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An Exploratory Study on Skill Shortages, Labour Migration, and Mining Booms in Western Australia

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An Exploratory Study on Skill Shortages, Labour Migration, and Mining Booms in Western Australia Curtin Graduate School of Business Deconstructing the interconnectedness of community: An exploratory study on skill shortages, labour migration, and mining booms in Western Australia Melissa Ivy Cianfrini This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University November 2015 INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF COMMUNITY Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. The research presented and reported in this thesis was conducted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) – updated March 2014. The proposed research study received human research ethics approval from the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (EC00262), Approval Number HR57/2011. Signature: Date: i INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF COMMUNITY Acknowledgements Completing a doctoral thesis has been a life-changing experience, both professionally and personally. From the bottom of my heart, I extend gratitude to my supervisors Associate Professor Brian Bishop and Dr Amma Buckley. Both had front row seats and have been extremely patient with me. While there were existential crises and tangents, you both persevered. Brian, I admire your perspective and guidance. Your words of encouragement provided support in trying times. Amma, my supervisor and dear friend, I’m grateful for your little gems of wisdom on navigating academia and life. You have been an important figure in the development of my working and personal life. I look forward to many more years of friendship. I’d also like to thank Dr Scott Fitzgerald, Professor Fiona Haslam McKenzie, Associate Professor Therese Jefferson, and Dr Niki Hynes for providing academic and administrative support along this journey. Special thanks also goes to Professor Daniela Stehlik, who gave me the opportunity to pursue a career in research as an undergrad fresh out of uni with little working experience behind me, I will always appreciate the opportunity. Warm thanks go out to my dear friends and family. The patience to listen to my research and the loving support has been key to assisting with this journey. I appreciate the check- ins and availability for a quick drink as reprieve from the isolation of this journey. Special thanks go to my parents. To my father, from whom I inherent the pursuit for fairness, and my mother, who grounded me when I was off in the clouds. I will forever be in your debt for your patience, love, and understanding. Also, thanks go to the staff at the Graduate School of Business at Curtin University, Geraldton Regional Library for assisting with archival data, and Glenys and Terry at Foreshore Backpackers for the accommodation and insights into the Geraldton community. A heartfelt thank you goes to the Geraldton community for accepting me and a willingness to share your story. Lastly, many thanks to the migrant workers for sharing your stories, I’ve been fortunate to develop lasting friendships with many of you, and for this I thank you. ii INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF COMMUNITY Abstract For the last decade in Australia, the narrative to dominate national discourse has been a pursuit to solving the skill shortage crisis emerging from two mining booms, as a consequence of the unprecedented Chinese demand for iron ore. A multiplicity of solutions for the skill shortage have been illuminated, including labour migration. This is a highly controversial solution, depicted by fear of local job loss in favour of ‘cheap’ migrant labour, and coloured by claims of migrant worker exploitation surfacing in the media. Concomitantly, businesses and industry bodies advocate for the increase use and flexibility of migrant workers as a short-term solution to fostering national economic prosperity. This exploratory study seeks to capture the experiences of employers facing a skill shortage, and the employment experiences of migrant workers. Furthermore, the experiences of stakeholders are also included, capturing the totality of the phenomenon. This study is located in the Mid West and Perth regions of Western Australia, specifically focusing on the Geraldton community. Situated in a community psychology paradigm, 89 semi-structured qualitative interviews and 22 online surveys were analysed through the analytical ecological framework of causal layered analysis. This process revealed four overarching themes which highlighted aspects in community and society that contribute to and perpetuate the skill shortage. The findings also confirmed the presence of migrant worker exploitation. The study offers a critical reflection through two propositions, which identify the discrepancies between social issues embedded in the micro/meso levels in the community, and the State Government’s neoliberal solutions embedded in the macro level. The lack of cognizance of the interconnectedness of the phenomenon informed the examination of the power embedded in the relational capital between employers, migrant workers, and stakeholders. This relational power manifested in expressions of dehumanisation, accusation, oppression, and exploitation as explored by a series of paradoxes. The study asserts widening the lens of analysis in an ecological framework to encapsulate the relational power between community and government policies, sovereignty, and globalisation, provides greater insight to achieving wellbeing for all members in the community. iii INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF COMMUNITY Table of Contents Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………viii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………ix Chapter One – Setting the Scene……………………………………………………………………………………..1 Mining Booms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 China demand for iron ore………………………………………………………………………………………1 Magnetite and hematite iron ore……………………………………………………………………………2 Effects of the Mining Boom - Skill Shortages………………………………………………………………………..3 Labour Migration – A Solution to Skill Shortages………………………………………………………………….4 Research Question………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9 Overview of Thesis Structure…………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Chapter Two – Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………..15 Geraldton and the Mid West Region………………………………………………………………………………….15 History of mining in the Mid West………………………………………………………………………..17 Mid West projects…………………………………………………………………………………………………18 Oakajee Port and Rail……………………………………………………………………………………………19 Skill Shortages……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20 State Government response to skill shortages………………………………………………………21 Addressing barriers to labour force participation…………………………………………..22 Issues impacting migration…………………………………………………………………………….23 Addressing attraction and retention issues…………………………………………………….24 Addressing skill development, utilisation, and training…………………………..………25 Addressing planning and coordination…………………………………………………………..26 Globalisation, Financialisation, and Neoliberalism…………………………………………………………….27 Neoliberalism in regional development…………………………………………………………………28 Labour Migration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….33 Migrant worker exploitation…………………………………………………………………………………34 Migrant Workers in the Australian Context……………………………………………………………………….38 Chapter Three – Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………….43 Social Constructionism………………………………………………………………………………………………………44 The sociology of scientific knowledge……………………………………………………………………44 Origins…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45 Gergen’s key tenets of social constructionism……………………………………………………...46 Language………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47 Knowledge and power………………………………………………………………………………………….47 Generative theory…………………………………………………………………………………………………50 Reflexivity in social constructionism……………………………………………………………………..50 Critiques of social constructionism……………………………………………………………………….51 Community Psychology……………………………………………………………………………………………………..52 What is community?.................................................................................................53 Psychological sense of community………………………………………………………………………..54 Ecological systems theory……………………………………………………………………………………..55 iv INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF COMMUNITY Empowerment and power…………………………………………………………………………………….58 Critiques of community psychology………………………………………………………………………63 Causal Layered Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………..65 Futures studies……………………………………………………………………………………………………..65 Theoretical roots of futures studies………………………………………………………………………66 Social constructionism: An alternative epistemology for future studies?.……………..67 Conceptual influences………….……………………………………………………………………………….68 The six basic futures questions……………………………………………………………………………..69 The four levels………………………………………………………………………………………………………70 Litany……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70 Social causes………………………………………………………………………………………………….70 Worldview discourse……………………………………………………………………………………..71 Myth/metaphor……………………………………………………………………………………………..71 Application of CLA…………………………………………………………………………………………………72
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