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Cryogenic Tanker Structures

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Cryogenic Tanker Structures i THERMOELASTIC MODEL STUDIES OF CRYOGENIC TANKER STRUCTURES This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE 1973 SHIP STRUCTURE COMMl~EE AN 1NTERAGENC% ADVISORY COMMITTEE DEDICATED TO IMPROVING THE STRUCTURE OF SHIPS MEMBER AGENCIES: ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: ONI TED STATES COAST GUARD SECRETARY NAVAL SHIP SYSTEMS COMMAND SHIP STRUCTuRE COMMITTEE Mill TARY SEALIFT COMMAND U.S. COAST GUARD HEADOUARTEFtS MARITIME ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, SI.C, %kEtl 20590 AMFRI(:AN BUREAU OF SHIPPING SR-191 1973 Anticipating one of the problems which could arise in the design of LNG tankers, the Ship Structure Committee undertook studies to investigate the thermal stresses that would result if a sudden rupture occurred in the primary LNG tank. One project consisted of experimental and theoretical efforts to develop a simplified thermal stress analysis of LNG tankers under the emergency, rupture condition and to evaluate the importance of the parameters involved. The enclosed report contains the results of this work. Comments on this report will be welcome. .-. ,..,. -., ~/. ~ W. F. REA, 111 Rear Admiral, U. S. Coast Guard Chairman, Ship Structure Committee .... SSC-241 FINAL REPORT on Project SR-191, “Thermal Study to the Ship Structure Committee THERMOPLASTIC MODEL STUDIES OF CRYOGENIC TANKER STRUCTURES by H, Becker and A, Colao Sanders Associates, Inc. under Department of the Navy Naval Ship Engineering Center Contract No. NOO024-70-C-5119 This document hus been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters Washington, D.C. 1973 ABSTRACT Theoretical calculations and experimental model studies were conducted on the problem of temperature and stress determination in a cryogenic tanker when a hold is suddenly exposed to the chilling action of the cold fluid. The initiation of the action is presumed to be the sudden and complete rupture of the fluid tank. Model studies of temperatures and stresses were performed on instrumented steel versions of a ship with center holds and wing tanks. Supplementary studies also were conducted on plastic models using photo- thermoelasticity (PTE) to reveal the stresses. Temperatures and stresses were computed using conventional procedures for comparison with the experimentally determined data. Simple calculation procedures were developed for temperature prediction and for stress determination. The highly simplified theoretical predictions of temperature were in fair agreement with the experimental data in the transient stage and after long intervals. The temperatures and stresses reached peak values in every case tested and maintained the peaks for several minutes during which time the behavior was quasistatic. The experimental tem- peratures were in good agreement with predictions for the thin models representative of ship construction. Evidence was found for the importance of convective heat transfer in establishing the temperatures in a ship. In some cases this may be the primary process by which a thermal shock would be atten- uated in a cryogenic tanker. It also would influence thermal model scaling. An important result of the project was the good agreement of the maximum experimental stresses with theoretical predictions which were made from the simple calculations. This agreement indicates the possibility of developing a general design procedure which could involve only a few minutes of calculation time to obtain the peak stress values. -ii- . PAGE INTRODUCTION . 1 HEAT TRANSFER THEORY . 2 THERMAL STRESS THEORY . 15 MODELS AND EXPERIMENTS . 23 EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS . 34 TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATIONS . 37 STRESS INVESTIGATIONS . 52 0THER5HIP PROBLEMS . 56 CONCLUSIONS . 60 RECOMMENDATIONS . 61 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 61 APPENDIX I - EXPERIMENTAL TEMPERATURE . 62 APPENDIX 11 - EXPERIMENTAL STRESS DATA . 68 REFERENCES . 73 ------ -. —--- LISI Ui- IABLIS ~ PAGE I Dimensionless Groups Used in this Report . 4 II Relative Heat Transfers, AT = 40°F . , . 10 III Relative Heat Transfers, AT = 300°F . , . 11 Iv Model Descriptions . , . ,. 24 v Strain Gage Characteristics and Locations . ,, 32 VI Temperatures in Bottom Structure, ‘F . ,.,,. 45 VII Simulated Wind and Sun Study, Model 2T2B-1 . ., 46 A-I Basic Calculation Data for Temperature Models . ,,,. 62 A-II Temperature Data for Theoretical Profiles, ‘F . ,, 63 A-III Experimental Temperature Summary, B = 1800 Sec - All temperatures ‘F.. 64 A-IV J=(T-TF)/(TN-TF) . ..,. 65 A-V Temperature References for Thermoplastic Model . 65 A-VI Normalized Temperatures for Thermoplastic Model. 66 A-VII Thermoplastic Model Stresses (PSI) . 69 -iv- LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Overall Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Between Two Walls. 5 of an Enclosed Space 2 Cellular (Steady/State) Behavior in Horizontally Enclosed Space . 6 Heated from Below 3 View Factor for Radiation Between Parallel Plates Connected by . 