristics that result in complexity 2 buildings of particular significance in a city are important because of their contourscontourst sizes shapes surfacsurfacesastest qualities and signs3 in studies of cities one author felt that inhabitants would recall a building for some combination of the followingfollowings 1 the distinctiveness of its physical form that is its inageimageimageabilityimageabjiityability 1 2 its visibility to him as he travels around the city 3 its role as a setting for personal activities use and other behavior 4 the inferences hhe9 makes about its cultural significance to the population at large

algramlmilgramililgramgrangram p 1466 bamos2amos2lmosamos rapoport and ron hawkes the perception of urban co- plexmplexityity journal of the american institute of planners 36 march 19708 110 3 3do4alddonald appletardappleyardApp whywh buildings are known environment and behavior 1 decemberleTard9691969 3 1361j6

4bid0I1ibid p 134 5

mental mabma-mappinsmappingpfin1.1 this study has some mapping exercises that may seem unique in questionnaires these exercises were provided however to gain information that could notnob be obtained through regular methods cart- ography is in general the most complex mode the one concrete mode which is most peculiarly specialized for the storage of spatial information and the one which is most nearly ubiquitous in human cultures even among nonliteratenon literate people maps are projected in the form of graphic symbols of space relations such maps are abstracted from knowledge already available in these mental bapstmapstnapsmaps rather than the outcome of such sophisticated techniques as surveying aerial photo- graphy etc it is amazing how accurate such maps can be 2 thus drawing maps no matter how crude and whether by literate or non literate people provides for the storage of much useful matter by selectively organizing sensory cues from the environment it appears that persons are able to ignore the confusing mass of stimuli impinging upon them and can simplify the complicated overall structure of their surroundings into a personal and extremely functional mental map the cognitive map enables us to get about easily in the city to orient others and serves as a basis for our appreciation of the city as an artiartlartifactartifact3artifactslfact33 in a study of the perceptions of a city it is possible to discover the main elements of a city by having people draw maps of some areas with no reference to actual maps the organization and complex

jaresljamesijamesjames M blaut george S mccleary jr and america S blaut environmental mapping in young children environment and behavior 2 december 1970 33833803080 2aaa irving hallowell culture and experience philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 195571955 p 18718 aj3j douglas porteous design with people the quality of the urban environment environment and behavior 3 june 1971119711921 159 6

ity of the maps and to some extent reflectreflectelect an individuals sense of coherence and the complexity of his area it is true however that each map

0 0 will differ according to such characteristics as the individuals age education awareness and interest in his surroundings clearly there are as many images as there are residents yet there may be crucial identities and common attitudes underlying these images which must be discovered 2 one person who has used mapping in his studiesstudiestdiess says that the different maps drawn do emphasize the extraordinary variety of methods that people use to conceptualize cities 3 he goes on to say that

0 the subjective map was found to provide a rich source of information about urban perception particularly when correlated with field surveys of the visible functionfunctionalfunctionalandalandand social character of the city maps picture spatial relationships which are very difficult to verbalize that they do not usually indicate visual imagery however makes it important to devise other s4rveysarveysurvey methods to fill out exactly how people structure their cities 4

method of stulstumstudy justification for the study the purpose of this thesis was to focus on the visual perception of proveprovo utah as seen by its residents several studies have analyzed the way in which people view the urban environment but none has studied cities with provosprovos characteristics this study attempted to discover the visual elements which were perceived and the patterns

floreneelflorencelFalflorencelorenceloreneeflorence C ladd black youths view their environment neighborhood maps environment and behavior 2 june 1970 96 21arrylarry S bourne ed internal structure of the city readings on space and environment new yorks oxford university press 192101971o197101971 peP 14014 adonald3donalddonald appleyard styles and methods of structuring a city environment and behavior 2 june 1970 109 41bidibid p ilg116lige1160 7 routes barriers and boundaries which differing groups within the city recognize as important or unimportant studies of the image and perception of large cities such as boston los angeles new york city carbridgecambridge massachusetts and columbus ohio have been carried out they show how residents orient themselves in large urban areas but studies of smaller cities and grid street pattern communities are lacking orientation in smaller cities without tall buildings and with straight streets in the gridiron fash- ion should be different than in larger urban areas having many irregular streets this study attempted to provide information for a smaller city by giving insights into the perceptions of specific groups of urban residents in provo utah this is a city with a population of 53000 and is organized in a grid street pattpatternernt excepting in some of its newer residential areas kevin lynch authored a seminal study entitled the inageimage of the city lynch used a combination of map drawing and questions and emphasized the need for questions to elucidate the maps the present study following lynchlynchs pattern obtained both maps and responses to questions the maps and openendedopen ended questionnaire were desidesignedgned to elicit residents views regarding provohowprovo how they saw the city in their minds what they thought was important how they gave and followed directions location wise and what type of experiences they tended to associate with provo it was felt that a combination of the above would produce valuable data even if the questions were subjective

laevinlkevinkevin lynch the image of the city cambridge masssbasssmassimass MITMLT press 1960 8 the answers would provide the collective image of the residents of provo it was hypothesized that analysis of the data would yield a composite environmental image of the city representative of the average resident

questionnaire

A c1caquestionnaire was developed using a combination of map drawing exercises to gain visual imagery and openendedopen ended questions to supplement the mental images gained from the maps the questions explored further the visual strengths and weaknesses of the area so as to identify the critical points problems and patterns of provo see appendix A for the questionnaire and appendix B for its profile questionnaires were completed by five groups in a sixsixweekweek period in the fall of 1973 the largest group of respondents were residents fiftyeightfifty eight questionnaires were given out by the author who waited in the homes while they were completed of this sample of 58 eight samples of non LDS religions were obtained by the author through his administering the questionnaires three samples were obtained nonrandomlynon randomly from catholic residents ten questionnaires were completed by students in a graduate class taught by the author at brigham young university nine questionnaires were administered for the author by geography students who gave them in predetermined areas

sample size previous studies of larpbarplargee urban areas have been done using only 152015 20 people in cities of over a million populationvodulationadulation I1 A statistically valid study can be made with only seven respondentrespondentsso 1 but the present

ifouldigouldlgould mental maaMAMmaps p 60600goo 9 study attempted to provide a broader base for greater validity eightyfoureighty four questionnaires were completed by respondents which repre- sents one of the largest indepthin depth samples used in studies of the perception of place

sampling procedures an official map of provo was obtained and a random stratified dot pattern of one dot every square inch was superimposed on the map these dots were then marked on the city map keeping the dots within the city limits and marking none in residentialnonresidentialnon areas no dots were marked in the central business district census tract 24 nor in the area of the state mental hospital census tract 26 the author attempted to obtain a completed questionnaire from a household in the vicinity of each dot on the map the actual house chosen in a particular area depended on whether someone was at home whether they had the time to complete the questionnaire 45 minutes to one hourocourohour and the personal preference of the author the person answering the door was asked to fill out the questionnaire if other persons in the home had time they were also invited to complete the questionnaire

analysis of the data the most important factors used for the analysis of the data were the respondentrespondents area of residence ageagge group length of residence in provo and religious background these factors were used in the analysis of the data gained from the questionnaires the collected data was converted into percentages for the analysis factors all of provo was studied by residential regions and selected areas were studied by age groups length of residence and religion 10

residential regions

the residential areas of the study are based on the provo census tracts but are grouped into larger geographic groupings see map 1 and map 2 for study regions all questions covered in the study were analyzed by the five thesis study regions northeast northwest central fasteast and south

age groups it was hypothesized that four veage groups would provide the most unique variations it was hypothesized that the age groups from twenty six through sixtyfoursixty four would show little variation in perception it was thought that the perceptions of these agagege groups could be found along with the general view from the thesis study regions 1 it was hypothesized that the under 15 years of veaeeage group would provide a sample of elementary school children who would probably have a much different view of provo than other residents 2 it was hypothesized that the 151 18 years of age group would provide a sample of high school students and that this group would give the view of typical teenagersteen agers 3 it was hypothesized that the 19 252 years of age groups composed of mainly university students69students 69 were studenstudentsistudentstsi would give a student view although it includes universitynonuniversitynon students as well 4 it was hypothesized that the 65 and up years of age group most of whom are retired might have a significantly different view of provo 11

13 1

scale Is so V 0 13636000lt136ooo136000lt36000000ooo V1 equals 3000

to A eiseierisr is r r LN

13fl

8 rptpti 88 0900aavo090oow lesids

aNOAOO lootsootsoor tvoavoOVO no sliai& i

900poogoo sa sr so SO so 3 C so 1I r P to SO S c- il

an map 1 provo city street map 12

mapma p 2 provo census tracts and the thesis study regions 13

length of hesresresidencehesidenceildenceodence after people live in a city for a time they tend to become accustomed to the area and usually fail to see things which are unique confusing or very different whereas a newcomer to an area is very 1 aware of each thing in this study the perceptions of those residents who have been in provo less than one year and those who have been here only one to two years have been isolated as separate study groups other respondents with various lengths of residence are included along with the general view from the thesis study regions

non LDS religion As provo is mainly a mormon the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints LDS area a non LDS view was sought from those who lived in the city provo has a heavy mormon church influence and the view of those not associated with the dominant religion might prove inteinterestingresting

algramlmilgramililgramgrangram p 1466 CHAPTERCHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE literature

introduction geographical studies dealing with perception of cities besbeganbegan in the 1960si960 in early stustudiesdiestdiess geographical studies dealt with the nature of the environment more recently geographical studies have developed into what people think and feel about the environment how they behave in it and how they alter that environment each person affects the environment through his own personality these effects vary in response to peoplespeopled moods purposes and attentiveness what people see what is studied and the way people build and shape the landscape are all selected and structured by customs cultures desires and 1 faith most studies of perception and behavior which use questionnaires and interviews receive images of the environment that are filt- ered through language yet semantic responses explicate only a frac- tion of all that individuals perceive and what they do in the environment 2

cdavid1daviddavid lowenthal ed environmental perception and behavior university of chicago dept of geography research paper no 109 chicagchicago0 o 1967 p 1 0 cdavid2daviddavid lowenthal research in environmental perception and behavior perspectives on current problems environment and behavior 4 september 19821197211972 336306

14 15

studies of perception ofolmolp cities the methods used in perception studies of cities can vary greatly but two basic generaligenerallgeneralizedsedeed approaches may be as one authorlauthora has summarized one approach is personal or subjective it involves one persons looking at towns and assessing in an intuitive way its visual qualities this method is open to abuse because the taste of one person is often too obscure or biased to provide a general view another approach is democratic or objective this attempts to identify visual qualities by testing public reaction to the environment through such things as polls maps and interviews to determine what people notice most about their town and what they like and dislike the problem with this method is that people are conditioned to accepting their environment and are unable to evaluate it objectively

summary studies there are several works which give summaries of perception studies of cities five summaries are mentioned in the following discussion downsdowns92 in a recent boolbooibook cites many studies dealing with cognitive representations in a short articlearticiearticlekates3kateseates gives examples from specific studies which discuss how people in different social and cultural settings perceive their environments and react to them

iroylroy worskettWorskett the character of towns an approach to conservation londonLondont the architectural press 1969 P 225

s broger2rogerroger M downs and david stea edspedsedep ineeinageimage and environmentenvironments cognitive ma2jl1pfandmapping and spatial behavior chicagochicagoiChicakoikotgoi aldine publishing cotcocoy 1973 see especially appp 274285224285224274 285 for the development of spatial cognition of largescalelarge scale environments and appp 326364326 364 for the conception of spatial location

bobertarobert3robertrobert W kates human perception of the environment international social science journal 22 cig190igo19201970 6486648 6596 cao 16

he covers illusion quest for image environmental attitudes and ad- justment to drought milgrammilgmiiMilranrampranpram summarizes the works of others regarding their experiences with the psychological aspects of life in cities his article regards the organizational theory of city life he stresses observation visual patterns cognitive mapping and experi- mental inquiry saarinens2 study was issued tobo fill a gap between significant research in geomgeographyraphy and readily accessible materials 3 he summarizes perception studstudiesI1es through 1969 according to their scale from those involving personal spaces pace through studies of cities and studies of the world saarinen4 in a more recent article has a shortshortershontererterh but more up to date summary of relevant research

pioneer studies in perceperceptionptioneption of cities major study

A seminal study by lynchLtynch5 has resulted in much discussion in the literature both in praise of his methods and some cautiousness regarding them many research studies since 19601940 have used his methods lynchs study attempted to determine the public image people held for the cities of los adfanfangeleseles boston and jersey city the common mental pictures that were carried by each cityscity inhabitants

algramimilgramililgramgrangram appp 146114681461 1468 2saarinensaarinen perception of environment appp 7257 25 31bidibid forward 4 thomas F saarinen environmental perception in Perperspeperepeperspec-spe tives on environment ed by ianlan R manners and marvin W mikesell association of american geographers commission on college geobrageogrageographyphy publication no 13 washington DCIdoiDC t association of american geographers 194iga1974 appp 252289252 289 clynch5lynchlynch ieaimalmainageimageze of the ciuclucityoltyolby 17 were discovereddiscoverediscovered through the sample in boston 30 persons were interv- iewed with 15 each in jersey city and los angeles and areas of agreement were compiled three components of the images were important the 1 1 identity or individuality of an object with its complete distinction from other things an image of a structure was needed with

2 spatial or pattern relationships and these had to have some 3 meaning to the observer these images needed to be sufficient clear and well integrated safe adaptable to change and communicable to other persons 1 he thought people see the environment as a twowaytwo way procproeprocessesst 1 1 what a person actually sees and 2 how he interpretinterpretsst organizes and directs his attention to what he sees 2 lynch had five key elements in his study that provided information on the physical form of citiescitiesi 1 1 paths or channels along which the observer cus- totomarilymarily or sometimes moves 2 edges or linear elements not used or considered paths breaks or walls 3 districts or mediumtolargemedium to large sections of a city which are recognizable in that they have some common character 4 nodes or points strategic spots junctions breaks or concentrations where a person can enter 5 landmarks or points of reference not entered into such as buildings signs stores 3 lynchs book concentrates on the legibility of the city although the results of surveys described in the book are not concerned with any precise definition of architectural quality or value they illustrate considerable similarities between verbal interviews to ascertain city image and field studies carried out by trained observers which attempt to predict the results of such verbal interviews the objective approach can therefore help to confirm a broad subjectivesurveysubjective survey or it may be uselinusedinusedain4in the beginning to establish the framework for detailed study

llynchlynch I1inageimage of the city appp 898908 990 21bidotbid pps 131 31bidotbid appp 47448424847484 48 4worskettworskettWorskett p 226 18

he has introduced concepts and techniques for eliciting organizing and analyzing the elements of a city as viewed by samples of adults in three urban areas 1 lynchs research has gained accept- ance as a simple way of recording the design image of a city through the reduction of a large vocabulary to just five elemenelementstsitst paths edges nodes districtdistrictssg and landmarks through recording the exist- ing elements of an image designers can sensitively place new elements r either to reinforce the old or to contrast it oiaoi2 in the urban environment there are some essential features which are not easy to put into words the most important is the visible form of urban spatial patterns lynch has investigated the citys form and how it affects peoples ability to represent it to themselves in some coherent way some of the variables mentioned

0 4 besides clarity simplicisimplicitytyo and dominance of visible form are more significantsignificnificantant in determining the memorability of a city elements than they at first seemed to be on the basis of current evidence the relative social values which districts streets or buildings symbolize and the simple exposure of these elements to the public ey5eyaeye would appear to be at least as important as their visible form J another author statesstatesistatesir lynchs images were cognitive representations of large physicalPhysical areas very large indeed in relation to the conve- ntional stimuli of perception studies because cities cannot be perceived in the usual sense impressions of their formvariouslyfornform variously called schemata mental maps and cognitive mapsmustnapsmaps rustmust be construc- ted from time integrations of sensory inputs As an output mode the overt responses of subjectslynchsubjects lynch chose to use graphic maps reproduced from memory it was not the only possible choice

lladdbladddd black youths p 75 arichard2richardrichard P dober environmental desiendesign new yorkyorki van nostrand reinhold co 19691 P 17912901790 3 estephen3stephen mang stephen carr the city of the mind in environment for manmant1 the next fifty years ed by william R ewald jr Bloomingbloomingtontonttons indiana university press 1967t1967 p 208 19

indeed he used verbal responses as well but the centalmentalgental maps lynch depicted were so very appealing that cognitive rerepresenta-presentabesenta tions of the spatial environment in the 1mindsminds of many people came to be equated with such graphic outputs lynch found that the inhabitants of different cities structured them in different ways loose sets or related districts were most often seen by the people of boston in los gelesargelesaggelesar residents used the downtown gridiron street system to orient themselves the people of jersey city used the skyline of manhattan and their own main streets in structuring their cities lynch also found that elements were related in varying degrees of accuracy from theseth se which are loose and free to those which were firmly interconnectinterconnectecinterconnecteainterconnectedecea or rigid 2 weaknesses of majordfajor study

theme work of lynch is recognized as a major contribution

wnykayanynay lynchaLync eatodearodeaton stated that 0 there is no reason khyknywhy his lynchshs method cannot be applied to other localities and that the impact of this 4 volume should be enormous there are weaknesses in the work of lynch which should be noted chapman5chapmannchapman 5 felt that it is hard to grasp the form of entire cities because they are very complex for this reason cities cannot be grasped

ldavidcdaviddavid stea and roger M downs from the outside looking in at the inside looking out environment and behavior 2 june 1970 t 404 appleyard2appleyardqppleyard styles and methodsMethodst p loo100 3 leonard K batoneaton review of the irmeimmeimage of the city by kevin lynch progprogressivessiveasive architecture 42 september 1961 22626vav 2322320 236

41bid41vabidcbid pipp 2362369

5pdmundedmund H chapman review of the image of the city by kekevinvin lynch journal of aesthetics and art criticism 21 pall 1962t1962 91910glo 20 as visual units as lynch suggessuggestedtedetedo tyrwhittlTyrtyrwhittwhittl questionquestionnedned the ad- vantage of a mental map thinking there might be other conceivably more valid methods in her opinion onlysonlyyonly strangers or the mentally in- adequate attempt to give equal attention to everything they pass she feels the book by lynch claims to be far more than it is and that the sample is biased toward the professional and managerial class however she gives the book credit for being a pioneering effort do most people consciously look at their citieeltieeitlecitiess at all2allalialla she asks she says that there is more to a cityscity image than what is reflected in a mental map of it crandcrane doubts that a valid statistatisticsstatisticastatistica31stica means exists for estab- lishing an overallover all city image consensus 4 he felt that lynch failed to emphasize a major conclusion of his book

0 that in the absence of largescalelarge scale physical continuity the citizen hangs his wayfindingway finding on a myriad of obscure details he manages to connect these details in his mind in a manner sufficient for minimum purposes the longfamiliarlong familiar Ppersonerson does not verbally recognize the importance of overallover all street grids systemsystemssystemof of visual analanalogiesanaloguesogues or allail prevdingprevading orientation qualities he mentions the small familiar details the large qualities which a stranger seeks and mentions may also be in a familiar residentresidents image but recognized only subconsciously he

ljaquelinejaqueline tyrwhitt review of the image of the city by kevin lynch landscape architecture 51 apriapril 1961i111 190192190 192 21bidbid p 192

cdavid3david A crane review of the immeinageimage of the cicity by kevin lynch journal of the american institute of planners 272 may 1961siggi1961 152155152 155 0 41bidolibid ptp 153

51bidvbid p 1541544 21 also felt that lynch tried to separate the inseparable symbolic aspect of the visual form 1

major published perception studies of cities

I1 south american cities 0 donald appleyardsappleyards2 chapter discusses a study that was conducted in 1964 using a sample of 320 people it consisted of large scale interviews relating to the environmental perceptions of ciudad guaianaguayana in venezuela thesubjectsthitheThe subjects were asked a range of questions and were required to draw a map of their city conclusions drawn from the study were that urban perception is more than imagining distinctive qualities in the environment perception is guided also by a personpersons needs purposes and actions by lisUshis past experience and by his conceptual abilities to process information environenvironmentalmental information is mediated eitherelther directly throughthrougv a persons mode of travel or indirectly through the mass media appleyard in another article4 discusses essentiallyessent11 allyaily the same study

lijynchlynch replied to cranes review by saying that if cities are designed for people then how people react to those cities is also im- portantportant kevin lynch reply to david A cranedcranes review of his book planners the image of the citacitvcityv journal of the american institute of 2 august 1961 239239 adonald2donalddonald appleyard city designers and the pluralistic city in Planninaannineplanning urban growth abdand regional developmentdevelopmentsdevelopmentg the experience1 sperixperienceenee of the guaianaguayana program of venezuela ed by lloyd rodwin cambridgebridgetbridges MIT press 1969 PP 422452422 452 31bidtbid ppe 449 appleyard styles and methods appp 10011loo100117100 lip11711 22

middle eastern cities john gulick made a studystudylstudym of tripoli lebanonLebanong with 35 students as subjects using lynchs methods of drawing maps of the city and listing important features he felt that the results of his study sugges- ted that urbanaurbanourban imageabilityimageability is a product of the perception of visual form and of the conception of social significance sas22

european cities

A european study based on lynchs method was carried out by 3 de jonge3jongenjonge and used 100 subjects selected at random three cities were stustudieddiedt amsterdam rotterdam and the hague de jonge was attempting to determine if lynchs methods and techniques could be used in a more simplified form if the idaaimaaimagesnesges of cities could be confirmed by such studies and at what point the results could be generalized he concluded that map images were easiest where taletaie streets had a regular pattern and that people remembered streets tatthat were slightly iirregu-bregurregu lar as if they were perfectly regular where streets have an irregular street pattern orientation was difficult 4 harrison and sarre studied the environmental images of shop- keepers in bristol england and city residents in bath england the same nethomethodologmethomethodologydology was used for both studies all of the elements

ijohnjohn gulick images of an arab citycity journal of the american institute of planners 29 august 1963 179198179 198 21bidbid p 197 3derkderk de jonge images of urban areas their structure and psychological foundations journal of the american institute of planners 28 november 1962 266276266 276 ajohn4johnjohn harrison and philip sarre personal construct theory in the measurement of environmental images environment and behavior 7 march 1975 338338030803 38080380 23

perceived were evaluated in groups of three persons to develop personal constructs their method was slightly different from lynchs method because 1 1 it is grounded in an explicitly stated theory of human psychology and 2 it uses a response form which exerts minimal co- nstraint on the responses given by interviewees i these authors felt that their method was useful because it produced information on the elements of the image to which respondents attach significance and the way in which respondents evaluate these elements using personal co- strucnstructsts 2 3Q another study of a european city was done by klein in 1965 when he conducted a study to learn about the image of the town center of karlsruhe germany the method he used might be called the pack of cards method f A number of roads parts of roads places and districts were given a name that could be easily recognized and subjects were presented them as a pack of cards with the instructioninstructionsst here I1 have a pack of cards with some places and roads of karlsruhe would you please pick out that siesic roads and places which in your opinion are part of the town centre roads and places which you do not know 4 please put aside he found that the gauge of the individual image is the daily process of experiencexperienceef which is by a large degree shaped and impressed by the most frequented road 5

