AGROPOLIS This Page Intentionally Left Blank AGROPOLIS the Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture

AGROPOLIS This page intentionally left blank AGROPOLIS The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture Edited by Luc J. A. Mougeot International Development Research Centre Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore London • Sterling, VA First published in the UK, USA and Canada in 2005 by Earthscan and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Copyright © IDRC, 2005 All rights reserved ISBN: 1-84407-232-0 paperback 1-84407-231-2 hardback Typesetting by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Bath Press Cover design by Danny Gillespie For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan is an imprint of James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd and publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development IDRC publishes an e-book edition of AGROPOLIS (ISBN 1-55250-186-8) For further information, please contact: International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500 Ottawa, ON Canada K1G 3H9 Email: [email protected] Web: www.idrc.ca IDRC is a Canadian public corporation that works in close collaboration with researchers from the developing world with the aim of building healthier, more equitable and more prosperous societies A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Agropolis : the social, political, and environmental dimensions of urban agriculture / Edited by Luc J. A. Mougeot. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84407-232-0 — ISBN 1-84407-231-2 1. Urban agriculture. I. Mougeot, Luc J. A. S494.5.U72A44 2005 630'.9173’2—dc22 2005015725 Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper Contents List of Boxes, Figures and Tables ix Foreword xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 Luc J. A. Mougeot Urban agriculture and the millennium development goals 1 Urban agriculture and food security 3 Urban agriculture for more decent and productive urban livelihoods 8 Urban agriculture as a tool for sustainable urbanization 11 Linking research with policy development 13 The origin of this book 14 The contributions to this book 15 Baselines and action research: different stages in the research cycle 20 A wide range of country situations 20 Public policy influence on small-scaled urban agriculture 21 A gendered approach to research on urban agriculture 22 Facilitating local public attention to urban producers 23 Promoting institutional research and training on urban agriculture 24 Conclusion 24 1 Survival of the Poorest: Migration and Food Security in Namibia 31 Bruce Frayne Introduction 31 Literature overview and key concepts 34 Methodology 35 Research findings 37 Circular and reciprocal urbanization 42 Reflections for further research 44 2 The Pest-control System in the Market Gardens of Lomé, Togo 51 Komla Tallaki Introduction 51 The issue and methodology 52 Results, analysis and discussion 66 vi AGROPOLIS Assessing the study’s impact 82 Conclusions and recommendations 84 3 Determinants of Urban Livestock Adoption in the ‘Zone Dense’ of Khorogo, Côte d’Ivoire: A Tobit Approach 89 Mody Bakar Barry Introduction 89 Methodology 91 Field data collection 93 The empirical Tobit model 94 Results and discussion 96 Conclusion and policy implications 100 Annex 1. Comments on models used in the literature 103 Annex 2. Livestock inventory in Khorogo 105 4 Exploring the Gender Dimensions of Urban Open-space Cultivation in Harare, Zimbabwe 107 Stephanie Gabel Introduction 107 Objectives 110 Methodology 110 Strengths and weaknesses of the research 117 Preliminary research findings and analysis 118 Reflections for further research 127 Impacts of the field research grant 128 Conclusion and recommendations 130 5 Gender, Commercial Urban Agriculture and Urban Food Supply in Greater Gaborone, Botswana 137 Alice Hovorka Introduction 137 Objectives, hypotheses and concepts 138 Methodology 139 Research findings 143 Reflections for further research 147 Field research grant impacts 148 6 Moving between the Plan and the Ground: Shifting Perspectives on Urban Agriculture in Havana, Cuba 153 Adriana Premat Introduction 153 Concepts, questions and methodology 156 Preliminary findings 163 Contributions to the field of urban agriculture and impacts of field research 177 Conclusions 179 Contents vii 7 Urban Agriculture and Local Sustainable Development in Rosario, Argentina: Integration of Economic, Social, Technical and Environmental Variables 187 Eduardo Spiaggi Introduction 187 Conceptual framework and hypotheses 188 Methodology 189 Research findings 193 Reflections for further research 197 Other impacts of field research 