Musical Forces in Claude Vivier's Wo Bist Du Licht!
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Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-30-2016 12:00 AM Musical Forces in Claude Vivier’s Wo bist du Licht! and Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire Emilie L. Marshall The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Catherine Nolan The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Music A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Emilie L. Marshall 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Musicology Commons, and the Music Theory Commons Recommended Citation Marshall, Emilie L., "Musical Forces in Claude Vivier’s Wo bist du Licht! and Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4244. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4244 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Claude Vivier’s (1947–1983) idiosyncratic and moving composition style often evades traditional, pitch-centred approaches to music-theoretical analysis; however, the somatic and sensual qualities of his style encourage a metaphorical appreciation of his music. This study analyses Wo bist du Licht! (1981) and the first two airs from Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire (1982), which both feature his technique sinusoïdale, from the perspective of conceptual metaphor and musical forces. At the centre of this study are the dominant conceptual metaphors that linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson identify as being integral to our understanding of time, and which music theorist Arnie Cox demonstrates also underlie our concept of motion and change in music. My approach builds on Steve Larson’s theory of musical forces, which qualifies the musical motion metaphor by invoking musical analogues to gravity, magnetism, and inertia. These, Larson demonstrates, operate in a predictable way in tonal music. The post-tonal context of Vivier’s music requires modification of Larson’s approach. To this end, I incorporate concepts borrowed from Robert Hatten and Matthew BaileyShea. From Hatten, I borrow the notion of a musical agent, and analogues to friction and momentum, only I qualify musical momentum as a combined perception of musical mass (manifested as register, density, and texture) and velocity (manifested as tempo). From BaileyShea, I borrow the concept of water and wind as non-sentient, unpredictable environmental forces. The wave and wind metaphors are particularly adept at conveying the changes in texture and intensity that the technique sinusoïdale affords. Because they complement force metaphors, I also include energy and other embodied, non-motion metaphors (e.g., kinetic/potential energy, pressure, timbre). Although not forces-based, timbre metaphors have corporeal connotations that are helpful in converying the changing mental states suggested in the second air of Trois airs. These metaphors rely on our intuitive understanding of motion and embodied experience to convey musical change. They enable us to discuss more phenomenological, abstract i ii musical attributes by drawing on a familiar vocabulary rooted in sensorimotor experience. This approach resonates particularly well with the sensual nature of Vivier’s music. Keywords Claude Vivier, Wo bist du Licht!, Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire, musical forces, conceptual metaphor, spectra, musical embodiment, temporal metaphor, musical agency, forces, virtual environmental forces, combination-tone classes, timbre, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. iii Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank my caring supervisor, Dr. Catherine Nolan, for her gentle guidance over the years. Your insightful comments, prompt response to emails, and revisions of drafts have been invaluable. I greatly appreciate the understanding, encouragement, and patience you have shown me. A special thank you to my second reader, Dr. Peter Franck, for his thoughtful suggestions and attention to detail. Dr. Nolan and Dr. Franck, your contributions have immeasurably improved this thesis. I also wish to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council in the form of a doctoral fellowship and the University of Western Ontario’s Graduate Research Scholarship. Thank you to Thérèse Desjardins, president of the Fondation Vivier for permission to include Vivier’s sketch material in this study. Derek Horemans, your help with the Sibelius transcriptions has been invaluable. Claire Wilkins your assistance with formatting issues has been most appreciated! To my friends at Western, I treasure the laughs we’ve shared. How fortunate we were to have had such a good group dynamic. No one could ask for better office mates than Emilie Lahaie and Lauren Cooke. Gretta Sayers and Nancy Murphy, even though we’re dispersed across the continent now, know that our ongoing online chats have been, and continue to be, an immense support. Lisa Bing, Jada Watson, Corinna Kroeger, and Christine-Anne Roy, your friendship over the many years I deeply value. Lastly, to my wonderful family (mom Claudette, dad Keith, Michèle, Eric, David, Janelle, uncle Guy, and uncle Marc), without whose encouragement, love, and support I would not have succeeded. Finally, Carolyn and Uncle Michel, if it weren’t for you, I would never have finished! I am forever grateful for your help in getting me back on track, and more importantly, helping me stay on track. iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Keywords ............................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi List of Appendices .............................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Introduction to Claude Vivier and an Embodied, Metaphoric Approach ......... 1 1.1 Biography ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Review of the Literature .......................................................................................... 9 1.3 Stockhausen ........................................................................................................... 19 1.4 French Spectralism ................................................................................................. 23 1.5 Basic Acoustic Concepts ........................................................................................ 25 1.6 Generation of Vivier’s Spectra .............................................................................. 32 1.7 Overview of the Present Study ............................................................................... 43 Chapter 2: Temporal and Musical Motion ........................................................................ 46 2.1 Conceptual Metaphor and Cross-Domain Mapping .............................................. 47 2.2 Musical Motion ...................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 3: Analytical Approaches to Vivier’s Music ....................................................... 72 3.1 Steve Larson’s Theory of Musical Forces ............................................................. 73 3.2 Application of Force (and Embodied) Metaphors to Non-Tonal Contexts ............ 82 Chapter 4: Wo bist du Licht! ............................................................................................. 94 4.1 General Form ......................................................................................................... 96 4.2 Spectral Content ................................................................................................... 102 v 4.3 Section A, 1 to 4 .................................................................................................. 111 4.4 Section C .............................................................................................................. 121 4.5 Final Thought ....................................................................................................... 140 Chapter 5: Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire ............................................................. 144 5.1 The First air, 1 to 17 ............................................................................................ 149 5.2 The Second air ..................................................................................................... 179 5.3 Narrative of Sonic Purification and Life Cycle in the Second air ....................... 194 5.4 Final Thought ....................................................................................................... 198 Chapter 6: Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 199 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................