1harrisonhharrisonharrison and sarre p 6

2ibldspbid ppapoppo 555655 56 3 ahans3hanshanshansjoachimjoachim klein the delimitation of the towncentretown centre in the image of its citizens in urban core and inner cityolty leldenleilenilelleidenleideniLeidenident EJ brill 1967t1967 appp 286306286 306 1pap bidibid p 288 51bidpbid p 306306 24

united states cities appleyard has a studystudylstudym which is an outgrowth of lynchs work it was a study of the imagesimages perceived by drivers and passengers using freeways in the boston area heone purpose of this study was to gain information for designing visual sequences for observers in motion 2 A study by carr and schissler2schissler has been called a followupfollow up on appleyardsAppleyards the view from the road but the authors stated that their study complements appleyardsAppleyards it focused on the way people achieve organize and transform sequential perceptions in forming a representation of such an experience 03 the study was based on the ex- periperienceence of approaching the center of boston on an elevated expressway carr and schissler used 49 subjects for the field experiments the subjects were asked to state their preconceptions of a basic expressway trip they either were shown a film of the drivedrivet or were taken on the drive and their eye movements were recorded their memory was tested to discover how they processed stored and reconstructed the experience the authors felt there was little difference between what the people remembered of the trip and what they had looked at while trav-1 eling they also felt that it is the structure of what there was to be seen which largely determined what was seen by most of the subjects

ldonaldadonalddonald appleyard kevin lynch and john R myer the view from the road cambridge mass MIT press 1964 stephen carr and dale schissler the city as a triptrips environment and behavior 1 june 196911969 7357 35 31bid9bid ptp 9 25

harrison and howard 1 studied the component factors of mental maps of englewoodEhg lewood colorado residents this is a city within the denver metropolitan area the study concentrated on the entire community where lynch studied only the central business district A total of 44 residents were polledpolledo 16 for long taperecordedtape recorded interviews and 28 for short questionnaires harrison and howard found that the factors involving location and meaning helped people relate to their urban environment the best most of their subjects did not express much depth in the evaluation of their physical surroundings nor did they exhibit any strong personal attachments to the elements the authors felt that lynchs method did provide a basic technique for analyzing perceptions lowenthal and rie12rielriei made a study of new york city using a sample of 66 people boston using 994 cambridge mass using 92 and columbus ohio using 40 this series of eight reports which were begun in 1966 measured public preconceptions and attitudes toward a wide range of environmental facts five of the reports concern the above cities and the other three reports interpret and summarize the findings the study showed how people saw everyday outdoor surroundings the connections which they made the kinds of environments people prefer and measured the extent to which differences in personal back

1 james D harrison and william A howard the role of meaning in the urban image environment and behavior 4 december 1972i1972 t 3894113894110389 4114110 2 cdavid2daviddavid lowenthal and marquita riel publications in environmental perception no 181 8 new yorkyorki american geographical society 197201972 26

ground and environmental setting affect these judgments choiceschoicest and

relationships questionnaires were given to subjectssubWectsacts who had walked predeterminedpre determined routes they were asked to judge what they had seen on a fivepointfive point scale in terms of 25 opposing attributeattributepairspairs such as vivid drab smooth rough dense empty natural artificial six questions generated feelings about preference feeling and effect the other questions showed a broad spectrum of traits 0 in another study of bostondoston steinitz2steinitz2 explored an environmental hypothesis which states that places and activities which are congruent in type intensity or significance will be most often known as common

type congruence9congruence 9 busy intensity congruence or important significance congruence 113 the primary data was gathered by steinitz during a field study in 1965 interviews of 48 people were then used to identify and measure the meaning of places and to leamlearn which places were best known how they were identified and described and for whom they were meaningful the mapping in the study was produced by SYMAP a computer mapping program findings stated that longer residence time resulted in great complexity in mapping and especially more knowledge of boston activities that whether places are known or not is primarily

lowenthallLowenowenthalowen thalthai and riel no 8 p iii 2 acarl2carlcaricarloarl steinitz meaning and the congruence of urban form and activity journal of the american institute of planners 34 july 1968t1968 t 23323302480248T

3ibidevbid p 2352350 27

a function of their form and purpose and that this study indicates that there is some justification as well as efficiency for the city 1 delipdesignerdesipner to be guided by the needs of a normative1 client

other perception studies of cities there are many perception studies which have sought a general-

ized view of cities the naormaornajormajorJ studies have been previously mentioned those mentioned in the following footnote are equally important but 2 have been carried out on a smaller scale

surnsunnsummsummary this chapter has referred to the major studies dealing with perception of cities kevin lynchs book the imadeinageimage of the city the pioneer work other researchers have used some of his methods in their own studies the following chapter will discuss the perception of cities and the nature of perception on which the above studies were based

beinitz1steinitzteinitzteinitz p 245 p 2marcsmarcmaremarc fried and pergypeggy gleicher some sources of residential satisfaction in an urban slum journal of the american institute of planners 272 l96ls1961 30531305315305 31531 5.5 ladladdd black youtyouthss terenterencetereneece lee urban neighbourhoodNeighbourhood as a socio spatial schema human relatrelationsionslons 21 august 1968t1968 2412624124126726726226 T lee psychology and living space transactions of the bartlett soeisoelsociety 2 1963641963 64t64 9369 36 thomas F saarinen image of the chicago loop in perception of environment appp 151151715 171 henry sanoff social perception of the ecological neigh- borhoodborhood ekistics 30 august 190igo19701920 130132130 132 FC shelton A note on the world across the street harvard graduate school of education association bulletin 12 cig196olg1967sl96 4744847484 48 and CG tilly anthropology on the town 10 habitat january february 1967s19671962 202520 25 CHAPTER 3

environmental perception AND BEHAVIOR

nature of perception the definition and nature of perception has been pondered by many but there is no formally accepted definition although the broad nature of perception has been outlined ranyreanymanyneanymeany of the smaller details are still uncertain ittt is clear that in some sense perception involves an interaction or transaction between an indiaindividualindiv J dual and his environment he receives information from the external world which in some way modifies his experience and behaviour i for a word used as freqentlyfrequently as perception it seems that there should surely be some agreement as to its meaning some discuss the physical aspects of perceptiontheperception the physical properties such as hue saturation and brightness others discuss the receptor organs such as the eye aniand its makeupmake up and the transmission of impulses to the brain in writing of the perception of the environment

9 0 the interest is not in the neurological and physical aspects of perception but in what is called social perception social perception is concerned with the impression one has of a social stimulus or set of stimuli as that impression is modified

lpetereter B warr and christopher chapperkhapperKhapper the perception of people and events london john wiley & sons 19681 p0pap 202

28 29

by the perceivers past experience in general his previous ex- periperienceence with that same or similar stimuli and the individullsindividuals state at the moment he is viewing the stimulus of interest people from different backgrounds emphasize different aspects of per- ceptionception therefore the various approaches result in different definitions geographers have studied environmental perception in increasing numbers in recent years yet in geography too perception research falisfailsfallsfallfsfallas short of realizing its full potential because it lacks commonly agreed ruponupon definitiondefinitionsst obectivesobjectivesJ and mechanisms for applying research results to meet the needs of planning and decision 0 making bodies j2ja

perception vs attitude perception and attitude are similar but there are three major differences 1 1 attitudes are in most instances fairly resistant to change and are usually considered to be relatively permanent percep- tiononthonontion on the other hand is more flexible and transitory 2 attitudes often have more general or abstract objects than do perceptions one may hold an attitude concerning say communism or academic freedom but one cannot be said to perceive these in anything other than a very 3 loose sense 3 perception occurs only in the presence of a stimuseimu

myra R schiff the definition of perceptions and attitudes in perceptions and attitudes in resourcesresources management ed by WR derrick sewell and ianlan burton canada dept of energy mines and resources policypolicy research and coordination branch resource paper no 2 ottawa information canada 197191971 p 7 p 2americanluerleanamerican association of geographers task force on environmental quality report in the professional geographer 35 february 197311973 43430

3warrswarrarr ppo 404 30 lus Attitudeattitudesst however because their nature is more permanent and 1 generalized can persist when no stimulus is present it is true that perception is influenced byy attitude and that change and development of attitude is dependent upon the way a person and his message is perceived but attitude and perception are two separate concepts

how people see our relationships to our environment are first established by our eyes they give us the Informinformationatlon that is necessary for orienting ourselves within our surroundings in factfaett the whole manmademan made environment carries a visual mesdagmessagmessagee of our society and its values light is necessary or we see nothing light and shadows help define the visual world and what is seen and discerned light changes color and 2 colors can alter the light thus the visual environment changes too reality is often poles apart from what we think we have seen we can be fooled by optical illusions and both space and color can make us react differently briefly let us consider the way our eyes function and how we react to what our eyes see what we see with our eyes is light reflected from an object and the source of that light the light comes into our eyes and is focused by the lens and hits the retina this causes nerve impulses to travel over the optic nerve to the brain the eye changes the light to impulses that start a whole set of chain reactions

lwarrswarrarr p 4 Q efran2franfran P hosken the language of cities cambridge massieassimass schenkman publishing co inc 19219721922 p 26 31

the act ofseeingof seeing begins in the retina which is a soft trans- parent membrane that covers the inner back part of the eyeball the retina has several layers one of these has the rods and bonestconestoconest these rodshapedrod shaped and coneshapedcone shaped cells about 115 million rods and about 6 million cones are the light receptors which are in turn connected to optic nerve fibers the rods provide dim light vision at very low levels of light and their capacity for image vision is relatively coarse the cones are smaller than the rods and are keener that is they detect fine lines that are used for detailed vision for example reading words the cones function only in bright light the whole process of color vision is currently under renewed scientific investigation the fovea is a spotsPot on the retina directly opoppositePosite the lens which has a concentration of cones with this tiny patch smaller than the head of a pin the eye accomplishes its most detailed vision the optic nerve delivers the message picked up by the rods and cones to the visual center in the brain here sensation becomes perception the brain must leamlearn to correctly analyze the impulses received from the yeseyese the impulses received from the upper part of the retina are really the lower part of the object in turn the brain controls the voluntaryvoluntary muscular functions of the eye the brain also connects our past exexperienceerienceermence and associations with what we see and thus our impressions and reactions are formed from this point on psychologicalpsych logical influences are imposed on the physiological facts

visual illusillusionsionslons human eyes can be fooled in many ways artists have used their knowledge of how we see to create special effects and illusions long straight horizontal lines appear to cave in at the center due to the curvature of the retina vertical stripes are assumed to have a narrow- ing or slimming effect but the opposite is true strong patterns and colors can cover up architectural features or enhance them depending on how they are used in looking at an area such as a city square we can only see a limited amount without moving our head perception of distance can be increased by artificial perspective we see best what

1hoskenhosken p 32 32 is at eye level and most people are more conscious of what is on the ground than above ground we use visual information selectively especially in the urban scene therefore we should be aware of how we see how our eyes function because this influences what we perceive 11t

general percesperception between the projection of this visual pattern on the braini and our full consciousness of the world of objects a series of elabo- rate mental processes takes Pplacelace which converts the visual pattern 2 into the perception of the world as we know it the perception of our world is by no means a combination of simple affairs in everyday perceptions man can be selectivettselectivett creative fleeting inexact generalized stereotyped 3 perception of the world embraces every way of looking at ittit conscious and unconscious blurred anddistinctand distinct objective and subjective inadvertent and deliberatedelibedellberatet literal and 4 schematic some acquired perceptions are the function of the cultural environment in which an individual has been reared because cultural patterns are not the same in each society different means by which spatial perceptions are developed refined and ordered exist

1hoskenhosken appp 323432 34

dmd2 2mdMD vernon the psychology of perceptionperce baltimoreBaltibaltimoretnoretmorets penguin books 1966 appp 1015713147lolloi13113 1571471 3 cdavid3daviddavid lowenthal geobrageogrageographyphy experience and imagination i toward a geographical epistemology j annals of the association of american geographers 51 september 1961tiggi1961 t 2502500

41bidibid p 2512510 33

among societies while personal and cultural factors affect perception of the urban seenescenesceneyseeney they can only modify the information the physical environment provides to everyone although different aspects of the cityspatialcityeityelty spatial frameworks trees or shopsmayshops naymay be particularly significant to different people the examples given sussuggestsugkestgest that it is possible to isolate certain physical characteristics that result in complexity in perception at an elemental level objects are perceived as distinct from their background they are part of the perceptual world at the highest level perceptionreceptionperceptionrception is symbolic identifying a nation Q with its flagflagyalagy religion with a cross a landscape with freedom 0

perception byz people the social characteristics of people ieiselseioe age socioeconomicsocio economic status cultural background political and religious beliefs and occu- pationspations could be of importance in certain situations due to the type of

influence these backgrounds might have on Pperceptions ones personality might also be an influence but on the whole the differences between perceivers are important to judgment only when certain cond- 4 itions and stimuli are involved where people are makes much more difference to the structure of the way they see the world than who they are 5 perception is not always a simple straightforwardstraightcraightstraight forward and unam- biguous process the perceptual capacity of the observer affects what is perceived during the course of a persons life he leamslearns to

allewelllhallowelllowellalallowell appp 2012022012020201 202 2 2raararapoporto port and hawkes p 110

3ibidtvibidabidcbidCbid p 10710210 4warrswarrwarr appp 238240238 240 5lowenthallowenthal and rielrieikiel publications in environmental perceptionperce no 7it P 37 34JIrr1

perceive more and more correctly and he does this best when he has an interest in what he is doing people perceive most readily and accurately the objects which they see dallydailydaliy or use habitually these perceptions are assisted by the capacity to overlook unimportant d- etails and to classify objects into broad general catagoriescategoriescatagories which are related to an individuals use 1 there are soresoinesomesorne classes of situations 2 or events as well which people perceive throughout their lives usually with considerable efficiency they are generally the spatial relationships to their surroundings and the spatial relationships between the different parts of these surroundings people acquire the ability to perceive accurately events in their temporal relations such as sequences of movements and activities and the capacity to integrate such series of events into the total patterns spatial and temporal characteristics of meaningful scenes peoples behaviour moving objects and the like 0 people can be trained to perceive something unlike that which they had previously perceived specialists in some fields can perceive things which the uneducated can not see such as a 4 botanists noticing flowers or an xrayX ray technicians reading an xrayXxmayrayray4mayraya

personal world view because each individual chooses and reacts differently to his surroundings he lives in his own unique world the view he has of his world is therefore unlike that of any one else what is observed is never just like the corresponding physical situation some things are

1 2 vernonemon appp 23723820723820223823723220223723842372084232208423823842084 bidibid p 239 31bidbid 4ibidvbid p 165 35

added some omitted and some distorted no two people see the same things when using their eyes because people relate to their world in 2 different ways sometimes there are not only differences between the perceptions of different people but also between the perceptions of the same person at different times 3 the evidence as to the nature of these differences is often hard to obtain since people tend to make inferences from their immediate perceptions by using their reason or imagination people can vary in their capacities to perceive their surroundsurroundingsinas as well as they vary in their other psychological capaci ties 4 there are many factors which influence perceptions people with diffedaffedifferentrent past experiences may look at the same physical imminageimagee and have the same image transmitted to their brain and yet perceive

the images differently the derceperceperceptionPtion of an image may also relate to the value which the object has to the individual some people may get so used to seeing the same thing day after day that eventually they overlook the obeckobectobjectj in order to perceive something one must first be aware of it thus awareness may be considered one aspect of perception perhaps the most basic and preliminary aspect

9155

julian E hockberg perception foundations of modern psychology series engenglewoodEhglewood cliffs njtnajtNJ prentice hall 1964t1964 p 3 2 2edwardbedwardedwardedwand T hall the hidden dimension garden city NYsNY & doubleday cosoosco 1969 p 69 9

bvernon3vernonvernon p 241 4 ibid p 241 5schiffchiff appp 787 8 36

perceptions of cities several years ago a magazine published a map of the united states as the average new yorker sees it the details of new york were quite clear and the suburbs to the north were also accurately shown hollywood appeared in some detail while the space in between new york and hollywood was almost a total blank places like phoenix albuquerque the grand canyon and taos new mexico were all crowded into a hopeless jumble it was easy to see that the average new yorker knew little and cared less for what went on in the rest of the country to the geographer the map was a distortion of the worst kind yet to the student of culture it was surprisingly accurate it showed the infinformalirmal images that many people have of the rest of the country 1 just as people have images of their country they also have images of cities mention the name of some city to an averahaverapaveragege listener who knows it well and his visual image of the city will quickly come to mind when a person enters a city he is directly affected through his sentesisensesisensess by sight through hearing and by touch and smell the sen- suous quality of place is a consequence of form and of how and by 2.2 whom it is perceived an individual gains a general impression of an urban scene when he first enters a city he gets an idea of its spatial quality some impression of the overall design of the buildings and other areas but as he becomes familiar with the city he ceases looking at it as a whole and concentrates on those parts which attract his attention 3 all the individual objects that we see in an

lednardiedwardedward T hall the silent language greenwich connstonnsconn fawcett publications inc 1959 pep 1501500 0 skevin2kevinkevin lynch site plannplanning 2nd ed cambridge massimass the 10 press koMITlo T 1971 P p 189

cfrederick3frederickfrederick gibberd town desleedesiendesign 54ath5thuh ed rev Lonlondondontdons the architectural press 1961967 p 18 37

urban scene are elements in town design for they all influence the visual pictures both by their appearance as single objects and by their appearance in juxtaposition with one another the distinctiveness of cities is perceived in different ways the characteristics of a whole town can be seen from some vista the panorama or skyline view gives an overall profile of a city all of the elements in an urban environment become known for some combination of their form visibility use and significance 2 what is viewed in a city is different if one strolls on a side- walk or rides in a car the sequence of what is seen and the speed of the sight influences what is seen Is the city seen from the ground or from a plane the point of view affects what itis perceived 3 some cities do not have a total image of character they will have small areas which might retain their identity within a radically changed 4 framework this is especially true in larger cities where a townstowntonns boundary is indefinite and development dribbles off into the country- side this may be an essential part of a towns character 5 visuallyVisuallyt many towns identity and personality are determined from the way that the individual buildings create a general landscape and a recognizable pattern the people only contribute to the overall quality of a town 6

gibberdibibberdberdbedd p 12 appleyardppleyard why buildings are known p 148 4 3hoskenhoskenbosken p 26 4worskettworskettWorskett p 38 51bid0bid p 81081 bibid6ibidbid p 19 38 churches often occupy prominent sitessltes usually they are surrounded by I1 open spaces and their roof lines often stand out above residential roof lines so they too contribute significantly to a townscape 1

surnsunnsummsummary although there is no accepted definition of perception in this thesis it is defined as an interaction between an individual and his environmentenvironmentor or a type of social perception where the impression is modified by the perceiverperceivers past experience along with his previous or current experience with the thing being observed just how we see with our eyes is a complicated process involving the eye its iris fovea lens retina and the brain yet through this mental process the world of objectsi which we perceive is converted into the visual pattern of the world as we know it our perceptions of the urban scene are affected by personal and cultural factors yet they only tend to modify the information that is presented from the physical environenvironmentmento As people grow and develop what they Pperceive changes each personpersons world is unlike anothers and each person reacts to his world uniquely people carry imagimageses of cities in their minds by utilizing their experiences and having them draw maps of their mental images or by having them answer questions dealing with their perceived images it is possible to isolate certain physical characteristics that result in the complexity of cities then it is possible to determine the image of a given city through a study of the mental images held by its residents this thesis focuses on the perceptions the residents of provo utah have of their city

1rjRJ solomon procedures in townscape analysis go annals of the association of american geographers 56 june 1966s1966 26126226126126240262 CHAPTER 4

PART I1

PROVOS GENERAL characteristics

AS PERCEIVED BY RESIDINTSRESIDENTS

provo has been described by the rrovoarrovoprovo chamber of commerce as followfollowsfollowsisi provo set jewellikejewel like between the majestic wasatch mountains and utah lake is blessed with an unusual combination of features which make it a city of outstanding beauty progress and culture the statements usually include some mention of key features of the areaareat 19 sceniescenic19scenic beauty mountain peaks 12000 feet high mountain streanstreamstreamsst rich farms of utah valley some mention of its 11agriculture11agriculture production its large and thriving industries such as the geneva works of the US steel corp and its beautiful homes and attractive shops major educational institutions include the brigham young university and the utah technical college 2 this is the introduction to provo which tourists and new residents often receive but is this the way the average proveprovo resident views the city the image of provo held by the people who reside in the city will be discussed in chapters four through six

provo chamber of commerce and the provo city commission discover provaprovo utah gateway to utahs famous mountainlandmountain land nidonodonadjnodjnd 2 ibidoebidobid

