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Odysseus Penelope Telemachus

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Odysseus Penelope Telemachus What was the Homeric Question? Who wrote the Odyssey? What year? Who were Milman Parry and Albert Lord? Who is Gregory Nagy? Zeus? Hermes Spartan royal Arcesius Autolycus house Laërtes Anticlea Icarius Tyndareus Odysseus Penelope Clytemnestra Telemachus Orestes Penelope is cousin of Clytemnestra (killed by son Orestes) Zeus Spartan Royal House X Icarius Tyndareus Leda Zeus Penelope Agamemnon Clytemnestra Helen Menelaus king of Mycenæ king of Sparta Telemachus Iphigenia Electra Orestes Hermione Ithaca Odyssey 1: Telemachia Council of Gods Neptune absent — Ethiopia Zeus discusses Ægisthus/Agamemnon/Orestes “Hermes told Ægisthus this in all good will but he would not listen, and now he has paid for it.” Zeus on Mortals Ah how shameless—the way these mortals blame the gods. From us alone, they say, come all their miseries, yes, but they themselves, with their own reckless ways, compound their pains beyond their proper share. Look at Aegisthus now… above and beyond his share he stole Atrides’ wife, he murdered the warlord coming home from Troy though he knew it meant his own total ruin. Far in advance we told him so ourselves, dispatching the guide, the giant-killer Hermes. Athena’s Plan Send Hermes to Ogygia Island— tell Calypso to let Odysseus go Athena will go to Ithaca, inspire Telemachus with courage to summon assembly and confront the suitors, then send him to Sparta and Pylos. Does not wait for Zeus’ assent to the plan. This is not Zeus’ plan yet. No timetable. This is, however, the plot of Odyssey 1-4. Odyssey 1: Telemachia Athena goes to Ithaca disguised as Mentes suitors arrogant, lazy, lack ξενία has ξενία, Telemachus lacks courage/glory Penelope noncommittal ξενία — polite hospitality Odyssey 1: Telemachia …and straight to the porch he went, mortified that a guest might still be standing at the doors. Pausing beside her there, he clasped her right hand and relieving her at once of her long bronze spear, met her with winged words: “Greetings, stranger! Here in our house you’ll find a royal welcome. Have supper first, then tell us what you need.” ξενία — polite hospitality Odyssey 1: ξενία takes spear and stores it safely escorts guest to chair of honor with footstool pulls up chair beside to talk maid provides water to wash hands food and wine provided Odyssey 1: ξενία “Who are you? where are you from? your city? your parents? What sort of vessel brought you? Why did the sailors land you here in Ithaca? Who did they say they are? I hardly think you came this way on foot! And tell me this for a fact —I need to know — is this your first time here? Or are you a friend of father’s, a guest from the old days? Once, crowds of other men would come to our house on visits —visitor that he was, when he walked among the living.” Odyssey 1: ξενία Mentes, a Taphian trading iron for bronze Odysseus is alive. He’s held captive on an island, “and hard men, savages, somehow hold him back against his will.” He’s coming back. Odyssey 1: Telemachia Mentes’ plan for Telemachus Try publicly to get rid of suitors Call an assembly and publicly tell suitors to leave Take ship and 20 men to look for father Go to Pylos, talk to Nestor Go to Sparta, talk to Menelaus Is father dead? No: put up with suitors for up to a year father will kill suitors Yes: celebrate funeral, make mother marry then kill suitors yourself — remember Orestes? Odyssey 1: Telemachia Telemachus acts up Penelope doesn’t want to hear Phemius sing about Trojan War and the returning heroes Telemachus tells her to go inside: “I hold the reins of power in this house” Telemachus announces that he’s calling an assembly to give suitors notice to vacate Odyssey 2: Telemachia Assembly first one since Odysseus left Telemachus’ complaint Antinoüs’ response: blame Penelope and her weaving omen: two eagles fight Halitherses’ interpretation: Odysseus returns “I said then: after many blows, and all his shipmates lost, after twenty years had wheeled by, he would come home, unrecognized by all.” Odyssey 2: Telemachia Assembly Eurymachus’ response: “Stop, old man!” Eurymachus, Polybus’ son, rose up to take him on. “Go home and babble your omens to your children — save them from some catastrophe coming soon. I’m a better hand than you at reading portents. Flocks of birds go fluttering under the sun’s rays, not all are fraught with meaning. Odysseus? He’s dead now, far from home — would to god that you’d died with him too.” Odyssey 2: Telemachia After the Assembly Athena becomes Mentor tells Telemachus to sail secretly gets ship and crew Antinoüs tries to get Telemachus to relax others will get things ready for