Single-Parent Upbringing As a Predictor of Long-Term Violence Scale in Solo Male Serial Killers
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Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2020 Single-Parent Upbringing as a Predictor of Long-Term Violence Scale in Solo Male Serial Killers Jennifer E. Francis Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Jennifer E. Francis has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Eric Hickey, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Jana Price-Sharps, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Jessica Hart, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2020 Abstract Single-Parent Upbringing as a Predictor of Long-Term Violence Scale in Solo Male Serial Killers by Jennifer E. Francis MPhil, Walden University, 2019 JD, West Virginia University, 2000 MS, Radford University, 1997 BS, West Virginia University, 1995 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Forensic Specialization Walden University May 2020 Abstract Growing up in a single-parent household has been associated with exposure to adverse childhood experiences that contribute to negative short- and long-term psychological and behavioral outcomes, including violent behavior. It is unclear, however, whether a single- parent upbringing predicts the scale of a perpetrator’s violence. The current study examined the scale of violence through measures of frequency and duration, correlated with a single-parent upbringing among male serial killers who operated alone in the United States. In a nonexperimental, cross-sectional design, I used a multivariate analysis of variance to compare 85 male serial killers raised by a single parent with 85 male serial killers raised by two birth parents across four measures of violence scale: the number of victims suspected, the number of victims confessed to, the number of victims convicted of having killed, and the duration of violent homicidal behavior. The findings yielded no statistically significant relationship between the parental structure of the male serial killer’s childhood home and the 4 measures of scale of long-term repeated homicidal violence. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of a single-parent upbringing in long-term extreme, recurrent, prolonged violence by suggesting that while a single-parent upbringing and violence are correlated, a single-parent upbringing and the magnitude of that violence may not be. By revealing the limits of the association between a single-parent upbringing and long-term violence, efforts to predict long-term violence scale can focus more precisely on the underlying adverse childhood experiences that are frequently, but not exclusively, commensurate with a single-parent upbringing. Single-Parent Upbringing as a Predictor of Long-Term Violence Scale in Solo Male Serial Killers by Jennifer E. Francis MPhil, Walden University, 2019 JD, West Virginia University, 2000 MS, Radford University, 1997 BS, West Virginia University, 1995 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Forensic Specialization Walden University May 2020 Dedication To those who prompted me to reach deep into my bucket list and who supported my journey in so many ways, I am forever thankful. To my daughter, Reese, thank you for your patience and understanding over the years that I gazed endlessly into my computer screen. I hope that you, too, will be infected with the bug of lifelong learning. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Eric Hickey and Dr. Jana Price-Sharps, for their insights and encouragement. Dr. Hickey, your knowledge of the subject matter is immense, and I am fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from and trade ideas with you. I would also like to thank Dr. James Noonan for his generous tutelage through the statistics portion of this journey. Thank you all for your time and participation. Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................2 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................3 Purpose Statement ..........................................................................................................4 Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................................5 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................6 Nature of Study ..............................................................................................................6 Definitions......................................................................................................................8 Assumptions ...................................................................................................................8 Scope and Delimitations ................................................................................................9 Limitations ...................................................................................................................11 Significance..................................................................................................................12 Summary ......................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................14 Introduction ..................................................................................................................14 Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................16 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................17 Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory ......................................................... 17 Perception of Parental Rejection ........................................................................... 17 i Warmth and Affection .......................................................................................... 19 Hostility and Aggression....................................................................................... 20 Neglect and Indifference ....................................................................................... 25 Undifferentiated Rejection .................................................................................... 31 Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components .............................................. 31 Behavioral Manifestation ...................................................................................... 36 Adverse Experiences and Trauma ...............................................................................38 Single-Parent Household as an Adverse Childhood Experience .................................41 Maladaptive Outcomes ......................................................................................... 42 Contributors .......................................................................................................... 44 Effect of the Single-Parent Household on Serial Killing .............................................50 Serial Killers ......................................................................................................... 50 Scale of Violence .................................................................................................. 52 Summary ......................................................................................................................53 Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................54 Introduction ..................................................................................................................54 Research Design and Rationale ...................................................................................54 Methodology ................................................................................................................56 Population ............................................................................................................. 56 Sampling and Sampling Procedures ....................................................................