Kubánská Krajina V Tvorbě Leo Brouwera

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Kubánská Krajina V Tvorbě Leo Brouwera JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra strunných nástrojů Studijní obor kytara Kubánská krajina v tvorbě Leo Brouwera Diplomová práce Autor práce: BcA. Martin Lindtner Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Vladislav Bláha ArtD. Oponent práce: prof. Martin Mysliveček Brno 2011 Bibliografický záznam LINDTNER, Martin. Kubánská krajina v tvorbě Leo Brouwera Cuban Landscape in Works of Leo Brouwer. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra strunných nástrojů, 2011. 69 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce doc. Mgr. Vladislav Bláha ArtD. Anotace Diplomová práce „Kubánská krajina v tvorbě Leo Brouwera“ je věnována sérii kompozic Paisaje cubano (Kubánská krajina) kubánského skladatele Leo Brouwera. Série Paisaje Cubano obsahující sedm skladeb různého obsazení spadá do Brouwerova třetího kompozičního období. To bývá označováno pojmem „New Simplicity“. Je závěrečnou etapou Brouwerovy tvorby a bývá charakterizováno jako fůze předešlého vývoje obohacená o nové kompoziční prvky. Práce si klade za cíl hlubší porozumění zmíněným skladbám. A to jak po stránce kompoziční, tak po stránce interpretační. Vychozím předpokladem práce je teze, ţe umělecké dílo nelze plnohodnotně analyzovat a tudíţ pochopit izolovaně, aniţ bychom se blíţe seznámili s jeho tvůrcem a v tomto konkrétním případě také s předchozím vývojem jeho tvorby. Z toho důvodu první část práce pojednává obecně o ţivotu a díle skladatele. Tím jsou poloţeny základy pro druhou stěţejní část práce. Ta se jiţ věnuje samotné sérii Paisaje cubano. Obsahuje podrobné analýzy dvou skladeb série: Paisaje cubano con lluvia (Kubánská krajina s deštěm) a Paisaje cubano con campanas (Kubánská krajina se zvony). Všechna díla vynikají obdivuhodným zpracováním jejich mimohudebního programu. Toho se podařilo skladateli dosáhnout zejména nápaditou prací se zvukovými moţnostmi kytary, nástroje, jemuţ je převáţná část skladeb série věnována. Z kompozičních stylů se Brouwer nejčastěji obrací k minimalizmu, který má v jeho pojeti intimní a meditativní charakter. Annotation Diploma thesis „Cuban Landscape in Works of Leo Brouwer“ deals with series of compositions called Paisaje Cubano (Cuban Landscape). They are written by cuban composer Leo Brouwer. The series Paisaje Cubano involves seven pieces for different instruments or ensembles. They were composed in the third period of 1 Brouwer’s compositional developement, which is called „New Simplicity“. This closing period of Brouwer’s output is characterized as fusion of previous progress enriched of new compositional elements. The goal of this thesis is deeper insight, both in terms of compositional and interpretative, into the formentioned compositions. The underlying assumption of the thesis is assertion that we can not adequately analyze and thus understand any work, without previous acquaintance with his creator and in this case also with developement of Brouwer’s compositional progress. Therefore, the first chapter depict Brouwer’s life and output in general. This chapter create backround for second central part of the thesis.This part deals with the Series Paisaje Cubano itself. It contains detailed analysis of two compositions: Paisaje cubano con lluvia (Cuban Landscape with Rain) and Paisaje cubano con campanas (Cuban Landscape with Carrilons). All works of the Series Paisaje cubano are great at proccesing their extra- musical program. It was achieved through creative work with sonoristic possibilities of guitar, the intrument, for whom is written most of these compositions. According to compositional styles was Brouwer most inspired by minimalism in the Series. His concept of minimalism is intimate and meditative. Klíčová slova Leo Brouwer, Paisaje cubano, kytara, analýza, minimalizmus, New Simplicity Key words Leo Brouwer, Paisaje cubano, guitar, analysis, minimalism, New Simplicity 2 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval samostatně a pouţil jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. Současně dávám svolení k tomu, aby tato diplomová práce byla umístěna v Knihovně JAMU a pouţívána ke studijním účelům. V Brně dne 3. května 2011 Martin Lindtner 3 Obsah: Úvod ............................................................................................................................. 5 1. Leo Brouwer – ke kořenům...................................................................................... 7 1.1 Leo Brouwer – ţivot........................................................................................... 7 1.2 Leo Brouwer – dílo .......................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Vlivy a kořeny ........................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Hudební řeč a ideje.................