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Present Status of Study Area The Project for Rural Road Network Development in Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.2: Main Report 3. PRESENT STATUS OF STUDY AREA 3.1 Natural Conditions (1) Location Acholi sub-region lies in the northern part of Uganda. The region is bordered by South Sudan in the North, Karamoja Sub-region in the East, Lango Sub-region in the South and West Nile Sub-region in the West. (2) Land The total land area of Acholi Sub-region is about 28,278 sq. km which is 11.7 % of that of Uganda1. Acholi Sub-region is categorized as a tropical dry climate similar to the southern part of Sudan. The land itself is generally well watered in rainy season and fertile. Most of the land is covered by wood and green vegetation. According to the data in 2005, woodland, bush and grass land comprise approximately 48% of total land. Table 3.1-1 Land Use of Acholi Sub-region in 2005 Land Use Type Area (sq km) % Plantations 5.60 0.02% Woodland 8,891.20 31.44% Bush 552.60 1.95% Grassland 4,073.50 14.41% Wetland 71.60 0.25% Farmland 14,557.10 51.48% Built-up Areas 18.00 0.06% Water Body 105.50 0.37% Other 3.00 0.01% Total 28,278.10 100.00% Source: Statistical Abstract 2011, UBOS Figure 3.1-1 illustrates the land use of Acholi Sub-region in 2005. 1 Data is in 1995, is from Statistical Abstract 2011, UBOS 3-1 Source: NFA compiled by JICA Study Team Figure 3.1-1 Land Cover Map of Acholi Sub-region in 2005 (3) Rivers The Albert Nile flows along the western border of Acholi Sub-region and the Victoria Nile flows along their southern borders with Lango Sub-region. Achwa River flows through the middle of Acholi Sub-region and is a boundary between Gulu, Lamwo and Pader districts. Agago River branches off from Achwa River and runs through the middle of Pader and Agago districts. These rivers are major obstacles to movement of people and goods, especially in the rainy season. (4) Altitude The altitude ranges between 600 and 1,200 m above sea level. Nangeya Mountains are in the north-eastern area along the border with Karamoja Sub-region and they are approximately 2,200m above sea level. Agoro Mountains are located in the northern part of Lamwo District along the international border with South Sudan and they are 2,600m above sea level. The south-western area along Albert Nile is relatively low and ranges between 600 and 800 m above sea level. The rest of the area is generally flat. Many wild animals live near the Albert Nile in the western part of Amuru and Nwoya Districts and near the Victoria Nile in the southern part of Nwoya District because of a favourable climate. The Murchison Falls National Park is located in the southern part of Nwoya district. 3-2 The Project for Rural Road Network Development in Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.2: Main Report Source: NUDC 2010 and UNOCHA 2005, Compiled by JICA Study Team Figure 3.1-2 Topography of Acholi Sub-region (5) Climate Acholi Sub-region enjoys dry and rainy seasons the same as the rest of Uganda. The rainy season runs from late March to the end of November and hits two peaks in a year. The average rainfall was approximately 1,450mm per annum during 2006 to 2010. Compared to the southern part of Uganda, such as Kampala, the rainy and dry seasons in Acholi Sub-region are clearly distinct in terms of rainfall. 250 Gulu 200 Kampala 150 mm 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec month Source: Statistical Abstract 2011, UBOS Figure 3.1-3 Average Rainfall in Gulu and Kampala 2006 - 2010 3-3 3.2 Local Government Administration In Uganda, the local government is made up of five levels of hierarchy, i.e. from LC5 to LC1 (see Figure 3.2-1). District (LC5) County (LC4) Sub-county (LC3) Parish (LC2) Village (LC1) Figure 3.2-1 Local Government Hierarchy The study area covers five out of seven districts in Acholi Sub-region namely Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader and Agago. Gulu district is composed of 16 lower local governments (12 sub-counties and 4 divisions). Kitgum district is composed of 10 lower local governments (9 sub-counties and 1 town council). Lamwo district is composed of 11 lower local governments (9 sub-counties and 2 town councils). Pader district is composed 12 lower local governments (11 sub-counties and 1 town council). Agago district is composed 16 lower local