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Caring for Your Senior Dog Preventative Healthcare In CARING FOR YOUR SENIOR DOG Ageing happens to us all, including our pets. As we all get older there are certain health conditions that are more likely to occur and also steps we can all take to look after ourselves to ensure a good quality of life. The same is true for our pets - this information pack covers some of the changes that are more likely to occur in our dogs as they get older and what can be done to keep them as healthy and happy as possible for as long as possible. DEFINITION OF SENIOR/GERIATRIC Generally we define a “geriatric” dog as one who has reached the last quarter of their life expectancy. As with humans, lifespan varies considerably amongst different dogs, but generally we find that small breed dogs are more likely to live longer than large and giant breed dogs. Therefore, as a rule of thumb we would define a geriatric dog in the following ways: A small breed dog (e.g. a Terrier), less than 10kg weight, over 12 years of age. A medium breed dog (e.g. a Springer Spaniel/Collie), 10-20kg weight, over 10 years of age. A large breed dog (e.g. a Labrador/Dalmatian), 20-40kg weight, over 8 years of age. A giant breed dog (e.g. a Mastiff/Great Dane/Irish Wolfhound), over 40kg in weight, over 6 years of age. We would generally consider geriatric dogs to require special care, and to be at increased risk of certain diseases, as described below. PREVENTATIVE HEALTHCARE IN OLDER DOGS VACCINATIONS There are certainly many diseases that are more likely to affect older dogs. Ideally we should do as much as possible to help keep our dogs as healthy as possible to prevent disease. We would recommend that dogs continue to have a health check every 6-12 months and vaccinations where necessary. Some vaccinations will give cover for at least 3 years; these being Distemper, Parvovirus, Infectious Canine Hepatitis and Rabies (rabies vaccination is only required if travelling abroad). There are other vaccinations that should be given yearly, even into old age: Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that is spread by rodents (especially wild rats) and other dogs. It causes liver disease, kidney disease and can lead to spontaneous bleeding. Because older dogs may have compromised liver and kidney function then Leptospirosis can be even more dangerous in these patients. There are numerous strains and we can vaccinate against the four most common of these. The vaccination will only provide one year of cover and should be repeated annually. Kennel cough - is caused by a bacteria (Bordetella) and sometimes by a virus (Parainfluenza). In young dogs it causes whooping cough-like symptoms which, although very unpleasant, are rarely life- threatening. In older patients it can lead to pneumonia and chronic respiratory disease, which can be life-threatening. There is a kennel cough vaccination, which is given as a small quantity of liquid that is applied into the nose of your dog. As the strains of kennel cough are always changing (as with flu in humans) and because the immunity wanes fairly quickly then we would recommend all dogs to be vaccinated yearly for this disease, especially in old age. REGULAR CHECK-UPS Dogs age substantially quicker than humans do (one dog year roughly equates to seven human years). While a human may be a “geriatric” for 20 or more years most dogs will remain geriatric for only a few years. Because of this we would recommend that geriatric dogs have a health check regularly, ideally at least every 6 months, to ensure they are getting the best care. A six-monthly check up in a dog can equate to a three-yearly check up in a human, i.e. a lot can happen during that time. BLOOD AND URINE SAMPLES These can be recommended if there are unusual symptoms (increased thirst/urination, going off food, coughing, sneezing etc.) or if a dog is on long term medication. However, they can also be used to screen for disease. Early diagnosis and treatment of disease can reduce its severity and maximise chances of good recovery or control. Urine samples can usually be obtained at home with a bit of practice and can tell us a lot about kidney function, blood pressure, infection status and can even diagnose diabetes. There is a good argument to analyse a urine sample at least once a year in a geriatric dog. The cost of processing a urine sample is £8- £16 depending on what tests are done. Blood samples can be taken fairly easily in most dogs. A needle is placed into one of the veins, most commonly in one of the forelimbs or the neck. Taking a blood sample is no more uncomfortable than giving an injection or vaccination, and can be done within a few minutes. Blood tests can tell us a lot about the function of the body’s organs e.g. digestive