DOCSLIB.ORG

HEREDITARY GENIUS. T H E Judges of England, Since the Res Toration Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HEREDITARY GENIUS. T H E Judges of England, Since the Res Toration Of 424 HEREDITARY GENIUS. THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND BETWEEN 16G0 AND 18G5. JBY FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.S. T h e Judges of England, since the res­ reader will probably think they are toration of the monarchy in 1660, form rather too abstractedly expressed, and a group peculiarly well adapted to afford will find difficulty in understanding a general outline of the extent and limi­ them at first sight, but, as he reads on, tations of heredity in respect to genius. that difficulty will disappear. The Judgeship is a guarantee of their (A) If we divide men of exceptionally having been gifted with an exceptional high ability into two groups, one of share of ability; they are sufficiently which consists of those that are extra­ numerous and prolific to form an ade­ ordinarily able, then this group ought quate basis for statistical inductions, to contain the larger percentage of able and they are the subjects of numerous kinsmen. excellent biographical .treatises. (B) If we analyse the families of men I propose in these pages to touch of high ability, we 'ought to find the briefly on a few of the results that I number of able kinsmen in those fami­ have obtained by inquiring into their lies to be enormously larger than it relationships. These are powerfully would have been according to the ordi­ corroborative of the views I first ex­ nary law of chances, on the supposition pressed, a few years ago, in this Maga­ that ability was irrespective of descent. zine (June and August 1865), in two (C) The peculiar type of ability ought articles upon hereditary talent and cha­ to be largely transmitted. racter, and they lend far greater preci­ (D) The percentage of able kinsmen sion to the determinations of hereditary should be greatest among those who are influences than those at which I then nearest to the most eminent member of aimed. I hope very shortly to publish the family, and it should diminish in a volume of a somewhat elaborate and each successive grade of remoteness. extensive inquiry, in which I shall treat (E) The appearance of the man of not only of judges, but also of the most highest ability in a family should not illustrious statesmen, commanders, men be an abrupt and isolated phenomenon, of literature and science, poets, painters, but his ability should be built up, so musicians, divines, and scholars. In to speak, by degrees, in his ancestry; the meantime, I publish these pages and conversely, it should disperse itself as first-fruits in the hope they may by degrees in his descendants. servo the purpose of familiarizing readers I shall now proceed to show that the with the sort of arguments upon which results obtained from an analysis of the I rely, and the tendency of the con­ families of the Judges, affirm the whole clusions to which those arguments irre­ of these propositions in the most un­ sistibly lead. qualified manner. If genius be hereditary in the same Before producing my facts, let mo way that physical strength or feature is say a few words in confirmation of what hereditary, at least five conditions will I began by asserting, that the office of necessarily be found to exist. I ‘ will judge is a sufficient guarantee that its state them, and will distinguish them possessor is exceptionally gifted in a by the letters A B C D and E, for very high degree. No doubt there aro the convenience of after reference. The some hindrances, external to those of / Hereditary Genius. 425 nature, against a man getting on at son of a barber. Others were sons of the bar and rising to a judgeship. The clergymen of scanty means. Others attorneys may not give him briefs when have begun life in alien professions, yet, he is a young barrister; and, even if he notwithstanding their false start, have becomes a successful barrister, his poli­ easily gained lost ground in after life. tical party may be out of office for a Lord Erskine was first in the navy and long period at a time when he was then in the army before he became a otherwise ripe for advancement. I can­ barrister. Lord Chelmsford was origi­ not, however, believe that either of nally a midshipman. Now a large these are serious obstacles in the long number of men with antecedents as un­ run. Sterling ability is sure to make favourable to success as these, and yet itself felt and to lead to practice; while successful men, are always to he found as to politics, the changes of party are at the bar, and therefore I say the bar­ sufficiently frequent to give a fair chance risters are themselves a selected body; to almost every generation. For every and the fact of every Judge having been man who is a Judge there may possibly taken from the foremost rank of 3,000 be two other lawyers of the same of them, is proof that his exceptional standing, equally fitted for the post, ability is of an enormously higher order but it is hard to believe there can be a than if the, 3,000 barristers had been larger number. conscripts, drawn by lot from the general The Judges hold the foremost places mass of their countrymen. in a vast body of legal men. The In speaking of English Judges, I have Census speaks of upwards of 3,000 bar­ adopted the well-known “ Lives of the risters, advocates, and special pleaders; Judges,” by Poss, as my guide. It was and it must be recollected that these published in 1865, so I have adopted do not consist of 3,000 men taken at that date as the limit of my inquiries. hap-hazard, but a large part of them I have considered those only as falling are already selected, -and it is from under the definition of Judges whom he these, by a second process of selection, includes as such. They are the Judges that the Judges are mainly derived. of the Courts of Chancery and Common When I say that a