the journey …while the suitors, busy feasting in the halls, mocked and taunted him, flinging insults now. “God help us,” one young buck kept shouting, “he wants to slaughter us all!” Odyssey 2: Telemachia After the Assembly Telemachus gets supplies secretly: “Don’t tell Mom!” Athena readies the ship and crew and incapacitates the suitors Odyssey 3: Telemachia Pylos (Nestor) huge sacrifice to Poseidon (4500 worshippers, 81 bulls) “How can I greet him, Mentor, even approach the king?” Who welcomes them? Pisistratus! (not the tyrant) Nestor: “Out on a trading spree or roving the waves like pirates, sea-wolves raiding at will, who risk their lives to plunder other men?” Odyssey 3: Telemachia Pylos (Nestor) Nestor remembers leaving Troy — bad assembly Nestor and those who left first got home safely Agamemnon got home, but Ægisthus killed him Orestes killed Ægisthus Telemachus should also make a name for himself Athena flies off; Telemachus bunks with Pisistratus Pisistratus drives Telemachus to Sparta Odyssey 4: Telemachia Sparta (Menelaus) merry feast in progress horses stabled; bath offered; hands washed; food offered “You must be descended from a line of scepter-bearing kings, for poor people do not have such sons as you are.” Menelaus recalls wanderings: Cyprus, Phœnicia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sidonia, Erembia?, Libya got very rich on seven-year voyage grieves for Odysseus more than anyone else Odyssey 4: Telemachia Sparta (Menelaus & Helen) Helen enters, recognizes Telemachus Menelaus: “I should have founded a city for Odysseus in Argos and built him a house. I should have made him leave Ithaca with his goods, his son, and his people, and sacked for them some one of the neighboring cities that are subject to me.” Odyssey 4: Telemachia Sparta (Menelaus & Helen) Helen drugs the wine Helen tells of Odysseus’ secret mission into Troy: “He killed many Trojans and got much information before he reached the Argive camp" Menealus tells of Odysseus in the wooden horse and how Helen tried to trick them Odyssey 4: Telemachia Sparta (Menelaus & Helen) next day: Menelaus asks why Telemachus has come Menelaus remembers about capturing Proteus Ajax drowned, Agamemnon was killed by Ægisthus Odysseus is alive, with Calypso Telemachus gets ready to return to Pylos (with a gift!) Odyssey 4: Telemachia The Suitors’ Conspiracy suitors don’t realize Telemachus sailed plan to ambush him at sea Medon informs Penelope, who also didn’t know detachment of suitors sails out to meet Telemachus and kill him To be continued… (but not until book 15!) What possibilities await Telemachus? How do Clytemnestra and Helen affect our judgment of Penelope? Compare and contrast Nestor and Menelaus as instances of the archetypal returning hero. How do Agamemnon, Nestor, and Menelaus affect our view of Odysseus? Odyssey 5 Second Council of the Gods “Never let any sceptered king be kind and gentle now, not with all his heart, or set his mind on justice — no, let him be cruel and always practice outrage. Think: not one of the people whom he ruled remembers Odysseus now, that godlike man, and kindly as a father to his children.” “Wasn’t the plan your own? You conceived it yourself: Odysseus shall return and pay the traitors back.” The Plan of Zeus “Odysseus journeys home —the exile must return. But not in the convoy of the gods or mortal men. No, on a lashed, makeshift raft and wrung with pains, on the twentieth day he will make his landfall, fertile Scheria, the land of Phæacians, close kin to the gods themselves, who with all their hearts will prize him like a god and send him off in a ship to his own beloved land, giving him bronze and hoards of gold and robes — more plunder than he could ever have won from Troy if Odysseus had returned intact with his fair share. So his destiny ordains. He shall see his loved ones, reach his high-roofed house, his native land at last.” Odyssey 5 Calypso’s Island Hard-hearted you are, you gods! You unrivaled lords of jealousy — scandalized when goddesses sleep with mortals, openly, even when one has made the man her husband. And I welcomed him warmly, cherished him, even vowed to make the man immortal, ageless, all his days… But since there is no way for another god to thwart the will of storming Zeus and make it come to nothing… I’ll send him off, but not with any escort. I have no ships in reach, no crew to ply the oars… Odyssey 5 Calypso’s Island In the nights, true, he’d sleep with her in the arching cave —he had no choice— unwilling lover alongside lover all too willing… But all his days he’d sit on the rocks and beaches, wrenching his heart with sobs and groans and anguish gazing out over the barren sea through blinding tears.
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