organs, kidneys, heart, lungs etc. Blood samples may be recommended for a number of reasons, e.g. before starting medication, when there are symptoms of illness, when taking long-term medication or to screen for liver/kidney disease. The costs of blood tests can vary depending on what specifically we are looking for, your vet will advise you of the costs of any tests done. FLEA AND WORM TREATMENT Older dogs are just as predisposed to getting these parasites as younger dogs. We recommend the same prevention of these for older dogs as for younger dogs i.e.: A multi-wormer (protects against roundworms, tapeworms and lungworms) every THREE months, “Milbemax®” (controls lungworm) or “Drontal®” (does not control lungworm) are most commonly used. Regular flea treatment - this depends on how long each product lasts. Most spot-on flea treatments last 1-2 months and veterinary-grade tablets last 1-3 months. EXERCISE We assume that as we and our dogs get older that our exercise needs to decrease. Actually many older dogs (and people) can keep up with younger individuals and so there is often no reason to limit your dog as they get older. Regular exercise is essential to help keep the joints mobile, prevent weight gain, strengthen muscles and maintain a good quality of life. “Slowing down” can often be attributed to old age, but in many cases a reduction in exercise tolerance can often be a sign of diseases such as osteoarthritis, heart disease, senility, reduced muscle fitness or weight gain. As these are fairly common in older age your dog’s ability to exercise may reduce and the amount of exercise given should be proportional with what your dog can physically cope with. Speak to your vet or nurse for specific recommendations for your dog. DIET The nutritional needs of your dog change significantly as they get older. Lean body weight usually reduces with age, as does metabolic rate and body temperature, whereas body fat often increases. Energy requirements, therefore, in a senior dog are often about 12% lower compared to a younger adult. However, in late old age many dogs lose weight so may require substantially more calories. Foods should be slightly restricted in salt and phosphorus to help prevent kidney deterioration and high blood pressure. Protein intake should be slightly restricted, and ideally protein fed should be high “quality” (i.e. meat and fish derived). Because dental disease and constipation are more common in old age then foods with increased fibre and with dental hygiene attributes are increasingly suitable. Many dog food manufacturers develop their own senior foods which follow these rough guidelines. Speak to your vet or nurse about options. ANAESTHESIA Advances in anaesthesia means that anaesthetics are safer now than they have ever been. However, anaesthetics are slightly more risky in older patients, as they are more likely to be affected by cardiovascular, liver and kidney disease. The liver and kidneys are important in processing anaesthetic medication, and so dysfunction in these organs can lead to build up of the medications. As many anaesthetics can depress the heart and reduce blood pressure older patients can be more at risk of adverse effects during an anaesthetic. At Oakham Veterinary Hospital we will use this information to alter the medications we use to try and minimise the risk in an older patient. We may recommend a blood test to check for organ dysfunction and use techniques to help to support blood pressure (e.g. with intra-venous fluid therapy). COMMON DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH OLD AGE ARTHRITIS (OSTEOARTHRITIS) This is the inflammation of a joint. It could be due to a reaction to infection, irritation or trauma. The most common clinical sings of it are: redness, swelling, warmth and pain. One of the most common forms of arthritis is called osteoarthritis (“OA”) and this is a degenerative process occurring within the joint. It is caused for a variety of reasons such as other joint problem: the joint not growing properly early in life (called “dysplasia”) or by trauma to the joint; which can include wear and tear as we get older. It is incurable without joint replacement but can be well managed. The symptoms include stiffness after rest, lameness - usually after particularly vigorous exercise, reduced activity and behavioural changes. They may have muscle loss (atrophy) through reduced use or concurrent spinal disease, joint thickening/effusion and restricted joint movement. These signs can be caused by other conditions and may require completely different treatment and so the diagnosis can’t be made on symptoms and signs alone. Definitive diagnosis is by veterinary examination, x-rays and in some cases joint fluid analysis.
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