Synthesis report of the ecological characterization of the marine areas of Enfeh peninsula, Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh cave in Lebanon
1 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA and those of the Lebanese Ministry of Environment.
Published by: RAC/SPA
Copyright: © 2015 - RAC/SPA
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
For bibliographic purposes, this volume may be cited as:
RAC/SPA - UNEP/MAP, 2012. Synthesis report of the ecological characterization of the marine areas of Enfeh peninsula, Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh cave in Lebanon. By Ramos-Esplá A.A., Bitar G., El-Shaer H., Forcada A., Limam A., Ocaña O, Sghaier Y.R., Khalaf G., Fakhri M., Tarek E. & Valle C. RAC/SPA-MedMPAnet Project, Tunis: 30 pages + annexes.
Layout: Tesnim AmrI, Asma KHERIJI and Zine El Abidine MAHJOUB.
Cover photo credit: Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER. Photos credits: Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ, Ghazi BITAR, Hany El SHAER, Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER, Aitor FORCADA, and Oscar OCAÑA.
This document has been elaborated within the framework of the Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of Mediterranean MPAs Creation and Management (MedMPAnet Project). For Lebanon, the project activities were outlined in close consultation with the Ministry of Environment (MoE)”.
The MedMPAnet Project is implemented in the framework of the UNEP/MAP-GEF MedPartnership, with the financial support of EC, AECID and FFEM. Synthesis report of the ecological characterization of the marine areas of Enfeh peninsula, Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh cave in Lebanon
Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of MPA creation and management Study required and financed by:
Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat B.P. 337 1080 Tunis Cedex – Tunisia
In charge of the study at RAC/SPA:
Atef LIMAM, MedMPAnet Project, RAC/SPA Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER, MedMPAnet Project, RAC/SPA
In charge of the study at the Ministry of Environment of Lebanon:
Lara SAMAHA, Head of the Department of Ecosystems (Lebanon)
Scientific and technical responsibles of the study:
Alfonso A. RAMOS ESPLÀ, Senior professor (benthic specialist), University of Alicante (Spain) Gaby KHALAF, Director of National Center for Marine Research (CNRS – Lebanon)
Other scientific participants in the mission:
Ghazi BITAR, Benthic specialist, Lebanese University (Lebanon) Milad FAKHRI, Researcher, National Center for Marine Research (CNRS – Lebanon) Elie TAREK, Research Assistant, National Center for Marine Research (CNRS – Lebanon) Hany EL SHAER, Marine expert, IUCN Mediterranean Centre (Málaga, Spain) Aitor FORCADA, Fish specialist, University of Alicante (Spain) Oscar OCAÑA, Benthic specialist, Maritime Museum of Ceuta (Spain) Carlos VALLE, Fish specialist, University of Alicante (Spain)
Reference of the study:
MoU Nº 05/MedMPAnet/2012 (RAC/SPA-CNRS–Lebanon) MoU Nº 06/MedMPAnet/2012 (RAC/SPA-University of Alicante) Table of contents
Foreword I. Summary of the Lebanon assignment (June 2012)...... 5 1. Introduction...... 7 2. Report on the assignment...... 9 2.1. Areas prospected ...... 9 2.2. Chronogram...... 10 2.3. Staff...... 10 2.4. Stations...... 10 2.5. Material and methods...... 11
II. Draft synthetic report of ecological characerisation with recommendations on the management outlines of the study areas...... 15 1. Introduction...... 17 2. Delimitation of the areas...... 19 3. Evaluation of the habitats...... 21 3.1. Biocenosis, associations and facies...... 21 3.2. Ecological evaluation of the habitats...... 23
4. Marine protected areas, zoning and management...... 25 4.1. Uses, impacts and/or threats...... 25 4.2. Evaluation of the zones ...... 25 4.3. Possible zoning ...... 26 4.4. Management measures ...... 27 5. Refferences...... 29 Annexes
3 Foreword
The present document is an intergral part of the MedMPAnet Project whose general objective is to enhance the effective conservation of regionally important coastal and marine biodiversity features, through the creation of an ecologically coherent MPA network in the Mediterranean region’, as required by the Barcelona Convention’s Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol). The MedMPAnet project is part of the MedPartnership GEF full size project “Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Sea Large Ecosystem” led by UNEP. It is implemented by the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA) with financial support of the European Commission (EC), the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation to Development (AECID) and the French Global Environment Facility (FFEM). The project activities aim at assisting the participating countries to implement the prioritized elements of the Strategic Action Programme for The Conservation of Biological Diversity (SAP BIO) in The Mediterranean Region (SAP-BIO) through the provision of a series of enabling activities at national, sub-regional and regional levels. With regards Lebanon, the project activities were outlined in consultation with the national authorities represented by the Ministry of State for Environment Affairs.
4 I. SUMMARY OF THE LEBANON ASSIGNMENT (June 2012) © RAC/SPA, Aitor FORCADA 1. INTRODUCTION
The Barcelona Convention and its Protocol on Specially enabling the effects of those protection and management Protected Areas and Biological Diversity (SPA/BD Protocol) strategies adopted to be judged. Thus, the assignment’s in the Mediterranean recommends giving the highest objectives were: priority to promoting the management of the marine • to explore the suggested areas (between 0 and 50 areas that are to be protected and to identifying sites that metres down), locating and generally mapping the contain fragile, threatened or rare habitats, in order to set habitats; up Marine Protected Areas to protect: • to craft an updated inventory of the biodiversity of • representative types of coastal and marine ecosystems, species and habitats, mainly targeting species with of a size that will guarantee their long-term viability and heritage value; conserve their biodiversity; • to characterize the habitats, mainly those that are to be • habitats that are endangered within their natural protected, and define their conservation status. area of distribution in the Mediterranean or that have a reduced natural distribution area as a result of This information will enable an Action Plan to be regression or because the area is itself is restricted; elaborated for the Enfeh-Ras Chekaa areas and the cliff- caves of Raoucheh. This Action Plan will include protection • habitats that are critical for the survival, reproduction measures (Marine Protected Areas, natural monuments), and restoration of threatened, endangered or endemic suggestions for the rational management of fisheries species of flora or fauna; (units, periods, areas and depths, fishing methods, • sites of particular importance because of their scientific, species), as well as an awareness and education strategy aesthetic, cultural or educational interest. for users of the marine and coastal area. This is the context of this MedMPAnet project, which is The study was done in June 2012 with extensive exploration part of the greater Med-GEF ‘Strategic Partnership for of the Enfeh and Ras Chekaa areas, followed by one-off the Greater Marine Ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea’ dives to identify habitats (also for Raoucheh). The present Partnership, commissioned by UNEP and carried out by report brings together data from the assignment with a the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas first ecological characterization of the area, and makes with the financial support of the European Commission recommendations for the possible development of the (EC), the Spanish International Cooperation Agency for sites being studied. Development (AECID), and the French World Environment Another aim is to collect as much information as possible Fund (FGEF). on the marine fauna and flora of these interesting parts The overall aim of the project is to protect important of Lebanon’s coast, especially about the exotic species biodiversity at national, Mediterranean and international that have successfully established themselves here, and to level and to promote economic development based on the press on with the inventorying of the biodiversity of this sustainable management of marine and coastal natural very special part of the Mediterranean. resources. Also, the aim is to spot the specific nature of the associations In this project, Lebanon is one of the beneficiary countries. and facies that are a feature of this sector and to show how After consultation with the Ministry of the Environment they differ from other parts of the Mediterranean. This and two visits to Lebanon (February and June 2011), a field obviously requires drawing our attention to the absence assignment (June 2012) was suggested, with the following of certain species and the presence of others, especially aims: on the Levantine coast, due to either natural causes (such as higher temperature and salinity) or to human-origin • speedy valorization of the marine natural habitats along causes (the Levantine basin’s communication with the Red the coast of the suggested areas (Enfeh, Chekaa and Sea via the Suez Canal, the discharge into the sea of waste Raoucheh), for better appraisal water and solid waste). • characterization of the ecology of threatened habitats Becoming aware of the particular forms of harm caused with recommendations for possible development. to the coastal environment by human activities (industry, To supplement and enrich knowledge of this important fishing, sewers, human frequentation, etc.) should help Mediterranean area, the project’s main aims are to towards reflection as to what can still be protected in a discover the distribution of the main marine habitats and natural state. set up tools for monitoring the state of heritage species,
7 © RAC/SPA, Oscar OCAÑA 2. REPORT ON THE ASSIGNMENT
2.1. Areas prospected
The prospected areas (Fig. 1) lie all around the Enfeh peninsula (between 0 and 47 meters down); along the Ras- Chekaa coast up to the port of Selaata (between 0 and 46 metres down); and the Raoucheh cave (0-4 meters down).
