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Antecedents and Consequences of Cynicism in Organizations: an Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems Matrecia S

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Antecedents and Consequences of Cynicism in Organizations: an Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems Matrecia S Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Antecedents and Consequences of Cynicism in Organizations: An Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems Matrecia S. L. James Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CYNICISM IN ORGANIZATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SCHOOL SYSTEMS By MATRECIA S. L. JAMES Dissertation submitted to the Department of Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2005 The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Matrecia S. Long James defended on March 4, 2005. _____________________________ Gerald R. Ferris Professor Directing Dissertation _____________________________ Wayne A. Hochwarter Professor Directing Dissertation _____________________________ Carolyn D. Herrington Outside Committee Member _____________________________ Pamela L. Perrewè Committee Member _____________________________ John A. Sample Committee Member Approved: _______________________________________ E. Joe Nosari, Interim Dean, College of Business The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my sons, my pride and joy: Kahlil A. James, Yahdid O. James, Wahcovi E. James and Nahzion G. James iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Success is not obtained in solitude. I recognized that I did not accomplish this huge task alone. To all those who helped along the way, I offer my sincerest gratitude. First and foremost, I give thanks to God for blessing this endeavor and for making this day a reality. Next, I thank Dr. Gerald Ferris and Dr. Wayne Hochwarter, my co-chairs, for your priceless guidance and your valuable training, for taking the time to share your experiences and expertise, for taking a personal interest in my future, and for being model scholars. Additionally, I am grateful to Dr. Pam Perrewè, Dr. John Sample and Dr. Carolyn Herrington, my committee members, for your sacrifices and accommodations, for being available when I needed you, and for your numerous contributions to this work. I would also like to offer my deepest heart felt thank you to my family members who were there for me throughout this process. My struggle was their struggle. Now, my triumph is also theirs. Special thanks go to: Emmett and Annie Long, my parents, for instilling in me the importance of hard work, tenacity, and a good education, for believing in me sometimes more than I believed in myself, and especially for helping to care for my sons as if they were your own; Demeà James, King of My Heart, my husband, for being whatever I needed you to be whenever I needed it most, for keeping your vow to encourage and support me, for sometimes carrying more than your share of the load, for providing me with a personal safe haven from the world, and for being a gentle, yet strong father to ours sons; Kahlil, Yahdid, Wahcovi, and Nahzion James, my beloved sons, for loving me unconditionally, for being a reminder of what is really important in life, and for making me your queen; Chris Long and Deirdre Long Pittman, my big brother and my little sister, for being my best friends, for providing me with much needed conversation and laughter, for deeply listening, and for never hesitating to do whatever you could to make things easier for me; Mary Vann, my grandmother, and Thelma Vann Lambert, my aunt, for being my other mothers, for rescheduling, rearranging and sometimes dropping everything to oblige my needs, and for being like the cavalry, always there to save the day; iv Everyone who cared, prayed, smiled, or simply thought of me every now and then. Though your efforts may have seemed to go unnoticed at times, know that you are appreciated. Each of you played a special part in transforming what was once an aspiration into an actuality. You stood in front of me when I needed a buffer, you stood behind me when I needed reinforcement, and you walked beside me when I needed a friend. Thank you. v It’s by God’s grace, all things through Christ Jesus. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. --Joseph Addison At a point, you have to go to the edge of the cliff and jump---put your ideas into form, share that form with others. --Meredith Monk God never said that the journey would be easy, but he did say that the arrival would be worthwhile. --In the Eye of the Storm vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................xi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 LITERTURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................6 MODEL AND HYPOTHESES ............................................................................................35 METHODS ...........................................................................................................................52 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................60 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................70 APPENDIX A .......................................................................................................................120 APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................................128 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................130 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ................................................................................................145 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Model of Organizational Cynicism ............................................................................... 83 Figure 2: The Moderating Effect of Work Locus of Control on the Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Cynicism ........................................ 84 Figure 3: The Moderating Effect of Workplace Spirituality on the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Cynical Behavior ....................................................................... 85 Figure 4: The Moderating Effect of Work Locus of Control on the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Cynical Behavior ....................................................................... 86 Figure 5: The Moderating Effect of Work Locus of Control on the Relationship between Psychological Contract Violation and Cynical Beliefs......................................................... 87 Figure 6: The moderating Effect of Work Locus of Control on the Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Cynical Beliefs........................................................ 88 Figure 7: The Moderating Effect of Work Locus of Control on the Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Cynical Affect......................................................... 89 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Exploratory Factor Analysis, Organizational Cynicism................................................ 90 Table 2: Confirmatory Factor Analysis Comparison, Organizational Cynicism Scale............... 91 Table 3: Model Comparisons, Organizational Cynicism Scale................................................... 92 Table 4: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Independent Variables.............................................. 93 Table 5: Confirmatory Factor Analysis Model Comparison, Predictor Variables ...................... 95 Table 6: Model Comparisons, Predictor Variables...................................................................... 96 Table 7: Descriptive Statistics, Correlations, and Reliability Coefficientsa ................................ 97 Table 8: Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Organizational Cynicism on Workplace Perceptionsa......................................................................................................................... 101 Table 9: Results of Hierarchical Moderated Regression Analysisa ........................................... 102 Table 10: Results of Hierarchical Moderated Regression Analysisa ......................................... 103 Table 11: Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Job Tension on Organizational Cynicisma ............................................................................................................................ 104 Table 12: Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Teacher Burnout on Organizational Cynicisma ............................................................................................................................ 105 Table 13: Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Workplace Outcomes on Organizational Cynicism .................................................................................................... 106 Table 14:
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