Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary

Summary of Plots in Arkaroola

Wilderness Sanctuary

2013- 2018

Acknowledgments

TERN gratefully acknowledges Marg and Doug Sprigg and the staff at Arkaroola for their help and support in the project and for allowing access to their property. Thanks also to the many volunteers, particularly Sue and Peter Milnes, Mark Crowder and Helen Lucas who helped to collect, curate and process the data and samples. Thank you to the South Austrlian herbarium for undertaking the plant identifications.

Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Accessing the Data ...... 3 Point intercept data ...... 3 Plant collections ...... 3 Leaf tissue samples ...... 3 Site description information ...... 3 Structural summary ...... 3 Leaf Area Index ...... 3 Basal area ...... 4 Soil classification ...... 4 Soil meta barcoding samples ...... 4 Soil bulk density ...... 4 Co-location with existing plots ...... 4 3D photo panorama ...... 5 Regional Context ...... 6 Uses of the TERN AusPlots Data from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary ...... 10 Assessing drought sensitivity in plants using stable carbon isotopes ...... 10 Potential decoupling of plant and ant communities under climate change ...... 10 Opportunities for Integrated Ecological Analysis across Inland Australia with Standardised Data from Ausplots Rangelands ...... 10 Floristic and structural assessment of Australian rangeland vegetation with standardized plot based surveys ...... 10 Variation in chain-length of leaf wax n-alkanes in plants and soils across Australia...... 10 The Biomes of Australian Soil Environments ...... 11 The extent of forest in dryland biomes ...... 11 Herbarium Collections ...... 11 For more information ...... 11 Appendices ...... 12

Appendix 1. Summary of the TERN AusPlots data and samples from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary ...... 12 Appendix 2. Plot locations ...... 12 Appendix 3. Point intercept data ...... 13 Appendix 4. Substrate and growth form ...... 14 Appendix 5. Structural Summary ...... 15 Appendix 6. Soil Classification ...... 16 Appendix 7. Bulk density ...... 16 Appendix 8. Plant collection ...... 17

Introduction Beginning in August 2013, the Terrestrial Ecosystems Research Network (TERN), undertook a survey on Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary, South Australia. The plots were resampled in 2018. The surveys involved vegetation and soils work following the AusPlots Rangelands methodology, with 5 plots completed. The plot is part of over 650 plots completed nationally. Figure 1 shows the TERN plot network, and Figure 2 shows the locations of the plots in Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary.

This report provides a snapshot of some of the data which was collected during the survey work. A more detailed description of the methods used can be found online in our AusPlots Rangelands Survey Protocols Manual (White et al. 2012), available from our website www.AusPlots.org.

Figure 1. TERN plot network

TERN AusPlots Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary

Accessing the Data All of the data the TERN collects is freely available online through the AEKOS data portal at www.aekos.org.au. It can also be viewed on the Soils to Satellites website which contains a range of useful visualisations sourced from the Atlas of Living Australia. At http://www.soils2satellites.org.au/.

Point intercept data The point intercept method is a straightforward method that is readily repeatable and requires little instruction to produce reliable plot information. It provides accurate benchmark data at each plot including substrate type and cover; as well as species structural information such as growth form, height, cover and abundance and population vertical structure. The demographic information produced at each plot can be compared spatially to indicate plot diﬀerences, and temporally to indicate change over time. Additionally, the cover data collected at each plot can be used to validate cover data extrapolated through remote sensing techniques.

Plant collections Each species that is found within the plot has a herbarium grade sample taken. These have all been formally identified by the SA Herbarium. Much of the material is then lodged at the SA Herbarium or at the TERN facility in Adelaide.

Leaf tissue samples All of the above samples also have leaf tissue samples taken. This involves placing leaf samples from each species into a cloth bag and drying them on silica desiccant. All of the dominant species have an extra 4 samples collected. These samples are available for use on application to TERN facility in Adelaide. They are able to be used for genetic analysis, isotopic composition and range of other uses.

Site description information Contextual information is also collected at each plot. This includes measures of slope an aspect, surface strew and lithology, and information on the grazing and fire history of the site. The plots location is also recorded with a differential GPS and the plot corners and centres (with landholder permission) marked with a star picket.

Structural summary Detailed structural summary information is also collected at each plot. When combined with the height and cover information from the point intercept data it enables the creation of structural description compatible with and NVIS level 5 description.

Leaf Area Index In plots where a mid and/or upper canopy is present a measure of Leaf Area is recorded. The tool used is an LAI- 2200 and it captures LAI measurements in a range of canopies using one or two sensors attached to a single data logger (LI-COR 1990). The LAI data has a range of potential application such as studies of canopy growth, canopy productivity, woodland vigour, canopy fuel load, air pollution deposition, modelling insect defoliation, remote sensing, and the global carbon cycle.

Basal area Basal area measurements are collected across plots where woody biomass is taller than 2 m. Basal area measurements provide information useful for calculating biomass and carbon levels and for structural studies. The wedge aperture, the length of string – 50 cm (and hence the distance from the eye and subsequent angle from the eye to the edges of the wedge aperture) and species count are all important in calculations. Algorithms developed for use with the basal wedge include the above data to calculate plant basal area on a per hectare basis even though species are counted outside the one-hectare plot area. The method is plotless but used because it is based on the concept of circles (trunks/basal area) within circles (circular plots) – the area of one varies proportionally to the change in the area of the other. Use of the basal wedge may be superseded by further improvement of the 3D photo point method and development of algorithms to provide information on vegetation community structure.