Figure 1. Location of the prospected areas (Maritime chart INT 3606-7255) 9 2.2. Chronogram
The assignment lasted eleven days (18 to 28 June 2012) as is shown in Table 1 The length of work was a 9- to 10-hour day, from 6.30 to 7 a.m. (leaving the hotel) until 5 to 6 p.m. (return to the hotel). Every day was a working day.
Table 1. Distribution of activities/day during the assignment
Activities/days 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (June 2012)
Work meetings X X Work area of Enfeh X X X Work area of Chekaa X X X X X X Work area of Raoucheh X
2.3. Staff
Seven research divers took part in the assignment (Table 2). For maximum efficiency of safety and time, the team was split up into two groups: coastal habitats (0-15 meters down) and deep water habitats (10-50 metres down).
Table 2. Affiliation and tasks of participants in the June 2012 assignment in Lebanon
Noun Organism Task
BITAR, Ghazi Lebanese University Benthos, habitats EL SHAER, Heni IUCN GIS, benthos FORCADA, Aitor University of Alicante fishs, cartography OCAÑA, Oscar L. Muséum Mer Ceuta Benthos, habitats RAMOS, Alfonso A. University of Alicante Benthos, habitats SGHAIER, Yassine R. RAC/SPA Benthos, habitats VALLE, Carlos University of Alicante fishs, cartography
We must mention the excellent collaboration of both the staff from the Lebanese National Centre for Marine Research (Gaby Kalaf, Milad Fakhri and Elie Tarek) for logistical and technical back-up, and the crew of the Lebanese CNRS oceanographic boat ‘Cana’, not forgetting the efficient help of the sailor, Toffic, who owns the traditional fishing boat ‘Abou Nassif’.
2.4. Stations
Forty stations were prospected (See Annex I): 15 in Enfeh, 23 in Chekaa and 2 in Raoucheh. According to sector, the depths were between 0 and 47 metres. Also, hydrological profiles were drawn on the oceanographic boat in the charge of Milad Fakhri (Table 3).
10 Table 3. Hydrology stations
Locality Date Latitude N Longitude E Depth
Front Chekaa 25.06.12 34º 18,849’ 35º 39,355’ 160m Front Chekaa « 34º 18,864’ 35º 39,632’ 60m Front Chekaa « 34º 18,873’ 35º 39,854’ 40m Front Chekaa 26.06.12 34º 19,099’ 35º 39,454’ 99m Front Chekaa « 34º 19,176’ 35º 39,733’ 65m Front Enfeh « 34º20,783’ 35º 43,044’ 22m Front Enfeh « 34º 20,867’ 35º 42,422’ 50m Front Beirut 27.06.12 33º 53,367’ 35º 27,469’ 47m Front Beirut « 33º 53,004’ 35º 28,116’ 28m
2.5. Material and methods
All the stations were prospected by aqualung diving, for the visual counting of fishes. except four stations where no aqualung was used. In all, The workplace was reached on board the oceanographic 82 dives were made, 9 of these without aqualung, which boat ‘Cana’ (Fig. 2). Once in the area, the researchers represents about 65 hours of work underwater. moved to the diving site using the inflatable dinghy of Each researcher brought his own diving material, GPS the oceanographic boat and the ‘Abou Nassif’ traditional and underwater camera; bottles, of 15 and 18 litres, and fishing boat belonging to the fisherman Toffic from sinkers were provided by the CNRM. Also, the University Batroun (Fig. 3). of Alicante provided a hydroplane and measuring tapes
© RAC/SPA, Hany EL SHAER
Figure 2. The CNRS oceanographic boat ‘Cana’
11 © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ Figure 3. The boats used for diving: Toffic’s traditional fishing boat (left) and the ‘Cana’ inflatable dinghy (right)
The methods of observation used differ according to type of dive and objective (mapping, characterization of habitats, fish counts). a) Mapping
The seabed was mapped using a hydroplane that allowed extensive exploration of the concerned area (Ramos- Esplá, 1984). It had a 100-meter rope and a 3-meter chain and was pulled by the inflatable dinghy (Fig. 4). Once the diver was on the bottom, he recorded on a plastic plate his observations as to the populations encountered. Aboard the inflatable, one person sailed the boat while two others noted position (using a GPS), depth (a hand- © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR held echo sounder), time check and the diver’s safety. The GPS data was downloaded later on a computer. Figure 4. a. Diver with hydroplane at the end of a transect
© RAC/SPA, Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER Figure 4. b. Hydroplane preparation and use 12 b) Observations and characterization of habitats Using one-off dives, and taking underwater photographs and noting down depth, type of seabed, fauna and flora on a plastic plate and polyester paper. A few species about which there were doubts were collected to be identified on board the boat. Each station was located using GPS. To characterize the Cymodocea nodosa lawn (fascicule density), 40 cm by 40 cm quadrants were marked off (Fig. 5). c) Visual fish counts Using dives to count fish is an excellent bioindicator to © RAC/SPA, Hany EL SHAER assess and make best use of the protection/exploitation effect (Bayle & Ramos, 1993). The methodology adopted Figure 5. Counting Cymodocea nodosa fascicules with a is standardised (Harmelin-Vivien et al., 1985). Indeed, 40 cm by 40 cm quadrant the dives are made at a given depth of between 0 and 15 meters (transects with measuring tape). The method (Fig. 6) involves using measuring tape to cover a distance (trajectories lying parallel to the coast) 50 meters long by 1 to 5 meters wide (according to visibility) and noting the species of fish encountered, the number of individuals of each species, roughly their size and the type/complexity of the seabed. Usually, the transects were of 200 sq.m. (50m x 4m) with six replicas per station.
© RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ Figure 6. Visual counting of fish per transect using a measuring tape
13 d) Processing the samples On board, the specimens collected were placed in bowls filled with seawater to be defined, observed using a low power stereo microscope, photographed (Fig. 7) and / or anaesthetised and set in 10% formalin in seawater for consideration and study in the laboratory. e) Hydrology To round off the information on the marine ecosystem, hydrological profiles were made on board the © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ oceanographic boat ‘Cana’ using a TCD (Fig. 8) and the water transparency was noted using a Secchi disk.
Figure 7. Photography aboard the oceanographic boat of the Lessepsian gastropod Murex forskoelii
© RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ Figure 8. Launching the TCD off the stern of the oceanographic boat ‘Cana’
14 II. DRAFT SYNTHETIC REPORT OF ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE MANAGEMENT OUTLINES OF THE STUDY AREAS 16
© RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ 1. INTRODUCTION
The present document has been prepared following the The expected outputs of the mission have been: schedule for implementation that signals the output of a • Rapid natural habitat assessment (phytobenthos and draft synthetic report of ecological characterization along zoobenthos) along all the coastal and marine parts of with recommendations on the management outlines of the concerned areas, for their better assessment. the study areas, in the “Technical fiche of the mission to be carried out in Lebanon in June 2012”. This report • Inventory of species (mainly, of patrimonial and fisheries represents the synthetic information about the mission interest), and mapping of benthic habitats. carried out in the Lebanon on 18-29 June 2012 about the • Ecological characterization, human impacts and previous littoral and sublittoral surveys (0-47m depth) as a previous evaluation of the zones, with recommendations of the part of the study of the Enfeh-Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh management outlines of the studied areas. as possible marine protected areas.
