Within the Ross Sea, the greatest diversity of bra- 5% and the total carbohydrate about 1%. In the chiopods occurs on the seaward edge of the shelf. This temperate sea stars, the protein level for the body wall diversity is believed due to an ecotone effect caused h varied from 9.7% of the dry weight in Astropecten the junction of two different water masses at this californicus to 34.2% in Dermasterias imbricata and location. Significant associations (using the chi-square Pycno podia helianthoides. In most of the other test) between different occur in temperate sea stars, the values were closer to those in the Ross Sea only between Crania lecointei—Compso- Astropecten than to Dermasterias—e.g., in tliyri.c raco vitzae and Magellania fragilis—Macan- ochraceus, the common ochre star, 14.1%; Pisaster drezia vanhoffeni. I believe these species occur to- giganteus, 18.6% ; Pisaster brevispinus, 13.5% ; and gether commonly onl y because of quite different Patina miniata, the common sea bat, 12.8%. Only in feeding behavior. Orthasterias kohieri do the values approximate those My studies have clearly shown that are in Dermasterias and Pycnopodia (22.2%). In the a significant and abundant element of the marine body wall of most of these species, the lipid level per benthos in the southern oceans. The large number of unit dry weight was much lower than in the antarctic specimens available in this study has permitted close stars—around 2%, reaching 4.3% in Pycno podia. examination of species structure and its relationship The carbohydrate level (in this case, glycogen-like to svstematics in various brachiopod species. material) was always less than 1%, and usually about half that amount. Reference Measurements of the oxygen consumption of these Campbell, K. S. W. 1965. Australian Permian terebratu- antarctic sea stars were planned for bids. Bureau of Mineral Resources. Geology and Geo- Eltanin Cruise 38, physics Bulletin no. 68. 113 p. but the ship never reached the area of the continental shelf where the species are found, and none wer caught. The oxygen consumption of the body wall of the General Physiology following six temperate sea stars was determined with of the Body Wall Warburg respirometry: , Patina miniata, Pycno podia helianthoides, Dermasterias im- with Special Reference to bricata, Ortliasterias kohieri, and Astropecten califor- Asteroids and Echinoids nicus. It ranged from 15 to 35 pd/gram wet weight/ hour, the rate for being the highest and ARTHUR C. GIESE Pycno podia that for Patina and Astropecten the lowest. However, Department of Biological Sciences on the basis of protein level, Astropecten has the Stanford University highest rate while Dermasterias has the lowest. The possible reason for the low oxygen consump- As earlier observations had suggested that the hod tion in the high-protein body wall of Dermasterias wall of the antarctic sea star Perknaster fuscus an tare- may be a result of much inert protein, possibly con- ticus had much more protein than that of the nective tissue. The construction of the body wall in temperate species Pisaster ochraceus and Patina mini- Dermasterias was therefore studied histologically and ata, a study of the biochemistry of the body walls of compared with that of Patina. Preliminary examina- antarctic and temperate-zone sea stars was initiated tion of the material indicates that Dermasterias has to determine whether this high protein level was char- much more connective tissue in the body wall than acteristic of antarctic species or whether it was a pe- Patina. culiarity of only one of the species examined by Oxygen consumption compared for Patina (low chance. Conversely, it was desirable to sample other protein) and Dermastenias (high protein) on the basis temperate sea stars to determine whether some might of DNA level of the body wall proved to he quite not have a high protein level in the body wall com- similar, much more so than on the basis of protein parable to that in Perknaster. It was of interest also to level. If DNA is taken to measure the cell content of determine the oxygen consumption rate for both the tissue, this finding suggests that the oxygen con- temperate and antarctic sea stars as a measure of the sulmmption of the body wall is related to the number of metabolic acitivity of the body wall. cells present, not the protein, much of which is extra- These objectives have been fulfilled in part. It was cellular in the high-protein type of body wall. found that the high protein level (38.3% of the dry It is conjectured that, on the basis of Protein level, weight) of Perknaster was unusual among antarctic the body wall of a sea star like Perknastcr with high sea stars: in Diplasterias brucei it was found to be protein level would probably have a lower oxygen 29.7%; in Cuenotaster involutus, 31.1%; and in consumption than a star like Odontaster with consid- Odontaster validus, 21.7 47c. In the body wall of all of erably lower protein level, but that on the basis of these sea stars, the lipid levels were found to be about DNA level, they would be similar.

