The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

Alya Zulfikar, Ahmad Bukhori Muslim* English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT Racism has always been a never-ending issue in society; one specific racist act is whiteness. The issue of whiteness is still considered an inevitable issue that is still happening until today, and it gives negative impact on the non-white. The issue of racism is often analyzed as a form of prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination. However, the issue of racism is a general issue. Thus, the present research attempts to portray the specific act of racism, which is whiteness. The novel Invisible Man (1952) by Ralph Ellison brings the issue of racism. By using Garner (2007) theory of whiteness, the issue of racism that is present in the novel is analyzed under the four themes of whiteness to provide an alternative understanding of the issue of racism through the lens of whiteness. This research entitled “The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man” attempts to reveal how whiteness is constructed as a racist act in the society which becomes the central issue of the novel. This research employs Young’s (1999) theory of representation and Garner’s (2007) theory of whiteness to provides another perspective of whiteness by portraying the themes of whiteness, and how it is constructed in society. The findings show that the issue of whiteness is dominantly exercised through terror and supremacy, and it makes the non-white feel inferior to the White.

Keywords: whiteness, white privilege, white supremacy

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INTRODUCTION Until today, the issue of racism is still raise humanity issues because happening. Back into the age of everyone can relate to literature. slavery, White enslaved the non- One such work is Ralph Ellison’s white. The aftermath of slavery can be (1952) Invisible Man, which brings seen in how society was then the issue of racism by showing the constructed. White define themselves discrimination towards Black in as “The Self” and assign the non- American society. Set in New York white as “The Other”. White is City, the major center of African- influential because they have the American culture. The narrator, who advantage to define people of is a black man, is portrayed as the different skin color as a result of the invisible man. The term “invisible construction of their whiteness; they man” in the novel does not refer to a exercise their power to discriminate person who is physically invisible or the non-white. As history shows, has the power to be invisible in front White used to enslave the non-white of other people. It refers to someone and also used to colonize other who is invisible in the eye of the countries of the non-white. majority members of the society who Nowadays, although the colonial era are White. His invisibility is mainly has ended, discrimination to the non- because of his skin color. white are still happening. Some of the White still think that they are superior White, in the story, exercise their because they are white. It is apparent power of being White by that White is giving unequal rights to discriminating Black through racist the non-white. This issue is often acts which dehumanize them as a raised in the literature, as “Literature human. They look down upon Black is one of the most interesting and and treat them as non-human being. significant expressions of humanity,” The issue of racism, which is done by (Barnum, 1866, p.13) express that White in the novel has attracted the literature is one of the mediums to writer to conduct research on this issue because the issue of racism done

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

by White is interesting to be further practices). According to Rosado investigated. A particular term used in (2012), disregardful actions are only this issue is Whiteness. classified into prejudice and discrimination because prejudice Whiteness is the idea of being already includes stereotype. As this white and of having inherent novel raises the issue of racism done privileges of being white. This by White toward the Black, the theory privilege of being white has created of Whiteness is best implemented to inequality or injustice among other show how the novel represents races in society. More specifically, Whiteness. Garner (2007) categorized the practice of racism done by white the kinds of Whiteness into four is called as white racism as coined by forms: Whiteness as terror and Hill (2008). White racism refers to supremacy, Whiteness as a kind of practices of racism which is done by absence, Whiteness as contingent White, and it is not only a mere hierarchies, and Whiteness as values, American history, but it is organized norm, and cultural capital. by white-dominated institutions and White as an individual. This research also employs the theory of representation in examining White racism is derived from the the data. regarding the issue of construction of whiteness in society, whiteness. Hall (1997) explains that and it leads to a racist act. Glasgow representation is the process of (2009) states that the racism derives meaning-making by which meaning from disregard, more generally, as a is produced between members of a form of ill will towards the other culture; the process of the meaning- races. Thus, racist actions will be making itself covers the use of hostile and disrespectful for the language, signs, and images which victims. Berman and Paradies (2010) represent an object. The theory of note that racism can be expressed representation is best applied to through stereotype (racist beliefs), support the research in examining the prejudice (racist emotions/affect), and representation of whiteness as it helps discrimination (racist behaviors and