Figure 9. Studied area: (E) Enfeh (NE north, SE south); (E-C) sector between Enfeh and Ras Chekaa; (RC) Ras Chekaa (NRC north, CRC centre, SRC south). Image from Google-Earth
17 © RAC/SPA, Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER 2. DELIMITATION OF THE AREAS
In order to accomplish the study by a rational planning, and according to topographic and human pressure features, the prospected areas (Enfeh, Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh) have been divided in fourth zones (to north – south, Fig. 9): • Enfeh zone (E) • Enfeh-El Heri zone (E-C) • Ras-Chekaa zone (RC) • Raoucheh zone (Ra) a) Enfeh (Fig. 10)
Low rocky shore peninsula, with a fishery village located in © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ the southern part of the area and a small port at the north. Figure 10. North of the Enfeh peninsula The peninsula is covered with the remains of Phoenician historical settlements; and the area presents a relatively low tourism pressure with small-scale fisheries (trammels, traps). It has divided in two sectors (north and south). b) Sector between Enfeh and El Heri (Fig. 11) The coast is low rocky and sandy shore, with some small beaches. The zone is very populated (local and touristic inhabitants) with the Chekaa village. They are industrial (cement factory), commercial (cement harbour), touristic (bating, sunning, boating, small ports) and small-scale fishery (trammels, traps) activities. This zone is subject to a high hyper-sedimentation impact, located sewage points, and a shore construction pressure. © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ c) Ras Chekaa (Fig. 12) Figure 11. Sector between Enfeh and El Heri, with the The coast is mainly high rocky shore with cliffs, caves and cement factory (left) and touristic area (right) some creeks. The area is surrounded by an industrial zone (at the south) and a tourist resort (at the north), but it still has a high degree of wilderness in its both terrestrial and marine components. No permanent settlements are present in the zone, only the industrial (iron factory) and commercial (harbour) activities in the south sector, with the tourism activities (sportive harbour, apartment rents) in the north. They are small-scale fisheries (trammels, traps and net- traps) around the zone, mainly in the north sector. The main impact is the hyper-sedimentation coming from the Selaata harbour (mineral transport). The zone has been divided in three sectors: El Heri (north), Hannouch (centre) et Selaata (south). © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAMOS ESPLÀ Figure 12. North-west part of Ras-Chekaa
19 d) Raoucheh (Fig. 13) This site is located near the coast of Beirut City. It represents a high rocky shore with cliffs and caves, and a high human pressure (sewage, fishery, solid wastes). This area has a very high aesthetic and landscape value and it has been identified as priority site because the urgent need to protect it through the control of the discharge of sewerage and solid wastes and the regulation of access and anchoring of boats.
© RAC/SPA, Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER Figure 13. Raoucheh
20 3. EVALUATION OF THE HABITATS
RAC/SPA, 1998; Bellan-Santini et al., 2002),the observed One of the most important parts to establish MPAs is biocenosis in the different zones of the studied area (0- the inventory, characterization and the mapping of the 47m depth) appear in the table 4. marine habitats. These habitats – structural and functionally depending on 3.1. Biocenosis, associations and facies their complexity and heterogeneity, as so as the human impacts - harbour a different diversity of species, some of them with high ecological (key-stone species), patrimonial According with the types of marine habitat for the (vulnerable and endangered species) and/or economical selection of sites to be included in the national inventories value. of natural sites of conservation interest (UNEP/MAP-
21 Table 4. Biocenosis (B), associations (A) and facies (F) of the studied area. Zones (according with the fig.1). Representativeness: (+++) high; (++) middle; (+) low; (-) not observed
BIOCENOSIS/ASSOCIATIONS-FACIES RAC/SPA NE SE NRC CRC SRC Ra code
SUPRALITTORAL (>0m) I B. supralittoral rock I.4.1 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
MEDIOLITTORAL (>0m) II B. upper mediolittoral rock II.4.1 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Nemalion helminthoides II.4.1.3 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Lithophyllum papillosum II.4.1.4 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ F. Chthamalus (Ch. stellatus, Ch. montagui) - +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ B. lower mediolittoral rock II.4.2 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Enteromorpha compressa II.4.2.6 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Neogoniolithon brassica-florida with Vermets II.4.2.8 +++ +++ ++ +++ + + A. Parviphycus tenuissimus (Gelidial) II.4.2.9 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ B. mediolittoral caves II.4.3 + +++ +++ + +++ A. Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia II.4.3.1 + +++ +++ + +++
INFRALITTORAL (0-31m) III B. muddy sands III.2.3 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Cymodocea nodosa III.2.3.4 +++ +++ +++ - - - A. Caulerpa prolifera III.2.3.6 - + - - - ++ B. infralittoral algae III.6.1 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ F. overgrazing with encrusting algae III.6.1.1 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ F. Vermetids III.6.1.3 +++ +++ ++ +++ + + F. Brachidontes pharaonis III.6.1.4. +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Corallinales (Corallina, Amphiroa, Jania) III.6.1.5 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A. Lobophora variegata III.6.1.12 ++ ++ + ++ + - A. Sargassum vulgare III.6.1.20 ++ ++ ++ +++ + - A. Colpomenia sinuosa III.6.1.22 +++ +++ - +++ - - A. Stypocaulon scoparium III.6.1.23 ++ ++ - ++ - - A. Pterocladiella capillacea and Ulva spp. III.6.1.26 ++ +++ - - - +++ A. Schottera nicaeensis III.6.1.29 - +++ - - - ++ A. Peyssonnelia rubra and Peyssonnelia spp. III.6.1.34 - +++ - +++ - ++ F-A coralligenous (in enclave) III.6.1.35 - +++ - +++ - +++ F. Chama pacifica with Spondylus spinosus - +++ +++ + +++ +++ ++
CIRCALITTORAL (0-48m) IV B. muddy detritic bottom IV.2.1 - - - +++ +++ - A. Flabellia petiolata and Caulerpa scapelliformis - - - - +++ ++ - B. coastal detritic bottom IV.2.2 - - - +++ - - Maerl facies (Lithothamnion corallioides) IV.2.2.2 - - - ++ - - A. Arthrocladia villosa IV.2.2.4 - - - +++ - - B. coarse sands-fine gravels, bottom currents IV.2.4 +++ B. coralligenous IV.3.1 - ++ - +++ - ++ A. Cystoseira dubia IV.3.1.3 - - - ++ - - B. semi-dark caves IV.3.2 - +++ - +++ - +++
BATHYAL V B. caves and ducts in total darkness V.3.2 - - - +++ - -
22 3.2. Ecological evaluation of the habitats
For the evaluation of the habitats, we have followed the UNEP/MAP (1998) valorization, adapting the values to the observed biocenosis, associations and facies to the studied area (table 5).