39 40

major elements symbolic of provo residents of provo were asked to describe the major elements that were symbolic of provo these responses were organized where

possible ntointoii major categories showing the elements of symbolization these have been summarized in table 1 the majority of proveprovo residents thought that the city was best 1 symbolized by 1 l1 the brigham young university 2 the fact that this was their home or 3 its small town image two other important symbolic elements were its 4 mormon community influence and its near- by 5 mountains the BYU received high ranking as a symbolic element by those living in the northeast and central regions because many resi-

dents in those areas work at BYU or attend as Estudents BYU received the highesth ranking from the 15 to 25 years of age groups it may be that the high school students 151815 18 years were children of BYU em- ploployeesyees or that they felt the influence of BYU on the community and thus described it as a key symbol of provo perhaps college to a teen-

ll ager symbolizes freedom from parental controlconlconeon u rolroi as are the BYU students who are living away from home students 192192519 252 5 years who have come to provo to attend school naturally described BYU as a naormaornajormajorJ part of the community many of those who have lived in provo for less than one year are byllBYUBYIJ students residents living farther away from BYU such as those in the northwest or south regions are inclined to feel that provo is symbolized more by the fact that provo is their home many in these areas are not as closely associated with BYU residents over 65

ithethe brigham young university is hereafter cited as BYU 41

tablfiTABTJY 1

PERCENT OF respcndiwis LTTDTG PHOTOSPROVOSpromos SYMBOLIC ELEMENTSELEMEINTS BY TI AGKageaget AND LENGTH ofaof1 RRESIDENCE LOCATION ligionmigionIMIGIM t t lenothlngttj W

elementelementss as listedI1 is tecbec by residents rezibeziregionson s aniand other small mormon variables BYTJ13 VIIJ home town community mountains regions northeast 43 2a24aa 24 northwest 23 central 85 asta3stS t 117 22 28 17 17 south 13 73 average 37 36 13 12 6 nonyon 103 2797 18 18 18 27 aekte grgrouesgroupsoupscoups under 15 43 15 18 644 in 19 25 45 38 14 65 plus 71 residence lessless than 1 year 57 1 2 yrs 33 22

not5snotesnotasN07 110 residents responses less3 ess than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent no responses t south 13 percent and under 15 years 29 percent happyrappynappy valley was mentioned by IS18 percent of the age 15 18 roupnoupgroup and the central business district was included by 15 percent of the central region 42 years of we also felt that this is home to them they have not been associated with the BYU as much as other age groups and they may have lived in proveprovo all their lives

provo in a physical sensesenso residents were asked to describe proveprovo in a physical sense major catefcalefcategoriesroriesbories have been compiled in table 2 flostmostplost people pictured provo as a 1 1 beautiful area or 2 as a city nestled in a valley at

A 1 the foot of the mountains few ememphasizedphasizeeasized vattratI the east side of the city was walled by mountains and the west side was defined by a lake the physical setting of the city is beautiful nM that it has a backdrop of mountains to the east of the city which arise from the valley floor in the spring and summer the mountains are covered with green follfoilfolifoliagewarway e which changes to brillibrilliantintant colors in the fall

fresentjapresentdaypresent dayy provopro TO as describeddescribedbribed by residents along with attemptattemptinfattemptinginF to discover the citys physical chara- cteristicsteristics and the elements that symbolized provo111131 ovo in residents minds the author desired information regarding the image provo residents had of the presentdaypresent day city in an openendedopen ended question residents were asked to describe the city of proveprovo today their major responses have been compiled in table 3 when residents responses concerning presentdaypresent day provo were tabulated in rank order the following three views emerged provo was seen as 1 1 a city of little progress 2 a good place to live and 3 somewhat college oriented many residents have been very critical of the lack of effort to improve the business district of the city this is one area of the city in which progress has not been 433

TABLE 2

PERCEITTPRRGKNT OF rbbponditsrti9pondeintro TATINGSTATING MAJOR PHYSICAL characteristics OF PROVO BY LOCATION RELIIONRELIGIONajqj AGE lenothLENGTHLKNGTH OF RESIDENCE

characteristics listed by residents regions and other vaileyvalleyva 1 ley mtlakemtsmalakeMt takeLake small variables autifuldutifulbeautifulB autitulfultuf in mts on ednessipessdpesD town regions northeast 36 40 northwest 70 38 central 15 23 15 31 eastaaseas t 28 44 11 south 33131 3 13 13 average 4616 35 8 8 non LTSLTIS 22 7 18 aeage troupsgrouesgroups under 15 29 151 5.5 18 18 27 36 19 25 18 272 14ilk 23 6 5 plus 43 43 residence less than I11 year 29 29 I1122 years 22 22

noti33NOTmi residents resresponsesmes honsesponses less than 10 percent were notnot included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possiblepasposlible totals may equal more than 100 percent L no resonsesresonresponsesses underT 35151.53.5 1 I14 percent the fact that provo was a clean area was noted by 15 percent of those from the central region 44

TAtadleTABLEBLE 3

13rcentPERCENTp1pa1 OF respondents describing THE presentdayPRMENTDAYPRMENTPRESENT DAY SITUATION OF PROVO BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong RELIGION AGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

reasons mentioned by provo residents regions old central and other little good place business college variables progress to live district oriented reeRepregionsionslons northeast 28 12 12 northwest 31 15 23 central 15 46 east 11 22 17 south 40iko 477 13

average 84 23 10 14 non LDS 272 18 18 aeeapeagegee groups under 15 15 18 18 19 25 27 65 plus 71 residence less than I11 year 14 29 1122 years 22

notestNOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedds therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent no responsesiresponseresponsesssiss 151815 18 age group 18 percent and those residing in the city less than 1 year 1414 percent provo was thought of as a setting for BYU by 18 percent of the 192519 25 years of age group as a small city by 15 percent of the central region the need for improvements was mentioned by 22 percent of those with residence of 121 2 years provo was thought to be growing by 15 percent of those in the central region provo was ththroughrought to be changing by 11 percent of the east region and 18 percent of the 192519 25 192192519 252 5 years of age group 455 clearly evident chapter 5 of this thesis gives resident perceptions of the business district it is interesting to note that the two regions with the highest percentage who mentionednenmen toned provo as showing ittielttielittle progress were the south and northwest regions of the city these two areaareass of provo are often considered to be devoid of propprogressress themselves interestingly the city iisls described as a good place to live when as a whole the city seems to have shown little progress the main business district is old and the city has economic problems the generally pleasant environment of the city and its residents stand- ards no doubt contribute to the fact that many find this area desirable it is free from much of the serious crime which is becoming commo- nplace in larger cities many residents enjoy the mormon influence on the community and the values that this religion holds that the majority of provo residents are very conservative and resist change seems to bothernonebother none but the more liberal minority because the citys business district is not as uptodateup to date as it might be many residents are drawn outside the city for shopping purposes but this does not seem to detract from the general view that proveprovo is a good place to live the south part of the city is more rural than other parts of the city residents residing in the south region considered provo a good place to live because they enjoyed country living in a city many of them nearly 50 percent enjoyed the opportunity of farming near their residences residents over 65 years of age also thought that provo was a good place to live probably because many of them have spent their entire lives in provo and feel at home here 46

elevation of downtown provo the altitude above sea level is a general characteristic of a city the author doubted that residents knew the elevation of provo so they were asked to give its elevation on the questionnaire their responses ranged from 100 feet to over 10000 feet the actual elevation of downtoidowntondowntownni proveprovo at a point onehalfone half block north of center streetisstreetiaStrestreetetisis 4549 feet above sea level 1 the responses from provo residents are shown in table 4 it is evident fron the table that 15 percent of the residents did not attempt an aniberaniweranswer and of the 85 percent who did respond 73 percent did not know provos elevation to be considered correctresidentscorrect residents needed to be inside the range of 4400 to 4600 feet

residents mental map images of provo A mental map provides for the storaastorapstoragee of much useful matter A personpersons basic orientation in a city is stored in his own mental map he can take a mass of information and organize it so that he is oriented within a city at least within the areas he normally travels provo residents were asked to draw a quick sketch of provo which would show the most interesting and most important features and one whichwhich would allow a stranger to move about in the city without much difficulty many people tried to beg off from completing this part of the questionnaire with the excuse that they could not draw a map they were assured by the author that a very simple sketch would not be difficult however some people still refused to draw the maps many residents spent a great deal of time on this section of the question

1usiuslusausUS dept of the interior geological survey provo quad- rangle utah 757.5 minute series topographic 1969 474

TABLE 4

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING PROVOPROVOS ELEVATION BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong AGE AND LENCTHLENGTH OF RESIDENCE

4200- regions and 4500 4800 percent no other variables feet feet incorrect reresponsese regions northeast 12 40 788 northwest 15 23 78 31 central 8 23 80 23 east 44 50 53 south 20 83 20 average 20 39 733 15 keage groups under 15 29 557 86 29 15 18 36 733 19 25 23 23 50 272 65 plus 14 71 IL14wrW r residence less than 1 year 575 29 121 2 years 22 44 56 22

NOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possipossiblebletbiegbleg totals may equal more than 100 percent those not in the range of 4400 to 4600 feet were considered incorrect 48 naire they were told by the author that if they were pressed for time they would need to pace themselves on the map drawing in order to complete the questionnaire the map was included on the second page of the questionnaire once it was drawn residents were not allowed to look back at it or to change it in any way it was an exercise given at the beginning of the questionnaire to gain a true mental image before following questions put forgotten features into the resi dentsdents1 minds see maps 3 to 8 for examples of mental maps those sketch maps chosen for illustrations are typical ones showing features which were indicated by residents as well as those visualized but not named and by whatwerenhawhanhatwhattwerewere indicated to be boundaries of the city this data is summarized in table 5

analysis of residents I1 maps

As shown in table 5 there were many areas in provo which residents includeincludedincludedondonon their sketch maps of the city the following were the most important featuresfeaturestfeaturest1 1 1 BYUOBYU 2 central business district 3 LDS temple 4 utah lake 5 state mental hospital and 6 the provo city center bribrighamm yoijyoioyoungayoungcngn univeuniversity the campus of the BYU was included by all respondents as a maornajormajormaomi feature in proveprovo except for those under 15 years of age the latter probably did not include BYU because their interests and activities are not influenced by BHsBYUs presence in the community the percentalpercentagpercentagespercenpereentagoesges from the south region and those 65 years of age and older 49

jf 4 I1

map 3 mental map of provo drawn by male resident 455445 54 years of age resident had lived in the city 49 years had some college education and lived in the central region 50

7TO a2aa0vav1 OWA

ai1i oa

fdto YA rr taltai W 4 16

VJ isbyulbyu1 AVT 574 1 755705 pioplopro rT jaj7 r- hhyu clecaestecstee mekmer i r swrowr hirir c16 y

t9ta fr s

map 4 mental map of provo drawn by female resident 35- 44 years of age resident had lived in the city 40 years had some college education and lived in the northeast region 51

it 1 t 1 CQ s j 5 1 n i wenWON P 0 s 0 r to i

j 1 f I1 t rcc I1 r1 3 r1raiddido i cfccaccyccye 5 & K t

4411

map 5 mental map of provo drawn by male resident 15 years of age resident had lived in the city 15 years had some secondary school education and lived in the east region 52

oldoid 6yay

cc I1 rekfekrep

map1 6 mental map of provo drawn by male resident 13 years of aeareage resident had lived in the city 13 years had some elementary sthoolsdhooladhool education and lived in the northwest region 53

i Z 1 v 4 V V D wv p 1 ft 1 I1 i S

i i- ft Os

1 ly yosr N mj t j wiirspiryysr 1 tfs VM VI r 4 Jhqaq r

mapmap7mapato mental map of provo drawn by female resident 455455445 545 years of aeage resident had lived in the city 10 years had a BS degree and lived in the east region 54

fl atuaau 00oao0 W

c cltlcatl litsl i tat5 rstrttartt oe

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map 6 mental map of provo drawn by male resident 263263426 343 years of aeve resident had lived in the city 6 years had some college education and lived in the east region TABLE 5 PERCENT OF respondents LISTING MAJOR visualized AREAS ON EACH PROVO SKETCH captmaptMAP EXCLUDING STRYSSTREETSTSt BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong RELIGION AGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

areas inclicaterlicatedindicated by resmesiidentsindentsresidents regions central state provo and other usinessbusinessbusinessB LDS utah mental cityolty high BYU variables BYU district temple lake hospital center school stadium regions northeast 76 44 44 48 44 24 28 20 northwest 46 31 23 23 31 31 23 central 85 62 38 23 46 38 38 31 east 67 22 28 39 22 22 11 11 south 20 20 20 13 13 13 aerageaverageA erage 61 36 32 32 27 25 23 171 non LDS 55 27 18 45 36 45 age grgroups under 15 29 15 18 73 27 36 55 45 45 19 25 73 59 27 23 18 14 23 36 65 plus 29 residence less than 1 year 43 29 29 121 2 years 67 33 44 33 22 44 33 TABLE continued5continued5

areas incheatedindicated by resicbesicresidentslents regions utahTutah and other county valley north harriottmarriott no variables building mountains hospital tabernacle park center response regions northeast 20 12 16 12 northwest 15 31 central 31 23 31 38 23 aaseaseastt 177 33 17 11 south 13 13 6060 average 14 13 12 11 10 10 8 non LDS 18 18 18 18 aweageze groups under 15 29 29 15 18 27 19 25 227 23 18 18 18 65 diuspluspius 71 residence less than 1 year 29 2929 29 121 2 years 22 44 44

NOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedincludedidi therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent

ON 57 are also low because many people from these groups aidalddid not complete the map question just as BYU is symbolic of proveprovo to most residents it is also the major feature of the city central busbusinessiness district ranymany residents mentioned the CBD because it is in the central part of the city and is provedprovos main shopping area it may also have ranked high because it is currently an emotionally chargchangchargedoedged issue among citizens who are concerned with parking and shopping problems these factors helped to put it foremost in the minds of many residents

LDS temple the proveprovo LDS temple is a new feature in the city skyline and ranks high as a visual element located as it is in a prominent place in the foothills where it may be seen for miles around and symbolically it is important to predominantly mormon residents of provo because provo is a mormon community the temple holds a high place in religious thought and activity the non LDS residents also included the temple but in lower percentages utah lake around 30 percent of the residents believe that the area near the lake was an important area in provo it is a fresh water lake and features boating and other recreational activities for residents in the county 58

state entalmental Tiospitalhospital the utah state mental hospital is at the east end of center street which runs throuthroughrh provos central business district it is also the states only hospital for the mentally ill these factors help to anchor it in the minds of residents it is early known by school children as the white house on east center provo cicityolty center the provo city center is the headquarters for the city ggovernment and therefore many residents are familiar with it it is also known because it is a newly built modemmodern building in the central business district the following places were indicated by some residents on their sketch maps of provo but because the places were not mentioned a significssignificcsignificantmt number of times they do not appear in table 55sas city cemetery utah technical college pioneer park oak hills residential area Y on the mountain riverside shopping plaza city dump provo city golf course airport provo public library movie theaters US post office provo city power

residents mental mapjmaaesmap images of university avenue provo residents were also asked to indicate major features along university avenue in map form see table 6 for the summary of those features which were listed most people included center street on their map as it and university avenue form a major intersection in the center of town A few people included 500 north and 1230 north as major streets crossing the avenue other cross streets were included but by far fewer people most people drawing university avenue did TABLE 6

PERCENT OF respc7dwrespondentsTS LISTING MAJOR SITES ALONG university AVENUE EXCLUDING CROSSING STREESTREETSTSt BY LOCATION RELIGION aoeagesAGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

arareaseasaas indicatedindica 1 ed by residentsresideints regions provo central BYU fields first and other high county lower taber- business and park- security academy walgreen variables school building campus nacle district ing lots bank theater drug regions northeast 6060 48 28 36 20 15 24 20 24 northwest 62 15 31 23 31 31 15 15 15 central 38 38 54 54 23 15 eastIs e t 50 28 22 28 44 11 11 south 272 20 13 27 13 average 49 33 32 31 31 31 15 13 13 non LDS 73 55 27 36 27 18 27 age urogrogroups under 15 15 18 100 36 36 18 27 19 25 27 27 36 36 232 3 14 14 27 23 65 plus 29 29 29 residence less than 1 year 43 29 29 43 29 43 1122 years 33 33 33 22 33

aa1a 10 TABLE 6continued6 continued

areasi indicated lyby residents regions provo zions bank utah motels on taber- and other city golf harmonisharmon1s center and technical S univ-univ nacle no variables course chicken univ ave JBsJBIs college ersersityity ave park clarks response bestonsregions northeast 20 32 16 16 12 16 northwest 23 central 15 15 15 15 eastt 17I1 r7ra 11 11 17 south 13 53 average 13 13 11 10 10 8 6 4 19 non LDS 45 18 27 18 keage troupsgroupsgrogmo under 15 29 15 18 27 18 18 36 19 25 18 18 27 14 18 65 plus 575 residence less than 1 year 43 29 29 29 112 2 years 33 22 22 notestNOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludediincludedsdids therethereforefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent

0 61

not visualize it north of 1230 north but many drew it to the freeway on the south tn rank order the following are the five major features

along university avenuetavenues 1 l1 provo high school 2 utah county building 3 lower campus of the BYUBYTJ 4 lisLIBLDS tabernacle and 5 the central business district every high school student included the high school on his map of university avenue indicating the importance of the school in the lives of this age group

theme following places were indicated1nd 1 catedbated by some residents on their sketch maps of university avenue but bebecauseause the places were not mentioned a significant number of times teytieytley do not appear in table 6 provo canyon deseret federal savings railroad tracks central bank city fountain A & W drive inn qv m av iigleys0 1eys naturalist village inn dees Thamburgerfiambu ger drive inn medical plaza village spo ts den candys no 1 viaduct on bouthjouth university avenue

PproveprovoITovo Citzitycity boboundariesandarundar1 es residents perception of city boundaries were also studied A map was given residents which showed the streets of provo and orem the adjoining city to the north they were asked to indicate the north and northeast boundary lines between these two cities by drawing a boundary line on the map see table 7 for a summary of responses

north boundaryBoimdary some residents drew the boundary line across the southernmostsouthern most street indicated on the orem city map 2000 southwhilesouth while other drew the boundary line across the northernmostnorthern most street in northwest provo 1800 north these were not necessarily the same lines however both TABLE 7

M T BY PERCENT OF respondentsMDMDENSir ajlTSTINGLISTING1 jaj& PROVOS NORTNORTHrahr&h AND nowNORNORTHEASTHEAST CIToltyCITY boundariesai&i &

LOCATION RELIGION 9 agetAGEageg AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

areasAreas indicatedindiesa ted as areasareasaas indicatedindicated as nortnorthh boundary northeastorthnortheasteast bexmdaryboundary regions 1500 noH provo carter univ and other 1700 noH 20002000 S 120012001 soS river river villevilielle ave variables provo orem orenorem others area area road area rerrionsregions northeast 24 40 24 24 20 24 northwest 23 46 15 31 15 central 69 15 54 15 east 11 28 28 11 28 11 17 south 33 13 13 average 10 13 6 26 1 30 14 13 non LDS 27 45 36 45 18 age grougroups under 15 43 14 29 14 29 15 18 27 36 18 18 45 19 25 27 18 23 18 45 65 plus 14 14 43 2929

0 N TABLE 7continued7 continued

areas indicated as areas indicated as north boundary northeast boundary regions 1500 N provo carter univ and other loo1001700 N 2000 S 1200 S river river ville ave variables provo oreaorenorem orem others area area road area residence less than 1L year 29 29 29 29 121 2 years 56 22 22 33

NOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent no responses 1111 for north boundaryboundaryt east region ll percent south regionZDI 33 percent and 65 years of ageagge group 29 percent no responses for northeast boundary under 15 years of age group 575 percent and residence of less than 1 year 43 percent 64 are correct at certain points along the official boundary many other residents had other boundary lines indicated some people probably only had a general idea where the boundary lies and most were probably not used to locating the boundary on a map of the two cities thus there was a high error rate

northeast boundary the boundary between provo and orenorem in the northeast part of town was also difficult to perceive three major areas were given as listed on table 7 cartervilleCarterville road provo river area and university avenue the cartervilleCarterville road rimsruns just below the crest of the orenorem hill and some respondents thought that this was the boundary between the two cities more residents felt that the boundary line lay some where in the area of the provo river others felt that university avenue in the northern part of the city was the correct boundary eivendiveneven residents from the northeast region of the city had differing views of the location of the boundary between orem and provo in this area of the city

city boundary discussions in late 19419741924 several articles appeared in the provo daily newspaper regarding discussions over the provooremprovo orem boundary in the northeast part of proveprovo the first article concerned the directions in which to move regarding the boundary 1 in october 19419741924 an agreement was reachertreachedtreachreachedsedteds

idandan croft orem provo in accord on boundary provo daikdalhdailydallydaliy herald 30 august 194iga19741924 p lo101 5 65 in a recent agreement reached between the orem city council and the proveprovo city commission it was agreed that orem would eventually grow to the west bank of the provo river north of about 2000 north in provo 1

far west boundary resident perceptions were also desired regarding the location of the cityscity far west boundary residents were asked to name the west boundary of the city seeee table 8 for a summary of the responses most people gave one or two answers s they either answered that utah lake was the west boundary of the city or the question was left blank residents living in south or west provo usually expressed the boundary more accurately than those living in other areas of the city

summaryet for part I1 this section of the chapter has dealt with the general characteristics of proveprovo as residents have perceperceivedived them it identifies the visual qualities of provotproveprovo so that the parts of the city can be recognized by residents and thus organized into coherent ppatternsatternssterns lynch has stated that a clear image enables one to move about easily and quickly that a vivid and integrated physical setting capable of producing a sharp image plays a social role he goes on to say that a good environmental image gives its possessor an important sense of emotional security and that 0 a distinctive and legible environment not only offers ecuritysecurity but also heightens the potential depth and intensity of human experience 2

10123IZ years of history given for provo city boundary provo daily herald 20 october 1971974 P 3 clynch2lynchlynch ieaibajeainageimageze of the oizcityolty appp 45 66

TATABLEBLE 8

PERCENT OF respondentsRESPONDlutsINTS LISTING PROVOS WEST BOUNDARY BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong RELIGION AGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE regions and responses kivengivenven by residents other utah geneva half way up west no variables lake road diagonal freeway besbeeresresponse regions northeast 56 20 northwest 69 15 central 62 23 east 50 11 22 south 6060 227 averahaverapaveragee 58 10 2 4 19 non LDS 91 ae groups under 15 29 43 15 18 82 19 25 55 272 65 plus 86 14 residence less than 1 year 43 29 121 2 years 67

nothstnotestNOTES residents responses lesslessthanthan 10 percent were not included there tables may not equal loo100100percentpercent As multiple answers were possible 9 totals may equal mornoremoremorethanethanthan 100 percent 676 the general characteristics of provo were determined by a combination of openendedopen ended questions and quick sketch maps drawn by the residents of provo to gain their mental images of the city these two methods were used because lynch felt that the best correlation of data was possible when there was a combination of the sketch maps and verbal interviews or in this case openendedopen ended questions to which the residents were asked to write their responses 1 lynch from his studies found that

