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Tese Claques 142 FINAL.Pdf Claques de Futebol em Portugal: os discursos nas redes sociais Agradecimentos Considerar que o presente trabalho representa o culminar de uma etapa académica seria, no mínimo, altamente reducionista. Este trabalho representa muito mais do que isso. Representa, fundamentalmente, pessoas. Representa vivências, experiências e sentires. Ortega y Gasset afirmou que “o eu sou eu e a minha circunstância”, como tal, a minha circunstância reinventa-me diariamente. A minha circunstância é feita, fundamentalmente, de pessoas. Como tal, quero lembrar que concorreu directa ou indirectamente para que este trabalho fosse possível. Aos meus Pais, pelo amor, pela dedicação, pela educação, por tudo. Pelo sentimento que destronou completamente a distância durante estes 5 anos. Pela paciência, por nunca terem desistido. Pelos valores de família que comungamos, aos quais pretendo dar continuidade. Muito obrigado por tudo, a vós dedico este trabalho. Ao Paulo, meu irmão, pela fraternidade, pelo nosso sentimento. Pelas nossas brincadeiras que remontam ainda à “casa velha”, no quarto dos brinquedos e aos jogos de futebol que, não raras vezes, culminavam com vidros partidos. Este trabalho também te é dedicado. À Fátima, pelo amor, pelo conforto, pelos chás quentes que me aconchegavam o estômago e a alma durante a concepção deste trabalho. Pelo apoio demonstrado, e que remonta ainda aos dias quentes de Agosto. Por tudo o que representas para mim, o meu obrigado. Também a ti dedico este trabalho. Aos avós dos Açores e da Madeira, aos tios e tias, aos primos e primas e às minhas madrinhas. Obrigado pelo sentimento de família que partilhamos. Muito do que sou hoje deve-se a todos vós. A todos os meus amigos, em especial aos que estiveram sempre do meu lado. Um agradecimento especial ao Leo pela paciência e pelo altruísmo demonstrados e ao João e à família Prisciliano por me terem acolhido como um dos seus durante estes cinco anos. Ao XXVI CFOP, com quem partilhei os últimos cinco anos. Orgulho-me de ser parte integrante deste curso tão peculiar. Obrigado pelas vivências, pelas alegrias, mas também pelos desentendimentos, com os quais também aprendi e cresci. Aos verdadeiros camaradas para a vida, vocês sabem quem são. - Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna – i Claques de Futebol em Portugal: os discursos nas redes sociais Aos meus amigos dos restantes CFOP’s, vocês sabem perfeitamente quem são. Obrigado pela amizade verdadeira. Ao ISCPSI, na figura dos docentes, do corpo de alunos e do quadro orgânico, pelos cinco anos de convívio e de aprendizagem constante, bem como pelo contributo indubitável que exerceram na minha formação como Homem, mas também como profissional desta nobre instituição. Ao Subcomissário Valter Salselas pelos ensinamentos que de forma abnegada me transmitiu e que constituirão, indubitavelmente, os alicerces do meu futuro profissional. Finalmente, e mais importante, ao Senhor Intendente Sérgio Felgueiras e à Profª Doutora Lúcia Pais pelo excepcional empenho e sapiência com que me orientaram. Pela dedicação e disponibilidade que me garantiram desde o início. Pelos conselhos e pela paciência demonstradas. Por tudo, o meu profundo agradecimento. A todos, o meu sincero agradecimento e um bem-haja. - Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna – ii Claques de Futebol em Portugal: os discursos nas redes sociais Epígrafe “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms.” Henry David Thoreau Walden: or, life in the woods - Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna – iii Claques de Futebol em Portugal: os discursos nas redes sociais RESUMO A acção colectiva pode ser desenvolvida em registos multifacetados. Tal acontece porque todo o comportamento colectivo está sujeito a oportunidades e constrangimentos, os quais vão moldando o carácter da acção. As abordagens teórico-conceptuais às várias subculturas adeptas que surgiram na Europa a partir da segunda metade do século passado têm demonstrado que as idiossincrasias políticas, sociais e culturais locais influenciam os moldes em que os grupos organizados de adeptos se manifestam. Paralelamente, o sucesso da actuação da Polícia passa, fundamentalmente, pela legitimação da sua actividade. Para tal, a Polícia deve ser conhecedora da realidade na qual actua, designadamente das identidades sociais com as quais interage. Tendo em conta a interacção existente entre a PSP e as claques portuguesas, associado ao facto de estas se apresentarem como uma realidade pouco estudada, procuramos, através das potencialidades do Facebook, caracterizar estes peculiares grupos de adeptos. Assim, através duma abordagem qualitativa, procuramos analisar os conteúdos partilhados no Facebook de quatro claques de futebol portuguesas, nomeadamente Juventude Leonina, Super Dragões, Diabos Vermelhos e No Name Boys. Os resultados da análise apontam para a prevalência de conteúdos relacionados com o repertório de acção ultra bem como com factores atinentes à mobilização para a acção de apoio ao clube. Palavras-chave: acção colectiva; identidade social; polícia; claques; Facebook. - Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna – iv Claques de Futebol em Portugal: os discursos nas redes sociais ABSTRACT Collective action can be developed into multifaceted records. This happens because the entire collective behavior is subject to opportunities and constraints, which shape the nature of the action. The theoretical and conceptual approaches to various fan based subcultures, which emerged in Europe since the second half of the last century, have shown that local political, social and cultural idiosyncrasies influence the way in which organized groups of football fans manifest. In parallel, the successful conduct of the Police is, fundamentally, linked with the legitimizing of their activity. To do so, the Police should be cognizant of the reality in which it operates, namely the social identities with which interact. Taking into account the interplay between the PSP and portuguese football fans, associated with the fact that they stand a scarcely studied, we try, using Facebook potential, to characterize these peculiar groups of fans. Thus, through a qualitative approach, we analyzed the shared content on Facebook wall of four portuguese football fans groups, which includes Juventude Leonina, Super Dragões, Diabos Vermelhos and No Name Boys. The analysis points to a prevalence of content related to ultra action repertoire as well as to the call for action in support of the club. Key-words: claques; police; social networks; social identity; collective action. - Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna – v Claques de Futebol em Portugal: os discursos nas redes sociais ÍNDICE Introdução ........................................................................................................................... ix Capítulo I – Enquadramento Teórico ................................................................................ 3 1. Acção colectiva.............................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Teorias clássicas da acção colectiva ....................................................................... 3 1.2. Teorias contemporâneas da acção colectiva ........................................................... 6 1.3. Acção colectiva em contexto desportivo: o caso do futebol ................................. 11 2. Futebol: Surgimento, evolução e subculturas .............................................................. 13 2.1. Transição do popular para o profissional .............................................................. 13 2.2. Hooliganismo ........................................................................................................ 16 2.2.1. The English Disease (A Doença Inglesa) ...................................................... 16 2.2.2. Subcultura casual .......................................................................................... 18 2.2.3. Polissemia do conceito Hooliganismo ........................................................... 19 2.3. Subcultura ultra .................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1. Contextualização histórica: A subcultura ultra em Itália .............................. 21 2.3.2. Características da subcultura ultra ................................................................ 22 2.3.3. Subcultura ultra em Portugal ......................................................................... 24 3. Actuação policial ......................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Mudança de paradigma ......................................................................................... 27 3.2. Factores críticos de sucesso da actuação policial ................................................. 28 3.3. O sucesso do Euro 2004 .......................................................................................
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