Table 5. Classification of the Enfeh, Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh. Criteria: (Ec) economic value; (As) aesthetic value; (PV) patrimonial value; (R) rarity; (S) species richness; (V) vulnerability. Classification (Cl): (P) priority habitat; (AH) another habitats. Evaluation: (3) high value; (2) medium value; (1) low value. (modified of UNEP/MAP, 1998) HABITAT S V PV R As Ec Cl
Hard bottoms B. supralittoral rock 1 1 1 1 1 1 AH B. upper mediolittoral rock - A. Nemalion helminthoides 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - A. Lithophyllum papillosum 1 1 1 1 1 1 AH B. lower mediolittoral rock - A. Enteromorpha compressa 1 1 1 1 1 1 AH - A. Neogoniolithon brassica-florida with Vermets 2 3 3 2 2 1 P - A. Parviphycus tenuissimus (Gelidial) 2 1 1 1 1 1 AH B. mediolittoral caves 3 3 3 3 3 2 P B. infralittoral algae - F. overgrazing with encrusting algae 1 1 1 1 1 1 AH - F. Vermetids 2 3 3 2 2 1 P - F. Brachidontes pharaonis 1 1 1 1 1 1 AH - A. Corallinales (Corallina, Amphiroa, Jania) 2 1 1 1 1 1 AH - A. Lobophora vaiegata 2 1 1 1 1 1 AH - A. Sargassum vulgare 3 2 3 2 3 2 P - A. Colpomenia sinuosa 2 1 1 1 2 1 AH - A. Stypocaulon scoparium 2 1 1 1 2 1 AH - A. Pterocladiella capillacea and Ulva spp. 1 1 1 1 1 1 AH - A. Schottera nicaeensis 2 2 2 2 2 1 P - A. Peyssonnelia spp. 2 2 2 2 2 1 P - F-A coralligenous (infralittoral enclave) 3 3 3 3 3 2 P - F. Chama pacifica with Spondylus spinosus 2 1 1 1 1 2 AH
Soft bottoms B. muddy sands - A. Cymodocea nodosa 2 3 3 2 2 2 P - A. Caulerpa prolifera 1 1 1 2 2 1 AH B. muddy detritic bottom - A. Flabellia petiolata and Caulerpa scapelliformis 2 1 2 3 2 2 P B. coastal detritic bottom - Maerl facies 3 3 3 3 3 2 P - A. Arthrocladia villosa 3 2 2 2 2 2 P B. coarse sands and fine graveles, bottom currents 2 2 1 2 1 1 AH B. coralligenous 3 3 3 3 3 3 P - A. Cystoseira dubia 3 3 3 3 3 3 P B. semi-dark caves 3 3 3 3 3 2 P B. caves and ducts in total darkness 3 3 3 3 3 1 P
23 © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR 4. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT
To establishing the zoning and management to the 4.1. Uses, impacts and/or threats future marine protected areas, a part of the habitats and aesthetic values, it is necessary to evaluate the present The studied area is subject to the different uses and uses of the zones, with the human impacts and possible activities (industry, commercial, artisanal and sportive threats. That is fundamental, since the success or failure fisheries, tourism, littoral urbanization, local population; of the MPA depends of the control of the different human table 6), that means a variety of impacts and, subsequently, pressures, mainly fishing and tourism (Ramos-Esplá, subject to possible threats. 2009).
Table 6: Uses and threats of the considered areas. Zones: (NE) North Enfeh; (SE) South Enfeh; (E-C) Enfeh – Chekaa; (NRC) North Ras Chekaa; (CRC) Centre of Ras Chekaa; (SRC) South Ras Chekaa. Impact: (+++) very important; (++) more or less important; (+) not important Impacts/Threats NE SE E-C NRC CRC SRC Ra
Littoral urbanisation ++ +++ +++ ++ - + +++ Professional fishing +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ + +++ Shore angling +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ + +++ Spearfishing +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ Lost nets (ghost fishing) ++ ++ + ++ +++ +++ + Trampling +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ + + Bait and shell-fish ollectingc +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ + +++ Mooring + ++ +++ +++ + + + Solid wastes +++ +++ +++ +++ + + +++ Sewage discharge ++ +++ +++ ++ + + +++ Hyper-sedimentation ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +
4.2. Evaluation of the zones
Taking in consideration the variety of habitats and aesthetic importance, as to as the human impacts, the table 7 shows the valorization of the different zones.
Table 7. Evaluation of the different zones in function with the habitats, fishery interest, aesthetic value and human pressure. Evaluation: (3) high; (2) medium; (1) low Zone Habitats Fishery Interest Aesthetic Value Human impacts Evaluation
NE 2 2 2 2 2 SE 3 2 2 2 2 E-C 1 1 1 3 1 NRC 2 2 2 2 2 CRC 3 3 3 1 3 SRC 3 2 2 3 2 Ra 3 2 3 3 3
25 4.3. Possible zoning
The protected-managed area would be between northern • Protected zone (integral): No uses, only visitors and Enfeh and Ras Selaata (southern of Ras Chekaa), about 2 educational-reseach activities. Centre of Ras Chekaa km to the shore and following the isobathic limit of 50m (CRC zone) depth. Although the Enfeh-Chekaa and South of Ras • Buffer zone (partially protected): Restricted uses Chekaa sectors are very problematic (pollutant industries, (mainly fishing with selective methods). Enfeh commercial harbours), it is necessary to integrate them in peninsula (NE and SE); North and South of Ras Chekaa the management plan of the future MPA. (NRC, SRC). Control of the littoral urbanization. The area Enfeh-Ras Chekaa could be divided in three • Peripheral zone (or multi-use zone): All of the actual zones with different uses (Fig. 14; table 8): uses, but take measures to minimize the pollution by sewage and hyper-sedimentation.
Figure 14. Proposed marine protected area Enfeh-Ras Chekaa and possible zoning: core area (blue), buffer area (green) and multi-use or peripheral area (red). Zones: (E) Enfeh; (E-C) Enfeh-El Heri; (NRC) North Ras Chekaa; (CRC) Centre Ras Chekaa) ; (SRC) South Ras Chekaa (image from Google Earth).
The case of Raoucheh merit a particular consideration, (Monachus monachus), frequently, two individuals have apart from the high aesthetic value (high rocky shore, been seem in the area the last years); forming a creek with two large pinnacles of rock and ii) presence of new species in the caves (e.g. a new littoral caves), as natural monument or a special protected Aplysina sp., Euryspongia raouchensis); area : iii) an important population of bats (Chiroptera spp.). i) presence of the littoral caves for the monk seals 26 4.4. Management measures
To avoid as far as possible the human impacts in a MPA, In this sense , the ‘Protocol concerning Specially Protected it is necessary to consider management planning through Areas and Biological Diversity (SPA/BD Protocol) in the the zoning of the protected area. The management and Mediterranean’ (Barcelona Convention, 1995) mentions zoning may resolve some conflicts between users of the in the article 7-1 that: ‘The Parties shall, in accordance coastal zone (selective/no selective fishing methods, with the rules of international law, adopt planning, professional/sportive fishing, Scuba diving / spear-fishing) management, supervision and monitoring measures for and to make protection compatible with the rational the SPAs. Later (art. 7-2), it indicates the measures that exploitation of the area. should be included for each SPA. The table 8 summarises the possible uses and management measures.
Table 8. Possible uses and management measures of the different zones in the area Enfeh-Ras Chekaa and Raoucheh.
Uses/Zones NE SE E-C NRC CRC SRC Ra
Littoral urbanisation (2) (2) (1) (2) (0) (2) (0) Industry (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (3) (0) Commercial ports (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (2) (0) Sportive ports (0) (0) (2) (2) (0) (0) (0) Boating (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (1) (1) Mooring (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) (4) (0) Professional fishing (5) (5) (1) (5) (0) (5) (5) Shore angling (6) (6) (1) (6) (0) (6) (6) Spearfishing (6) (6) (1) (6) (0) (0) (0) Tourism, visitors (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Beaching/swimming (1) (1) (1) (1) (0) (1) (0) Snorkelling (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Scuba diving (1) (1) (1) (1) (7) (1) (7) Research/education (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Aquaculture (inshore cages) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) Sewage dumping (0) (0) (8) (0) (0) (8) (0) Dredging (0) (0) (9) (0) (0) (9) (0)
Legend of notes (in brackets) • (0) Forbidden • (5) Permitted with gear restrictions (no monofilament nets) • (1) Permitted • (6) Permitted with license • (2) Coastal Zone management (more than 100m to shore-line) • (7) By permit • (3) Permitted, but to put anti-pollution filters. Control • (8) Sewage treatment by depuration plant (all of the of the mineral discharges (avoid sediment-mineral area); control of the ballast waters. spread). • (9) With measures to avoid the sediment spread • (4) Permitted in determinate zones (to establish)
27 © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR REFERENCES
Bayle, J.T. y A.A. Ramos. 1993. Some population parameters as bioindicators to assess the “reserve effect” on the fish assemblage. En: Boudouresque, C.F., M. Avon y C. Pergent (eds.): Qualite du milieu marin. Indicateurs biologiques et physico-chimiques, GIS Posidonie publ., Fr.: 189-214. Bellan-Santini, D. Lacaze, J.C. & Poizat, C. 1994. Les biocénoses marines et littorales de Méditerranée: Synthèse, menaces et perspectives. Musèum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Collection Patrimoines Naturels, Vo. 19, 246 pp. Harmelin-Vivien, M., Harmelin, J.G., Chauvet, C., Duval, C., Galzin, R., Lejeune, P., Barnabé, G., Blanc, F., Chevalier, R., Duclerc, J. & Lassarre, G. 1985. Evaluation des peuplements et populations de poissons. Méthodes et problèmes. Revue d’ Ecologie (Terre Vie), 40: 467-539). Ramos-Esplá, A.A. 1984. Cartografía de la pradera superficial dePosidonia oceanica en la bahía de Alicante. International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica Beds. GIS-Posidonie, Marseille (Francia): 57-61 Ramos-Esplá, A.A. 2007. Marine Protected Areas as a Mediterranean fisheries management tool. FAO-MedSudMed Technical Documents., 3: 61-78. UNEP/MAP, 1998. Rapport de la réunion d’experts sur le type d’habitats marins dans la région Méditerranée. United Nations Environment Program, Mediterranean Action Plan, UNEP (OCA)/ MED WG.149/5, 44 pp.
