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The Effects of Kinesio Taping on Posture in Violinists Abigail Simmonds Department of Applied Human Sc iences University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PE, Canada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Honours Program in the Department of Appl ied Human Sciences This Thesis is Accepted Dean of Science Uni versity of Prince Ed\vard Island May 20 19 II PERMISSION TO USE HONOURS PAPER Title of paper: The Impact of Kinesio Tape on Posture in Violinists Name of Author: Abigail Simmonds Department: Applied Human Sciences Degree: Kinesiology Year: 4th Name of Supervisor(s): Dr. Rebecca Reed-Jones In presenting this paper in pai1ial fulfillment of the requirements for an honours degree from the University of Prince Edward lsland, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely ava il able for inspection and give permi ssion to add an electronic version of the honours paper to the Digital Repository at the University of Prince Edward Island. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this paper for scholarl y purposes may be granted by the professors who supervised my work, or, in their absence, by the Chai r of the Depa11ment or the Dean of the Faculty in which my paper was done. Jt is understood any copying or pub Ii cation or use of this paper or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be all owed without my written permi ssion. It is also understood that due recogniti on shall be given to me and to the University of Prince Edward Island in any schol arly use which may be made of any material in my paper. Signature [of author]: Address [Department]: Applied Humans Sciences, Universi ty of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Aven ue, Charl ottetown, PEJ, Canada, C l A 4P3 Date: April I lt11, 2019 111 Abstract The prevalence of pl aying-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in musicians is high, negatively impacting many of their careers. One of the main risk factors for developing a PRMD is poor posture, yet few interventions consistently address postural problems in musicians. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Kinesio Tape (KT) as an intervention for correcting excessive neck flexion in amateur violinists. Three violinists wore KT on the back of the neck for the duration of one week. Using Dartfish software, videos taken before, during, and three weeks after taping were analyzed for changes in neck and spine angles. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) was used to assess occupation ri sk throughout the intervention. After one week of wearing KT, the neck flexion angles of the violinists decreased 8 to 9 degrees, reducing their overall occupational risk in RULA. During the th ree-week follow-up, neck flexion angles increased, falling halfway between pre-taping and one-week taping measurements. Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were not consistently affected over the course of the study. KT had a visible impact on the neck flex ion angles of the violini sts, lowering their occupation risk. Although more rigorous research designs are needed in this area, these findings suggest that KT could be used as a tool to aid musicians in changing poor posture, thus decreasing their risk of PRMDs. IV Acknowledgments I would like to thank my wonderful supervisor Dr. Rebecca Reed-Jones who made this experience even better than Ergonomics. You inspire me in every conversation. Thank you, Dr. Mike Maclellan, for all your encouragement, advice, hard questions, and for laughing. Thank you, Tyler, for helping me find my way around the lab and for your constant enthusiasm. Thank you to all the other members of the Department of Applied Human Sciences, who contributed in many ways, big and small, to helping me complete this project. Thank you to the team - Jen, Julie, Kevin, and Marcellus. Your energy, thoughtful suggestions, and stimulating conversation were one of the main reasons the year has been so fun . And lastly, thank you to my family - for the countless cups of tea you brought me, for always supporting me, loving me, and giving me hugs. v Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................. ... vi List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. I The Prevalence of PRMDs in Musicians .................................... ........... ......................... 2 The hnpact of Injury ........................................................... ............................................ 3 Mechanisms of Injury in Musicians .............................................................................. .. 3 Dynan1ic Mechanisms ................................................................................................. 4 Static Mechanisrns ....................................................................................................... 4 Preventati ve Measures ... .............................. .................................................................... 9 Kinesio Taping .......................................................................................................... l 0 Purpose ..................... ................ ..................................................................................... 12 METHODS ............. ........... ............................... ... ..... ........................ ................................ 13 Participants ....................................................................................... ........................... .. 13 Materials ....... ....................................... ....................... ....................................... ............ 13 Procedure ................................................................................................... .................... 13 Data Analysis .. ..... .. ... ........................................................ ... .. .. ..... ................................ 15 RES ULTS .......................................................................................................... ............... 17 Angle Changes in the Neck and Spine ...................................................................... .... 17 RULA Scores ... ........................................................................................................ ..... 17 Pain Assessments and Comments .... ............................................................................. 21 Li 111 itations .......... ... ............................................................................... ........................ 28 Future research .............................................................................................................. 29 CONCLUS ION ....... .......................................................................................................... 30 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 31 Appendix A ....................................................................................................................... 34 Appendix B ........................ ............................................................................................... 35 Appendix C ........ ................................................ .................. .. ................................ .... ....... 36 vi List of Figures Figure I: Relationship between static work, repetitive work, and health risk .................... 5 Figure 2: KT neck placement ........... ............... .... .. ............................................................ I 6 Figure 3: Neck flexion angles of violi nists before, during, and after taping .................... 18 Figure 4: Thoracic kyphosis of viol inists before, during, and after taping ....................... 19 Figure 5: Lumbar lordosis of violinists before, during, and after taping ......................... 20 Figure 6. I: Participant I prior to tapi ng ............................................................................ 22 Figure 6.2 : Participant I after week of taping ................................................................... 22 Figure 6.3: Participant I at three-week fo llow-up ... ......................................................... 22 Figure 7.1: Participant 2 prior to taping ............................................................................ 23 Figure 7.2: Participant 2 after week of tap ing ................................................................... 23 Figure 7.3: Participant 2 at three-week fo llow-up ............................................................ 23 Figure 8.1: Participant 3 prior to taping ............................................................................ 24 Figure 8.2: Participant 3 after week of taping ................................................................... 24 Figure 8.3: Participant 3 at three-week fo ll ow-up ............................................................ 24 vii List of Abbreviations CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome KT Kinesio tape PRMD Playing related musculoskeletal disorder ROM Range of motion RULA Rapid Upper Limb Assessment: Employee Assessment Worksheet 1 INTRODUCTION The prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in musicians is high, indicating that playing an instrument may be second
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