governments (13 sub-counties and 3 town councils). Table 3.2-1 Number of Parishes and Villages by District in Acholi Sub-region District Sub-county Parish Village Gulu 16 70 294 Kitgum 10 53 464 Lamwo 11 43 327 Pader 12 50 608 Agago 16 75 906 Study Area Total 65 291 2,599 Source: JICA Study Team The District Council is the highest decision-making body with fully-fledged legislative and executive powers. The District Chairperson, who is elected through universal adult suffrage, is the political head of the District. The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), who is appointed by the District Service Commission (DSC), is the administrative head of the District, and is the chief accounting officer for the district. 3-4 The Project for Rural Road Network Development in Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.2: Main Report Source: UNOCHA 2010/ UBOS, 2006, compiled by JICA Study Team Figure 3.2-2 Administrative Boundary of Study Area 3.3 Return of IDPs Since 1986, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) increased violent attacks on Uganda government forces and civilians in Acholi Sub-region. As a result, nearly 95 percent of the ethnic Acholi population in the sub-region were displaced from their original home villages. The government lifted the restrictions on freedom of movement for IDPs of Acholi Sub-region in 2006. However, protection concerns prevailed among IDPs. Since April 2007, peace negotiations between the Government of Uganda (GOU) and LRA significantly improved security in northern Uganda. This situation encouraged IDPs to move closer to home villages. In 2008, the return process of IDPs was accelerated by moving out from IDP camps to transit sites. The population in the IDP camps of Acholi Sub-region used to be 1,347,396 in 2006 at its peak. While in July 2011, about 55,400 lived in the IDP camps and transit sites in Acholi Sub- region, the population in the IDP camps decreased rapidly. Approximately 96% of IDPs have already settled in original villages. Table 3.3-1 Population Changes in IDP Camps in Acholi Sub-region % of 2006 IDP Camp Month-Year IDP Camp Population Registered Population Dec-05 1,110,000 - 2006 1,347,396 100% Jun-07 916,000 68% Aug-08 497,631 37% Nov-08 437,000 32% Feb-09 329,000 24% 3-5 % of 2006 IDP Camp Month-Year IDP Camp Population Registered Population May-09 261,722 19% Aug-09 184,199 14% May-10 76,836 6% Dec-10 58,023 4% Jul-11 55,421 4% Source: UNHCR, UNOCHA There were 8 IDP camps and 282 transit sites in Acholi Sub-region, as of July 2011. By the end of 2011, all of these IDP camps were supposed to be officially closed down according to UNHCR. The local governments and major donors operating in northern Uganda recognize that the return process of IDP is completed. Table 3.3-2 Number of IDP Population in Acholi Sub-region 2005 2011 Number Estimated Estimated Number Estimated Number Estimated Return District of Population Population in of Population of Population Ratio Transit in Transit Camps and Camps in Camps Camps in Camps Sites Sites Transit Sites Amuru/Nwoya 34 257,000 0 - 50 11,268 11,268 95.6% Gulu 31 204,000 1 366 13 1,963 2,329 98.9% Kitgum/Lamwo 25 310,000 6 2,669 65 6,582 9,251 97.0% Pader/Agago 31 339,000 1 27 154 32,546 32,573 90.4% Acholi Sub-region 121 1,110,000 8 3,062 282 52,359 55,421 95.0% Source: UNHCR 3.4 Population 3.4.1 Population and Population Growth The population of Acholi Sub-region is estimated at 1,464,000 in 2010 by Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). It accounts for 4.6% of Uganda’s total population. The population growth rate of Acholi Sub-region was 3.8% per annum between 2002 and 2010. Compared to the national rate, this growth rate is relatively high. Table 3.4-1 Population and Growth Rate of Acholi Sub-region Annual Growth District 2002 2010 Rate 2002-10 Gulu 298,527 374,900 2.9% Kitgum 167,030 228,900 4.0% Lamwo 115,345 158,100 4.0% Pader 142,320 210,100 5.0% Agago 184,018 271,700 5.0% Amuru 135,723 169,200 2.8% Nwoya 41,010 51,100 2.8% Acholi Sub-region 1,083,973 1,464,000 3.8% Uganda 24,227,297 31,784,600 3.5% Source: UBOS 3-6 The Project for Rural Road Network Development in Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.2: Main Report 3.4.2 Urban Population Gulu Town (Gulu Municipality) is the largest urban centre in Acholi Sub-region.
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