large part of the Law, and the Master of the Rolls, barristers are selected men, I speak of but not the Judges of the Admiralty those among them who are of humble nor of the Court of Canterbuiy. By the parentage but have brilliant natural latter limitation I lose the advantage of gifts, who attracted notice as boys, or, counting Lord Stowell, brother of the it may be, even as children, and were Lord Chancellor Eldon, the remarkable therefore sent to a good school. There family of the Lushingtons, that of SirR. they won exhibitions and fitted them­ Phillimore, and some others. Through selves for college, where they supported the limitation as regards time, I lose, themselves by obtaining scholarships. by ending with the year 1865, the Then came fellowships, and so they recently-created Judges, such as Judge ultimately found their way to the bar. Selwyn, brother of the Bishop of Lich­ Many of these have risen to the Bench. field, and also of the Professor of Thus there have been 30 Lord Chan­ Divinity at Cambridge'. By beginning cellors within the period included in at the Restoration, which I took for my my inquiries. Of these, Lord Hard- commencement, because there was fre­ wicke was the son of a small attorney quent jobbery in the days of earlier at Dover, in narrow circumstances; history that would have led to untrust­ Lord Eldon (whose brother was the worthy results, I lose a Lord Keeper (of great Admiralty Judge, Lord Stowell) the same rank as a Lord Chancellor), was son of a “ coal fitterLord Truro and his still greater son, also a Lord was son of a sheriff’s officer; and Lord Chancellor, namely, the two Bacons. , I St. Leonards (like Lord Tenterden, the state these facts to show that I have not Chief Justice of Common Pleas) was picked out a period that seemed most 426 Hereditary Genius. favourable to my argument, but one ful inquiries, gave a still larger falling that was the most suitable to bring out off of the run of ability in the female the truth as to hereditary genius, and line. Notwithstanding these allowances, which at the same time was most con­ there is a residue that points to a law venient for me to handle. that judicial ability passes somewhat There are 286 Judges within the more through the male lino than through limits of my inquiry. Of these, I find that of the female. no less than 133, or nearly one-half, to I will now. proceed to the conditions. have one or more kinsmen of little or As regards A, there is no doubt that no less eminence than themselves. The the Lord Chancellors are far superior proof-sheets of my forthcoming volume in average ability to the rest of the lie before me, in which these relation­ Judges. They are the very first class ships are described at length, and are as lawyers, of high rank as politicians, methodically arranged. For want of and we may safely say that all Eng­ space, I am unable to do more than land does not afford, on the average, half give a few samples of them here, and to a dozen men of the same age as the L ord. request the reader to take the rest upon Chancellors with greater ability than trust. they have. As I have already remarked, It will be well, before speaking of there have been 30 Lord Chancellors the five conditions, to say a few words among the 286 Judges.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pennsylvania Magazine of HISTORY and BIOGRAPHY
    THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY A Pennsylvania Farmer at the Court of King George John Dickinson's London Letters, 1754-1756 HE modern American political scene has long been dominated by lawyers. The legal profession has contributed many more Tthan its share of presidents, senators, and congressmen; occasionally, a good lawyer even finds a berth on the Supreme Court. But the lawyer's proclivity for politics is far from new. With a few notable exceptions (such as Samuel Adams and Benjamin Franklin), the American revolutionary leadership of the 1760's and I77o's was predominantly legal in its professional affiliation. Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, John Adams, James Otis, Daniel Dulany, Jr., William Henry Dray ton, and James Wilson, to offer a selection, were all practicing lawyers at one time or another. They found that their legal education served them extraordinarily well in resolving the proper relationship of their respective provinces to the mother country. Their legal training unquestionably colored their political thinking. As David Ramsay explained in 1789, "no order of men has, in all ages, been more favorable to liberty, than lawyers." When entering the political arena, Ramsay continued, lawyers operated 241 1<\1 H. TREVOR COLBOURN July with a special skill and technique: "while others judge of bad princi- ples by the actual grievances they occasion, lawyers discover them at a distance, and trace future mischiefs from gilded innovations."1 Surprisingly little attention has been given to the lawyer's role in the American Revolution, or to American legal history generally, despite the accuracy of Edmund Burke's remark that "in no country perhaps in the world is the law so general a study/'2 One explanation for this historical delinquency might well be the complexity of the lawyer's craft.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relevance of Colonial Appeals to the Privy Council Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected]