0 0 the major elements rarely appeared in onlyoneonly one source but tended to be repeated most elements are drawn less frequently than they are mentioned verbally sketches tend to emphasize paths somewhat and to exclude parts which are especiallyeae&peciallybially difficdiffin lit to draw or locate the composite sketch map in regard to the identification of elements bears a strong resemblance to the verbal interview perhaps the difficulties of drawing and of fitting everything together simultaneously make 2 the sketch maps unduly fragmented and distorted 0 0 lynch also felt that the sketch maps were of value in analyzing the vivid elements sense of structure and composite image of the city3 from the sketch maps key elements of provo emerged most people included the BYU the central business distridistrictett the LDS temple utah lake and the city center building with the following key areas along university avenue a major provo streetstreett proveprovo high school utah county building lower campus of the bstjBYUBYTJ LDS tabernacle and the central business district with the exception of the LDS temple and utah lake essentially all of these elements are in the central part of the city most people visualized only the main part of town and ignored the extremities except for areas needed in order to locate the temletenpietemietempletemPle and the lake

lljynchynch imagee p 144 21bido9 ppapoppo 144 14 inflpinage of the cizcityolty 0 bid 144141441451455 31bidt3lbid p 155 68

the following discussion concerns the elements which were listed on the residentsresidents99 sketch maps BYU brings many students into the area and provides a great variety of cultural activities andeventsand events for people in the surrounding area hence its inclusion on nearly every sketch map the LDS temple in northeast provo is a key element symbolically for the citys many LDS church members the tabernatabernacletabernaclestabernacleiscleisis the key symbolical church element in the downtown area the lower campus of the BYU contains many fine old buildings of architectural interest and gave its name to a major street university avenue which passes on the west side of the lower campus block the provo high school is the north anchor of the city for many residents becausetheirbecause their maps were not drawn north of the area where the school is located the utah county building sits across the street on university avenue from the tabernacle the business district bisects university avenue with the businesses to the west on center street but newer establishments are located along the first four blocks of university avenue to the north the grid street system of the city was evident on many residents mapssomenapsmaps some indicating every cross street for a number of blocks and others merely indicating major cross streets BYU is the largest educational institution in the state mention of its name to residents and many nonresidentsnon residents alike automatically suggests provo as its home for to therthenthanthem BYU is proveprovo and visa versa to some residents however the fact that provo is their home takes precedence over the fact that BYU is located here the small town image that some residents have of provo probably comes from those who are more familiar with larger towns perhaps they prefer thoth ex- citcitementement and entertainment possibilities that larger urban areas pro 69 vide when listing the physical characteristics of the area the mountains become a key factor in its scenic beauty the mountains which provide a backdropback drop for the city may be symbolic for some provo is a city located in a valley in the mountains at an elevation of 4500 feet most residents did not perceive the areas elevation correctcorrectlylytlys perhaps because they just were not concerned with the altitude or because there is not a large climb into the valley floor where the city is located besides the physical characteristics of the area residents were asked regarding the presentdaypresent day situation in the city most residents thought that provo has shown little progreprogresssst especially in its central business district but those whose homes are permanently located in the area like the amenities provo provides and feel that this is a good place to live and raise families the exact boundaries of the city are somewhat vague in most residentsresidents11 minds many were aware that the west boundary goes as far as utah lake but the boundary between provo and orem on the north and east is a puzzle to most As in many urban areas the two cities merge together and it is indeed hard to tell where one city ends and another begins unless one specifically watches the numbering of street signs or unless a boundary sign is seen many of the preceding general characteristics of provo are emphasizedreemphasizedre as major visual elements of the city and are discussed in the following part of this chapter the sketch maps have helped to define the most vivid and important elements of the city while the general questions have supplemented those mental images 70

PART II11

PROVOS VISUAL eleniELEMIELEMENTSaTTS AS

PERCEIVED BY reslRESIRESIDENTSDENTISSE

A citys visual elements consist of features such as buildingbuildingsst parks and landmarks part two of this chapter will consider the visual elements which supplemented the residentresidentsresidentsfsf mental imagimageses of the city

major buildbuildingsings residents were asked to name any five buildings in provo which they considered especially notable because of architectural or historical interest some people easily listed five buildings others found it difficult to name two or three the buildings which were consistently mentioned by residents are compiled in table 9 in rank order by the number of times listed they included 1 1 LDS tabernacle 2 utah county building 3 LDS temple 4 proveprovo city center 5 buildings on the lower campusC 3mpus of BYU 6 marriott center on the BYU campus and the 7 state mental hospital these are the major buildings in provo as perceived by the residents other buildings were named by residents but because they were not mentioned a significant number of times they appear in the following list and are not included in table 9 community church blumenthal building berg mortuary old mangum home knightkhightkhightmangumknightmangummangunmangum home all old homes on 500 west st francis church federal building old taylor building pioneer museum in north park third ward chachapelpe 1 eyringbyring science center on the

I1 BYU campus TABLETABLE 9

PERCENT OF respondents LISTINGLISTLNG MAJOR architectural OR historical BUILDINGS IN PROVO BY

LOCATION 9 RELIGION AGE AND IMIGTHLENGTH OF RESIDENCE

buildings indicated by resideresidentsntsants regions provo lower state and other county LEGLDIS city campus marriott mental variables tabernacle building temple center of BYU center hospital regions northeast 80 68 44 32 40 32 northwest 62 46 30 46 30 15 central 46 54 46 31 38 east 67 50 39 39 17 28 south 67 60 33 40 13 27 aveaveragerage 64 54 37 33 27 23 7 honnon LDS 45 64 36 33 36 18 age groupsgrou under 15 57 29 43 57 29 15 18 45 64 45 27 18 45 18 19 25 68 55 36 64 45 45 W 65 plus 71 86 14 14 29 14 14 residence less than 1 year 29 57 71 29 29 121 2 years 67 33 33 44 33 44 NOTES i residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludeddi therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent no responseresponsesss east region 1 17l 65 plus years 1414 and residence of 121 2 years 11 5 72

ariareaszas of distinctiveness cities may have sections which are especially distinctive perhaps a chinatownchinatown00 or some expensive residential area however what compromises a distinctive area is subjectJ to various interinterpretationsPretationsrotationsretationslons residents were asked to list five distinctive areas in provo table 10 summarizes their responses responses are given here in rank order by the number of times mentioned 1 1 brigham young university campus

2 LDS temple 3 utah lake area 4 the mountains and 5 the central business district the BYU with its modern builtinbuildinbuildingsrs its beautifully landscaped campus and its unique philosophilosofphilosophyphy is a major show place in the city the LDS temple is an interesting structure and radiates a special atmosphere and feeling of reverence few cities have recreational facilities so easily accessible as the utah lake area which offers boating fishing picnicking etc the central business district may be distinctive for good and bad reareasonstreasonssonst it is crowded run down and a hodgepodgehodge podge of old buildings butonbut on the other hand it has many interesting and distinctively designed buildings the fact that the mountains are prominent in the landscape and easily accessible for recreation makes them a distinctive feature of provo although they are not actually located within the city limits the following are other areas thought to be distinctive by residents they were not included in table 10 because they were mentioned by less than 10 percent of the residentresidentsst TABLE 10

PERCENTPERCRTT OF respondents LISTING distinctive AREASAREEAS OF FEATURESFEATUFRM OF PROTOPROVOpromm BY LOCATION RELIGION AGEagetagey ANDAMD LENGTH OF RESIDRICERESIDENCE

areas or feafeaturesturestumes indicated by residents regions central and other lislleLIBLDS utah business variables BYU temple lake area mountains district no response regions northeast 6060 28 36 44 12 northwest 62 31 31 15 central 77 46 31 23 east 56 28 28 28 11 28 south 40 20 13 13 47 average 58 30 29 25 14 15 non LDS 45 454 18 age groupsgrogmo under 15 29 29 15 18 55 36 64 181 8.8 27 19 25 68 41 32 18 27 65 plus 433 29 43 residence less than 1 year 29 57 1122 years 78 44 22 22 22 22 NOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 774

TABLE 11

PERCENT OF respondentsofrespondents LISTING MAJOR PROVO LANDMARKS 9 BY ong AND LOCATILOCATIONONt RELIGION 9 AGE LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

major areas intinciicatedindicated by residentsres dents regions and other LDS utah tabernacle county variables BYU temple lake and area building eionsregionsre northeast 6060 52 32 40 24 northwest 62 32 23 31 central 62 34 15 38 23 ehsteastst 676 50 23 33 23 south 474 33 40 W average 6060 44 29 26 23 non LDS 45 45 18 36 keareage groupsgrou s under 15 15 18 64 27 18 18 19 25 68 41 23 23 27 65 plus 43 29 29 residence less than 1 year 57 43 1 2 yrs 56 67 22 33

not39NOTESNOT39 residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludediincludedsdids thereforetablestherefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent no responseresponsesss east region 11 percent 65 plus years of age 14141.4 percent residence of less than 1 year 11 percent 75 county building rock canyon state mental hospitalrosuHosuitalitai oak fillshills residential area provo canyon LDS tabernacle provo river cicityoltyty parks harriottmarriott center indian hills residential area north hirkkirkpark wide tree lined streets provo city center pioneer museum in north park Y on the mountain

landmarks in addition to listing provos distinctive areas residents were asked to name five major landmarks in the city they are summarized in table 11 in rank order by the number of times listed they are 1 1 brihanbrihambrigham toungyoungyoun university 2 LDS temple 3 utah lake 4 LDS tabernacle and its area and the 5 utah county building the BYU is located on a hill above the main papartrt of the city where everyone in town can vienvlenviewvewvven ew it the LDS temple is situated on the east foothills of the city where it can be seen for miles around especially at night when the entire building is bathed in soft lights the LDS tabernacle is a majormaJor landmark occupying half a block in the downtown area it has been the center for LDS church conferences and meeting activities for many years the building is also used for many community affairs residents enjoy the trees and grassy area which surround the building some residents even designated this area as a park utah lake provides recreational activities previously mentioned the utah county builtinbuildinbulibullBuilbuildingdina is the center for much business activity and has a distinctive architectural style the following are other areas which were considered as provo landmarks by residents but because they were not mentioned a significant number of times they do not appear in table llsallsII11 76 state mental hospital provo river mountains lower campus of the BYU Y on the mountain mount timpanogosTimpanogos center street central business district university avenue utah valley hospital area cicityty parks provo city power smoke stacks BYU stadium pioneer museum in north kirkwirkpark bridal veil falls in provo canyon

industrialindustrialtriai locationslocatcocations almost every city has an industrial area residents were asked if they perceived provo as having a definite industrial area and if so where it was located their responses can be seen in table 12 which indicates that the majority of residents believe provos rial area was located either in south or southwest provo the only exceptions were those residents living in the south who felt that the industrial area was in southwest 272 or southeast 3316039633 provo and who did not view their own area as being an industrial one contrary to the opinion of most city residents some residents included the geneva works of the US steel corporation in provedprovos industrial area but it is actually located in oren a neighboring city the steel plant is often referred to as if it were located in provo since it is the larger city

provo city center desdesign the provo city center was built in the central business dist- ricttorictricattoto stimulate development of the area ever since its completion in 1972 there have been positive and negative comments regarding the design of the building therefore residents were asked to respond to its design on the questionnaire feelings of the residents are tabulated in table 13 this study seems to indicate that many people 45 do not like the design of the city center however 38 percent 77

TABLE 12

PERCPYT OF respondents LISTING LOCATIONS OPOF PROVO industrial ony AREAS BY LOCATILOCATIONONt RELIGION 9 agetagegAGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

provo areasa aaseas thongthougthoughtht to be industrialindusitrialtriaibrial regions south geneva and other south west west steel not no variables provo provo provo in provo response regions northeast 52 12 12 20 northwest 62 62 23 15 central 46 2323 east 28 17 22 11 17 south 13 227 20 average 35 15 12 12 14

7mam non liollolivLDS 55 27 18 W aeeage groups under 15 29 29 15 18 45 18 18 19 25 36 23 14 18 14 65 plus 29 43 residence less than 1 year 29 43 1 2 yrs 33 2222 22

notestNOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent As the following places were not mentioned a significant number of tinestimes they do not appear on the table but are listed berethereiheret northwest proveprovo 1230 north southeast provo north state street and the fact that there are not any industrial areas in provo 78

TABLE 13 PERCENT OF respondents AND THEIR vlesVIESVIEWS TOWARD THE DESIGN OF THETHJS PROVO CITY CENTER BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong RELIGIONRELIGIONP agetAGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE regions and feelings of provo residents other unimpressive impressive okay poor no variables do not like it like it sososo so peslendesign resresponse Rerionsregions northeast 52 32 20 northwest 31 54 31 central 15 69 31 east 676 22 39 11 south 474 227 13 average 5 38 21 8 5 non LDS 82 27 keage grogroups under 15 29 15 18 36 27 19 25 6060 32 65 plus 71 14 14 residence less than 1 year 43 121 2 years 676 22

notestNOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludeddi therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 79 of the residents do like it the following are samples of comments from the questionnaire both for and against the design of the center it looks like a prison it wasted a lot of area just for show you get used to it it looks like an oldstyleold style train station it doesnt fit the needs of the citynotcity not enough room it doesnt fit with the older character of the buildings in downtown provo its unique and pretty its forbidforbiddingdinkodinepdingo unapproachable and intimidating I1 dont like it as well as orems city center it is something modern to be proud of for proveprovo its very attractive and different it looks too complicated inside it is a waste for the same money and materials a more prac- tical building could have been built more than half of the 192519 25 years of age group were impressed by the design of the building but nearly all of those over 65 years of age entirely disliked the building perhaps the younger residents are more progressive and find modemmodern architecture to their liking residents in the central and northwest regions of the city were among those who most liked the design of the building

LDS tentenpietempletempietem desiendesign the provo LDS temple of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints cormonsMormormonsmons has recently been completed and people have also commented positively and negatively on its design feelings regarding the temple design are given in table 14 the results were of special interest to the author because most people in provo belong to the mormon church and to them the temple is a sacred structure based on city wide perceptions most people 696911o69110 liked the design of the 80

TABLE 14

PERCENT OF respondentsRESPONDEMS AND THEIR VIEWS TOWARD THE DESIGN OF THE LDS TEMPLE BY LOCATILOCATIONONt rfpmigiontRELIGION AGE AND MTGTHLENGTH OF RESIDRESIDENCEMCE

feelings of provo res dents regions and other unimpressive impressive sososoISO so variables do not like it like it okay regions northeast 56 44 20 northwest 77 15 central 93 23 east 11 89 28 south 13 85 13 average 23 69 20 non LDS 82 18 age groups under 15 29 71 15 18 36 45 18 19 25 22 77 W 65 plus 57 57 14 residence less than 1 year 29 43 14 121 2 years 89

notestNOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not Includeincludediincludedsdids therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 81

temple there were a number of residents 23 who do not care for its design however some 2036201620 viewed its design as acceptable but not exciting some interesting comments follow

non ldscommentsiLPS commentsx its too extreme and garish for a staid conservative religion it looks like a birthday cake ittt spoils the beauty of the mountains behind it limursLIBuma Commentcommentscommentststt its beautiful it takes time to get used to it it doesnt really look like a temple its too modern it doesnt have the same impact as the saltsait lake temple its exquisite its modemmodern and doesnt fit the typical inamimamimaginageimagege of a temple it looks like an upside down pineapple it looks like a power plant generator it is beautifully simple it is peaceful and quiet looking its very different from a traditional tenpietempletemplet but much more functional it appears as a light house shining through the darkness

proveprovo river and city develdaveldevelopmentt rivers especially lareelaneelarge ones are obstacles to development because they must be crossed equentlysequentlyfrequentlyF a city will be developed right up to the bank of a river but some time may go by before development is continued on the other side occassionally separate developments will crop up on each side of a river that has no bridge the provo river is only a small one but residents were asked if they considered it to have been a hinderance to city development results are tabulated in table 15 most people did not think that the river had been difficult to cross or that it had been a barrier the following are some interesting comments 82

TABLE 15

PERCENTPTERCENT OF respondents CITING VIEWS TOWARD THE PROVO RIVER AS A BARRIER TO development BY LOCLOCATIONATIONo agetAGEageg AND LENLENGTHothCTH OF RESIDMICERESIDENCE

Is the river a barrier resident responses regions and other variables yes no hono response eloneeioneZionsregionsRe northeast 20 72 northwest 85 central 85 east I171 67 11 south 13 676 average 14 74 8

lpelrealpemreae groups under 15 29 433 29 15 18 18 64 18 19 25 23 64 14 65 plus 100 residence lessitess thanthan 1 year 14 29 43 1122 years 33 33 33

notestNOTESNOTESs residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedsds therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 83

you can cross on a bridge through streets are impossible with a river people dont hate crossing a river crossing the river has been a necessity A little thing like a river wont hold us back in some places there is only a narrow bridge you can build on one side as good as the other there is need for more bridges the river is not as much of a barrier as the freeway most interesting is the fact that 100 percent of those over 656 5 years of age felt that the river was not a barrier to progress this group of people have perhapsberhaperhaPS lived in proveprovo all of their lives having seen provo grow and develop as residents met the challenge of the river

parks

parks in a city are a necessity they offer rest to mind and body from concrete and asphalt junglesjunmiesmlesples according to an article in the local paper provo has over 19 completed city parks and more are in the planning states 1 residents were asked to either list the names of parks or to indicate their location on a city map responses appear in table 16 two parks on the table are not actually city parks the GRA hirkkirkwirkpark geneva recreation association is actually a private park for the employees of the geneva steel plant the tabernacle park is not a park at all but is the large grass and treecoveredtree covered area that surrounds the provo LDS tabernacle in downtown provo it is included as a park because it was mentioned by a number of residents three of the four major parks listed are located in the central region of provo in order by frequency of times listed they

140 O parks in provo planning proveprovo daily herald 19 march 1972 p 02cac TABLE 16

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING PROVO PARKS BY LOCATION

barksparks eitelteithereltherher named 0orr located byby provo resiesidentseblebiresidentsdents geneva north pioneer memorial kiwanis harmons lions recreation tabernacle regions park park park park park park farkbarkpark park regions northeast 766 92 68 1444 20 16 16 16 northwest 77 60 77 23 31 15 central 100 69 69 69 11 15 31 east 67 67 56 61 28 16 17 south 8080 1 73 6060 27 27 average 77 76 65 45 19 17 13 11

notesinotesiaNOTES resireslresidentdents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedincludedsds therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent the GRA park geneva recreation association is a private park for employees of the geneva steel plant the tabernacle park is not a park at all but is the grass and tree covered area that surrounds the proveprovo LDSLDB tabernacle of OD85 are 1 1 north kirknurkwirkpark 2 pioneer park 3 memorial park and 4 kiwanis park these plus the other major parks are located on map 9 people sometimes confuse pioneer park and north park because north park houses a pioneer museum and several old pioneer homes

devebevedevelopmentlopiop ent of south provo south provo has not experienced the demand for housing construction that has characterized the northeast or northwest parts of the city there may have been a number of reasons for this residents views on the subject are summarized in table 17 two major reasons for slower development in south provo seem to beberbes 1 1 the high water table making some areas swampy and 2 the fact that there seems to be greater social prominence attached to living in the northern area of the city comments from residents regarding the development of southern provo provide some interesting insightstinsightst most people go north to work the university draws the popopulationPU lation north most people like to be closer to the business area there is prestige to the homes on the hills students like to be closer to the campus most cevelodevelodevelopmentamentpment is to the north as is the BYU who wants to live in the south its near the railroad tracks it has the other side of the tracks syndrome old time residents live in the area and dont like to give the area up dot people from the south mentioned zoning problems people like their farms

summary for part II11 As has been discussed in detail in the preceding pages there are many visual elements which residents identify with the city of provo the major buildings cited were the LDS tabernacle county 86

gypstgypsa 00 J

at7 M 11 I1 7t J 3xaxLI 680fan N scale caqajkaqaj 12600 cr 1 equals

GENEVA qool1 fiharfiha1 tr recreationuhUH 800 N recreation f TI IF PARK 14 W 1 OFl jr j UD 0 17 a xi x ik j1 11 0 ja 650630 4 F faf7 026021021 3tat 600goo L 0 bpbbddbrri 500 li 0 E cbl 450 1 NORTH PARK 1I IT alninfvln IM 2onaon I 00os.00 fuaaaslngitildqnnndqi00 10 to C MC M ey nnf4 lijgaaaadgadpanaagjohU mocidi171 el M MM E M F I 0 blaablac FI W DETIE 200 docdon aceaan 0 19 6.6 ahn 14 C z D E2 iasi r lj2Y r 100 N osmaUOMA Y 130 el el110 CNTER STALEI il 0 r 0 I MEMORIALMEM PAPARKRK Men lle M L d 1 mehorlobiORI 1 qaaaea116 jtljthrIr t PICNEER PARK TABEMTACLECLE itllitil I1 jiu tabernacletaoleole jm D r TI PARK LLJUU LMr JJ 1 LI LI 11 1 ip Jjdjljljuudlii D I t l 1 fl HA RMOTS ETCI I1 harmftts PARKparePA M LI M 1 U L ri in I 1 L 4 4 jaj1 I1 J 1 M 11 M 1 MI1 ch JV 9 A ooioosDOI 1 6 jr71 I

I1 LIL

map 9 map of the locations of najormajor parks as perceived by provo residents 878

TABLE I171

PERCENT OF respondents VIEWS TOWARD THE development OF SOUTH PROVO BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong RELIGION AGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

reasons for slow growth of south proveprovo regions more social and other swampyhighSwampy High prominence industrial no variables water table to north area response regions northeast 12 32 20 12 northwest 46 31 central 46 38 15 east 44 50 south 40 33 average 35 272 13 13 non LDS 45 i age groups under 15 57 15 18 18 18 19 25 36 32 18 65 plus 71 29 residence less than 1 year 29 29 121 2 years 44 22

NOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedds therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent As the following places were not mentioned a significant number of times they do not appear on the table but are listed hereheres railroad yards too far from BYU lower class area older area the city dump is in the area t other side of the tracks and zoning problems 88

buliBuilbuildingdingydingo LDS temple city center lower campus of BYU harriottmarriott center and the state mental hospital of these major buildings none are tall some have distinctive architecture but most are probably considered important because of their place in the affairs of the community the citys distinctive areas as perceived by residents are not the type often found in much larger cities such as san franciscosfranclFranciscols chinatown or haightashburyhaight ashbury district for there are no major sub- cultures within the population of provo which would create such an area rather residents chose the following areas in provciprovoiprovot BYU the LDS temple utah lake nearbynear by mountains and the central business district only BYU and the LDS temple are unique in so far as they are not duplicated in other cities but other cities in the county share the lake and provesprovos view of the mountains and the central business area is typical for this area provos current renovation of the central business district will perhaps give it distinctiveness the citys landmarks according to residents perceptionperceptionsst include many of the same elements as have already been mentioned BYU is the major landmark followed by the LDS temple utah lake LDS tabernacle and the county building these five landmarks are repeatedlyarerepeatedly mentioned as key elements of the city the industrial area of provo is viewed by 35 percent of the population as being in south provo however views of other residents vary widely based on their perceptions perhaps there is no real industrial area provo does have small industrial firms scattered throughout the city and several 89 industrial parks have been and are beinbeing developed but there is no heavy industrial area in the city except a few areas along the railroad tracks in south and southeast provo the designs of two of the newer buildings in the city the proveprovo city center and the LDS temple have caused considerable comments among residents since their completion the design of the city center was disliked by 455 percent of the respondents and an additional 21 percent were not greatly impressed by it perhaps because many residents have not liked the direction in which the city fathers have been guiding the growth and development of the city they felt a negative opinion toward the city center would be a vote against the civic leaders as well in any case most residents were aware of the considerable wasted space in the city centers desiendesidesigndesignandgnandand the very somber color of the brick on the outside nearly 700 percent of the residents liked the design of the LDS temple while 20 percent morelikednoremore liked it but did not consider it as impressive as they felt a temple should be because many residents are members of the LDS church and consider the temple as a sacred building they may have felt that negative comments regarding the templettemples design would convey negative feelings about their religion percenpercentalpercentappercentagestapes favoring its design may have been higher for this reason than otherwise they rightnightmighthavemight have been the proveprovo river was not seen as a barrier to city development in any way perhaps this is the case because the river is small if it had been wide like many rivers in the msteast then residents may 90

have had very different perceptions regarding it still there are some places in the city where the author feels the river is a barrier because no bridges exist to cross it the city parks that are most familiar to residents and which were listed by name or location are all located in the central part of the city except one these parks are north park pioneer berkbarkpark memorial ihrkpark and kiwanis park housing construction in south provo has developed much more slowly than in the northwest or northeast areas of the city city residents believed that the high water table in the south and the social prominence of living farther to the nortnmortn have contributed to this slower development the water table in the south may be hishhighhight but swampy areas are confconfinedined mainly to the borders of the lake and the high water table does have advantages residents living in the area stated that because of the high water table it was not necessary to water or irrigate their gardens as often as did residents in other areas of the city provo has visual elements which make it unlike other cities almost all the features which make it distinctive except for the BYU campus LDSLDB temleterletenietenpietentempletem Ple and utah lake are located in the central ortionPportion of the city As provos key visual elements are the focus of the entire city it is important that they be maintained as their importance deserves 91 PART iliIII111

LOCATIONS MTDAJTD directions IN PROVO

the character of a city is determined in part by the nature of the site on which it is built by the people who live in it and by the architectural qualities 0 its buildings some of a citys qualities are also reflected inln the citys street plan proveprovo has a gridiron street plan in all but the newer residential areas which

have been builtbulit on the northeastnorthe Ls and east foothfoothills1 ils of the nearbynear by mountains people are able to find their way etsilyeasily with a gridiron street plan but difficulties in orientation aisealsearise when the structure is clear buthubbub the elements are too uniform to be individually distin- guiguishedshed 1111I this sectionactionsection on locations was included to determine how residents of the city oriented themselves in rehrehardregardard to the provo street system people were asked the locations of ten buildings or areas which were hosenchosen for their diversity of location throughout the city and for their differing appeal to various aeaaeage groups these sites are shown on map 10 the data gathered is summarized in table 18 responses are categorized into three main categories those where residents referred to a 1 1 specifics peelpecifieficfle or 2 general address and those where 3 landmarks in the nearbynear by area were used to explain the locations

lpeterpeter haggettHaggetraggetttp geographygeographyii a modern synthesissynthessynthea is new yorkyorki harper & row 1921972 p 222 92

0 ab1b 34 0 01x 0 V 0044 A owaONA 301101321 00O A INDIAN HILLS J05XPC 1950 C 8 8 0

10 b 6 so IV 0 ta scale C RIVER RIVERSIDE COUNTRY 1136ooo11360001136 000ooo m COU 245240 no ift 1 equals 3000 it U MOUTH 8 OF roakROCKroqk CANYON 1 ll11 au tto190tyo no LDS TEMPLE 00 it 19505 0 50so kak3 1960 Z 11 0 sr z0za 0 2020 W 20 1950 1aaa

soo NO mo P 0 00toat a aj4jk TAOIL C 10 1 0 22 Is NO 0 dallyDAILY HERALD BUILDING J i46o vo sr atlyAILY tsooasooI v0va N 140 NO 1430 afoato 000sooi000 x IT4 1320 NO 340300 pa 12490 130p p4 C aoeAOC 10 W 1 0 IV 120 YOUNG 0 i FOX THEATER university 1030 IA UTAHgyss IV km 090 VALLEY 8 950 NO vatter 2 920990 NO SOOswo goo 14 320VZO NO too

EL datdarcot fl NO p4pa sr ar INll11 r 450 VO 4waw vav0 S 30aboaoo o s rl j 0 NO Jjkkos 220 I1 7n0 CATHOLIClilillC CHURCCHURCH sr CATHOLI 150130 fvoavo sr NO S r- union BLOCK 0 5 etiITI srrerr 00 47 C 10 P 0 oltyCITY CENTER AL 7 S 0 S 0 noihoinot 0 joozoo S 00 A 300

A 500soo so A N r A nr VA r 600goo so sr r so 700 so sr b 0 C I1 TY so b 0 0 F rwe CEMETERY 0 00050 3rar PROVO CITY A J I1 f 8i 090ago so 3 r 1aaa szo so V A 0 fqaq 0.0 sa 3rar OVID 0 063 S r X 100cd so 5 r 0 ilaiia114 1 to IN 0 CFOILF C so sr count SO S 3200 botoaoto so 83001300 00 0 IF tenton which residents I acateocatelocate 93

TATABLEBLE 18

PERCENT OF respondents GIVING ADDRESSES FOR texTEN SPECIFIC PROVO LOCATIONS

responses locations specific general near by percent no in proveprovo address address something incorrect response

LDS temple 28 16 53 334 5 provo city center 64 272 1 6 6 catholic church 38 22 8 22 31 mouth of rodrockrogk canyon 20 28 34 21 19 provo city cemetery 34 52 8 14 13 foxpoxyox movie theater 62 13 22 20 4 dallydailydaliy herald building 40 17 18 32 15 union block 31 38 1 20 29 riverside country club 21 54 6 41 21 indian hills residential area 16 41 28 15 13

sotetNOTEs residents responses may total more than 100 percent as multiple answers were possible 94 USLDS temple 2200 west tarbletarbietempletentemblebie drivdaivdrive the provo LDS temple is located on the northeast foothills of proveprovo and can easily be seen from many locations throughout the city most people know the general dad1rectiondirection1 of its location As noted on table 18 many people 53 ercentercenepercent located the tentempletempietem le not by giving a specific or general address but by describing it as near something else because the streets in this section of provo do not follow the gridiron pattern they perhaps are not as well known as those in the central part of the city the temple is located in an area of the city where the numbering of streets becomes irregular and nanesnamestnames instead of numbered streets begin proveprovo residents used the following in describing the location of the LDS temple rock canyon located just east of the temple oak hills residential area located southeast of the temple indian hills residential area located north of the temple harriottmarriott center on the BYU campus southwest of the temple and wymount terrace a BYU housing area just southeast and below the temple all of these descriptions are accurate a person familiar with provo or any of the areas cited could locate the LDS temple

provo city center 32350 west center streetlstreehlstreet the provo city center is a relatively new modemmodern structure located toward the west end of the central business district most residents are familiar with its location because it is the headquarters for city government and because the design of the building has caused some comment among city residents most people 64s606 gave a specific 95 address for the city center and only a few people 6 were incorrect only one person located it by stating that it was near something their point of reference was lemerslerners a womens clothing store located one block east of the city center

catholic church 12172 north 500 sestiwestihestwest the st francis cathellcathollcatholic1cac church distinctive because of its spanish architecture is located on a major provo street some people 38 knew approximately where it was located in the city and tried to give a specific address other residents 31 unfamiliar with its location did not attempt an answer and left the question blank

mouth of rock canyon aboutt00about 17001200 east and 232022202020 north rock canyon is directly east of the LDS temple city residents are very familiar with its location many people 3034 located it by giving an address using a point of reference the areas used nereneretwereneresweres the LDS temple west of the canyon mouth rock canyon road although not its actual name the road runs into the canyon mouth and is commonly known by this name indian hills residential area northwest of the canyon mouth oak hills residential area southeast of

the canyon mouth and the BYU campus southwest of the canyon mouth if a person was familiar with any of the sites mentioned the mouth of the canyon could easily be found

provo city cemetery 600 to 900 south on state street and between 700200zoopoo and 900 east the provo city cemetery is the major cemetery although there are several others in the area it is located in southeast rrovoarrovoprovo with no specific address most people 0520521052521o gave it a general address 96 several residents 8 located it near other landmarks based on the descriptions of the few residents who used other landmarks to locate the cemetery the following points of reference were used road to springvilleSpringville south state street passes on the east side of the cemetery 900 east ends on the east side of the cemeterycemeteryt provost school just east of the cemetarycometary area shamrock gasoline station on 900 south the south boundary of the cemetery pioneer drive inn south past the cemetery on state street and the LIBLDS church welfare cannery west of the cemetery all of these descriptions are accurate and meaningful to residents who are familiar with the reference ppointseintsoints

fox movie theater 203222233 west 12301210 nortnorth the fox movie theater is a major structure in its area of the city and because it fits prominently in the social life of provoprovos residents most people 626211o62110 were able to give a specific address for its location although some residents gave 1200 north as its address the theater is actually located on 1230 north the street number may be somewhat confusing because streets running east and west in provo are numbered regularly such as 100 north through 800 north beyond 800 north the streets are no longer numbered regularly but residents in the habit of the regular numbering think of 1230 north as 1200 north some residents located the theater by giving an address using a point of reference the areas used nerelnerewereneresweres macdonaldmacdonaldsmacdonalddMacDonalds restaurants northwest of the theater but on the same streetostreet barbizonbarbazonBarbizon clothing factory diagonally opposite to the northeast maysmay cycle shop one block west of the theaterttheaterstheattheatererterg sambos restaurant a block west 97 of the theaterth- ater reams a iarylarylargee grocery store a block north of the theaterstheatervtheattheaterervery 31 flavors daskincbaskinabaskinbaskin robbinsbobbins ice cream parlor two blocks east stevensonstevensons genealogical supplies across the street richards physical education building on the BYU campus three blocks east and provo high school football field across the street to the east all of these places would lead a person to the general area of the fox theater some would lead a person directly to the theater with little effort others would require more searching

daily herald buildingBuildlneineinZ 1555 northworth 200 vestiwestitfestpfest the daily herald building is the main office for provos local newspaper many residents 40 attempted a specifics3pecific address but the office is located farther north on 200 west than most people realized A few residents gave the address for its old location on 40000 north and 200 west those who located it near other landmarks 1818 used the followfollowinging reference points reams a large grocery store across the street from the herald building provo river west and north of the herald Buildbuildingbuildingsbuildingvingsingv US army reserve armory south along the same street and the fox theater three blocks south

union block 2232 west centercen ththe union block was an establishment located in an old building in the heart of the central business district at the time of the field work for the questionnaire in the fall of 1973 the building housed a number of mod sho-shopsps the store has since been remodeled and is now known as the emporium it is still a mod store and quite popular with some segments of the population primarily those of high school and college age most people 69 accurately located it on 98 center street those under 15 years of age knew its precise locationlocloeioeationo but most resident over 65 years of age were not familiar with the establishments location only one resident located it by using a point of reference by bill harris music store which is next door on the west

riverside country club 2701 north iversitydiversityuniversityun iverlversitzsity avenue the riverside country club is a private club with a large club house and golf course although most residents 545 were familiar with its beneralpeneralgeneral location many eoplepeople had a difficult time giving a precise address more residents were incorrect 411541 in giving its location than on any of the other places they wereaskedwere asked to locate partly becausebec 1 luse they dididld riotnot place the club as far north as it is actually locatedlocatcnld some even located it on the canyon roadboad a street parallellingparallelling university avenue A few respondents said that it was located near gemontedgemontfidgemontfidfedeed or near the condominiums along the edges of the country clubs golf course and across the street to the east

indian hills eastemstfasteast of 840 basteast and north of 2780 nohhnorth indian hills a major residential area in the city has been built for the most part since 1965 its view lots and lovely homes overlook utah lake and much of proveprovo city most residents 4141 gave indian hills a general address rather than a specific one those placing it near other locations gave some of the following as points

1 of reference beyond the temple northeast off0 A f the rock canyon road where the streets have indian names such as apache north of oak hills residential area above the edgemont school on 650 east and 99 in northeast provo all of these locations would be of value in locating indian hills if a person were familiar with provo the most interesting location device was the one indicating that a person should look for the area having indian street names perhaps this would be of value if a resident were looking at a city street map

summary of part iliIII111 asking residents to locate ten specific places produced interesting results the gridiron street system in proveprovo made it easier for some residents to give locations with a specificspec ificidic address because all numbered streets begin at the corner of centercener street and university avenue and are numbered north south east and west from this point whenkihen citing general addresses other residents could merely visualize the approximate location and then do some figuring to arrive at an approximate street location in certain areas of the city where the structures in the region were similar residents had a hard time giving specific addresses they also had difficulty locating places outside the standard grid system in areas of irregularly numbered or named streets specific addresses were most often given for those buildings located on major streets such as center street 500 west 1230 north and 200 vestiwestivestswestt proveprovo city center catholic church fox movie theater and daily herald building all of these but the catholic church probably accommodate large numbers of people daily therefore more people were apt to know their specific address general addresses were most often given when residents had only a vague idea of the location or for those places which cover a great deal of territory and are not known by a specific address the 100 following were most often listed this way i proveprovo city cemetery union block riverside country club and the indian hills residential area only two places were most frequently located by residents using other known locations as reference points these were the LDS temple and the mouth of rock canyon which can both be seen from any point in the city but whose precise addresses are unknown to most residents the reference points used as location devices were accurate and meaningful to anyone familiar with the city rapterCHAPTERCH 5

PROVOS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

BackEbackgroundround and definitions the main concentration of commercial activity in any city is in its central business district 1 there is little agreement on what actually constitutes this area of a city or where its boundaries should be drawn terms such as central district central region city center 2 central area the 100 percent zone or simply downtowndowntownsdowntown2 are used to refer vaguely to this area of a city regardless of the term used to describe it most people are familiar with the main characteristics of a downtown area it is the area of the greatest concentration and variety of retailing establishments in a given city and has the largest single focus of vehicular and pedestrian traffic most central business districts serve not only local markets but also people living in surrounding areas in the zoning ordinance for provo city the following are given as the purpurposesoses of its CBD the central business district commercialzonecommercial zone CBD is established to provide a district in which the primary use of the land is for retail commercial and services uses to serve the reedsneedsdeeds of the citizens of proveprovo city and surrounding areas it is further

lhereafterwhereafterhereafter the central business district will be referred to as the CBD 2 2mauricemaurleemaurice H yeates and barry J garner the north american cityC nenakewanewnew yorkyorkiyorks harper & row 1971t1971 p 3193190

101 102

intended to foster and strengthen the central business district of provo as the dominant shoshoppingapingpping and financial center of the city andrindcindcand to maintain it as the heart of the city with which residents and visitors of the city can identify the CBDGBD zone is intended to be located only in the central core area of the city and to be expanded out from that central area in an orderly and progressive manner as the demand for additional commercial land is generatedgeneratedt therhephe CBD zone is to be characterized by wide clean well lighted streets ample pedestrian ways and vehicular parking lots for the convenience and safety of the public attractive inviting and well maintained shorsshoossho rs stores offices and other buildings are also characteristics of this zone 0 0 it the uses characteristic of this zone are retail stores banks office builtinbuilbullbulibuildinbuildingsdin s theaters hotels and a wide variety of specialty shops and retail outlets conversely uses which tend to create business dead spots cause undue scattering of business and generally tend to thwart the use of the land for its primary purpose have been excluded from the zone this zone will tend to encourage an architectural theme which will strengthen the continuity of the ry 0 downtown area and lveiveve it ac3 character with which the citizens of proveprovo can ldentifyidentify

positivepos itivelve preferences for jpoypprovos1 s central business district residents of provo were asked whatwhiat they liked most about the CBD their responses are tabulated in table 19 in order by the number of times mentioned are the following responses 1 1 compactness 2 variety a little of everything 3 easy accessibility and 4 close parking thirtythirtysevenseven percent of the residents liked the CBD for either its compactness or easy accessibaccessibility11ity but this percentage is low indicating that residents do not care for provos CBD those under the weaeeage of 15 years often left thisth 11sas question blank havinghcavln notn ot yet established1 preferences aeage groupsg 151815 18 and 192519 25 were most concerned with the accessibility of the area the latter roupgroup consists primarily of university students who live somewhere between the CBD and the BYU lampusbampusuampus and often are without transportation for them it

1provoprovo city community development department preliminary zoning ordinance for the city of provo utah 1973p1973 PP 13910139140139 10140 TABLE 19

PERCENTMIRCERT OF respondents LISTING REASONS THEY LIKED THE PROVO chaitchajtCENTRALTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT BY LOCATICNLOCATION acetAGEagetageg AND LENGTHLENIG tuffTIff OF RESIDENCE regions good stores5 knonknow storestores3sas and other easy close and and wide noth- variables compact variety access parking business owners streets ing no response regions northeast 24 20 12 20 northwest 46 31 15 central 31 31 31 13 eastEast 222-2 17 11 22 south 13 20 13 13 13 average 24 13 11 11 7 7 5 5 aee groups under 15 57 15 18 18 27 19 25 18 50 9 65 plus 29 29 29 residence less than 1 year 29 29 14 1 2 yrs 22

NOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedincludedtdt therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent twenty percent of the south region residents thought that the clerks were helpful 1 104

is of prime importance that the area be easily accessible A shopper on foot appreciates compactness in a shopping area it is possible that many of the residents over 65 years of age are acquainted with proveprovo businessmen and like to patronize stores where they are known

negativeN ivelve feelings toward provoprovos s central business district residents of provo were asked what they disliked most about the CBD these responses appear in table 20 notwo main reasons for residentresidentsresidentsfsf dislike of the area were 1 1 limited and middle of the street parking 433 and 2 traffic and congestion 1515 every group questioned mentioned the parking situation as a problem which resulted in negative feelings toward the CBD the middle of the street parkinparkinaparking has resulted in problems with traffic flow through the area recent renovations have changed the two lanes of middle of the street parking to a sinklesinkiesingle lane to move the traffic more rapidly through the area other renovations are underway to give some relief to the problem Althoualthoughah not mentioned by many residents two other factors contributed to negative feelings toward the CBD 1 1 limited selection of merchandise and 2 need of major rejuvenation of the area citoltcityoltyy residents over 65 years of age had no criticisms of the CBD in fact some mentioned how handy it was to park in the middle of the street directly in front of the stores without having to walk long distances

majorkaomnaom1.1 problems provesprovos maor of central 1 business district provo residents were asked to state major problems which they felt confront provos CBD this data appears in table 21 two main TABLE 20

PERCENTPERCMTT OF respondentsRESPONDlatsINTS LISTING REASONS THEY DISLIKED THE PROVO cattralCENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT BY

LOCATIONLOCATIMT 9 RELIGION 0O agetagesAGE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE regions congestion lack of and other and old neesneedsJ limited variety poor clerk no variables parking traffic flow remoremodelingdeling selection merchandise service crowded responsebesresponse regions northeast 40 12 16 12 northwest 38 31 15 23 central 38 15 15 15 east 56 17L7 17 south 40 27 13 13 average 43 15 15 7 6 2 2 12 non LDS 45 age groupsgr under 15 29 57 15 18 55 36 18 19 25 45 27 23 65 pluspiusDlusius residence less than 1 year 2029 121 2 arsyrsyes 78 22 22

NOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 106106log

TABLITABLE 21

PERCENT OF respondents listinoLISTINGLISTPING MAJOR PROBLEMS OF THE PROVO centradCENTRALCENITRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT BY LOCATION RELIGIONR AGE AND ujLENGTHINGTH OF RESIDENCE

regions parking competition and other and from atmo small no variables congestionbongescongestion univ mallmalimaiimal 1 sphere business response regions northeast 48 36 northwest 46 38 15 central 38 31 east 33 28 11 south 33 13 13 average 40 30 11 1 6 non LDS 18 45 age groups under 15 29 14 15 18 36 45 19 25 68 27 18 65 plus 29 residence less than 1 year 29 29 14 1 2 yrs 44 22

notestNOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent the university mall is a shopping center in oremioremboremi utah an adjoining city to the north of provo t u most buildings are considered to need improvements to change their visual impression

i 10710210 problems elmeredmeremergedped fl1 parking shorshortagetaretape and trafttrafftrafficic congestion and 2 competition from the university aliailallmallmali in orem utah a major shoshoppingprAng center in an adjoining city forty percent of the residents thought that parking and congestion is the major problem and 30 percent felt the mall poses the major problem the 192519 25 year age group were the most critical of the parking situation with nearly 70 percent of them listing it as a problem nearly 50 percent of the non LDS and 151815 18 age groups believed the mall is the major threat to downtown provo perhaps many residents in these groups are regular shoshoapersshoppersadersapers at the mall and are indicating that downtown provo has lost their business nearly 30 percent of the residents over 65 felt that there is a need for building improvements it is interesting atthethattiethatthethatth the older residents more than any other saw a need for these improvements

shopping areas outside provos central business district residents were asked to indicate on a map of provo the locations and names of shopping areas located outside of the CBD their responses are given in table 22 in summary by frequency of times listed the shopping areas rank in the following orderorders 1 1 riverside shopping plaza and 2 warshawsWarshaws 900 east both were cited by more than 50 percent of the residents both of them consist of a grocery storedrugstore drug and variety store combination other areas were listed less frequently as table 22 indicates interestingly 100 percent of the residents in the non LDS and the 151815 18 age group listed the riverside plaza the core of each shopping area listed on table 22 is a grocery store 108

