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Varanus Indicus) Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra zoologie Oddělení ekologie a etologie Magisterská diplomová práce Růst a pohlavní dimorfismus u varana mangrovového (Varanus indicus) Petra Frýdlová Growth and sexual size dimorphism in mangrove-dwelling monitor (Varanus indicus) Vedoucí diplomové práce: Doc. RNDr. Daniel Frynta, PhD. Praha, září 2009 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s použitím citované literatury. Petra Frýdlová 2 Poděkování Ráda bych na tomto místě poděkovala Zoo Praha, jmenovitě Petru Velenskému a jeho ženě Nataše a Ivanu Rehákovi, za rozmnožení varánků a poskytnutí do mojí péče. Dále děkuji Danielu Fryntovi, že svolil ubytovat je u něho doma a vynaložil mnoho prostředků na jejich výzkum. Zároveň mu také děkuji za dlouhé hodiny konzultací, počítání výsledků a sepisování manuskriptů. Bez jeho pomoci by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Nakonec mu moc děkuji, že se s námi vydal až do daleké Indonésie a umožnil mi vidět místa, kde nádherní varani, ale i chřestýšovci žijí. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat Olze Šimkové a Veronice Cikánové za velikou pomoc s vážením a měřením mých svěřenců a Jitce Láskové za podporu a povzbuzení ve chvílích krize a vyčerpání. Mé poděkování patří i zahraničním vědcům a nadšencům pro varany, kteří mě velmi trpělivě zásobili literaturou, kterou nebylo možné v České republice sehnat, a to především těmto: Holger Preuschoft, Robert Mendyk, Hans-Georg Horn, Maren Gaulke, Wolfgang Böhme a Vivian de Buffrénil. Mé největší díky však patří mému tatínkovi za celoživotní pomoc a podporu v tom, co mě baví a mému Petrovi za to, že vždy stál při mně ať bylo dobře či zle. 3 Obsah 1 ÚVOD....................................................................................................................................... 6 2 LITERÁRNÍ PŘEHLED ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1 BIOLOGIE VARANŮ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Klasifikace ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Biologie Varaninae....................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Velikost ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.4 Smysly.......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.5 Chování...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.6 Rozmnožování ............................................................................................................ 11 2.1.7 Determinace pohlaví .................................................................................................. 11 2.1.8 Biogeografie............................................................................................................... 13 2.1.9 Fylogeneze................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.10 Inteligence varanů...................................................................................................... 15 2.1.11 Varan mangrovový (Varanus indicus)......................................................................... 16 2.2 SSD..................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Hypotézy vzniku SSD .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1.1 Pohlavní výběr (Sexual selection) ........................................................................................ 19 2.2.1.1.1 Vnitropohlavní výběr (Intrasexual selection) ................................................................ 20 2.2.1.1.2 Mezipohlavní výběr (Intersexual selection) .................................................................. 21 2.2.1.2 Fekunditní selekce (Fecundity selection).............................................................................. 21 2.2.1.3 Náklady na reprodukci (Costs of reproduction)..................................................................... 22 2.2.1.4 Velikost .............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2.1.4.1 Velikost a pohlavní dimorfismus.................................................................................. 24 2.2.1.5 Ekologické příčiny .............................................................................................................. 25 3 MATERIÁL A METODIKA CHOVU.................................................................................. 27 3.1 STUDOVANÝ DRUH............................................................................................................... 27 3.2 UBYTOVÁNÍ ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.3 POTRAVA A KRMENÍ ............................................................................................................. 28 3.4 URČENÍ POHLAVÍ.................................................................................................................. 28 4 MORFOMETRICKÉ ROZLIŠENÍ SAMCŮ OD SAMIC ................................................... 31 4.1 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................. 31 4.2 MATERIÁL A METODIKA ....................................................................................................... 31 4.2.1 Měření ....................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.2 Statistika .................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 VÝSLEDKY........................................................................................................................... 35 4.3.1 Analýza hlavních komponent (PCA)............................................................................ 35 4.3.2 Diskriminační analýza (DFA) ..................................................................................... 37 4 5 HMOTNOSTNÍ RŮSTOVÉ KŘIVKY.................................................................................. 40 5.1 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................. 40 5.2 MATERIÁL A METODIKA ....................................................................................................... 41 5.2.1 Vážení........................................................................................................................ 41 5.2.2 Statistika .................................................................................................................... 41 5.3 VÝSLEDKY........................................................................................................................... 42 6 POHLAVNÍ DOSPÍVÁNÍ VARANA MANGROVOVÉHO................................................. 51 6.1 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................. 51 6.2 MATERIÁL A METODIKA ....................................................................................................... 51 6.3 VÝSLEDKY........................................................................................................................... 53 7 OBECNÁ DISKUZE.............................................................................................................. 56 8 ZÁVĚR................................................................................................................................... 59 9 LITERATURA....................................................................................................................... 60 10 PŘÍLOHY .............................................................................................................................. 72 10.1 PŘÍLOHA 1....................................................................................................................... 72 10.1.1 Rozměry na těle.......................................................................................................... 72 10.1.2 Rozměry na hlavě....................................................................................................... 74 10.2 PŘÍLOHA 2....................................................................................................................... 77 Sexual size dimorphism in varanid lizards: confirming Rensch’s rule........................................ 78 10.3 PŘÍLOHA 3..................................................................................................................... 105 Ontogeny of the sexual size dimorphism in monitor lizards: males grow for a longer period but not at a faster rate ............................................................................................................................... 105 5 1 Úvod Naskytla se mi neuvěřitelná možnost věnovat se během svého bakalářského a magisterského působení na vysoké škole studiu nádherných ještěrů, varanů mangrovových. Varani jsou zvířata, která
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