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 Kompoziční vývoj ..................................................................................... 21 1. období – rané (1955 – 1962) ...................................................................... 22 2. období – avantgardní (1962 – 70. léta) ...................................................... 23 3. období – „New Simplicity“ (80. léta - ) ..................................................... 25 2. Série Paisaje Cubano .............................................................................................. 32 2.1 Paisaje cubano con lluvia – Kubánská krajina s deštěm (1984) ...................... 36 2.1.1 Úvod .......................................................................................................... 36 2.1.2 Analýza skladby ........................................................................................ 38 2.1.3 Příspěvek k interpretaci ............................................................................. 44 2.1.4 Shrnutí ....................................................................................................... 48 2.2 Paisaje cubano con campanas – Kubánská krajina a zvony (1986) ................. 49 2.2.1 Úvod .......................................................................................................... 49 2.2.2 Analýza skladby ........................................................................................ 51 2.2.3 Příspěvek k interpretaci ............................................................................. 58 2.2.4 Shrnutí ....................................................................................................... 62 Závěr .......................................................................................................................... 64 Literatura .................................................................................................................... 66 4 Úvod Práce, která se Vám právě dostala do rukou, nese název Kubánská krajina v tvorbě Leo Brouwera. Je věnována sérii skladeb kubánského skladatele Leo Brouwera, jejichţ název začíná souslovím Paisaje cubano (Kubánská krajina). Práce je rozdělena do dvou kapitol. Přestoţe hlavním cílem nebylo udělat přehledovou práci, ve které by se čtenář dověděl základní informace o Brouwerově ţivotě a díle, je právě první kapitola věnována tomuto druhu informací. Její název zní Leo Brouwer-ke kořenům. První kapitola vytváří určité zázemí, které má čtenáři pomoci nahlédnout do Brouwerova světa v dostatečné míře, aby mohl následně hlouběji porozumět i samotným skladbám série Paisaje cubano. Jakékoli umělecké dílo totiţ nelze analyzovat izolovaně bez toho, aniţ bychom porozuměli myšlenkovému světu jeho tvůrce, coţ v posledních dvou stoletích platí obzvlášť. Druhá kapitola je věnována jiţ samotné sérii Paisaje cubano. Ta zahrnuje sedm skladeb různého obsazení. Stěţejním však zůstává Brouwerův výsostný nástroj kytara ať v komorním, či sólovém provedení. Rozsah práce neumoţňuje věnovat se všem skladbám ve stejném rozsahu. Proto jsme pro obšírnější analýzu vybrali pouze dva reprezentativní kusy: Paisaje cubano con lluvia pro kytarové kvarteto a Paisaje cubano con campanas pro kytaru sólo. U kaţdé z obou analyzovaných kompozic můţe čtenář po stručném úvodu věnovanému základním informacím očekávat jak podrobný rozbor díla samotného, tak několik intepretačních doporučení. O ostatních skladbách práce pojednává spíše okrajově. Všechny díla vynikají mistrným zpracováním mimohudebního programu, který je nastíněn jiţ v samotných názvech skladeb. V podstatě je vţdy dvojí. Jednak je céla série inspirována kubánskou krajinou (odtud také název práce), které Brouwer rozumí mnohem šířeji neţ pouze jako kubánské přírodě. Kubánskou krajinu v jeho pojetí utváří téměř vše, s čím se člověk v této zemi setkává: počínaje zmíněnou přírodou, přes historii, kulturu, umění aţ k lidem samotným. Mimo to má kaţdá skladba ještě další specifický program, který se ve většině případů rovněţ vztahuje k Brouwerově rodné zemi. Téma práce jsem zvolil, protoţe některé skladby série Paisaje cubano jsou součástí mého repertoáru (ať sólového nebo s Brněnským kytarovým kvaretem) jiţ řadu let a pořád neztrácejí nic ze své prvotní přitaţlivost, spíše naopak. Staly se pro 5 mě doslova „evergreenem“ v pozitivním slova smyslu. Díky tomu jsem se rozhodl podělit se s vámi o radost, poznatky i zkušenosti, které jsem načerpal při studiu těchto děl. 6 1. Leo Brouwer – ke kořenům První kapitola práce je nazvána „Leo Brouwer – ke kořenům“. To si zaslouţí krátké vysvětlení. Stěţejní náplní této práce je analýza série skladeb Paisaje cubano (Kubánská krajina). Tyto skladby byly zkomponovány ve třetím a zatím posledním vývojovém období Brouwerovy
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