    Boston College Law School Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School Boston College Law School Faculty Papers 11-2016 The Relevance of Colonial Appeals to the Privy Council Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Mary Sarah Bilder. "The Relevance of Colonial Appeals to the Privy Council." Texts and Contexts in Legal History: Essays in Honor of Charles Donahue (2016): 413-428. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law School Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Relevance of Colonial Appeals to the Privy Council Mary Sarah Bilder1 The famous case of Perrin v. Blake may have begun with a hurricane. On 28 August 1722, a terrible hurricane hit Jamaica, almost precisely ten years after an earlier one. Port Royal was destroyed and hundreds of people died, including several hundred enslaved Africans when a slave ship sank in the harbor. Within a year or two, perhaps amidst the disease that followed, William Williams died. He thought his wife might be pregnant. He left a will attempting to provide for that possibility. The words chosen—and a series of later unfortunate events—gave rise to an appeal from Jamaica to the Privy Council. This appeal proved so troubling to English lawyers and judges that it was transferred into the regular English legal system.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern Italian Loggia at Wimpole Hall’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol
    David Adshead, ‘A modern Italian loggia at Wimpole Hall’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. X, 2000, pp. 150–163 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2000 A MODERN ITALIAN LOGGIA AT WIMPOLE HALL DAVID ADSHEAD t some point in the late s or early s a ...notwithstanding the injunction of my friend Jones small but elegant building appeared in the park who prescribes absolute Idleness to me, I have bestowed A some thoughts on your Lordship’s building, before I at Wimpole in Cambridgeshire. Described in some proceed I shall be glad to know the length & breadth documents as the ‘park’ or ‘palladian building’, its proposed for the Room above Stairs & the Porticos primary purpose is revealed by its alternative names: below, in length & in breadth will make a fine the ‘hill house’, the ‘belvedere’, and the ‘prospect Spassegio – for the Portico – a noble walk in all weathers, room’. The building’s site, on a rise between Wimpole & a noble object from all the country in view of it. Hall and ‘the old Great North Road which – as the A – still bounds the estate to the west, was carefully The commission for the Park Building must therefore chosen (Fig. ). This vantage point commands superb have come as early as and would have followed views across the gently undulating valley of the river on naturally from the other works that Stuart is known Rhee to the Royston Downs, hinting at the promise to have undertaken for the Yorkes at Wimpole. In of the Chilterns. A watercolour view made by Henry and Stuart had designed two elegant, neo- Reginald Yorke ( – ) in , from the shade of classical church monuments for the family, working the building’s projecting, columned loggia (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Juries Empower Judges
    GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works Faculty Scholarship 2020 The Surprising Views of Montesquieu and Tocqueville about Juries: Juries Empower Judges Renée Lettow Lerner George Washington University Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Renée Lettow Lerner, The Surprising Views of Montesquieu and Tocqueville about Juries: Juries Empower Judges, 81 Louisiana Law Review 1 (2020). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Surprising Views of Montesquieu and Tocqueville about Juries: Juries Empower Judges Renée Lettow Lerner*1 ABSTRACT Both Montesquieu and Tocqueville thought that an independent judiciary was key to maintaining a moderate government of ordered liberty. But judicial power should not be exercised too openly, or the people would view judges as tyrannical. In Montesquieu’s and Tocqueville’s view, the jury was an excellent mask for the power of judges. Both Montesquieu and Tocqueville thought that popular juries had many weaknesses in deciding cases. But, as Tocqueville made clear, the firm guidance of the judge in instructions on law and comments on evidence could prevent juries from going astray and make the institution a “free school” for democracy. The Article explores Montesquieu’s legacy concerning judges and juries in the arguments of both the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imperial Constitution of the King's Law Officers JICH Oct 2018
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Apollo (ID: 1539723 DOI:10.1080/03086534.2018.1539723) Journal: The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History Author: Edward Cavanagh Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History The Imperial Constitution of the Law Officers of the Crown: Legal Thought on War and Colonial Government, 1719-1774. The rule of conquest came to receive different applications for different parts of the British Empire. How this happened, and who was responsible for it happening, are the interests of this article. Calling upon court reports, parliamentary records, and correspondence between various officeholders in the early Hanoverian government, attention will be drawn in particular to the attorney general and the solicitor general (the law officers of the crown) and the advice they offered upon the governance of colonies between 1719 and 1774. Focusing upon the conventions that pertain to war and conquest in Ireland, the Caribbean, India, and North America, this article reveals inconsistency in doctrine, but consistency in the procedures by which law officers of the crown acquired influence over proceedings in the houses of parliament and in the courts of common law and equity. Just as often in their formal capacities as in their informal capacities, the attorney general and the solicitor general were pivotal to the development of the imperial constitution, in constant response, as they were, to the peculiar demands of various colonies and plantations in the British Empire. Keywords: imperial constitution; crown law officers; conquest; British Empire; Ireland; Bengal; Jamaica; Grenada; Quebec; America. I. Introduction One is able to account fully enough for the English imperial constitution of the period between 1603 and 1714 by referring only to words that begin with the letter c.