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to establish a better understanding of racism towards the Black. Rezazade the issue. Young (1999) states literary and Zohdi (2016) analyze color works can also be a source of blindness in the case of racism in knowledge through the theory of Nelle Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mocking representation. He further explains Bird and found that being color-blind there are three types of literary is one of the solutions to the issue of depiction that helps to examine the racism, as color-blindness is the represented issue. Thus, the use of the ability to see with the transparent theory of representation helps to eyeball and preventing the act of portray how whiteness in the novel racism. Pfeifer (2009) found that the Invisible Man and to present white and black function as a understanding of how the issue of profound metaphor or binary whiteness is exercised in society. opposition. Pfeifer found that the Dark Continent is an explicit symbol There have been many of the opposition between forces of researchers who conducted studies on ‘civilization’ and images of the issue of racism that is represented ‘savagery’ and dark primitivism. in literary works. Wilson (2014) These symbolisms presume the found that there remains the dualistic splits of White/non-white. overrepresentation of White and invisibility of racial minorities as an Meanwhile, the novel itself has impact of racial representations in been analyzed by some researchers. children’s picture books. Szulkowska Lamm (2003) analyses the issue of (2017) studies the relationships visuality and Black masculinity, between White character and Black which focus on the visual character in Katherine Stockett’s The representations of the black male. Help, specifically about racism Wilcox (2007) analyses the issue of experienced by African Americans. Black power, which leads to the idea She then found that through The Help of the prototype for a Black cyborg people are aware of the problem of subject. Another research regarding white supremacy and the damage of the novel is Widyana’s (2006)

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

research on the issue of racism in general, identity, alienation, discrimination. She focuses on the color blindness, and the impact of race relationship between White and racial representations. As most of the Black. Most of the researchers focus previous studies only focus on the on the issue of invisibility, issue of racism in general, the main discrimination, and racism. None of focus of this research is the issue of the research specifically focuses on whiteness. The research is expected to racism done by White. provide information on the issue of whiteness, which is represented in the The previous studies on this novel novel by showing its construction in have already examined specific issues society and how it is exercised as a that are raised in the novel. It includes racist act.

METHODOLOGY by using numerical and interpretative analysis. In order to analyze the representation of whiteness in the novel Invisible In relation to Bernard and Man, this study used textual analysis Ryan (1998), textual analysis, approach. This approach was chosen according to McKee (2003), is an since the data of the representation of approach where the researchers whiteness is based on the text in the gather information about how people novel. According to Bernard and make sense of the world. In other Ryan (1998), textual analysis words, textual analysis is a method involves the examination of words, where researchers make an “educated sentences, paragraphs, ideas, guess”; the interpretation is created meanings, paralinguistic features, based on the analyzed text. documents, and another aspect that is Furthermore, he explains that textual missing in the text. Subsequently, the analysis is not used to find a single researchers should interpret, mark, correct interpretation. There are many retrieve, and count the information interpretations that may be considered they have gathered based on the text closer to be treated as ‘the true

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interpretation’ in certain Black Arts Movement. It happens that circumstances. The approach offers a most African American novels are different conclusion since the point of written as a form of social protest. view of the researcher is also Besides the literary movements, the considered as unique. Thus, between novel is also intended to raise the one researcher and other researchers social issues in America which may have a different conclusion as it happened in that era. One of the major based on the theory they use to social issues that the novel raises is evaluate the text. Textual analysis the issue of racism. Thus, looking approach aims to give an insightful back at America in that era, Black was and thoughtful reading to help the socially-discriminated. It can be seen reader understand the text in a new how the society of America unfairly and refreshing manner. treated Black through the right segregation. Through Invisible Man, Thus, the writer believes that Ellison is the first African American this approach is suitable for the who wins the National Book Award. research since it focused on analyzing Invisible Man is a story of a the representation of whiteness based black man struggling in a white- on the text of the novel by finding the dominated society. He was a southern features that support the existence of educated black man who then in the whiteness. story moved to the North. As he

himself experienced a racist act from Summary of Invisible Man the society, he chose to join the Invisible Man is a novel written by Brotherhood, a multicultural Ralph Elison during the World War II organization. From the Brotherhood, (1945), and took five years to he expected to make racial equality complete the novel with one year off; where no one is discriminated. the novel was published in 1952 by However, the leader of the Random House. Elison straddles two Brotherhood, who is named Brother important literary movements which Jack did not even care about racial are the Harlem Renaissance and equality. The Narrator finally chooses