197 Conclusions and recommendations 199 8 Agri-urban Development from a Land-use Planning Perspective: The Saclay Plateau (France) and the Sijoumi Plain (Tunisia) 203 Moez Bouraoui Introduction 203 Selection and presentation of the sites 205 Research focus, hypotheses and objectives 208 Research methodology 209 Research findings 211 Conclusion and recommendations 223 Annex 1. Interview questionnaire 228 Annex 2. Photographic support used to determine the landscape preferences of the inhabitants of the Saclay Plateau 237 9 Assessing Benefits from Allotments as a Component of Urban Agriculture in England 239 Arturo Perez-Vasquez, Simon Anderson and Alan W. Rogers Introduction 239 General objective and hypothesis 240 Research design and methodologies 245 Results and discussion 247 Significance of the findings 260 Conclusions and recommendations 261 Annex 1. Key informants and allotment site Locations in Ashford, Kent 266 10 Neglected Issues on Form and Substance of Research on Urban Agriculture 267 Luc J. A. Mougeot Role of urban agriculture in urban food supply and security: Urban contexts and rural/urban entitlements 267 Improving the quality of survey data and official statistics 269 From baselines to action research for changes on the ground 271 Stakeholder assessment: An often neglected and important first step in policy analysis 271 viii AGROPOLIS The world of local organizations for urban agriculture 274 The role of urban agriculture in nurturing socio-biodiversity 276 Measuring the less tangible benefits and costs of the urban agriculture function 277 Index 281 List of Boxes, Figures and Tables BOXES 9.1 WTP and WTA 241 9.2 New postgraduate program in urban and periurban agriculture 261 FIGURES 2.1 Map of Lomé, Togo 56 2.2 Lomé’s market-garden zones and sampling points 57 4.1 Map of Harare, with particular reference to urban open spaces 109 5.1 Greater Gaborone Planning Area 141 6.1 View from urban garden in Old Havana 171 6.2 Two views of an urban garden created out of a previously abandoned city lot 172 6.3 Urban garden in the municipality of El Cerro 172 6.4 Family of proud rooftop animal raisers in the municipality of El Cerro 175 6.5 Gardener posing in his garden in the municipality of El Cerro 176 8.1 A vast sea of cereal plants, Saclay Plateau, southwest of Paris 205 8.2 Saclay Plateau in relation to Paris and surrounding area 206 8.3 Map of Tunis and surrounding area, including Sijoumi Plain 207 8.4 A vast rural agricultural space, Sijoumi Plain, southwest of Tunis 207 8.5 Picking apples (top) and strawberries (bottom) at Viltain farm, Saclay Plateau 214 8.6 Map of land-use master plan for Greater Tunis 222 8A1 Line of wells (between Trou Salé and Orsigny) 237 8A2 Trou Salé farm 237 8A3 Trou Salé farm in the mist 237 8A4 Trou Salé southern fringe of Ruc, seen from the Orsigny Plain 237 8A5 INRA experimental plots 238 8A6 Limon Abbey 238 8A7 Saclay Pond 238 8A8 Fields and woods of Saint Marc 238 9.1 Research design 243 9.2 Location of study areas in southeast England 243 9.3 Boroughs covered in Greater London (inner city) 244 9.4 Allotment holders and residents were the respondents 246 9.5 Force-field analysis (positive and negative forces) of allotments in London 252 x AGROPOLIS 9.6 Urban agriculture means cultivating plants, cultivating people and promoting a different landscape in cities 253 9A1 Location of allotment sites in Ashford Borough Council 266 TABLES 1 Contribution of urban food production to urban food supply (city and households) in selected cities and countries, 1990s 5 2 Contribution of urban agricultural production to urban employment, income and food expense savings in selected cities and countries, 1990s 9 3 Study locations, research issues and key research questions of the case studies 17 1.1 Changes in reported problems in Katutura, 1991–1996 32 1.2 Incidence of households receiving food from relatives and friends in the rural areas over the past year (2000) 38 1.3 Types of food people report receiving from the rural areas (2000) 38 1.4 Amount of millet received the last time by people in households (2000) 39 1.5 Importance of food sent from the rural areas to urban households (2000) 40 1.6 Why children are sent to live with relatives (2000) 41 2.1 Breakdown of growers by number of years of experience 68 2.2 Crop calendar for certain market garden vegetables in Lomé 73 2.3 Main pests and plant diseases in Lomé’s market garden crops 76 3.1 Check for heteroscedasticity 97 3.2 Tobit estimates 98 3.3 Tobit partial-derivatives decomposition 98 3.4 Tobit marginals and elasticities decomposition 99 4.1 UA needs identified by urban women farmers 121 4.2 Estimates

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