    [Show full text]
  • Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716-1745 Author(S): Margaret Sankey and Daniel Szechi Source: Past & Present, No
    The Past and Present Society Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716-1745 Author(s): Margaret Sankey and Daniel Szechi Source: Past & Present, No. 173 (Nov., 2001), pp. 90-128 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600841 Accessed: 02/07/2009 12:37 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Oxford University Press and The Past and Present Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Past & Present.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost History of Legislative Constitutional Interpretation
    REDISCOVERING THE JOURNAL CLAUSE: THE LOST HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION Nicholas Handler ABSTRACT Article I, Section 5 of the United States Constitution requires that each house of Congress keep a Journal of its proceedings. Contemporary observers have largely ignored this provision, treating it as a vestigial record-keeping requirement with little significance for modern law. This dismissive attitude is misguided. Historically, legislative Journals were one of the primary mechanisms by which Parliament, and later Congress, made and interpreted constitutional law. Journals are the official histories of legislatures’ activity. They record what legislatures do as institutions—what powers they exercise, what procedures they use, and what actions by the coordinate branches they protest or resist. In systems in which many aspects of legislative power are not reviewable by outside courts, the historical record of a legislature’s actions, and of actions by other governmental actors which they accept as legitimate, are critical sources of legal precedent. By keeping Journals, early Anglo-American legislatures learned to strategically manage this precedent in order to negotiate the contours of sovereign power with other governmental bodies. In the mid-nineteenth century, this practice largely disappeared as legislatures turned their attention to newer forms of record keeping, such as transcripts of floor debates, which were designed to accommodate the policy agendas of partisan interest groups. The institutional practices that evolved to enable legislatures to express collective judgments on questions of constitutional law through Journal-keeping atrophied. As a result, by the twentieth century legislatures were largely considered to be incapable of the kinds of sophisticated legal analysis employed by courts and the Executive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eclipse of the Yorkes Author(S): Basil Williams Source: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol
    The Eclipse of the Yorkes Author(s): Basil Williams Source: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 2 (1908), pp. 129-151 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3678374 Accessed: 25-06-2016 06:51 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press, Royal Historical Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Royal Historical Society This content downloaded from 132.236.27.217 on Sat, 25 Jun 2016 06:51:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE ECLIPSE OF THE YORKES. By BASIL WILLIAMS, M.A. Read January 16, 1908. IN one of his greatest novels Balzac describes the sudden accession to fortune of C6sar Birotteau, the hairdresser, and his lamentable fall, due to overweening confidence and neglect of the business to which he owed his elevation. It is the tragedy of the man who rests too long upon his laurels, and has failed to learn life's lesson, that a breathing space to prepare for further effort is the only rest possible for one who would not slip back in the struggle.