192 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL In conclusion, it appears that the antarctic sea stars publication. Preserved samples from the ice have been are variable with respect to protein level in the body scnt to Dr. G. Hasle at Texas A&M University for wall, but so are temperate forms. The antarctic spe taxonomic study. cies appear to store slightly more nutrient than the Contribution No. 1095, Institute of Marine and Atmos- temperate stars. Sea stars with much connective tissue pheric Sciences, University of Miami. in the body wall have a lower oxygen consumption References per unit protein level than do those with little connec- tive tissue. The oxygen consumption of the body wall Bunt, J . S. and C. C. Lee. 1969. Observations Within and Beneath Antarctic Sea Ice in McMurdo Sound and the is similar in sea stars with and without much connec- Weddell Sea, 1967-1968. University of Miami. Institute tive tissue in the wall when measured on the basis of of Marine Sciences, Report 69-1. the DNA levels in the body wall. Bunt, J. S. and C. C. Lee. Seasonal primary production within antarctic sea ice. Submitted to the Journal of Ma- rine Research. Microbiology of Sea Ice JOHN BUNT Ecological Studies of Institute of Marine Sciences Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton University of Miami SAvED Z. EL-SAvED During 1968, the analysis of field data and mate- Department of Oceanography rials collected at McMurdo Sound during 1967 and in Texas A&M University the Weddell Sea during IWSOE-1968 was com- pleted. The raw data on hydrology, intensity and Folio 10 of the Antarctic Map Folio Series, pub- spectral composition of submarine radiation, and pa- lished recently by the American Geographical Society. rameters relating to the microalgal flora of the sea ice summarizes our present knowledge of marine plant were assembled in a technical report issued by the life in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In this Folio, Institute of Marine Sciences (Bunt and Lee, 1969). A the author discusses the distribution and abundancc manuscript concerned largely with the reliability of of the phytoplankton standing crop (in terms of chlo- C 14-uptake measurements in the laboratory as a rophyll a) and primary productivity (in terms of C14 means of predicting ultimate yields of cell carbon in uptake), on the basis of collections made at different the sea ice has been submitted for publication (Bunt depths during 18 cruises in the Atlantc and Pacific and Lee, submitted). The account also provides the sectors of the southern oceans. Seasonal and year-to- first documentation of the development of the ice mi- year variations in productivity parameters art also croflora onwards from midwinter. discussed, and data are presented on the concentra- In the course of the field programs, algal and pro- tions of nutrient salts (phosphates, silicates, nitrates. tozoan enrichment cultures were established, and a and nitrites) and particulate and dissolved organic great deal of effort since then has been expended on carbon. Contributions to the Folio by other authors the separation of pure cultures for more detailed include texts and plates showing the circumpolar dis- studs. The success of this endeavor may be measured tribution of selected species of diatoms (G. Hasle by the fact that we now have in unialgal and, in some and clinoflagellates (E. Balech). Ecology and distri- cases, axenic conditions, several green flagellates. bution of benthic marine algae arc discussed by M two chrysomonads, one cryptomonad, and a number Neushul and J . S. Zaneveld. of diatoms including one centric form. Some of this Since publication of Folio 10, additional data have material has been made available for studies of tax- been compiled on phvtoplankton dynamics in the onomy and ultrastructure to Dr. R. 0. Fournier of region south of Australia and New Zealand during Dalhousie University. In addition, an elucidation of Eltanin Cruises 35, 36, and 38. Of special intercsl gross food needs has added to the collection one during Cruise 38 was the success in measuring the ameba, some colorless microflagellates, and several photosynthetic activities of phvtoplankton by means ciliates. One of these organisms has been used for of in situ experiments (using C 1 as a tracer) at all comparative studies of temperature requirements for the stations occupied in the antarctic, subantarctic, growth, demonstrating marked psychrophily and ina- and convergence regions (see photograph). Thesc bility of the organisms to survive at temperatures productivity experiments were conducted simulta- above 10°C. A detailed account, supported by a com- neouslv with "simulated in situ" experiments using a panion document dealing with the taxonom y of the deck incubator. Also of special significance on Cruise ciliates including one new recognized and de- 38 were studies of the da y-to-day variability in phyto- scribed by Dr. T. Fenchel, has been prepared for standing crop, primary production, dissolved

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