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

to be an invisible man. He chose to be I sprang at him, seized his coat an invisible man not because he was lapels and demanded that he physically invisible; his invisibility apologize. He was a tall happened because society refuses to blonde man, and as my face see him. come close to his he looked insolently out of his blue FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION eyes and cursed me, his breath hot in my face as he Whiteness as Supremacy struggled. (p. 4) Whiteness, as it gives advantages to White, is mainly about the superiority The Narrator clearly describes how of White toward other races. Garner the man he bumped into look like. He (2007) states that whiteness as terror is a tall blonde man and with blue and supremacy is about a structure of eyes. The interesting point of this domination in terms of the power of literary depiction is about how the naming, defining, decision making, white man reacts toward The and the use of physical and symbolic Narrator; in this case, the white man violence. The next evidence shows reacts rudely. From the reaction of the how the presence of whiteness can white man, it can be seen how the bring terror to non-white through the physical and symbolic violence of use of physical and symbolic whiteness works. The presence of violence. One night The Narrator took whiteness gives privilege to White, a walk, and he accidentally bumped which gives them advantages in their into a white man. He experienced an presence in society. unpleasant reaction as the white man The evidence shows how reacted rudely to him. one’s state of mind plays an essential role in the presence of whiteness. The One night I accidentally Narrator himself directly describes bumped into a man, and the physical appearance of the man, perhaps because of the near and from his descriptions, it can be darkness he saw me and pictured that the man is a white man called me an insulting name.

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based on his physical appearance. In Narrator himself feels the presence of this case, the state of mind of The whiteness and aware that whiteness Narrator shows how he personally defines his identity, of who he is. The sees the white man; he sees the white Narrator introduces himself with a man through his physical appearance. detailed description.

I am an invisible man. No, I Whiteness as a Kind of Absence am not a spook like those who The presence of whiteness in society haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor constructs a central point; in other I am one of your Hollywood- words, everything is related to White movie ectoplasms. I am a man or about White. As Garner (2007) of substance, of flesh and states that white is the point from bone, fiber and liquids—and I which judgments are made, for might even be said to possess example: if white is normality then a mind. I am invisible, the non-white is an abnormality, if understand, simply because white is beauty then the the non-white people refuse to see me. Like is ugliness, if white is civilized then the bodiless heads you see the non-white is barbaric. The idea of sometimes in circus White as the point from judgments are sideshows, it is as though I made, create the idea that the non- have been surrounded by white needs qualifications and need to mirrors of hard, distorting pass the qualifications if they want to glass. When they approach be recognized. In other words, the me they see only my presence of whiteness defines the surroundings, themselves, identities of the non-white. Whiteness or figments of their is invisible to White because they imagination—indeed, think that whatever happened to them everything and anything is what happens to everyone else; except me. whiteness is visible to others because Nor is my invisibility exactly whiteness defines their identities. The a matter of a biochemical

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

accident to my epidermis. else except white is acknowledged as That invisibility to which I deviant. The idea of the qualification refer occurs because of a construct the power relation of White peculiar disposition of the over Black; if white is human, black eyes of those with whom I as the binary opposite is deviant. come in contact. A matter of Whiteness as Values, Norms, and the construction of their Cultural Capital inner eyes, those eyes with Whiteness embeds its values in which they look through society; the values that are embedded their physical eyes upon transform into norms and cultural reality. (p. 3) capital. Garner (2007) states that whiteness takes its position in society It is interesting how The as the polar opposite of non- Narrator introduces himself. The whiteness. Whiteness as polar Narrator begins with the main point of opposite applies such as whiteness his identity is that he is an invisible without blackness. In other words, man. The Narrator’s invisibility is not white against everything that does not physical invisibility but social suit their values. The novel Invisible invisibility. The Narrator emphasizes Man shows how the value of that the cause of his invisibility comes whiteness exists in society through from his society and not come from the common sense of and the politics himself. This evidence proves that of White, and white as the point that whiteness defines the non-white is being mimicked by the non-white. identities; in this case, the identity of The Narrator as the invisible man is A small dry mustached man constructed because the society in the front row blared out, refuses to see his presence. It also “Say that slowly, son!” proves that whiteness also defines “What, sir?” what a human is, and to be a human “What you just said!” need to pass the qualification of “Social responsibility, sir,” I whiteness. In other words, everything said.