29 © RAC/SPA, Hany EL Shaer Annexes
Annex 1. Stations of the Lebanon mission (June 2012). Observers: (Af) Aitor Forcada; (Ar) Alfonso Ramos; (C) Carlos Valle; (G) Ghazi Bitar; (H) Hani El-Shaer; (O) Oscar Ocaña; (Y) Yassine Shaier. Methodology: (F) by foot; (Hy) hydroplane; (Sc) scuba diving; (Sk) snorkeling.
Annex 2. Species observed in the different stations (N = 39), (OS) other stations in the areas. Semi-quantitative abundance: (1) less abundant; (2) abundant; (3) very abundant. Other stations (OS): (E) Enfeh; (F) trammel fishery; (Ra) Raoucheh; (RC) Ras Chekaa; (RS) Ras Selaata.
i Annex 1. Stations of the Lebanon mission (June 2012). Observers: (Af) Aitor Forcada; (Ar) Alfonso Ramos; (C) Carlos Valle; (G) Ghazi Bitar; (H) Hani El-Shaer; (O) Oscar Ocaña; (Y) Yassine Shaier. Methodology: (F) by foot; (Hy) hydroplane; (Sc) scuba diving; (Sk) snorkeling. Nº Code Locality Date Depth Latitude N Longitude E Latitude N Longitude E Observers Meth. Observations
1 E-1 Enfeh 19.06.12 0-8m 34º 21,701' 35º 43,551' 34º 21,667' 35º 43,741' G,H,Y Sk Rock with Stypocaulon scoparium facies
2 E-2 Enfeh 19.06.12 0-3m 34º 21,658' 35º 43,732' H,Y Sk Muddy sand with Cymodocea nodosa meadow
3 E-3 N-Enfeh 19.06.12 20-23m 34º 22,101' 35º 43,734' 34º 22,194' 35º 43,975' Ar Hy Muddy sand Cymodocea nodosa very rare
4 E-4 N-Enfeh 19.06.12 21-31m 34º 22,300' 35º 43,574' 34º 21,988' 35º 43,642' C Hy Muddy sand with pebbles
5 E-5 N-Enfeh 19.06.12 29-34m 34º 22,182' 35º 43,484' 34º 22,191' 35º 43,542¡ Af Hy Muddy sand with boulders
6 E-6 NW-Enfeh 19.06.12 11-33m 34º 21,986' 35º 43,327' 34º 21,715' 35º 43,728' O Hy Muddy sand with boulders
7 E-7 Enfeh 20.06.12 0-6m 34º 21,664' 35º 43,733' 34º 21,719' 35º 44,037' G,H,Y Sc Muddy sand, Cymodocea nodosa, rock and boulders
8 E-8 W-Enfeh 20.06.12 25-40m 34º 21,817' 35º 43,179' 34º 21,834' 35º 43,492' Ar Hy Muddy sand
9 E-9 SW-Enfeh 20.06.12 8-47m 34º 21,631' 35º 42,938' 34º 21,611' 35º 43,424' C Hy Muddy sand and rocks
10 E-10 S-Enfeh 20.06.12 12-29m 34º 21,479' 35º 43,107' 34º 21,374' 35º 43,690' O Hy Muddy sand
11 E-11 S-Enfeh 20.06.12 4-29m 34º 21,242' 35º 43,104' 34º 21,169' 35º 43,708' Af Hy Muddy sand, rock and boulders
12 C-1 Beach Ras Chekaa 20.06.12 8-15m 34º 19,007' 35º 42,218' 34º 18,660' 35º 42,549' Ar Hy Muddy sand
13 C-2 N-Ras Chekaa 20.06.12 20-22m 34º 18,228' 35º 41,942' 34º 18,881' 35º 41,323 C Hy Muddy sand, at the end with pebbles
14 C-3 El Heri (N-Ras Chek.) 21.06.12 0-5m 34º 18,699' 35º 41,740' 34º 18,837' 35º 40,281' G,Y Sk Bare rock with Ganonema farinosum
15 C-4 W-Cape Ras Chekaa 21.06.12 15-30m 34º 19,136' 35º 40,179' 34º 18,842' 35º 41,010' O Hy Sandy detritic, pebbles, rock
16 C-5 SW-Cape Ras Chekaa 21.06.12 22-35m 34º 18,986' 35º 40,098' 34º 18,642' 35º 40,735' Af Hy Sandy detritic, pebbles, rock
17 C-6 S-Capa Ras Chekaa 21.06.12 31-32m 34º 18,753' 35º 39,900' 34º 18,809' 35º 39,951 Ar Hy Sandy detritic, smooth rock, entangled hydroplane
18 C-7 S-Cape Ras Chekaa 21.06.12 10-46m 34º 18,866' 35º 39,843' 34º 18,489' 35º 40,561' C Hy Coastal detritic with maerl, pebbles, smooth rock
19 C-8 S-Ras Chekaa 21.06.12 6-43m 34º 18,464' 35º 39,714' 34º 18,026' 35º 40,007' O Hy Coastal detritic with maerl, pebbles, blocks, rock
20 C-9 Hannouch 21.06.12 22-30m 34º 18,151' 35º 39,451' 34º 17,669' 35º 40,029' Af Hy Smooth rock with blocks and canals
21 C-10 El Heri (N-Ras Chek.) 22.06.12 0-12m 34º 17,881' 35º 40,174' 34º 18,194' 35º 40,281' G,H,Y Sc Rock wirh Corallina et Jania
22 C-11 Front Port Chekaa 22.06.12 0-8m 34º 18,384’' 35º 42.271' 34º 18,568’ 35º 42.735’ H,Y Sc Sand, Cymodocea nodosa meadow
ii Nº Code Locality Date Depth Latitude N Longitude E Latitude N Longitude E Observers Meth. Observations
23 C-12 N-Port Selaata 22.06.12 18-40m 34º 17,408' 35º 39,650' 34º 17,223' 35º 39,826' O Hy Muddy sand
24 C-13 NW-Cape Ras Chekaa 22.06.12 28-44m 34º 19,909' 35º 41,295' 34º 19,170' 35º 41,211' C Hy Muddy sand, smooth rock
25 E-12 Enfeh 23.06.12 0-4m 34º 21,634' 35º 43,831' 34º 21,657' 35º 43,880' G,H,Y Sc Midlittoral caves, littoral rock
26 E-13 SW-Enfeh 23.06.12 8-24m 34º 21,676' 35º 43,181' Ar,Af,O,C Sc Rock with Chama
27 E-14 S-Enfeh 23.06.12 10-15m 34º 21,187' 35º 43,597' Ar,Af,O,C Sc Rock, boulders
28 C-14 Crique de Hannouch 24.06.12 0-12m 34º 18,254' 35º 40,321 34º 18,481' 35º 40,576' G,H,Y Sc Rock with Corallina et Jania
29 C-15 SW-Ras Chekaa 24.06.12 42-44m 34º 18,464' 35º 39,714' Ar,Af,O,C Sc Coastal detritic with maerl
30 C-16 Front Hannouch 24.06.12 20-25m 34º 18,199' 35º 39,949' Ar,Af,O,C Sc Rock with Chama
31 C-17 Ras Chekaa 25.06.12 0-12m 34º 18,517' 35º 40,625' 34º 18,733' 35º 40,833' G,H,Y Sc Rock with Corallina et Jania
32 C-18 SW-Ras Chekaa 25.06.12 42-44m 34º 18,464' 35º 39,714' Ar,Af,O,C Sc Coastal detritic with maerl
33 C-19 Grotte Chack El Hatab 25.06.12 0-5m 34º 17,641' 35º 40,267' G,H,Y,Ar,Af,O,C Sc Cave, littoral rock
34 C-20 Ras Chekaa 26.06.12 0-8m 34º 18,859' 35º 41,178' G,H,Y F, Sc Littoral rock
35 C-21 SW-Ras Chekaa 26.06.12 32-33m 34º 18,753' 35º 39,900' Ar,Af,O,C Sc Coastal detritic with smouth rock
36 C-22 Front Chekaa 26.06.12 11m 34º 19.045’ 35º 42.40.5’ Af,C,O Sc Water surgences, muddy sand
37 C-23 El Heri 26.06.12 0-2m 34º 18,833' 35º 41,230' G,O,Ar Sk Littoral rock, boulders
38 R-1 Grotte Raoucheh 27.06.12 0-6m 33º 53,316' 35º 28,165' G,O,Ar,C,Af Sc Cave, littoral rock
iii Annex 2. Species observed in the different stations (N = 39), (OS) other stations in the areas. Semi-quantitative abundance: (1) less abundant; (2) abundant; (3) very abundant. Other stations (OS): (E) Enfeh; (F) trammel fishery; (Ra) Raoucheh; (RC) Ras Chekaa; (RS) Ras Selaata.
STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MACROALGAE
Chlorophyta
Bryopsis plumosa C.Agardh, 1823 2 2
Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 2 1
*Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Brown ex Turner) C.Agardh, 1817 3
Cladophora sp.
*Cladophoropsis modonensis (Kützing) Reinbold, 1905 2
Codium bursa (Olivi) C.Agardh, 1817
*Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889
Codium taylorii P.C.Silva, 1960 3 3
Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898
Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987 3
Ulva compressa Linnaeus, 1753 (= Enteromorpha compressa)
Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus, 1753 (= Enteromorpha intestinalis)
Ulva sp. 3 3
Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823
Phaeophyta
Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby, 1830 2 3 3 3 3 3
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier, 1851 3 3 3 3 2
Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin, 1975 1
Cystoseira dubia Valiante
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 1
iv STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Dictyota linearis (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 1 2 3 3 3
Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.A.Howe, 1920
Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, 1977 1 1
*Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft, 1983 or P. antillarum (= P. tetrastomatica) 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2
Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 2 2 2 2
Ralfsia verrucosa (J.E.Areschoug) J.E.Areschoug, 1845
Sargassum cf. hornschuchii C.Agardh, 1820 3
Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh, 1820 2 1 2
Sphacelaria sp.
Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843 3 2
Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger ex Kützing) Verlaque & Boudouresque, 1991 2 2
Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh, 1848
Rhodophyta
*Acanthophora nayadiformis (Delile) Papenfuss, 1968 2
Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini, 1844
Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 3 2 3
Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C.Agardh, 1822
Botryocladia botryoides (Wulfen) Feldmann, 1941
Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Bliding, 1928 3
Ceramium virgatum Roth, 1797 (= C. rubrum) 3
Ceramium sp.
Ceramiales sp.
v STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander, 1786 3 3
*Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 3 2
*Ganonema farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) K.C.Fan & Yung C.Wang, 1974 (= Liagora farinosa) 3 3
Gracillaria sp. 2
Halymenia floresia (Clemente) C. Agardh, 1807
Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841
Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 2
*Hypnea cornuta (Kützing) J.Agardh, 1851 (= H. spinella)
Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 3
Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi, 1837 3 3 3
Lithophyllum papillosum Zanardini ex Hauck, 1885
Lithophyllum stictaeforme (J.E.Areschoug) Hauck, 1877 (= Psudolithophyllum expansum)
Lithophyllum sp.
Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza, 1998 (= M. lichenoides) 1 1
Neogoniolithon brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 2 2
Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 3
Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) R.E.Norris, 1991
Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.W.Nam, 2007 (= Laurencia papillosa) 2 3
Parviphycus tenuissimus (Feldmann & Hamel) B.Santelices, 2004 (= Gelidiella pannosa) 3
Peyssonnelia spp.
Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & D.L.McKibbin, 1970
Phymatolithon lenormandii (J.E.Areschoug) W.H.Adey, 1966
vi STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon, 1967 1
Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand, 1997 1
Schottera nicaeensis (J.V. Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg, 1975
Sebdenia sp. ?
Solieria filiformis (Kützing) P.W.Gabrielson, 1985
Spongites fruticulosa Kützing, 1841 1 3 3
Magnoliophyta
Cymodocea nodosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
*Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867
INVERTEBRATA
Porifera
Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862
Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 2 1 2 2 2
Aplysina sp.
Axinella damicornis (Esper, 1794)
Axinella sp. (≈ A. polypoides)
Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis) 1 1
Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862
Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 2 2
Cinachyrella levantiniensis Vacelet et al, 2007
Ciocalypta carballoi Vacelet et al, 2007 (= Coelocaplypta carballoi)
Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt, 1864)
vii STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Clathrina cf. coriacea (Montagu, 1818)
Clathrina rubra Sará, 1958
Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862)
Cliona parenzani Corriero & Scalera, 1997 2 2
Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) 2 2 3 2
Cymbaxinella sp. 2 2
Diplastella sp.
Euryspongia raouchensis Vacelet et al., 2007
Gastrophanella phoeniciensis Perez et al., 2004
Ircinia sp. 3
Geodia sp. (= Isops).
Microscleroderma lamina Perez et al., 2004
Mycale (Carmia) sanguinea Tsurnamal, 1969
Mycale sp.
Myrmekioderma spelaeum (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983)
Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al, 2007 2 2 2 2
Aplysilla sulfurea ? Schulze, 1878
Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis (Poiret, 1789)
Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925)
Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 (= P. paupertas) 1 1
Placospongia decorticans (Hanitsch, 1895)
Sarcotragus fasciculatus (Pallas, 1766) (= Ircinia fasciculata) 1 1
viii STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 1 1 1
Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868
Spongia (Spongia) officinalis Linnaeus, 1759
Sycon sp. 1 1
Terpios granulosa Bergquist, 1967
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa
Aglaophenia kirchenpaueri ? (Heller, 1868)
Aglaophenia octodonta ? Heller, 1868
Aglaophenia sp. 2 3
Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882
Eudendrium glomeratum Picard, 1952
Eudendrium sp.
*Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 1 1
Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) (= Halocordyle disticha) 2 2
Plumullaridae sp.
Sertularella sp.
Anthozoa
Actinia schmidti Sole-Cava & Thorpe, 1997
Cerianthus sp. 2
Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868)
*Oculina patagonica de Angelis, 1908 1
ix STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Phylangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)
Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959)
Polychaeta
Ditrupa arietina (O. F. Müller, 1776) 3
Filograna sp.
Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) 3 1 3 3
Nereidae indet. 1
Protula sp.
Sabellidae sp.
*Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) (= Pomatoleios kraussii)
*Spirobranchus lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) (= Pomatoceros lamarckii) 2 2
*Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861)
Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) (=Spirographis spallanzani)
Spirorbidae sp.
Crustacea
Cirripedia
*Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 1 1
Chthmalus montagui Southward, 1976 3 3
Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795) 3 3
Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) (= Balanus perforatus) 3 3 2
Isopoda
Ligia italica Fabricius, 1798
x STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Decapoda
*Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) (tests) 1 1
Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767)
*Charybdis (Charybdis) hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) 2 2
Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) 3 3
Dardanus calidus (Risso, 1827)
Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) 3 3 1 3
Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) (= E. spinifrons) 1 1
Galatheidae sp.