TABLE 22

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING SHOPPING CENTERS BY LOCATILOCATIONONtons RELIGION AGEagey AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE

shopping areas outside the central business district

P 2 0a obc aD 0 0 3 4P cd S 0 C Q 4 4 P P Tajqj t0 tat0W W p 4p p 4 4 CO 0 0 H z2 33 Ms6sa 00 CQ 0 0D 0 0O regions d w A 0 4 0 X P ar3r3 4aaa 3 41 4 s 11 aD M 0 D fi M 0C 4 0 k and other 43 a 43 S hfhph CM 0 S 141.4 0 S O 6 as0 0 0 P A cd 0 jsujs80 variables H 0 0 0 0 P 840 P 0 0 W s 0co0ocoCO CO ocoCCO 01 regions northeast 96 56 16 12 northwest 69 31 15 central 77 69 15 15 15 23 15 east 67 61 232 3 south 40 27 13 13 13 averaaveragere 73 50 12 10 10 8 5

non LDS 100 82 36 18 27 18 455 keaeeage groups under 15 43 29 15 18 100 27 27 27 19 25 82 42 23 14 1 65 plus 57 43lio 14 29 residence less than 1 year 57 29 14 121 2 yrs 788 22 11 22

notestNOTESNOTESs residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludedincludedtdt therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percenterercentercenecent no responseresponsesss under 15 29 and 65 plus 292829582woawo carsons market was listed by 15 of the central regionregione south of 900 south university was listed by 15 of the northwest region the 1230 north area was listed by 18 of the non LDS and 151815 18 group the 51815181515 18 year old ageape group also listed the canyon road 27s27 900 east 1818 and dees hamburger area about 1200 N university 18 109

mos t frequezfrequen 13 y patrononizedionizedizediced S toresstores residents were asked in an openendedopen ended question to list the stores in proveprovo at which they normally shop the responses are compiled in table 23 when the stores were arranged according to the number of responses received the following order emerged s 1 1 penneys

2 sears 3 skaggs 4 Firfirmagerfirmagesmages 5 reams and 6taylorso6 taylors Fenpenpenneysneys sears Firfirmagerfirmagesmages and taylors carry much of the same types of merchandise however only taylors and sears handle furniture reams is a larrlargee discount grocery store and skaggs merchandisesmerchandises a little of everything including drugs their prices are very competitive and they perhaps rank high in the shopping habits of provo residents for this reason penneys and sears are reputed nationally for appealing to the budget minded penneys in downtown provo was patronized by over 45 percent of provos residentresidentssf sears followed with 33 percent residents in all regions mentioned either penneys reams sears or skaggs as the stores they frequent most often

quaiQualqualitylity of merchandise selection residents were asked to rate the merchandise selection in the provos CBD from poor to excellent table 24 compiles this data in ranking by frequency of tinestimes listed are the following responses to merchandise selection 1 1 good 4350434390 2 average and fair 20 each 3 poor 111156 and excellent 441 although residents in the northeast region rated the selection 1 1 good 2 poor 3 fair and 4 average nearly 50 percent felt the selection was less than good perhaps these residents are more critical of selection because many of them buy in the middle to high price range and thiskindthis kind of merchan TAA TTABLE94 BLE 2323

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING STORES NCRMALLYNORMALLY SHOPPED BY LOCATION RELIGION AGE AND LENGTHISNTGTH OF RESIDENCE

u1ua S c 0 s 0 0 z3 2 P 1 Q 0 v2va 0 regions 0 2 05 8 0 80 X 0 4- 0 adthdt t 0 0 68 H i z 0 0 0 and other z P1 e P 12 0 0D 0 0 5 a p 0 aicd3 1 cd sp 44SH4 g 5aQ gg li 41 t 4 rd 0 P variables r 0 Q 11 ga 0 cdco r 1 O JO jaj3 4p 01en ry K 0 E ca 0 N0 py 0 IA 01 c5 tt 90 CQ regions northeast 40 24 28 28 12 32 16 16 northwest 54 38 23 31 38 2323 central 54 46 23 38 15 38 23 31 east 39 28 22 17 south 474 40 27 27 13 13 13 13 13 average 45 33 23 21 20 20 12 12 11 10 8 non LDS 27 27 36 18 18 age grougroups under 15 29 29 29 15 18 27 18 18 18 19 25 55 14 36 14 18 27 14 23 18 18 65 plus 86 29 57 43 residence less than 1 year 43 29 1 2 yrs 67 22 33 22 22 22 44 33 TABLETAMBLE 23continued23 continued

I1 trtc G ci CH H rar4 0 0 H P coffn H 0 to D X lo10 D 0 0 z 0 P regions 0 H 0 X S P P 4P raHr4 H s0 0V D P P 0 0 0 0 aD 0 4 r i 4 4411 z MD 1 I s ri g0 0 and other H 0 rir sP 0 rir i CO w 0 cd 1 0 P 4 0 H cr 4i U r g ci nyiCQ 0 0 0 0 P c 0 variables x P 0 CO regions northeast 20 northwest 15 15 central east south 272 20 13 13 averageaverapge 7 7 7 5 5 4 2 2 non LSSLDS age groups under 15 15 is18 18 19 25 141 65 pluspius residence less than 1 yearyeam 1 2 arsyrs

nothstnotestNOTES t resiresaresidentsdents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possiblepossibleossibleos may equal more 100 percent j 18o3sibiesible totals than no responses t age group 15 18 180l801803 112

TABLE 24

PERCENT OF respondents RATING THE merchandise SELECTION IN PROVO STORES BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong RELIGION aceAGEagetageg AND LENGTH OP RESIDENCE

regions and other variables poor fair average good excellent regions northeast 20 16 12 48 northwest 15 31 38 central 38 545 east 28 33 28 south 20 47 13 average 11 20 20 43 4

non LDS 27 36 272 18 age groups under 15 1434 14 48 15 18 18 27 45 19 25 27 32 23 65 plus 29 57 14 residence less than I11 year 14 14 575 I1122 yrs 22 22 33 22

NOTES residentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 113 dise Is limited in the downtown area residents in the northwest region rated merchandise selection 1 1 lodwodgood 2 average and 3 poor but again nearly 50 percent of them rated the selection as less than good residents inln the central region rated neimeineychandisemerchandise selection

1 c good and 2 fair students on limited budbudgetst ets comprise a larpbarplargee part of this section of the chyc ty along with many residents who are lowbudgetlow budget shoppers their shopping needs are primarily met in the downtown area residents in the east region raedrailrallratiledved the merchandise selection 01 average and 2 good and 3 fair over 60 percent rated it less than moodgoodood however shoppers living in this area of the city are also more critical of good selection and probably buy merchandise in the middle to highpricedhigh priced range like many 0 those in the northeast region residents in the south region rated selection 1 1 good 2 average and 3 excellent only 20 pepercentreent atrated the selection as less than good these results were in keeping with the lower economic status of the region probably more residents on low and limited incomes live in this region than any other their budgets do not permit wide traveling for shopping and therefore they are probably less criticcritical91 of provedprovos merchandmerchandiseiselselae selection although the merchandise in downtown proveprovo is felt to be basically rood the categories of topoorpoor fair and average together equal more than the total for the good category it would seem that many residents find the merchandise selection limited ververy few excellent ratings were given to the merchandise selecselectiontiutim

ianetalglargestst ppadepartmentstoreDepartmentEtient store provo residents are often critical of the stores in provos CBD feeling that they are perhaps smaller than stores in other cities 114 of the same population therherhereforewhereforerefore residents were asked which department store in proveprovo was the largestlargest to determine if they could accurately perceive size the results appear in table 25 residents

listed the following stores most frequently in rank orderordertgordert 1 1 sears 2 penneys 3 taylors and 4 firmaesFirmaes with the exceptionexeeptionlon of taylors which is larger than penneys see footnote to table 25 these responses are verified by the actual square footage contained in each store the residents of provo have a remarkably accurate view of store size

effects of the university hallmalimallmailmaii on shopping patpatternsterns since its completion the university k1ka 111 hoppingshopping center in orem utah an adjoining city has had a definite effect on the shopping patterns of provo residents and upon provedprovodprovos CBD residents were asked how the mall had affected their shopping patterns the results are tabulated in table 26 nearly 50 percent of provo residents indicated that the mall had had some influence on their shopping patterns in fact 30 percent felt that it had had a great effect many of these 30 percent shop regularly at the mall instead of in proveprovo

an analysis of residential areas and the effect of the university mall upon each one is interesting nearly half of the residents 40 in the northeast region felt that the mall had had a great effect on their shopping patterns it is very accessible to the northeast region of provo in many cases it is easier and faster to get there than to drive downtown residents in the northwest region 061069100690ggs felt that the mall had had little effect on them although they are actually 115

fableTABLE 25

PERCENT orOF respondents RATING PROVO departmentDEPARTmenitMEITT STORES BY SIZESIZEO

BY LOCATION RELIGION 9 AGE AND LENGTHI1 OF RESIDENCERI

r 1l rri i i nnwrf t ieliiwlili wi 1 turn UU ari reregionsg-ions iw and other variables sears penneys tayltaylorsors FirFinpirfinnagesfirmagerfirmagespinnagesmages reaionsregionsreagons northeast 48 16 12 12 northwest 62 P 15 central 54 15 east 61 11 17 south 47 20 27 average 545 14 13 10 non lisLDS 82 age groups under 15 57 15 18 64 18 19 25 50 227 65 plus 557 residence less than 1 year 43 29 1 2 yrs 44hiahla 22

NOTIONOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent no responses residence 1 2 years 22 the definition of what constitutes12 a department store may vary from person to person for the stores most often listed the total number of square feet follows sears arounaroundcl 36000 taylors 32000 penneys 262700026 27000229000 and Firfirmagerfirmagesmages 25000259000 this information was based on telephone ealcaleaicallscalisls to the stores may 2228272827 28t28 1975 information was provided by mr clements maintanceMaintance manager of sears mrs kolly office and personnel supervisor of penneys mr blackblaek manager of taylors and mr heal partner and office manager of firmagfirmageFirpirfirmagerfirmagesragesmagesmesges 116

thutautamTABLE 26 PERCENT OF respondents LISTING EFFECTS OF THE university MALL SHOPPING CENTER BY LOCATIONLOCATIONo RELIGION hoeboeAGEacey AND LENGTH OF RMIDENCERESIDENCE

regions and other variables much some little none regions northeast 40lnW 24 20 northwest 31 69 central 23 151 5.5 31 east 39 22 33 south 272 40 average 30 18 19 19

nonlibnonlbsnon linLIBLBS 55 272 18 keleeaeeage groups under 15 43 15 18 64 19 25 2 14 23 23 65 plus 57 residence less thanla17l7 1 year 433 1122 yrs 5650 33

NOTES t residents responses less than 10 percent were not ineludedincluded therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 117 closer to it than residents in other areas of the city of those in the central region31region 31 percent did not think that the mall had had any effect on them many students live in this region without transportation the mall is inconvenient for them some students mentioned the transportation problem on their questionnaire many residents 39 in the eastern region said the mailmallmalimaii had had a significant effect on their shopping pattpatternsernst while in the south region many residents 40 did not see the mall as influencing their habits greatly more than half of the 15181518155 18 year olds 647064647of indicated that the mall had altered their shopping habithabitss in drawing their business away from provoprovoss CBD many stores in the mallmalimailmaii ater to this age group it appears that the university mall has drawn the business of many provo residents it features many modern storesstorest two very large department stores a wide variety of merchandise stocks the latest styles in clothing from budget lines to exclusive parking is almost unlimited and close at hand and it has a controlled atmosphere provo residents perceived the university mallsmailsmalls competition with the CBD for local business to be one of the major problems that downtown provo faces

provo citys concern provo citys civic leaders have acknowledged for some time the loss of interest and enthusiasm among residents over the CBD of provo A study was made to gather information relative to this problem 1 in1 late 1972 provo city began acquiring Ppropertyroderperty in downtown proveprovo to lprovoprovoprove city community development dedepartmentpartmentrement central business district study for the city of provo 193olgigo19231973 118 give the commercial district more parking in the immediate area 1 public hearings were announced to wrestle with the problems of parking cars in downtown provo and the need for general rejuvenation of the area 2 there appeared to be major sentiment against parking plans for the downtown area as reported in the local paper3paperapapero the proveprovo city youth advisory committee took a brief survey of 42 students at proveprovo high school in march 1974 to gather student feelings repregardingarding the CBD their conclusions indicated that if downdowntownown provo could dupli- cate or surpass the mall in merchandise selectselectionloeplonp indoor shopping or general atmosphere then teen business in downtown provo might increase 4 the city of provo has recently launched an improvement pro- gram5 for center street in1 the CBD it is currently underway the programs aim is generally to improve the atmosphere of the CBD through plantings street furniture pedestrian walks a variety of paving materials and a differentafferentdifferentifferent parking arrangement 6

lrobertarobert1 robertbobert mcdougall land for downtown parking lot bought provo daidaldailydallydaliy herald 27 december 1972 pvp lo110

bobertarobert2robertrobert mcdougall parking other downtown problems topics for provo hearing provo daidaily herald 22 Aaprilarfprf 1 1973 P 3 arobert3robert mcdougall study reveals opposition to provo parking plabstplanstplans provo daliydailydally herald 30 mamayy 1973 Pp3pa 3 4youthyouth committee asks changes in proveprovo after taking survey provo daily eraldheraldberald 11 april 1974 p 40 5centerscenter5 Center street improvement timetable set provo daildalidalldrilydaily herald 29 august 1974 p 1 6

6provoprovo city community development department central business district plan 1974 119 the summary results of a very recent study relative to the CBD recently appeared in the local paper this study stated theithe proveprovo retail district is no longer the retail hub of utah county chiefly because of the development of the mall completion of 1151 15 which provides easy access to salt lake shopping areas and the difficulty with traffic circulation in provo 0 1 the study also indicated that the retail core is somewhat inconvenient since it is spread over a 10 to 15 block area that is not easily shopped by foot parking Pproblems and congestion add to the difficulties the study said that orem the adjoining city to the north would probably be the most likely location for new retail space and that it is doubtful that its provo past retailing strengths will ever be regained 1 at least 35 percent of the residents questioned by the author indicated that provos CBD was very compact and easily accessible contrary to the findings of this study lottotnotvot all residents shop in the entire area but probably concentrate on a few stores in certain areas provos mayor and commissioners responded several days later to the above mentioned article concerning the CBD study the mayor said that we provo will remain the shoppingshopp ing center of central utah they went on to mention the services available in downtown provo which are not currently avaliaavailableblebie elsewhere A commissioner stated that proveprovo will continue to provide roodsgoods and services but that the merchants in the CBD will have to change their merchandizingmerchandisingmerchand izing techniques especiallyspeciallyespeciallypeclpeelpeciallyaily now that they have competition 2

idanan croft study outlines proveprovo retail challenges provo dailydaliydallydail herald 2 june 1975 P 191 3 2cityoltycity dads stress positive view on business area provo daildalldalidailydallydaliy herald 4 june 1975 P 1 120

summsummary

the CBDGBD has been the major retail service area for the city of prevoprovo and other smaller cities in the county its status is now threatened however provesprovos CBD is so strategically located many people entering proveprovo must pass through this area in order to arrive at other points injn the city thus the central business district givesives a general Iimpression1 of the entire city 1 l visitors judgments of the city largely rest on the impressions they obtain of this area for that reason the utmost care should be giveniven to the buildings 9 civic spaces and other facilities the current impression is not entirely satisfactory reasons proveprovo residents gaveave for liking the CBD were its coreorcompactnesscom paetpactnespactnes variety of establishments easy accessibility and close rkingakingPSparking those residents who voiced negative feelings towards the

CBD thought that limited parking and congestion caused by Ppooroor traffic flow through the area were defdefiniteanite1nite hinderanceshinderances limited parking and congestion appear again alonaionalong with competitioneoneomcom petitionaition from the university mall shopping center as the two greatest problems facing downtown proveprovo as residents viewed the situation two major shopping areas are located outside of the main commercial district riverside shopping plaza and warshawsWarshaws on 900 east the hub of both is a major grocery store the stores patronized most by proveprovo residents are the following in rank orderordertgordert penneys sears skasskaggs Firfirmagerfirmagesmages reams and taylors in the cbdtheCBG the merchandise selection was rated by most residents as good followed by

iprovelprovoimprove city community development department central S business district study 9 appp 232 3 121 averaverageaoe fair and poor but when the number of average ratings are combined with the number of fair and poor ratings they exceed the number of those who ranked the merchandise as soodgoodood sears is the largest department store in the district it has recently been expanded through the purchase of part of another city block the additional property increased the square footage of the store and the parking facilities which surround the establishment residents in provo saw the university mall in orem as having had both a great effect on their shopping as well as little or no effect residents from the east and northeast regions of the city and the 151815 18 age group shop at the mall more consistently than residents of other regions the mall does contain larger stores and has a wide variety of merchandise but its prices are often higher than the same merchandise elsewhere for residents to shop at the mall some form of transportation is essential it is not within walking distance of provos residential areas provesprovos CBD actually has a greater variety of establishments than can be found in the university mall provo city fathers have expressed concern over the present status of provos CBD they have proposed various solutions over the years but until recently no apparent action has been taken the current improvement program for the CBD is supposed to improve the atmosphere of the area on center street through the plant- ing of trees in the middle of the street and along the sidewalksidewalksso and with emphasis on various paving materials and street furniture at 122 this writing only one block is approaching a finished state the atmosphere of the area will indeed be changed but an improved atmosphere alone will not help the economic decline of this business area CHAPTER 6

PROWSPROVOS MAJOR STREETS AS PERCEIVED BY RESIDENTS

city streets are merely one facet ofL any modern urban traffic system they are the paths alonaionalong which people move andrindcindcand observe a city and upon which the different elements inlinzinaln a city are arranged and related 1 streets are also the connectors of the community the arteries for movement of oodsmoodsgoods and people alonaionalong provesprovos streets the auto- mobile rather than public transportation carries the vast majority of residents for one of four reasons 1 1 trips to and from home

2 trips to and from work 3 social and recreational trips and 4 trips for shopping school and personal business purposes 2 As residents work out their travel patterns they automatically evaluate streets in terms of their own personal needs drawing on their experience this study focused on those streets the residents perceived to be the most traveled this chapter was considered a valid one for inclusion in the thesis for while the street department is usually one of a citys largest departments its activities do not normally include residents perceptions of routes and traffic

lynch imaelmaeimage of the cityolty p 474

scaleshealesseates p 400

123 124 major provo streets

major streets from sketch map residents were asked to draw a quick sketch map of provo without referring to an actual map of the city the sketch maps therefore should accurately reflect residents perceptions center street and university avenue emerged as the most important streets in the city based on the number of times they were listed and labeled on the provo sketch napmapnapomapo imlabeledunlabeledimlabeled streets were not ranked over 60 percent of the respondents included these two streets on their sketch maps and named them as well two other major streets indicated on the sketch maps were 500 west andrindcindcand 900 east althouvhalthoualthoughvh they each received much less mention by residents than center street and university avenue 33 for 500 west 20200 for 900 east table 272 shows the number of times that these four major streets were listed on the sketch maps the major streets are indicated on map 11

major streets from question iii11111III 1 one question asked residents to list the streets they considered to be the major ones in proveprovo it was an openendedopen ended question to supplement the information gained from the sketch maps only the major findings are included in this thesis the major streets as perceived by the residents of provo are the following in order by the number of times mentiomentionednedi 1 1 university avenue 2 center street

3 500 west 4 900goo east 5 1230 north 6 300 south canyon road and 8 state street these streets are all indicated on map 11 and table 28 givesives the number of times that these major streets were mentioned 125

TABLE 272

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING MAJOR PROVO STREETS AS DRAWDRAWN AND LABELED ON PROVO SKETCHSKBTGH MAPS BY LOCATION acetagetAGEageg AND LINGTHLENGTH OF RESIDENCE

regions and other variables center street university avenue 500 west 900 east reelrediregiregionsons northeast 84 76 48 28 northwest 62 54 central 77 92 54 38 east 50 61 28 28 south 27 average 62 6262 33 20 aeage groupgroups under 15 43 29 15 18 82 73 36 19 25 64 68 45 65 plus residence less than 1 year 29 29 29 121 2 years 67 89 44

notestnot&13S resident Is resresponsesmes pons es less than 10 percent were not includeincludedds therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 126

IA it M

scale 10361836 000ooo 00 IVO 130001036000 I1 novo 110 equals 3000 ow

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W eo nahkajarlr V kajlr .2 s t kAJlah 2 map 11 map of the locations of najormajor streets as perceived provo residents 122127

TABLE 28

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING MAJOR PROVO STREETSTREETScS FROM THEIR perceptions BY LOCATILOCATIONONtong aceAGEagetageg AND LINGTHLENGTH OF RESIDENCE regions and other 500 900 1230 300 canyon state variables univ center west east north south road street regions northeast 96 96 52 68 44 52 northwest 92 69 61 31 47 30 central 100 92 77 54 30 30 eastpast 94 89 33 72 28 33 south 733 93 73 33 33 53 27 average 90 8 60 55 38 35 20 19 age groups under 15 575 86 29 29 15 18 100 82 45 4545 5454.544 36 19 25 100 91 6060 55 6060 32 65 plus 57 86 57 43 57 residence less than 1 year 711 71 29 29 29 29 1 2 yrs 100 89 67 78 56