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“You weren’t being smart, between White and Black, it will were you, boy?” he said, not destroy the value of whiteness since if unkindly. whiteness exists, then blackness is “No, sir!” not. “You sure about ‘equality’ I passed on to a window was a mistake?” decorated with switches of “Oh, yes, sir,” I said. “I was wiry false hair, ointments swallowing blood.” guaranteed to produce the “Well, you had better speak miracle of whitening black more slowly so we can skin. “You too can be truly understand. We mean to do beautiful,” a sign right by you, but you’ve got proclaimed. “Win greater to know your place at all happiness with whiter times. All right, now, go on complexion. Be outstanding with your speech.” (p. 31) in your social set.” (p. 262) The conversation happened Another value that is known when The Narrator slipped the word as the value of whiteness is about the equality instead of responsibility in concept of beauty, which means white his speech after the battle royale. It is is the definition of beauty. Fanon interesting how the crowd ignore him (1967) states that whiteness affects while he delivers his speech, but then the psychological of the non-white, pay attention to him when he slips the and it leads them to mimic whiteness. word “equality”. One of the White The evidence confirmed that being questions what The Narrator means white is being beautiful, and being by equality, and it can be implied that black is the opposite. The value of there is no equality between White being white is beautiful is embedded and Black, and the white man in society as the evidence shows that confirms the idea of whiteness as the having whiter complexion can bring polar opposite of non-whiteness. It happiness and being outstanding in means that when there is equality the social set. It can be implied that

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

The Narrator does pay attention to against me? You, a northern physical appearance, as same as when white man!” (p. 189) he describes the white man that he It is interesting about the bumped. transition of place in the story, especially that is experienced by The

Narrator. The Narrator is a southern Whiteness as Contingent black man moves to the North. It is Hierarchies known that society in the North is The presence of whiteness in society different compared to the South. The is structured and in the form of difference is in terms of racist acts. hierarchies. It means that white is at For Black, moving from the South to the top of the hierarchy, and the non- the North is considered as the road to white is the subordinate. The freedom; the South rigidly segregates interesting part about the hierarchy of Black from White, while in the North whiteness is that not every white is is divided into predominantly society. considered as white; some of the Based on The Narrator statement, it white is considered as less white. The can be seen that he emphasizes novel invisible man also shows that “northern white man” as a northern not every white is considered as white man is whiter than the southern white. In other words, it shows that white man. not every White is considered as “Y’all’s the ones. You got to White. The evidence shows that the lead and you got to fight and northern and the southern White is move us all on up a little different. higher. And I tell you “I was sent here by a friend of something else, it’s the ones his. You read the letter, but from the South that’s got to still you refuse to let me see do it, them what knows the him, and now you’re trying to fire ain’t forgot how it get me to leave college. What burns. Up here too many kind of man are you, forgits. They finds a place for anyway, What have you got themselves and forgits the

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ones on the bottom. Oh, heap in a white-dominated society. As of them talks about doing mentioned before, verbal depiction things, but they done really represents the state of mind of the forgot. No, it’s you young characters in the story. The novel ones what has to remember shows that every Black character in and take the lead. (p. 255) the story sees whiteness as a terror Mary’s statement about the and supremacy. On the other hand, Southern Black shows what she is the White characters’ state of mind in thinking about her race and the the story represents their superiority northern people. Based on the finding, toward the non-white. For example, it portrays that contingent plays an the findings have proved that the essential point in defining race. Mary presence of whiteness brings terror by says that the Black from the South giving negative labels to the non- should lift their race a little higher. In white as shown in the novel; Black in the novel, it is known that the Black the novel is disadvantaged by the from the South experience more racist negative label. acts rather than those who are in the It is proved that whiteness is North. dominantly about terror to the non-