Maja goltziana d’Oliveira, 1888
*Myra fugax (Fabricius, 1798) (tests) 1
Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) 1 1
Pagurus anachoretus Risso, 1827
*Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853) 2
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761)
Mollusca
Polyplacophora
Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 1
Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Spengler, 1797
Gastropoda
*Cerithium scabricum Philippi, 1848 3 3
Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2
xi STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
*Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) (= Strombus persicus) 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 (= C. mediterraneus) 1
Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) 2 2
*Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) 3 3
*Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1857
*Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 (= E. obscura ) 3 3
Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells)
Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Buccinulum corneum)
Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791)
*Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791) (= F. marmoratus) 1
Gibbula spp.
*Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) (= Chromodoris annulatus)
Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Murex trunculus) 1 1
*Hypselodoris infucata Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831 1
*Infundibulops erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) (= Trochus erythraeus) 1
Luria lurida (Linnaeus, 1758) (shell)
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2
*Murex (Murex) forskoehlii Röding, 1798 2 2
*Nassarius circumcinctus (A. Adams, 1852) 1
Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 3 3
Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 3 3
Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 3 3
xii STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Phorcus articulatus (Lamarck, 1822) (= Osilinus articulatus)
Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778) (= Osilinus turbinatus) 2 2
*Purpuradusta gracilis (Gaskoin, 1849)
*Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) 3 3 3 3
Semicassis granulata undulata (Gmelin, 1791) (= Phalium undulatum) (shells) 3
Serpulorbis arenarius (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 1
*Thaisella scacellum (Gmelin, 1791) (= Thais scacellum)
Bivalvia
Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 2
*Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) 3 3
*Chama pacifica Broderip, 1835 3 3 3 3 3
Ctena decussata (O. G. Costa, 1829) (shells)
*Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (G. insubrica) (shells) 1
*Lioberus agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) (= Amygdalum agglutinans)
*Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 (= Malvifundus regulus) 3 2
Ostreidae sp. 2
*Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) 1 1
Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1791 (= P. pernula) 1
*Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 2 2
Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758
xiii STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Cephalopoda
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797
Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758
Bryozoa
Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867)
Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 3
Reteporella grimaldii (Jullien, 1903) (= Sertella septentrionalis)
Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) 2 2
Schizoretepora hassi Harmelin, Bitar, Zibrowius, 2007
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816)
Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius, 1783) 1 1 1 1
Ophiuroidea
*Ophiactis sp. (O. parva or savignyi) 1
Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816)
Echinoidea
Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) (tests)
Echinoardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1844) (tests) 2
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 1 1
Holothuroidea
xiv STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823 1 1
Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823
Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 1
*Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) 2 1
Ascidiacea
Ascidia cf. mentula Müller, 1776
Botrylloides leachii (Savigny, 1816)
Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) (green)
Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) (violet)
Didemnidae spp. 2 2
*Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) 2 2 2 2
*Microcosmus cf. exasperatus Heller, 1878 1
*Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 2 2
Polyclinidae sp.
Pycnoclavella sp.
Pyura dura (Heller, 1877)
*Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904)
ICHTHYOFAUNA
Elasmobranchii
Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1
Gymniura altavella (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
Actinopterygii
xv STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758)
*Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis (Cuvier, 1828) (= Apogon nigripinnis) 3 1
Atherinidae sp. 3 3 3
*Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 3 3
Belona belone (Linnaeus, 1761) 1
Blennidae spp. 1
Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3
Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809) 1 1 1
Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 3 2 3
Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 2 2 2 2
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)
Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) 1 1
Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 1 3
Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) 2 2
*Enchelycore anatina )Lowe, 1841)
Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) 1 1 1
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) 1 1 1
Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870
Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814
Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837 1
Gobius vittatus Vinciguerra, 1883
Gobius sp. 1
xvi STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Labrus merula Linnaeus, 1758 2
Lipophrys nigriceps (Vinciguerra, 1883)
Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2
Mugilidae spp. 2
Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 2 2
Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758 1 2 1 1
Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) 1 1 1
Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3
Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) 2
Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
*Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 3 1 3
Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825)
Pomatoschistus sp. 2 2
*Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
*Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) 2 1 2 2 2 3 3
*Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 1 1
Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758
Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1 2 1
Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 3
Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) 2
*Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) 2 3 2 2 2
xvii STATIONS/SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
*Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 3 3 3 3 3 2
Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
*Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 2 2
*Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 1 1 1 1 1 1
Symphodus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775
Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 2 2 3 2
*Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy & Randall, 1983 1 1
Tripterygion melanurus Guichenot, 1850 1
*Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855)
*Upeneus pori Ben-Tuvia & Golani, 1989 1
Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1
xviii STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 OS
MACROALGAE
Chlorophyta
Bryopsis plumosa C.Agardh, 1823 2
Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 3
*Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Brown ex Turner) C.Agardh, 1817 3
Cladophora sp. 2
*Cladophoropsis modonensis (Kützing) Reinbold, 1905 2 2
Codium bursa (Olivi) C.Agardh, 1817 1
*Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889 Ra
Codium taylorii P.C.Silva, 1960 2 2 2 2 3
Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898 1
Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987 3 3
Ulva compressa Linnaeus, 1753 (= Enteromorpha compressa) 3
Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus, 1753 (= Enteromorpha intestinalis) 3
Ulva sp. 3 2 2 3
Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 1
Phaeophyta
Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby, 1830 3 2 3
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier, 1851
Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin, 1975 1
Cystoseira dubia Valiante 2
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 1 2
xix STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 OS
Dictyota linearis (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 3 2
Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.A.Howe, 1920 3
Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, 1977 1 1 1 1
*Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft, 1983 or P. antillarum (= P. tetrastomatica) 3
Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 2 2 3
Ralfsia verrucosa (J.E.Areschoug) J.E.Areschoug, 1845 2
Sargassum cf. hornschuchii C.Agardh, 1820
Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh, 1820 1 1 3
Sphacelaria sp. 2
Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843 2 3 2
Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger ex Kützing) Verlaque & Boudouresque, 1991 3 1
Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh, 1848 E
Rhodophyta
*Acanthophora nayadiformis (Delile) Papenfuss, 1968 2 1
Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini, 1844 1
Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 2 3 3 2 2 2
Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C.Agardh, 1822 3
Botryocladia botryoides (Wulfen) Feldmann, 1941 2
Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Bliding, 1928
Ceramium virgatum Roth, 1797 (= C. rubrum)
Ceramium sp. 3
Ceramiales sp. 3
xx STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander, 1786 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
*Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 2
*Ganonema farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) K.C.Fan & Yung C.Wang, 1974 (= Liagora farinosa) 3 3
Gracillaria sp.