7 Non-Conducting but Reradiating Walls 4 Plate Strip Element for Heat Transfer Analysis . , . 12 5 Curves forRland R2 . , , . 14 6 Range of Quasistatic Temperature Distributions Along a Strip, . 15 Shown Schematically 7 Effect of Biot Number on Thermal Shock Stresses . , . 19 8 Schematic Representation of the Ship Cross Section Force . ,... 20 Balace and Strain Equilibration Cold-SpotProblem . , . , . 22 1; Thermal Model Data ..,. 25 11 Ship Temperature Mod;l; ;n~ ~x~e~i;e;t~l”E~u~p~e~t” : : : : : : . 26 12 Model for Heat Transfer Coefficient Tests . 26 13 Cold-Spot Model . 27 14 Photograph of cOld:s~O;M&i ~e;t” : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . 27 15 PTE Ship Model . 29 16 PTE Ship Model P;o~ogr;p~ ;h;w;n~ ;e;e;a; ~x~e;i;e;t;l” : : : : . 29 Arrangement 17 Ship PTE Model Experimental Arrangement . 30 18 Steel Ship Model Dimensions . 31 Photos of Model at Different Stages of Construction . 32 ;: Thermocouple and Uniaxial Strain Gage Locations . ..,. 33 21 Biaxial and Rosette Strain Gage Locations and Thermocouple . 33 Locations 22 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 2T8, Between T = TF , . 39 ats/L=OandT=Twats/L =1. Path length from Bulkhead to Waterline 23 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 2T8 Between Thermo- , . 39 couples 1 and 4 Using Measured Temperatures at Those Locations 24 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 2T8, Using Expanded Path . 40 Length and T=TFat s/L = O, T=T ats/L = 1 25 Comparison of Theory with Experimen! , 2T4, Between T = TF . 40 ats/L=OandT=Twats/L =1. Path Length from Bulkhea; “ to Uaterline 26 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 2T4, Between Thermo- . 41 couples 1 and 4 Using Measured Temperaturesat Those Locations 27 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 2T2, Between T = TF at . 41 s/L=OandT=TMats/L =1. Path Length from Bulkhead to Waterline 28 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 2T2, Between Thermo- . ..0 42 couples 1 and 4 Using Measured Temperatures at Those Locations 29 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 3T12 Between T = T . 42 ats/L=OandT=TMats/L =1. Path Length from Bul[- head to Materline 30 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 3T12, Between Thermo- . 43 couples 1 and 4 Using Measured Temperatures at Those Locations 31 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 3T6, Between T = TF at . 43 s/L=OandT=Twats/L =1. Path Length from Bulkhead to Waterline -v- LIST OF FIGURES (Cent’d] N& PAGE 32 Comparison of Theory with Experiment, 3T3, Between T = T . 44 ats/L=OandT=Twats/L =1. Path Length from Bul~- head to Waterline Thermal Transient on 3T6B4 . 45 Temperature Response on the I;s;l;t;d”S;d; ;f”a”P;a;e”W~e; : ; : : : : . 48 Chilled with Alcohol Mixed with Dr Ice. The Experimental Value of h was 220BTU/Hr. Sq. Ft. {F 35 Temperature Response on the Insulated Side of a Plate When . 48 Chilled with Water. The Experimental Value of h was 1250BTU/ Hr. Sq. Ft. ‘F 36 Temperature Response on the Insulated Side of a Plate Chilled . , . 49 with Freon 114. The Experimental Value of h was 1250BTU/Hr. Sq. Ft. ‘F. 37 Temperature Response on the Insulated Side of a Flat Plate , . 49 Chilled with Freon 12. The Maximum Experimental Value of h was 1625BTU/Hr. Sq. Ft. ‘F 38 Temperature History in the Cold-Spot Model . 50 Temperature Measurement History in Ship PTE Model 51 :; Normalized Temperatures on Steel Thermoplastic Modei : : : : : ; : : : : 51 41 PTE Fringe Patterns in Cold-Spot Model . 53 42 Comparison of Cold-Spot on Area Ratio Solutions . 53 43 Photoelastic Fringe Patterns in Simulated Ship Model at 5 Minutes . 54 44 Normalized Stresses on Steel Ship Model. A2/Al=0.92 . 57 45 Hold Pressure Versus Accessible Vent Area During the First . , 59 10 Seconds of a Liquid Methane Accident for a Ship with the Configuration Described in the Text A-1 Correction Curve for Effect of Temperature on Strain Gage Signal . 62 -vi- NOMENCLATURE Symbols 2 A area of cross section, in a,b radii in cold-spot problem, In. B Biot number, hL/k c G/aET c specific heat - BTU/°F-~3. D thermal dfffusivity, k/cp, ft2/hr E Young’s modulus, msi 24 e radiation constant, BTU/hr-ft -°F F factor in radiation Eq. (13) f material fringe value, psi-in/fringe G shear modulus, msi 2 -2 g coefficient, g = (1 + qr/qh)(hL+hR)/kt, ft depth of ship bottom, ft. % 2 l-l surface heat transfer coefficient, BTT.1/hr-ft -“F J temperature ratio, see. Eq. (63) k thermal conductivity, BTU/hr-ft-”F L general length, in. or ft. depending upon use n fringe order P pressure, psi Q heat flow, BTTJ/hr. ~ heat flux, BTU/hr-ft2 parameters defined by Eqs. (31) and (32) ‘1’ ‘2 r radius in cold-spot problem s constant, see Eq, (28) s distance, ft. T temperature, “C or “F -.~jj- weighted temperature, see Eq. (34) t thickness, in. or ft, u, v, w dimensionless lengths In Eq. (6) X* Y athwartshtp and vertical coordinates, ft. a thermal expansion, l/°F @ temperature coefficient of volume expansion, l/°F A increment 6 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 0.1713 x 10 -8BTUI sq.
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