white and supremacy to White. This Discussion study has provided several different Invisible Man has shown that perspectives toward the issue of whiteness is an issue in society. Its racism by using the lens of whiteness. presence has brought terror and Terror and supremacy play a supremacy to the non-white. This dominant role in the presence of present research has analyzed the whiteness, even though whiteness is issue of whiteness in the novel, and complexly constructed in society and found that whiteness is dominantly control many aspects of society such represented through verbal depiction; as by the terms: visibility, invisibility, it becomes the dominant evidence in values, norms, cultural capital, and the novel because the novel is contingent hierarchies. The presence narrated by a black man which lives

Alya Zulfikar The Representation of Whiteness in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

of whiteness exists to advantage supremacy. Through the verbal White through white privilege by the depiction evidence that is found in the movement of white supremacy. Based novel, it can be concluded that the on the discussion, it can be concluded effect of whiteness is dominantly that the presence of whiteness means manifested in the state of mind of an no equality to the non-white. individual.

Whiteness is not limited in CONCLUSION terror and supremacy. Furthermore, it

covers many aspects of society. One This study aims to analyze the to mention is its functions as a representation of whiteness in the framing position that makes White novel Invisible Man by using the able to define the identity of the non- theory of representation proposed by white. The presence of White defines Young (1999) and Whiteness by the Narrator's identity, and the white- Garner (2007). As the aim of the dominated society he lives in; he then study is to analyze the representation defined himself as the invisible of whiteness, Young’s theory of man—not because he is invisible, but representation is used in this study to society refuses to see him. Whiteness find the textual evidence of the also roots their values in society, representation under the category of which for sure to advantage White. three literary depictions. The literary Throughout the novel, White is depiction then is connected to the treated as the superior being to those theory of whiteness which covers four who are not white; everything related whiteness themes: (1) Terror and to White, which has the value of supremacy, (2) Absence, (3) Values, White, is seen as the right thing. From norms, and cultural capital, (4) the study, it can be seen that Contingent hierarchies. The result of whiteness is the most specific act of the study shows that the issue of racism. whiteness in the novel is dominantly represented through verbal depiction As the final point, this study is with the theme of terror and conducted to provide an alternative

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understanding of the issue of racism. privilege. The superiority of white Whiteness is a more constructed act and their privilege of being white of racism which covers many aspects brings terror to the non-white and that advantage White; it is in the form makes them see White as the superior of white supremacy and white race. Fredrickson (eds). Not REFERENCES just black and white: Immigration and race, then Abang, E. & Obasi, K. (2017). Vision and now, 167-196. New York: versus illusion: A symbol of Russel Sage Foundation. reality in Ralph Ellison’s invisible man. Bernard, H.R. (1998). Text Analysis: English linguistic research, Qualitative and Quantitative 6(3). Methods. In Ember et al http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr. (Eds), Handbook of methods v6 n3p15 in cultural anthropology (pp. 595- 645). New Delhi: Bachtiar, M. S. (2018). Racism Altmaira Press. reflected in Harper Lee’s to kill a mockingbird Bourassa, A. (2006) Affect, history, (unpublished undergraduate and race and Ellison’s thesis). Universitas invisible man. CLCWeb: Muhammadiyah Surakarta. comparative literature and Surakarta, Indonesia. culture, 8(20). https://doi.org/10.7771/1481- Barnum, P. T. (1866). The humbugs 4374.1311 of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Press. social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge, Barret, J. & Roediger, D. (1997). MA: Harvard University Inbetween peoples: Race, Press. nationality, and the “new immigrant” working class. Bulmer, M., & Solomos, J. (1999). Journal of American ethnic Racism. Oxford: Oxford history, 16(3), 3-44. University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2 7 502194 Dyer, R. (1988). White. Screen, 29(4), 44-65. Barret, J. & Roediger, D. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1093/screen Making new immigrants / 29.4.44 inbetween: Irish host and white panethnicity, 1890 to Elkins, M. (2014). The blindness of 1930. In N. Foner, & G. M. an invisible man: An exploration

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