Designing PCI Cards and Drivers for Power Macintosh Computers
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Designing PCI Cards and Drivers for Power Macintosh Computers 030-7650-A Developer Press Apple Computer, Inc. 1996 Thi d t t d ith F M k 4 0 4 Apple Computer, Inc. Helvetica and Palatino are registered LIMITED WARRANTY ON MEDIA AND 1995, 1996 Apple Computer, Inc. trademarks of Linotype Company. REPLACEMENT All rights reserved. Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation. 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Thi d t t d ith F M k 4 0 4 Contents Figures, Tables, and Listings xv Preface About This Book xix Contents of This Book xix PCI Bus Overview xix System Startup by Open Firmware xx Native PowerPC Drivers xx Appendixes xx Supplementary Documents xxi Apple Publications xxi Other Publications xxiii Conventions and Abbreviations xxiv Typographical Conventions xxiv Notes xxv Abbreviations xxv Part One The PCI Bus 1 Chapter 1 Overview 3 Benefits of PCI 4 PCI and NuBus 5 The Macintosh Implementation of PCI 5 Power Macintosh PCI System Architecture 6 PCI Bus Characteristics 6 PCI Topology 8 PCI Host Bridge Operation 8 I/O Space 9 Configuration Space 10 Interrupt Acknowledge Cycles 10 Special Cycles 10 Maximizing Bus Performance 11 PCI Transaction Error Responses 11 Expansion Card Characteristics 12 Hard Decoding 13 Nonvolatile RAM 13 Access to Apple AV Technologies 14 iii Thi d t t d ith F M k 4 0 4 Chapter 2 Data Formats and Memory Usage 15 Address Allocations 16 PCI Bus Cycles 17 Addressing Modes 17 Addressing Mode Conversion 18 Addressing Mode Determination 20 Frame Buffers 20 Pixel Storage 21 Frame Buffer Apertures 22 Chapter 3 Data Transfers 23 Data Flow 24 Data Transfer Cycles 26 The PCI Bus and Open Firmware 26 Part Two The Open Firmware Process 27 Chapter 4 Startup and System Configuration 29 The Open Firmware Startup Process 30 Startup Firmware 30 Device Drivers 31 PowerPC Addressing and Alignment 32 Device Configuration 32 Open Firmware FCode Options 32 Full Open Firmware Support 33 Support for Mac OS 7.5 and Open Firmware 33 Minimum Open Firmware Support 33 No Open Firmware Support 33 Open Firmware Driver Support 34 Startup Sequence 34 Initializing the Hardware 35 Running Open Firmware 35 Starting the Operating System 36 PCI Bus Configuration 36 Configuration Tasks 36 Configuration Registers 37 Register Actions 37 PCI-To-PCI Bridges 41 Configuration Header 42 Register Settings 42 iv Chapter 5 PCI Open Firmware Drivers 47 General Requirements 48 Driver Interfaces 48 Open Firmware Driver Properties 49 Terminal Emulation in Graphics Drivers 49 Color Table Initialization 51 Display Device Standard Properties 52 Display Device Standard Methods 52 Open Firmware User Interface 53 Invoking the User Interface 53 User Interface Commands 54 Sample Driver 55 Part Three Native PCI Card Drivers 57 Chapter 6 Native Driver Overview 59 Macintosh System Evolution 60 Terminology 61 Concepts 63 Separation of Application and System Services 63 Common Packaging of Loadable Software 64 The Name Registry 64 Families of Devices 66 ROM-Based and Disk-Based Drivers 67 Noninterrupt and Interrupt-Level Execution 67 Symmetric Multiprocessing 67 Generic and Family Drivers 69 Driver Descriptions 70 Generic Driver Framework 70 Device Manager 70 Driver Package 71 Driver Services Library 71 Converting Previous Macintosh Drivers 72 Restricted Access to Services 72 Error Returns 72 Ensuring Future Compatibility 72 Copying Data 73 Synchronous and Asynchronous Driver Operation 74 Sharing Data With Applications 74 Power Management 75 Summary 75 Use the System Programming Interfaces 75 Use the Name Registry 76 v Chapter 7 Writing Native Drivers 77 Native Driver Framework 78 Native Container Format 78 Native Driver Data Exports 79 Native Driver Code Exports 79 Native Driver Imports 79 Drivers for Multiple Cards 80 The Device Manager and Generic Drivers 80 Native Driver Differences 80 Native Driver Limitations 82 Concurrent Generic Drivers 82 Completing an I/O Request 83 Concurrent I/O Request Flow 84 Driver Execution Contexts 85 Code Execution in General 85 Driver Execution 86 Writing a Generic Device Driver 87 Native Driver Package 87 Driver Description Structure 88 Driver Type Structure 90 Driver Run-Time Structure 90 Driver Services Structure 91 Driver Services Information Structure 92 DoDriverIO Entry Point 93 DoDriverIO Parameter Data Structures 93 Sample Handler Framework 95 Getting Command Information 97 Responding to Device Manager Requests 98 Initialization and Finalization Routines 98 Open and Close Routines 101 Read and Write Routines 101 Control and Status Routines 102 KillIO Routine 103 Replace and Superseded Routines 104 Handling Asynchronous I/O 104 Installing a Device Driver 105 Driver Gestalt 106 Supporting and Testing Driver Gestalt 106 Implementing Driver Gestalt 107 DCE Flags 108 Using DriverGestalt and DriverConfigure 110 DriverGestalt Selectors 111 Using the 'boot' Selector 113 DriverConfigure Selectors 113 vi Other Control and Status Calls 113 SetStartupDrive Control Call 114 Low Power Mode Support Calls 115 Device-Specific Status Calls 116 Driver Loader Library 117 Loading and Unloading 119 Installation 127 Load and Install Option 131 Match, Load, and Install 134 Driver Removal 136 Getting Driver Information 136 Searching for Drivers 138 Finding, Initializing, and Replacing Drivers 140 Device Properties 141 PCI Boot Sequence 141 Matching Drivers With Devices 142 Driver Initialization and Resource Verification 145 Opening Devices 149 Driver Replacement 150 Driver Migration 152 Driver Services That Have No Replacement 152 Device Manager