Halymenia floresia (Clemente) C. Agardh, 1807 1
Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841 3 3
Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813
*Hypnea cornuta (Kützing) J.Agardh, 1851 (= H. spinella) 2
Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi, 1837 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Lithophyllum papillosum Zanardini ex Hauck, 1885 2
Lithophyllum stictaeforme (J.E.Areschoug) Hauck, 1877 (= Psudolithophyllum expansum) 3
Lithophyllum sp. 2
Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza, 1998 (= M. lichenoides) 1 1 1 2 1 2
Neogoniolithon brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 2
Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 3 2 2
Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) R.E.Norris, 1991 RS
Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.W.Nam, 2007 (= Laurencia papillosa) 2 3
Parviphycus tenuissimus (Feldmann & Hamel) B.Santelices, 2004 (= Gelidiella pannosa) 3
Peyssonnelia spp. 3 2 3 2 2
Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & D.L.McKibbin, 1970 2 2
Phymatolithon lenormandii (J.E.Areschoug) W.H.Adey, 1966 3 2 2
xxi STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon, 1967 3
Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand, 1997 3 3
Schottera nicaeensis (J.V. Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg, 1975 3 2
Sebdenia sp. ? 1
Solieria filiformis (Kützing) P.W.Gabrielson, 1985 1
Spongites fruticulosa Kützing, 1841 2 3 3 1
Magnoliophyta
Cymodocea nodosa
*Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867 RC
INVERTEBRATA
Porifera
Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862 1 1
Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 3 2 1 2
Aplysina sp. 3
Axinella damicornis (Esper, 1794) 1
Axinella sp. (≈ A. polypoides) 2 3
Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis) 1 3 1 1 2 1 3
Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 2 1
Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
Cinachyrella levantiniensis Vacelet et al, 2007 1 1
Ciocalypta carballoi Vacelet et al, 2007 (= Coelocaplypta carballoi) RS
Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt, 1864) 2
xxii STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Clathrina cf. coriacea (Montagu, 1818) 2 2
Clathrina rubra Sará, 1958 1
Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862) 3 3
Cliona parenzani Corriero & Scalera, 1997 2 2 2 2 2 2
Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
Cymbaxinella sp. 1 2 1 1 1
Diplastella sp. 1
Euryspongia raouchensis Vacelet et al., 2007 2
Gastrophanella phoeniciensis Perez et al., 2004 3 2
Ircinia sp. 2 1 1
Geodia sp. (= Isops). ? 1
Microscleroderma lamina Perez et al., 2004 3
Mycale (Carmia) sanguinea Tsurnamal, 1969 1 1 1 1
Mycale sp. 2 1
Myrmekioderma spelaeum (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) 1
Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al, 2007 2 2 2 3 2
Aplysilla sulfurea ? Schulze, 1878 1
Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis (Poiret, 1789) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) 1 1 1
Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 (= P. paupertas) 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
Placospongia decorticans (Hanitsch, 1895) 1
Sarcotragus fasciculatus (Pallas, 1766) (= Ircinia fasciculata) 1 1 1 1 1 1
xxiii STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 1
Spongia (Spongia) officinalis Linnaeus, 1759 1 1 1
Sycon sp. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Terpios granulosa Bergquist, 1967 1 2 1 1 2
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa
Aglaophenia kirchenpaueri ? (Heller, 1868) 2
Aglaophenia octodonta ? Heller, 1868 2
Aglaophenia sp. 2
Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882 2
Eudendrium glomeratum Picard, 1952
Eudendrium sp. 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
*Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 1 1 1 1
Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) (= Halocordyle disticha) 2 2 3 2 2 3
Plumullaridae sp. 3
Sertularella sp. 2
Anthozoa
Actinia schmidti Sole-Cava & Thorpe, 1997 1
Cerianthus sp.
Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) 2 1 2 1
*Oculina patagonica de Angelis, 1908 1 1
xxiv STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Phylangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) 1 2 1 3
Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) 1 2 3
Polychaeta
Ditrupa arietina (O. F. Müller, 1776)
Filograna sp. 2
Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2
Nereidae indet.
Protula sp. 2
Sabellidae sp. 1
*Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) (= Pomatoleios kraussii) 2
*Spirobranchus lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) (= Pomatoceros lamarckii) 2 2 2 1 2 2
*Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) 2
Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) (=Spirographis spallanzani) 1
Spirorbidae sp. 3
Crustacea
Cirripedia
*Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Chthmalus montagui Southward, 1976 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795) 3 3
Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) (= Balanus perforatus) 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Isopoda
Ligia italica Fabricius, 1798 3
xxv STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Decapoda
*Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) (tests) 1 1 1
Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 3
*Charybdis (Charybdis) hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) 2 2 2 2
Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) 3 2 3 3 3
Dardanus calidus (Risso, 1827) RS
Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829)
Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) (= E. spinifrons) 1 1 1
Galatheidae sp.
Maja goltziana d’Oliveira, 1888 F
*Myra fugax (Fabricius, 1798) (tests)
Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) 1 1
Pagurus anachoretus Risso, 1827 1 1
*Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853)
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) 1 1 1
Mollusca
Polyplacophora
Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 1
Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Spengler, 1797 1
Gastropoda
*Cerithium scabricum Philippi, 1848 3 3 3 3 3
Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 2 2
xxvi STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
*Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) (= Strombus persicus) 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3
Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 (= C. mediterraneus) 1
Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) 2 2
*Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) 3 3
*Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1857 1
*Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 (= E. obscura ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1
Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Buccinulum corneum)
Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791) 3
*Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791) (= F. marmoratus) 1 1 1
Gibbula spp. 2
*Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) (= Chromodoris annulatus) 1
Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Murex trunculus) 1 1 1 1
*Hypselodoris infucata Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831 1
*Infundibulops erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) (= Trochus erythraeus) 1 1 1 1 1
Luria lurida (Linnaeus, 1758) (shell) 1
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2
*Murex (Murex) forskoehlii Röding, 1798 1 1
*Nassarius circumcinctus (A. Adams, 1852)
Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 3 2
Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 3 3 3
Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 3 3 3
xxvii STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Phorcus articulatus (Lamarck, 1822) (= Osilinus articulatus)
Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778) (= Osilinus turbinatus) 2 2 2
*Purpuradusta gracilis (Gaskoin, 1849) 1
*Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848)
Semicassis granulata undulata (Gmelin, 1791) (= Phalium undulatum) (shells)
Serpulorbis arenarius (Linnaeus, 1767)
*Thaisella scacellum (Gmelin, 1791) (= Thais scacellum) 1
Bivalvia
Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells)
*Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
*Chama pacifica Broderip, 1835 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
Ctena decussata (O. G. Costa, 1829) (shells)
*Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (G. insubrica) (shells)
*Lioberus agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) (= Amygdalum agglutinans) 1
*Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 (= Malvifundus regulus) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ostreidae sp. 2 3 2
*Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1791 (= P. pernula) 1
*Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1
Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 1
xxviii STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Cephalopoda
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 2 1 1
Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 RS
Bryozoa
Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867) 1
Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 2 2 2 3
Reteporella grimaldii (Jullien, 1903) (= Sertella septentrionalis) 1 1 2 2
Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
Schizoretepora hassi Harmelin, Bitar, Zibrowius, 2007 1 1 2
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) 1
Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius, 1783) 2 1
Ophiuroidea
*Ophiactis sp. (O. parva or savignyi)
Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) 1
Echinoidea
Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 2 1
Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) (tests) 1 1
Echinoardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1844) (tests)
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 1 2 1 1 1
Holothuroidea
xxix STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823
Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823 1
Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 1
*Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) 1
Ascidiacea
Ascidia cf. mentula Müller, 1776 1
Botrylloides leachii (Savigny, 1816) 1
Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) (green) 1 1 1
Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) (violet) 1 1 1 3
Didemnidae spp. 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3
*Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 3
*Microcosmus cf. exasperatus Heller, 1878
*Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
Polyclinidae sp. 2
Pycnoclavella sp. 1
Pyura dura (Heller, 1877) 3
*Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904) 1 2
ICHTHYOFAUNA
Elasmobranchii
Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
Gymniura altavella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Actinopterygii
xxx STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1 1 1 1
*Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis (Cuvier, 1828) (= Apogon nigripinnis) 1
Atherinidae sp. 3 3
*Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801)
Belona belone (Linnaeus, 1761)
Blennidae spp.
Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809)
Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) F
Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) 1
Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 2
Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) 2 2 2 2 2 2
*Enchelycore anatina )Lowe, 1841) Ra
Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) 1
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 2 1
Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814 1
Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837 1 2 2
Gobius vittatus Vinciguerra, 1883 1 1
Gobius sp.
xxxi STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
Labrus merula Linnaeus, 1758
Lipophrys nigriceps (Vinciguerra, 1883) 1
Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1
Mugilidae spp. 2
Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 2 2 2
Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758 1 1 1 1
Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) 1 1 2 1 1 1
Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 3 3
Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827)
Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) F
*Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) 1 1 1
Pomatoschistus sp.
*Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 2
*Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2
*Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 1 1 1
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 F
Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1
Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 2 2 2
*Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
xxxii STATIONS/SPECIES 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 OS
*Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2
*Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 2
*Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 1 1 1
Symphodus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775 1
Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
*Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy & Randall, 1983 2 1 1 2
Tripterygion melanurus Guichenot, 1850 1 1 1 1 2
*Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) 1
*Upeneus pori Ben-Tuvia & Golani, 1989
Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Remark: Station 26 was deleted
xxxiii Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA)
Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat B.P. 337 - 1080 Tunis Cedex - TUNISIA Tel. : +216 71 206 649 / 485 / 765 Fax : +216 71 206 490 e-mail : [email protected] www.rac-spa.org
32