    [Show full text]
  • George III, Lord North and the Defeat of ‘Faction’ (1770)
    Chap 10 19/8/02 11:49 am Page 219 10 George III, Lord North and the defeat of ‘faction’ (1770) The political contest at the beginning of 1770 marked the culmina- tion of the events of the first decade of George III’s reign. The King’s opponents pitted the power of the House of Commons against that of the Crown, but circumstances tipped the balance in favour of the monarchy. The success of Lord North enabled George III to defy ‘faction’ and make good his royal claim to have a Prime Minister of his own choice. When Parliament met on 9 January neither the eve-of-session meetings nor the debates on the Address presaged a change of admin- istration. If 80 opposition MPs mustered at the Thatched House, 179 met at the ministerial Cockpit.1 In the Commons Grenville’s constitu- tional scruples prevented him from trying to amend the Address, but Dowdeswell did so after Chatham had sent Temple to express his con- cern that otherwise no debate would develop.2 The amendment asked the House to take into consideration ‘the cause of the unhappy dis- content which prevailed in every part of his Majesty’s dominions’. The ensuing debate, as befitted this wording, ranged widely over Ireland, America, Corsica, the Civil List, as well, of course, as the Middlesex Election. Attorney-General De Grey and Bedfordite Rigby both pointed out that only a minority of counties and a few boroughs had petitioned. Grenville responded with the claim of 60,000 signa- tures. Ominous for the ministry was the behaviour of Chathamites still in office.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stamp Act Crisis
    Chap 6 19/8/02 11:47 am Page 125 6 The first Rockingham ministry (1765–1766): the Stamp Act Crisis Lord Rockingham, who is at the head of the Treasury, is so infirm in his health, that it hardly seems possible for him to stand an active session of Parliament. One of the Secretaries of State [Grafton] is a very young man, and the other [Conway] new in the business. In general they want authority, and seem to have no head except the Duke of Cumberland, whose health and life are thought to be very precarious.1 This appraisal was by an opponent, Grenvillite Lord Lyttelton, but it helps to explain the widespread contemporary opinion that the new ministry would be short-lived. Inexperience and a perceived lack of ability; Pitt’s indifference; Bute’s reputed influence; the indignant hostility of the displaced Grenville and Bedford factions: none of this boded well for the new administration. Prime Minister Rockingham, devoid of administrative experience, had seemingly been promoted above the level of his ability. But his charm and integrity made him a good team leader, and he was to remain head of his party until his death in 1782. That was despite his nervous inability to speak in the House of Lords, where he only spoke twice during the session he was Prime Minister. Not until 1770 did the Marquess become a regular speaker in debate.2 One undoubted asset was his new private secretary Edmund Burke, who contributed industry as well as Commons ora- tory. Of the two Secretaries of State Grafton was able but lazy, and Conway notoriously weak and indecisive for a man named Commons Leader by the end of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Atlantic Empire Before the American Revolution
    THE BRITISH ATLANTIC EMPIRE BEFORE THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The British Atlantic Empire before the American Revolution Edited by Peter Marshall and Glyn Williams fl Routledge 0 I~ Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1980 by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1980 Taylor & Francis The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The British Atlantic Empire before the American Revolution. I. North America-History-Colonial period, ea. 1600- 1775 2. Great Britain-Colonies-America I. Marshall, Peter, b. 1926 II. Williams, Glyn III. 'Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth history' 970.03 E45 ISBN 978-0-7146-3158-5 (hbk) This group of studies first appeared in a Special Issue on 'The British Atlantic Empire before the American Revolution' of Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. VIII, No. 2, published by Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Contents Notes on the Contributors vii Preface The Empire and the Provincial Elites: An Interpretation of some Recent Writings on the English Atlantic, 1675-1740 I. K. Steele 2 The Board of Trade and London-American Interest Groups in the Eighteenth Century Alison G. Olson 33 Warfare and Political Change in Mid-Eighteenth Century Massachusetts William Pencak 51 British Government Spending and the North American Colonies 1740-1775 Julian Gwyn 74 The Seven Years' War and the American Revolution: the Causal Relationship Reconsidered Jack P.
    [Show full text]
  • Masculinity and Danger on the Eighteenth-Century Grand Tour
    Masculinity and Danger on the Eighteenth-Century Grand Tour SARAH GOLDSMITH Masculinity and Danger on the Eighteenth-Century Grand Tour New Historical Perspectives is a book series for early career scholars within the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Books in the series are overseen by an expert editorial board to ensure the highest standards of peer-reviewed scholarship. Commissioning and editing is undertaken by the Royal Historical Society, and the series is published under the imprint of the Institute of Historical Research by the University of London Press. The series is supported by the Economic History Society and the Past and Present Society. Series co-editors: Heather Shore (Manchester Metropolitan University) and Jane Winters (School of Advanced Study, University of London) Founding co-editors: Simon Newman (University of Glasgow) and Penny Summerfield (University of Manchester) New Historical Perspectives Editorial Board Charlotte Alston, Northumbria University David Andress, University of Portsmouth Philip Carter, Institute of Historical Research, University of London Ian Forrest, University of Oxford Leigh Gardner, London School of Economics Tim Harper, University of Cambridge Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews Alec Ryrie, Durham University Richard Toye, University of Exeter Natalie Zacek, University of Manchester Masculinity and Danger on the Eighteenth-Century Grand Tour Sarah Goldsmith LONDON ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS Published in 2020 by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU © Sarah Goldsmith 2020 The author has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.
    [Show full text]