NOTES residents responses less than 10 percent were not includeincludeddt therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 128 discussion concerning the major streets university avenue university avenue US highway 189 is the major northsouthnorth south street in the city it bisects center street in the CBD and many businesses are located along its length from 500 south to 500 north and near the 1230 north intersection its south end connects with the freeway interstate 15 and it passes in front of a number of major city buildings such as the LDS tabernacle utah county building and lower campus of BYU As it proceeds north it passes the west edge of the main BYUBYTJ campus and its major west side parkingparkingaking lots provo high school riverside country club and continues on to the mouth of provo canyon for these reasons the street is considered to be of major importance by 90 percent of the residents it was listed as a major street by 100 percent of the residents in the central region and by the 151815 18 and 192519 25 years of age groups center street

center street is the main street passing through the CBD in an eastwesteast west direction the street runs east bisecting university avenue passes the utah county building memorial park bisects 900 east and narrows and comes to an end at the state mental hospital to the west it runs through the CBDGBD passes to the north of the provo city center bisects 500 west another major street passes to the north of pioneer parkpatrk and connects with the freeway oiz0151151151 15 co- ntinuing westwes t4 it also goes over the railroad tracks and proceeds to utah lake it is a widely traveled street both for those with errands 129

in the CBDGBD and for those passing through the CBD on their way to the freeway and to utah lake therefore it is not surprising that over 85 percent of the residents listed center street as one of provos major thoroughfares

500 west

500 west is a major northsouthnorth south street located five blocks west of university avenue it is the route of US highways 899150899150aA through provo and connects with the city of orerorenorem to the north the street passes two major city parksparkst pioneer park and north park it bisects 300 south center street and 1230 north which are other major city streets along its length are located the st francis catholic church utah valley hospital an elementary school and albertson Is central shopping area at its north end it continues as north state street and passes the riverside shopping plaza 500 west was especially significant in the perceptions of residents residing in the central northwest and south regions of the city over 60 percent included it probably because it is a major northsouthnorth south street for those living in these areas

200900goo east 900 east is a major but narrow street located nine blocks east of university avenue it is the only street in the east foothills which carries traffic from the northeast section of the city directly to the southeast section the street passes near kiwanis parkpatrk the ladsLDSIADS temple the east edreedaeedmeedge of the BYU campus and its major 130 east side parking lots and warshawsWarshaws shopping area an important shopping area outside the CBDGBD it bisects center street connects with south state street US highways 89 91 50a and ends directly across from the provo city cemetery in southeast provo

12301210 north 1230 north is a major cross street between 500 vestwest universityuniUhi versify avenue and the canyon road it is located twelve blocks north of center street and definesdefines the northern part of central provo it passes the south side of the riverside shopping plaza the north sides of the fox movie theater and proveprovo high school and connects with the northwest entrance to BYU this street ranked high in the perceptions of the 152515 25years25 years of age groupgroupss more than 5500 percent perhaps because of the large number of eating establishments as well as the fox movie theater located along its length many of which cater heavily to the high school and college age groups perhaps because 1230 northfforms fornsornsorms the north boundary of provo high school and is driven by university students entering BYU from the northwest it also is of importance to these age groups

300200000ooo south

300 south is a major cross street connecting 500 west and south state street along much of its length it is also U S highways 89 91 50a connecting south state street US highways 89 91 50a in the south and 500 west US highways 89 git91gly 50a in the west an assortment of commercial establishments and residential areas are located along this street over 50 percent of the cityscity residentresidentsresidentsinsinin the south region considered the street to be a major one it is the 131 south regions primary cross street in an eastwesterlyeast westerly direction residents in the northwest and northeast regions of the city did not mention 300 south as a major street probably because it is rarely used by them in their regular travels ganypanycanyon road the canyon road was formerly the only route to proveprovo canyon or south into the central part of the city from the northeast section until university avenue parallellingparallelling canyon road was extended to the north beyond 1230 north most residential areas in the northeast region connect with the canyon road in some way it is still heavily used by northeast region residents over 50 percent of whom included it as a major city street other residents in the city did not give it major importance state street state street actually consists of two parts north state street which begins at the intersection of 500 west and 1230 north and proceeds north to the city of orem and south state street which begins at the intersection of 300 south and about 700 east and proceeds south to the city of springvilleSpringville for its entire length it is USuso highways 89 91gipgly 50a and carries traffic between the above mentioned cities the freeway 1151 15 is an alternate route now but in earlier times this street was the only route between springvilleSpringville and orem south state street passes to the east of the proveprovo city cemetery and north state street passes to the west of the riverside shopping plaza state street is only considered to be a major street by residents living in the northwest and south regions although it is probably a 132 welltraveledwell traveled route for many of the residents living in the northwest and south regions less than 35 percent of them mentioned it of all the streets mentioned as major ones by the residents state street received the lowest ranking

A comparison of the major streets which were drawn on the sketch maps and those which were listed in the openendedopen ended questions shows the same four major streets university avenue center street 500 west and 900 east beingtoeingboeing mentioned in both cases but a higher percpercentageentacentapge 25 more of the residents mentioned the names of the four major streets in the openendedopen ended question than on the sketch maps the openendedopen ended question asked residents to focus only on streets they considered to be major ones whereas when drawing the provo sketch map they were to draw all things of interest and importance including streets perhaps when concentrating on so many details residents were less apt to include all the major streets

streets carrying the hostmost traffic

perceived view in addition to a discussion of the streets provo residents perceived to be the major ones there was a need to study those that they saw as carrying the most traffic table 29 shows the number of times that the various streets were listed the following streets listed in rank order were thought to carry the heaviest traffic flow 1 1 university avenue 2 500 vestwest 3 center street andaridarld 900 east 4 1230 north 5 state street 6 300 south and 7 the diagonal 133

TABLE 29

PERCENT OF respondents LISTING PROVO strewSTREMSTREETS BELIEVED TO CARRY THE hostnostMOST TRAFFIC BY LOCATION agetAGEageg AND LENGTH OPOF RESIDENCE

regions and other 500 900 1230 state 300 variables univ west center east north street south diagonaldiapdeaponaional regions northeast 92 48 48 40lio 20 28 northwest 85 38 31 31 31 23 central 100 46 54 39 39 15 15 15 fasteast 89 33 44 56 39 south 80 73 27 272 38 20 272 average 76 4048 40 37 15 14 12 leae groupsG underunder 15 43 57 15 18 loo1002002.00100 36 18 64 18 27 19 25 100 50 45 32 36 65 plus 86 71 43 29 residence less than 1 year 71i 29 29 29 1 2 yrs 100 33 56 676 44

NOTES aesidentsresidentresidents responses less than 10 percent were not included therefore tables may not equal 100 percent As multiple answers were possible totals may equal more than 100 percent 134 actual traftrafficbraf ficdicmic count to determine which streets in provo actually carried the most traffic the author was referred to unpublished material from the utah valley area transportation study that contained annual trafftraffictraffieic counts the average number of vehicles using a street in a 24 hour Pperiod was used to produce the rank order of streets carrying the most traffic as shown in table 30 As can be seen in table 30 the streets residents perceived to be carrying the most traffic and the streets actually carrying the most traffic are not the same showing how easily the human senses are fooled

perception vs reality because resireslresidentsdentas perceived university avenue to be a major street it was natural for them to think it also carried the most traffic when it actually does not it is only the third most heavily traveled street in proveprovo north state street carries the most traffic it is the primary road between proveprovo and orem and leads to a major freeway interchange and the university mall shopping center in orem another street which residents misjudged in terms of traffic load was the diagonaldiapdeaponaional they saw it as a littlelittleusedused road actual traffic counts show it as being the second most heavily traveled provo street perhaps a reason for residents error in perception was the fact that at that time 1973 the diagonal was a new street connecting orem and provo and many residents may have not yet placed it in their mental manapsmapss they forgottorgot that it existed residents saw 500 west as beingbein nearly as busy as university avenue when actually 500 west carries not only much less traffic than university avenue but ranks fifth in the list of the ten streets 135

TABLE 30

PROVO STREETS CARRYING THE MOST TRAFFIC WITH respondents PERCEIVED ORDER contrasted WITH ACTUAL ORDER in rank order

x perceived orderarderiorderi actual order with traffic counts lo101 university avenue i1 north state 29350 2 500 west 2 diagonal 22800 3 center & 900 east 3 university avenue 21800 4 1230 north 4eae 1230 north 17500 5 state street 55vav 500 west 1515015.150 6 300 south 6 900goo fasteast 12950 7 diagonal 7 canyon road 11150 8 center street 1080010.80010t800 9 300 south 10250109250 lodiod10100 200 vestwest 9750975092509.750

sourceisourcesSOURCE utah valley area transportation study annual traffic counts WSHSS this material included the 1973741973 74 coverage stations and interpolations from the 1973741973 74 coverage season including the permanent traffic counts on utah highways the author obtained the high and low figures for selected streets and computed the 1973741973 74 traffic average number of vehicles in a 24 hours period 136 carrying the most traffic since 500 west is the major northsouthnorth south street in the west part of town and carries much of the traffic from proveprovo to orem traffic is fairly steady this steadiness in traffic flow may make the street seem busy and perhaps accounts for residents perceptions of it some residents think of 500 west and state street synonomouslysynonymously some do not differentiate between north and south state streets while traffic counts are kept separately for 500 west north state street and south state street the fact that residents consider 500 west and north state street to be the same street may account for their feeling that 500 west is more heavily traveled than it actually is although center street was ranked by residents as one of the most heavily traveled streets in provo the traffic count shows that it carries very little traffic residents distortorted perception of center street probably stems from the fact that it is always congested partly due to middleofthestreetmiddle of the street parking and therefore gives the appearance of being busy and as if it were handling a lot of traffic

sunsummarysum

the reasons streets are known by residents are many along a street there may be a 1 1 concentration of special uses or activities perhaps the street is a 2 route of customary travel 3 obstacles to traffic may help a particular road to stand out in someones mind the characteristics of the 4 spatial qualities of a street such as its being wide or narrow or treelinedtree lined cause people to remember them sometimes a 5 buildings facade may make an impression on a person often a street is located next to some 6 special feature and 137 therefore it standsstanas out 1 peoplepeo 1eae also think of streets in connection with their destinations and points of origin those streets with well known origins usually have a strong identification in a persons 2 image4 provos four major streets as viewed byy residents were university avenue center street 500 west and 900 east these were followed by 1230 north 300 south canyon road and state street the streets they saw as carrying the most traffic are not those that actually do carry the most traffic according to recent traffic counts the nadormalornajormadormajor streets traveled by residents in moving north and south through the city were university avenue 500 vestwest 900 listlastdisteast along with canyon road and state street the nainmain cross streets they used were center street 1230 north and 300 south these are the paths and arteries for the manajormajorjor movementmovementss of goods and people in provo

llynchlynch inageimage of ththee cityolty appp 505250 52 21bidbid p 54 CHAPTER 7

THE IMAGE OF PROVO SUMMARY

AND conclusions

this thesis study has brought together data in an attempt to provide identification of the parts of provo which are essential to the development of its visual inageimageimagreimagra and the structure in which they exist it has sought to discover the general image of the city which is held by the inhabiinhabitinhabitantsltrantsstrants including some of the more distinctive areas and parts of this images boundaries feelings toward the CBD and traffic routes the meanings attached to the various city elements have been discussed phasisemphasiseh has been on the physical environment and the attributes of identity and structure in residentresidentsresidentsfsf mental inalnaimaimagesaes several studies have analyzed the way people view large metropolitan environments but none has studied cities with provos characteristics it was hypothesized earlier that the image held of a regular grid community would not vary much from that of the non grid communities

the pioneer work on city images was done by kevin lynch who used a combination of map drawing and questions he stated in this work that environmental images can be analyzed by three components identity structure and meaning he stated that these three were essential in order to identify objects in the environment of a city

138 139 which exist kithnithwith separate entities itetiettee also said that there was a need to have spatial or pattern relationships in the structure of the inarinaelmarimaelmaee and that these two elements should have meaning to the observer 1

jvnchsj fayafayefay8yayefiveviveyive ijomajor elementsenenemen lynch defined his images in five major categories paths edesedges districts nodes and landmarks 2 he called these five elements the building blocks in the process of making firm differentiated structures at the urban scale 3 gulick added that lynchs five elements are also social and behavioral that the urban image ability is a product of the perception of visual form and of the conception of social significances 4 the following is a discussion of how these elements apply to proveprovo

paths

rateththsrafehsRafetuths hs are the channels alonaionalong which the observer customarily occasionally or potentially moves 5 the two major perceived paths or streets in provo are center street and university avenue these are followed in importance by 500 west 900 east 1230 north 300 south canyon road and state street many of these streets were included on even the most basic of the sketch maps of provo when hardly anything else was indicated lynch stated that streets provide the basic skeleton of a citys imaelimae0image6imaged and this seems to hold true for

llynchnch inaeimaelmae of the cidciteclycity p 880 21bidbid appp 47448474842484 48

bibid3lbid3ibid p 95 4gulickgulick p 197

51ynchlynch imaelmae of the cityolty p 474 61bidtibid p 96 140 provo residents who knew the city best included more city streets than did residents who knew less about it A city path becomes known to residents for many reasons it may be a route of customary travel the activities along the street may implant it in a residents mental map or it may be remembered because of a spatial quality such as narrowness some of the major elements which distinguish the main streets in provo were discussed in chapter 6

adfedfedgeses edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer they are the boundaries between two phases linear 1 provo breaks in continuity if l in the east mountains are seen as the east edge of town most residents are aware that the city limits go to the base of the mountains in the east foothills the west edge of the city limits go as far as the utah lake although some residents thought the west boundary was interstate 15 some residents saw the northwest edge of the city as the provo river many others viewed north university avenue as the northwest boundary few peoplepeople visualized the south edmeedgeedege of town correctly they usually drew the south boundary much farther north than it actually is located those residents who drew university avenue south to the freeway interchange were able to visualize the south edge of the city in its proper perperfectivepersectiveperspectivesective some residents were able to define the edges of the BYU campus on their sketch maps of the city the east and west edges of BYU are defined by university avenue and 900 east BYUs north and south edges were usually vague on the sketch maps

llynchlynch immeimage of the tiztixCIXcityolty p 474 141

thehe north edeedge of ththee city for most residents was defined by 1230 north although some residents were able to locate it near 1600 north where the BYU stadium is located those residents who indicated the location of the LDS temple on their sketch maps usually put it in the upper right hand corner of the map or in the northeast part of town maps ply on isolated from everythingr71 else their

districts districts are the relatively large city areas which the observer can mentally go0o inside of and which have some common character 1 l1 theithe most important districts in provo are the BYU LDS temple area utah lake east mountains and foothills and the central business district proveprovo has no ethnic districts

nodes nodes are the strategic foci into which the observer can enter typically either junctions of paths or concentrations of some characteristics 2 the major node in provo is the intersection of university avenue and center street this intersection is in the CBD and is the beinbrinninbeinninbeginningninnln area for the citys gridiron street pattern another important node is the intersection of university avenue and 1230 north there the major northsouthnorth south street university avenue joins a major eastwesteast west street 1230 north which connects on the east end with BYUs main entrance and with 500 west in the opposite

llynchlynch image of the cizclycity p 66

2lbid21bid p 72 142 direction there are two freeway interchanges in proveprovo one on south university avenue andfandcand the other on west center street these are the two major entrances to the city the diagonal creates najormajorma or inter- sections when it bisects 200 west and university avenue

landmarks landmarks are another type of point reference but in this case the observer does not enter within them they are external 1 1 provesprovos landmarks as perceived by its residents consist of the BYU campus and its buildings the LDS temple the utah lake LDS tabernacle and the utah county building lynch stated that each of his elements should be recognizable under diverse conditions and yet in a concrete rather than an abstract way 2 nor should any of these elements exist in isolation districts are structured with nodes defined by edges penetrated by paths and sprinkled with landmarks elements regularly overlap and pierce one another 133 pach of these elements which make up a city need to be fitted together in order to become a satisfying city form A city is a multimultipurposepurpose shifting organization a tent for many functions raised by many hands and with relative sdeedsadeedspeed complete specialization final meshing is improbable and undesireableundesireable the form must be somewhat noncommittal plastic to the purposes and perceptions of its citizens yet there are fundamental functions of which the city forms may be expressive circulation najormajormaljor land uses key focal points the common hopes and pleasures the sense of community may be made flesh above all if the environment is visibly organized and sharply identified then the citizen can inform it with his own meanings and connections then it will become a true place remarkable and unmistakable 4

llynchynch inageimage of the cicity p 48 21bidbid p 109

3lbid31bidg Papppp 48494849048 49490 41bidtibid appp 919291 92 143

ounSUMoumsummary

background information on perception studies mental mapping and a discussion of the method and analysis of the study has been discussed the literature beginning with the pioneer work by kevin lynch in 1960 and some major studies which applied parts of his methods to other geographical areas have been surveyed information pertain- ing to perception the nature of it and especially perception of cities has been covered it was shown that the process of seeing Is a very complicated process yet it occurs every day perceptions of urban scenes are affected by personal and cultural factors but these factors only tend to modify the information that is presented from the physical or cultural environment lachfacheach person has a mental image of the place in which he lives and those areas which he frequents there seems to be a public image of any given city which is the overlap of many individual images or perhaps there is a series of PUpublicalicblic images each held by some significant number of citizens such group images are necessary if an individual is to operate successfully within his environment and to cooperate with his fellows 1 this study attempted to elicit images from provedprovow residents in order to isolate certain physical characteristics which result in the overallover all view of provo the mental inalnaimaimageses of residents were combined and analyzed to develop a composite view of the image of provo utah As shown in appendix B questionnaire profiledprofilegProfiprofileleg the data were gathered from provo residents on the basis of a broad cross section in

lnchanchlynch imrinreimmimreimmelinagee of the city p9ppa 46 144 ageagey sex education relireilreligiongiong income levellevei occupation length of residence resident locatilocationontony familiarity with proveprovo along with other factors much of this study discusses the characteristics which help to make provo distinctive from other cities one section included general information relating to provo the symbolic elements and sought to gain some sense of the physical and presentdaypresent day community as perceived another section furthered the study by seeking further perceptions of the residents in regard to several of lynchs elements those of buildings and landmarks along with distinctive city areas map 12 shows the major elements which residents have indicated as being basic to provo other factors were also included which were hypothesized to be basic in determining provesprovos overallover all image like the location of industrial areas parks development of south provo and the river and city development liowflowplow proveprovo residents oriented themselves in provo with regard to the gygridrid street system and in locating a cross sectionsec itionaition of city buildings and areas were discussed their answers were analyzed by their approach to addresses such as specific general or by their using other points of reference the central business district is an area of a city that most often helps to determine a citys visual quality and image provo residentresidentsst views toward the central business district were analyzed many of their comments were critical and indicated a need for change in this district residents perceptperceptionslIons of provos streets lynch called them paths were discussed the structure of the city streets provides the backbone for a city upon them the residents move on foot or in 15

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vioteo100 rierigfig 000 BAL 0 batgal 14 1 TA 00 z 90 51101110 ARRIOTT CENTER 1550 W A TSFTS 1460 rvlevl F X oatoar 1400 NO F a 140 NO 14 NO 44 AA I1 1320 0 540340 JV X 4 BYU 1200 40 1 T 1200 a t IF IN p00 NO CAMPUS 64 at NO but 1050 otasOTAN a w yallyvallyWALLY 05 NO A x 0 NO A KIWA PARKpary sp ZO afoaroAPO 92 kiva Is

eadewd sr NORTH PARK L A sc10pj11 airssr AV ER tampusCAMPUS NO dftjo fv0 S ffF f 300 tv bsb s r a00 220 MEMORIAL APO PARK toorooyoo ctqtral busin33s DISTRICT srqseq I1 I1 I1 1 1 I1 I1 ceivrceiva 4 boadROAD TO TJTAH lgeeLAKE F I1 J I1 5 TATE MENTAL h06pital L A 17 S 0 s r 14 OW 100300100.100 SO 0aaa 00 0 r 0 500 SO S T 600woo so sr A01 700voowooyoo so sr b 0 IS b 0 0 040 0 800 30 3rar ogo 090 sn r IA shoghopoo so sr 0 0 ovo0v0 ta k X 1020 so 5 r 4.4 cleokleo solgolgoi ST 0 0 c4tr copc- so og r coulsfcoulse 40 SO S C-

W A V mo 0 0 M V 1360 50 0 map 12 maormajor elements in provosprovens visual inageimage 146 vehicles buildings are situated on them and city activities take place along them the discussion indicated those streets perceived by residents to be the major ones and included residents perceptions regarding traffic flow map 11 shows the location of the major streets

conclusions of the ststudy perceptions of a city are affected by residents needs background purposes and especially by mobility residents who lack knowledge of a city seem also to have a limited imadimapimagee of elements of a city as well as its boundaries detailed perceptions of a city are more likely developed either when the length of residence is increased or when there is a high degree of resident mobility within the city it was earlier hypothesized that regional differences would emerge regarding provos imcvinageimagee that certain aseagearmeargeagge groups under 15 15 18t18 19 25 and over 65 would provide unique perceptions that new residents would perceive the city with more distinctiveness than older residents and that the views of the non LDS residents might be different from the LDS majority As the tables in this study have indicated along with the text some regional differences in perceptions were evident perceptions analyzed by age groups varied from subject to subject the new residents usually saw the distinctive city elements but as their numbers were small many of the elements did not fall into major categories longtimelong time residents become so accustomed to the local scene that they often overlook key elements there is a problem of developing a clear structure for a city when many elements are similar as they are in grid pattern cities this similarity makes it hard to distinguish elements for exanExamexamplepietplet in provo the gridiron streets in the residential areas are so similar 1473aaa

that itit is hard to tell one from another until recent renovations were begun in the central business district this area in provo looked like the central business district in many other cities even many of the LDS churches in the city have a sameness about them residentsresidents11 perceptions of provoprovos streets varied by region of residenceresidencesresiresldencesdencey except for university avenue and center street the two perceived major streets residents tended to regionalize the streets by emphasizing those in their own areas streets that were used heavily in one area might not even have been mentioned by residents in another definite perceptions of streets are altered by where a resident lives and the streets on which he travels when moving through the city resident perceptions of traffic flow on streets in provo were inaccurate unfortunately most officials working with city streets rarely

consider the resident viewpoint such ancan understanding would help them in their transportation planning residents I1 images of provo are weak beyond the central part of

temm the city with three exceptions the LDS tenpietempleterntenn pie 9 utah lake and the

