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Topics in the Prevention, Treatment and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes TOPICS IN THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES Edited by Mark B. Zimering Topics in the Prevention, Treatment and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Edited by Mark B. Zimering Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright ruzanna, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Topics in the Prevention, Treatment and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes, Edited Mark B. Zimering p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-590-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Economic Burden & Relation to Alzheimer's Disease 1 Chapter 1 Burden of Diabetes Type 2 Through Modelling and Simulation 3 Maja Atanasijević-Kunc and Jože Drinovec Chapter 2 Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Different Pathologies and Same Features 29 Marta Di Carlo, Pasquale Picone, Rita Carrotta, Daniela Giacomazza and P.L. San Biagio Chapter 3 Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer’s Disease 53 Sung Min Son, Hong Joon Shin and Inhee Mook-Jung Part 2 Novel Treatments 75 Chapter 4 Incretin-Based Treatment Strategy - GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1R) or So-Called Incretin Mimetics 77 Jindra Perusicova and Klara Owen Chapter 5 Carbohydrate Derivatives and Glycomimetic Compounds in Established and Investigational Therapies of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 103 László Somsák, Éva Bokor, Katalin Czifrák, László Juhász and Marietta Tóth Chapter 6 Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone on Insulin Sensitivity and Adipocyte Growth in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima-Fatty Rats 127 Tatsuo Ishizuka, Kazuo Kajita, Kei Fujioka, Takayuki Hanamoto, Takahide Ikeda, Ichiro Mori, Masahiro Yamauchi, Hideyuki Okada, Taro Usui, Noriko Takahashi, Hiroyuki Morita, Yoshihiro Uno and Atsushi Miura VI Contents Chapter 7 A Review of Clinical Trials in Emerging Botanical Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 145 Cheow Peng Ooi, Seng Cheong Loke and Tengku-Aizan Hamid Part 3 Prevention 161 Chapter 8 Prevention of Diabetes: Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention 163 Kátia Cristina Portero McLellan, Antonio Carlos Lerário and Roberto Carlos Burini Chapter 9 Fiber and Insulin Sensitivity 177 Kevin C. Maki and Tia M. Rains Part 4 Complications 191 Chapter 10 Characteristics of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Adult Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and the Implication of Metformin 193 Chan Chee Wun Joyce, Chan Hoi Yan Florence, Wong Ho Nam Howard and Yeung Chun Yip Chapter 11 Assessment of Microcirculation and the Prediction of Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers 215 Jarrod Shapiro and Aksone Nouvong Chapter 12 Association Between the Hypertriglyceridemic-Waist Phenotype in Mothers and in Their Offspring 227 Valeria Hirschler Chapter 13 The Bidirectional Relationship Between Psychiatry and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 237 Menan Rabie Chapter 14 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Family Practice: Prevention and Screening 269 Philip Evans, Christine Wright, Denis Pereira Gray and Peter Langley Chapter 15 Community Participation Model for Prevention and Control of Diabetes Mellitus 293 Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez, María de la Luz Martínez-Maldonado and Elsa Correa-Muñoz Chapter 16 A Novel Approach to Adolescent Obesity in Rural Appalachia of West Virginia: Educating Adolescents as Family Health Coaches and Research Investigators 309 Robert A. Branch, Ann Chester, Cathy Morton-McSwain, Soleh Udin Al Ayubi, Kavitha Bhat Schelbert, Philip Brimson, Shama Buch, Yvonne Cannon, Steve Groark, Sara Hanks, Tomoko Nukui, Petr Pancoska, Bambang Parmanto, Stephanie Paulsen and Elaine Wahl Preface Type 2 diabetes is estimated to affect 120 million people worldwide- and according to projections from the World Health Organization this number is expected to double over the next two decades. Novel, cost-effective strategies are needed to reverse the global epidemic of obesity which is driving the increased occurrence of type 2 diabetes and to less the burden of diabetic vascular complications. In the current volume, Topics in the Prevention, Treatment and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes experts in biology and medicine from four different continents contribute important information and cutting-edge scientific knowledge on a variety of topics relevant to the management and prevention of diabetes and related illnesses. In the opening section, Economic burden and Relation to Alzheimer's Disease, Atanasijevic- Kunc & Drinovec use mathematical modeling and simulation to forecast the economic burden from type 2 diabetes in the coming decades. Alzheimer’s disease has been referred to as ‘type 3 diabetes’ because of its increased prevalence in populations having obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. In two excellent chapters- DiCarlo et al present evidence suggesting that type 2 diabetes has manifestations of a protein misfolding disease akin to several well-known neurodegenerative diseases and then Sung Min Son and colleagues argue in favor of mechanistic links underlying an association between insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease. The section on Treatment starts with a concise review of GLP-1 receptor analogues by Perusicova & Owen. Next, Somsak and colleagues summarize experimental and clinical data supporting the efficacy of new glycomimetic compounds for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in animal models. Ishizuka et al review data showing that the adrenal androgen DHEA can improve glucose sensitivity and protect against the development of diabetes in obese rats. Finally, Cheow Peng Ooi et al summarize the results of clinical trials using various botanical compounds for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In a brief section Prevention, McLellan et al present the results of their study of lifestyle interventions in preventing type 2 diabetes. Maki and Rains review existing data on how the consumption of dietary fiber can lower the risk for development of type 2 diabetes. X Preface Finally, the closing section on Complications offers an in-depth, expert treatment on such diverse topics as vitamin B12 deficiency, the microcirculation, hypertriglyceridemic-waist as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, and psychological aspects of type 2 diabetes, all by notable contributors in each field. Mark B. Zimering, MD, PhD Chief, Endocrinology Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System East Orange, New Jersey, USA Associate Professor of Medicine University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Part 1 Economic Burden & Relation to Alzheimer's Disease 1 Burden of Diabetes Type 2 Through Modelling and Simulation Maja Atanasijević-Kunc1 and Jože Drinovec2 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering 2University of Maribor, Faculty for Medicine Slovenia 1. Introduction Modelling and simulation represent well established approaches when analyzing systems’ properties, their behaviour, predicting possible scenarios, or estimating potential results or responses when influencing the observed system (Cellier, 1991; Cassandras & Lafortune, 1999; Cellier & Kofman, 2006; D'Inverno & Luck, 2010). Such knowledge organization about a given problem can help in its presentation, understanding, explanation and it is also frequently used through system design (Matko et al., 1992). Modelling and model usage can be classified and/or chosen as methodology regarding different criteria which can in addition be interdependent due to important activities needed in such situations. Criteria can represent the way of data collecting, their form and degree of confidence, model structure and possibilities of model experimentations, the level of problem abstraction and its aggregation, the selection of time granulation, etc. One of the most important aspect (in spite of the fact that it is often not mentioned) which has to be taken into account, is also the goal of modelling which should lead the designer through the whole procedure of model development, its interpretation and experimentation. The last two facts are very important also for the user of developed model. This is perhaps also one of important
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