BYU campus most residents visualized few elements outside of the central area elements cited by residents were known more for their function and use than by their form and design while residents accurately perceived the size of larmlarglargege department stores their perception of provosprovo elevation was almost totally inaccurate many residents are attached to the proveprovo area because of the influence and activities of the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saintssaintst LDS tabernacle LDS temple BYU etc many of these same residents are conservative when it comes to making changes in city 148 government and programs and often vote against new ideas although more liberalliberalmindedminded residents would like to see changes the conservative majority often makes this impossible

implications of the study those who work with city design city publicity and city programs should seek out residents thoughts and feelings regarding the city they could be of irresistible value to city officials in future planning nearly all of the studies referred to in the review of the literature emphasized the need for city officials to be more aware of resident perceptperceptionslonsions in manynanymany of the perception studies they referred specifically to the city desirdesignerner or planner but the same ideas could be applied to all persons who work closely with a city and its development an inhabitants views of a city are usually very specific and oriented to the present whereas those working with city planning usually have more general and futureorientedfuture oriented views the abstracted objective data that is available to them is often different than that found in the real city 1 city planners need to be aware and take note of the felt needs of a citys inhabitants as these feelings may only rarely be verbalized 2 there is also nothing wrong in a city planner being guided by the needs of residentsresidents33 howeverHoweroweverg civic leaders often ignore residents perceptions of city elements public

1aaappleyardappleyard Ccityolty designersDesiEners p 450 2gulickulick appp 197198197 198

p 3steinitz A 245 149

hearings are held in city chambers but unless the totopicpiepic under discus-

sion is of manajormajorior concern the aceraeaveraeaveragee citicitizenelteeite1 zen does not attend therefore resident perceptions should actively be sought through surveys questionnaires or by other means to discover what the average tesiresifesireslcesi dent perceives as important every resident of provo has his own

image of the city although perceptionsPercept ionslons will vary from person to person they will only bendtendbend to modify the information that is presented

from P the hvsicalphysical3 or cultural environment this study has analyzed and identified the key elements which make up the typical residentresidents image of provo however there may be elements which are unfamiliar to most residents but with which they should be familiar therefore the author feels a need for identification of places and attributes that are not known but for some public or private goal should be known 1 because provo is heavily influenced by brigham young university the city officials need to make special efforts to publicize non BYU happenings and to emphasize the citys own kekeyy elements which are separate from the BYU and its activities

beinitzisteinitzinitzteinitzte p 246 APPENDIX A

geographical SURVEY OF PROVO UTAH

I1 general characteristics of provo 1 14hatat first comes to your mind and what aqlizessymbolizesaqlizes the word provo tto0 yyouoil rresidentspresidentsresidents nerwerewer givenivon a space to respond

2 how would youdescribeyou describe provo in a 2physicalical sense residents were friveniven a space to resdonres pond J 3 how would you describe the presentdaypresent daday proveprovo rresidentspresidentsresidents nerewerewore 71veniven a space to respond 4 what would you say is the elevation of downtown provo residents were kivengivenavenpven a space to respond

5 irandraw a quicksketchquick sketch of proveprovo showing the most interestiinterestsinteinterestingresti and most important features and givinsgivinglvinivin a stranger enough knowledge to move about without too much difficulty please label which direction is north residents were giveniven a blank pipiece1 eceeee of paper with this question at the top of the sheet 606 draw a quick sketch of university avenue showing the most inter- estineesting and important features roleaserpleaseplease label which direction is northanorthj freslfresidentsFResipresidentsresidentsdents were givenoivengrivengylven a blank piece of avernnernvermverpaper with this question at the top of the sheet 7 will you draw a darkdarkordackoror broad line on the following map which will indicate the boundary between provo and orenonenoremonem DesidedesideantsresidentsAnts were giveniven a street map of proveprovo and orem showing all of the streets but not showing the city boundaries

II11 visual elements of provo 1 list 5 five buildings in provo which have notable architectural or historical interest please label the interest of eachoeachj residents were given a space to respond 2 list 5 five features or areas in provo which you consider to be the most distinctive residents were ivenriven a space to respond 150 151

3 listtast 5 five thiefthinfthjngsthengsrs which you consider to be the mamajorjor landmarks of provotproveprovoprovoo residents were ravengivenpaven a space to respond 4 where are industrial areas of provo located FResipresidents freslfresidentsrresidentsdents were givenr7 iven a space to respondsponarespond

5 what is yourgeneralyour general feeling about the desdesignI1anpn of the new provo city center buildbuildinbuildingin freslrResfresidentsfResirresmentspresidentsdentsments were given a space to respond 6 what is the west boundary of the proveprovo city limits rresidentspresidentsresidents were Fgiveniven a sspacepace to respondrespond

7 where are ththee city jarksrks please locate and name them on the following cityeity captnapmaptmap residentsresidents were given a map of the city showing all streets and major public and school bui1djnpbuildingssas1 8 what is your general feellfeelingng about the design of the LDS temple residents were giveniven a space to respondresponderespond77 9 why has provo been slow in developingdeye lopina to the south silentssidentsresidentssidents were given a space to resrespondcondlpondl 10 do you feel that crossing the provo river has been a hindrance to city growth and development circle one YLYES NO wilyWHYwryWTIY Reslresidentsdents were given a space to respond iliIII111 traffic and the streets of provo 1 what streets in provo do you consconsideriderlder to be the manajormajoror streets residents were given a space to respond 2 which streets in proveprovo do you think carrearrcarry the most traffic residents were given a space to respondirespondsrespond

3 which streets in provo do you think need the most improvements rresidentspresidentsresidents were given a space to respond 4 what streets in proveprovo do you think often seem to be congestedcongested residentsdesidentsDesiresidentsdents were drivengriven a space to respond

IV provos central business district 1 what do you ilklikeilkee most about provos central business district rresidentspresidentsresidents were given a space to respond 2 what do you dislike most about prove9sprovotsprovers central business district residents were given a space to respond 152 3 what isjs the number one oroblemproblem facing downtown proveprovo freslfresidentsFResipresidentsr residentsdents heirenereweirewere given a space to respond 4 are there any particular enotionalemotionalenotional feelings that you have with regard to downtown proveprovo residents were given a space to rerespondsoond 5 herewhere is the centracentral businbusbusinessiness district located in provo please outlineoutine its boundaries on the following manannapmapp draw a line around its boundaries and shade in the area residents herewerewere given a map of the central part of the city showing all streets rancanandd major public and school buildinfbuildingbuildbuildingsintinf s 6 will you indicate on the following map the otherot he r shos hoapppapingppinging arelareas in provo which are located outside of the neutralCen treeltreal susiriess8usiriessSusiyusiriessniesshiess district draw a aaroundmound each of the areas and shade in 06 line round it residents were given a map 0ofL the city showing all streets and major public and schooschool builhullhuilbuiltinbuildinbujldinsdin arssysqrs 7 at which stores in proveprovo do you normally shop residents were given a space to respond 8 how good is the merchandise selection in downtown provo circle one POOR FAIR AVERAGEAVERAGES GOOD EXCELLENT

provowprovo I1 9 what isJLs proveds larllayllaytlaylelaytela E eestis t ddepartmente rtmentrement store andaridanid where is it located residents nerewerewere given a space to respond 10 what effect does the university mall in orem have on your shopping patterns in downtown provo residents were giveniven a space to respond

V housing of provo 1 when you were looking for a place to live what especially appealed to you about locating in your area of proveprovo residents were given a space to respond 2 what do you considerconsiderto to be the most desirable place in provo to live residents were ecrivengiven a space to respond 3 if you do not live in the area of proveprovo which you consider to be the most desirable why not residents were given a space to respond 4 what do you think a neighborhood is residents were giveniven a sneesmeespace to respond 5 does your neighborhood have a name if so name and tell its location rresidentspresidentsresidents were rivenalvengivena iven a space to respond 153

6 where do yoliyottyou thinkthank that thethlethie most expensiveexdonsjye homes in provo are locatedT 0cated rresidentspresidentsf residents were ivengylven a space to respond 7 where do you think that the least exarexprexpensive homes in provo are located rresidentspresidentsresidents were iven a space to respond 8 trandrantrawdraw the boundariesboundarledariedacles and indicate the names of the neihborhoodsneichborhoodsneighborhoods of proveprovo on the following map residents were ivenalvengiven a map of proveprovo showing all of the city streets

VI where are thethefollowingfollowing located

1 LLDSDS temple residents were giveniven a space to respond 2 proveprovo ttyaty1tycityolty center building rresidentspresidentsr residents were aivenelveneivenagveniven a s7acescacespacespace to respond

3 catholic church

fresrres1 residentsidentsidenta were rivenpiveniven a spaceL to respond 4 mouth of rock canyon residents were grimyliveneven a space to respond

5 proveprovo city meterymaterycemeteryce rresidentspresidentsresidents were rivenalvengiven a space to respond 6 foxpox moviemovle theaterpheater rresidentspresidentsresidents were giveniven a space to respond 7 daily herald building residents were alvenivenlvenfiven a space to respond 8 union block residentsdesidentsDesiresidentsdents were giveniven a space to respond 990 riverside country club residents were rivengiveniven a space to respond 10 indian hills freslfresidentsFResipresidentsresidentsdents were giveniven a space to respond yilVIIVTT profile section about yourself 1 3bxSEX circle answer male female 154

2 aohAGPAGRageaopj circle answer under 15 151815 18 19 25 263426 34 35 44 45 5 556555 65 oveoverr 656 5

3 MARTTALVIARTTAL STATUS circle answer single married se palatedparatedseparated divorced widowed

4 EDUCATION circle highest decreedegree elementary 0 8 years secondary 9 11 years high school graduate 12 years some college or university 13 15 years university graduate 16 years masters decreedegree I1 plus years doctordoctors decreedegree 171 plus years

5 INCOME circle answer less than 3000 3000oooo 4999 500059000 74092409j499 t500750025009500 9999 10000 14999149990 15000 or more 6 RELIGION circle answer catholic protestant jewish LDS other

7 are you the head of the family circle answer YES NO 8 what relationship are you to the head of the house residents were giveniven a space to respond

9 occupationoccupationioccupationsi write in name resiresidentsResldents were gleengiveniven a space to respond 10 do you circle answer own your home rent other what residents were given a space to respond 155

11 what is your street address residents were glve3niven a space to respond 12 how long have you lived in this residence rresidentspresidentsresidents were giveniven a space to respond

13 how long have you lived in proveprovo residents were giveniven a space to respond 14 where did you live most of the tiretimetimp while growing up circle answer countrycoun trybrytny suburb small town large city under 10000100000 5000 100000 10000 50000500000 100000 and larger

15 please name the city wiwitheth which you are the most familarfamilanfajilan

oltycitcityY state or country APPENDIX B

questionnaire PROFILE number of questionnaires by census tract and thesis study regions total Questionnairequestionnairessi 84 northeast region 30 percent of total tract 15 20 tract 16 10 Northnorthwesnorthwestnorthwestneswes t resireslregiregionon 1155 percent of total tract 14 4 710310790390 tract 21 12 central region 15 percent of total tract 181 646.4gr6 tract 19 21102 tract 20 1ito110 tract 23 2212215292 tract 25 4laocao east region 21 percent of total tract 17I1 13 tract 272 8 south region 18 percent of total tracttrstralctletbet 22 7 trtractictact 28 111 ido110

121 2 am-agee trouptroupscroupgroupss aiandid sexsext underundemunclerlemiem 15 8816 of total 8 male 15 18 13 of total 7 male 6afo6fo female 19 252 5.5 2626yo of total 13 male 13 female 26 334 10 of total 416 male 6 yo female 35 44 1414110 of total 4 male llfoalfo11 female 4545.45 545 13 of total 144 male 10 female 55 656 5 7 g of total 441 ieo110210 male 4 female 65 plus Q87a of total Z2 male 6 female total percent 45945 male 55 female

of the total 19 25 age roupgroup 6911011o were students of these 73 were male and 691ol6910159 female

156 15157152

3 marital status and sex single 36 of total 21 male wo14 female married 57 of total 24 male 33 female divorced 11 of total 1 female widowed 6 of total 6 female

4 education level and sexsext elementary 6 of total 441 4.4 male vo2 female secondary 14 of total 12i12 male 2 female high school 18 of total W4 male 14 female some college 373 of total 18 male 19 female university graduate 20 of total 7 male infoijfo13 female masters degree 5 of total 7 male 40H female

5 income most residenresidentspresidents indicatedindi catedbated their own incomes but some used the family income less than 3000 13 of total 3000 4999 500059000 74999499gagg 12 of total 7500 9999 10 of total 1000010p000 4 1499911 25 of total 15000 plus 115 of total no answer 7 of total

6 religion catholic 40 of total 4 male protestant 7 of total 4 male 4 female LDS 86186 of total 35 male 51 female other 2 of total 2 male

9 occupations numbers indicate number of residents in each occupation walemalemaie female civil engineer 1 bookkeeper 1 concrete construction 1 clerktypistclerk typist 1 electronic technician 1 curtis johnsonjohns on 1 farmer 1 homemakers 25 fireman 1 librarian 2 geneva steel 1 proof reader 1 letter carrier 1 psychologist 1 librarian 1 school teacher 1 railroader 1 secretary 2 retail business 1 students 12 retired 1 students 21 supervisor 1 switchman 1 truck driver 1 vaitek inc 1 158

10lot101 living Arrangementarrangementsst owns home 525200 of total 1211711 male 36 female rents 292950 of total 1yo13130lyoayo male 15 female lived with parents infoiqfo18 of total 3515 male 2 female no answer 1 female

13 length of residence in provoprovesprovos less than 1 year 881 of total 5 male 2 female 1 to 5 years 25 of total 10 male 15 female 6 to 10 years 12 of total 7 male 5afoyfo female 11 to 20 years 224 of total 139013 male 11 female 21 to 30 years 151 5 of total 115 male 10 female 31 to 40 years 2 of total 1 male 110 female 41 plus years 113r0 of total 404 male 10 female residence less than 1 year 81068 of total residence 1 to 2 years 11 of total

15 cities most familiar to respondents residents most familiarcamilieamiliEanillmiliar with provo60provo 60 percent residents most familiar with a city other than provo40provo 40 percent 21 of the residents are most familiar with cities larger than proveprovo 19190igo of the residents are most familiar with cities smaller than proveprovo arizonatarizonaiarioarloarizonanArizonaionat mesa 1 utah bountiful 1 phoenix 1 milford 2 superior 1 ogden 2 california brea 1 proveprovo 50 glendale 1 salt lake los angeles 2 city 3 hontereymontereyHonmon terey 1 springvilleSpringville 1 whittier 1 st george 1 idaho goodinggoodin 1 washington bellingham 1 boise 1 wisconsin milwaukee 1 ionalonaiowalowatdowat ottumwaottamwa I1 two rivers 1 missourimlsMissouris st louis 1 foreign areasareastareass new jersey ridewoodridgewood 1 copenhagen denmark 1 ohio new concord I1 santiago chile 1 oregon forporportlandtrandt1and I1 taipeitaipeiy taiwan 1 Pennsylpennsylvaniavanias Pittspittsburgbur 1 SELECTED bibliography

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image mass s M 1 T lynch kevin the of the ciaclacity cambridge masstmaest MITI 0 press 1960 site planning 2nd ed cambridgecam bridge basspmassp MIT press 197119710

mitchell james K natural hazards research in perspectives on environment appp 311341311 341 edited by lanian R manners and marvin W mikesell commission on college geography publication no 13 washington dc1DC association of american geographers 197419740 munfordmumfordmunMum fordt lewis themecaymeciycity in risthisthistory its orlorioriginsins its Transformationtransformationsst and its prosprospectsets new yorkyorkiyocki harcourt brace & world igiigl1911961 nairn lanian the american landscape a critical view new torkiyorkiyorks random house 1965 PecpeebecherepecferepecherePeferecherev rene oidoldolclolal cicityty quarters in shaping tomorrow s lands cape v 1 appp 677067 70 byy international federation of landscape architects arsterAmsteramsterdamdanidansdams djambatan 1964 saarinen thonasthomas F environmental perception in perspectivespe ctiveschives on environment appp 252289252 289 edited by ianlan R manners and marvin W mikesell commission on college geography publication no 13 washington DCIDCsdoidordos association of american geographers 1974 perce 0 image of the chicago loop in perceptionptioneption of environment appp 151715 17 commission on college geography resource iperraperpaper no 5 washington DC i association of american geographers 1969 perception of environment commission on college geography resource paper no 5 washington dctactD C association of american geographers 1969 schiff myra R the definition of perceptions and attitudes in perceptions and attitudes in resources manmanagemententaentq ppapoppo 7127 12 edited by WR derrick sewell and lanian burton canada dept of energy mines and resources policy research and coordinationandcoordination branch resource paper no 2 ottawaiottawasottaway information canada 197119710 sewell WR derrick and burton lanian perceptions and attitudes in resources clementmanagement canada dept of energy mines and resources policy research and coordination branch resource paper no 2 ottawaottawaiottaway information canada 1971 sharotsharpsharpp thomas town and towns cape londontlondona john murray 1968 smailes AE some reflections on the geographical description and analysis of Towntownscapestowns capesscapes in the institute of british geographersgeographegeographyGeograPhe transactions and papers appp 9911699 116 publication no 21 londontlondonalondongfondong george philip & son 1955 165 sonnenfeld joseph environmental perception and adaptation level in the arctic in environmental perceptipercentiPerceptperceptioni on and behavior appp 425942 59 edited by david lowenthal university of chicago dept of geography research naperpaper no 109 chicago 1967 swinburne herbert H the environment we see in environsenvironmentenvironment for manimanbmaru the next fifty years appp 110135110 135 edited by william R ewald jr bloomingtontbloomingtonsBloomingtonttons indiana university press 196719670 your thorndikeThomdike EL city 0 new york harcourt brace and co 1939 vemonvernonyemon MD thepsychologythe psychology of perception Baltibaltimorenoretmoretmores penguin books 1966 cl962c1962 ward robert madison coidcoldooidgold and wind hazard perception yaranbyyjranoraneeorange and tomato growers in central and south florida michigan geographical publication no 9 ann arborarbon deptdept of geography university of michigan 1973 warr peter B and knapperKhapper christopher the perception of people and events londonlondontlondona john wiley & sons 1968 wheaton william LC form and structure of the metropolitan area f inn environment for man 1 the next fifty years appp 1571961571521571960196 edited by william R ewald jr bloomingtonbloomlngtoni indiana university press 1967 worskettWorskett roy thecharacterthe character of townsttownettowns anaanangapproachch to conservation london the architectural press 1919699 yeates maurice H and gamergarner barry J the north american cicityolty new york harper & row 1971

interviews and unpublishedblishedblushed material telephone call to sears taylors Penneypenneysst and Firfirmagerfirmagesmages department stores to find out the number of square feet in their stores 272827 28 march 1975 utah valley area transportation study annual traffic counts 1973741973 74 MSSOMSS

newsptjnewspapersrs city dads stress positive view on business area proveprovo daizdallydaliy herald 4 june 1975 P 1 center street improvement timetable set provo daildalidallydailyy herald 29 august 1974 p 16196 166 croft dan oreroreneremorem provo in accord on boundary proveprovo dailydallydaliy herald 30 august 1974 ppe 15 study outlines provo retail challenges provo dalddaiddailydaliy herald 2 june 1975 P 1 3

40 parks in provo planning provo daily herald 19 march 197219221972019220 PIP 22cacc0ca mcdougall robert land for downtown barkingparking lot bought provo daily herald 272 december 197219720 p lo101 parkingbarking other downtown problems topics for provo hearing provo daily herald 22 april 1973 P 3 study reveals opposition to proveprovo parking plans provo daily herald 30 may 19319731923 poP 393 123 years of history given for proveprovo city boundary provo dailyda herald 29 october 1974 ptp 3rar3 youth committee asks changes in proveprovo after taking survey provo daily herald 11 april 194 pep 40

public documents provo chamber of commerce and provo city commission discover provo utah t gategateway to0 utahsutahspamousfamous mountainland ndnadonodo laboutabout 19231973 provo city community development deptdepte central business district planpianplantpiantplans 1974 provo city community development dept preliminary zoning ordinanceOrdinajleejice for the city of provotprovo utah preliminary reportreborteortport 197398309730 proveprovo city community development dept provo city land use element 192319230197301973 proveprovo city community development dept central business district study for the cicityZ of prproveprovoovooomoo 1971973t proveprovo city planning dept initial rousinghousing element for proveprovo Ccity 197319734 US dept of commerce bureau efof the census census of housin&212loihousrousing1970ing 1970 block Statisticstatisticssf final rereportdort provo oreroremem utah urbanized area 1972 uss survey provo quadranglequ2drangle US dept af6f the interior geological 1 j utah 7tat minute series topographic 1969 THE IMAGE OF PROVO UTAH AS SEENSKEN

THROUGH THE perceptions OF

ITS hlohioRIORESIDENTSIDENTS

J larry murdockmurdoch department of geography

M S degree april 19619761926

ABSTRACT

the data for this study was gathered through a random stratified geographic sample from all residential areas of provo the study was based on 84 completed questionnaires which weregatheredkerewere gathered on the basis of a broad sociosocioeconomiceconomic cross section all of the questions were open ended and included the drawing of mental maps of residents images of proveprovo the data was analyzed on the basis of respondentrespondentsso areas of residence age length of residencere idenieidence in provo and religious background the purpose of the study was to focus on the visual perceperceptiontion of proveprovo utahtutahutacht as seen by its residents the study attempted to discover the general image of the city held by its inhabitants including some of the more distinctive areas and parts of this image boundaries 9 feelings toward the centraltrai business district and traffic routes f COMMITTEE APPROVAL furj ricriericnardhflrjrilrie H jajackstn70ohnitteec n r coligikoligittee Chairchairmanlahhanbah

r r jLloydEoyME hudmanrudHudinai committee member y yrjeejob Y 7 afffff A J robert L laytonlaybon AJdepartment chairmanchainman