Soil classification Description of soils, including basic information on the information that has been recorded, the number of recordings and the coverage of locations, are generally poor across the rangelands region of Australia. The plot descriptions and soil characterisations collected by AusPlots will substantially alleviate this paucity of information. The data collected can also be used to increase the reliability of the rangelands component of the Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia, produced by the TERN facility consistent with the Global Soil Map specifications. Analyses of the collected samples will greatly enhance the level of knowledge (e.g. nutrient and carbon levels) and hence understanding of rangelands soils and how they will respond to climate change and management options. It is hoped to eventually be able to analyse all nine of the soil pits from within the plot using a number of different methods e.g. wet chemistry, MIR or NIR (mid infrared spectrometry or near infrared spectroscopy) either individually to provide a measure of variation of the parameter being measured across a plot or bulked together and a sub-sample extracted and analysed to provide a mean value for that parameter across a plot.

Soil meta barcoding samples Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Soil metagenomics provides the opportunity to understand what organisms are present at survey plots and provides an indication on their abundance. The collection techniques result in a bias towards higher order organisms. The AusPlots in Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary has soil meta barcoding samples collected.

Soil bulk density The soil bulk density (BD), also known as dry bulk density, is the weight of dry soil divided by the total soil volume. The total soil volume is the combined volume of solids and pores which may contain air or water, or both. The average values of air, water and solids in the sample are easily measured and are a useful indication of a soils physical condition. Soil test results are most often presented either as a percentage of soil (e.g. % organic carbon) or as a weight per unit of soil (e.g. nitrogen, mg/kg). As bulk density is a measure of soil weight in a given volume, it provides a useful conversion from these units to an area basis unit (e.g. t/ha). The resulting number gives an easily understandable idea of the carbon storage or nutritional status of the soil on an area basis.

Co-location with existing plots The TERN AusPlots method works on a mix of both new plots (where this is little existing monitoring infrastructure) and co-location with existing plots. The plot on Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary forms part of the Transect for Environmetnal Decsision-Making (TREND). This transect is part TERN’s Australian Transect Network and straddles the rainfall and temperature gradient that runs from Deep Creek on the Fleurieu Peninsula to the plains north of the Flinders Ranges.

3D photo panorama The TERN AusPlots method uses a three-dimensional method for photographing the site. This involves taking three 360-degree panoramas in a triangular pattern. This allows for the creation of a 3D model of the vegetation within the plot which can be used to monitor change over time, track plot condition as well as providing a unique, fast measurement of basal area and biomass. A subset of these photo panoramas is shown below.

SATFLB0016 ( 2013)

SATFLB0017 ( 2013)

SATFLB0020 ( 2013)

SATFLB0020 (2018)

Regional Context

Figure 3. AusPlots Rangelands plot locations close to Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary Topographic data copyright Geoscience Australia and South Australian Government

Figure 4. Modelled 9s elevation Data from: Xu and Hutchinson, 2011. ANUCLIM Version 6.1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia.

Figure 5. Mean annual temperature Data from: Xu and Hutchinson, 2011. ANUCLIM Version 6.1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia.

Figure 6. Mean annual precipitation Climate Data from: Xu and Hutchinson, 2011. ANUCLIM Version 6.1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia.

Uses of the TERN AusPlots Data from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary The TERN AusPlots survey method was developed out of a dire need for consistent, national scale ecological data and surveillance monitoring. To date, we have completed over 530 survey plots across the continent, including 42 as a part of the Transect for Ecological Monitoring and Decision Making (Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary). The data and samples collected from these surveys are being used in a range of ways to allow comparisons across the state and the continent. Some of the projects that have made use of the data and samples from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary site are listed below.

Assessing drought sensitivity in plants using stable carbon isotopes (Stefan Caddy-Retalic) In terrestrial plants, there is a trade-off between photosynthetic uptake and water loss. This means that we can use the stable carbon isotope ratio of leaves as a proxy for water stress. Stefan has measured the stable carbon isotope ratios of 151 species of native and invasive plants across a wide aridity gradient, allowing him to rank species by their sensitivity to aridity. This information can be used to predict which plants will be the most and least sensitive to ongoing climate change and can be used for conservation planning and predict how our vegetation will change.

Potential decoupling of plant and ant communities under climate change (Stefan Caddy- Retalic) Under climate change, many species will be forced to migrate to maintain suitable conditions. Plants and ants are two of the dominant groups in terrestrial ecosystems, and have tight linkages through pollination, herbivory, defence and a range of other interactions. Despite these close linkages, plants and ants may be very differently affected by predicted climate change, and forced to migrate in different ways, disrupting species interactions and ecosystem function. Stefan is using the plant and ant composition data collected at Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary and the other Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary sites, combined with high resolution climate projections, to predict whether these terrestrial systems are likely to remain intact or degrade over the next century.

Opportunities for Integrated Ecological Analysis across Inland Australia with Standardised Data from Ausplots Rangelands (Greg Guerin)

How species abundance distributions (SADs) vary over climatic gradients is a key question for the influence of environmental change on ecosystem processes. Greg Guerin is a researcher based at the University of Adelaide. He first set up the plots some of the plots in Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary prior to the AusPlots visit. Greg has undertaken analysis on the entire plot network (Including Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary) He has found linear relationships between SAD shape and rainfall within grassland and shrubland communities, indicating more uneven abundance in deserts and suggesting relative abundance may shift as a consequence of climate change, resulting in altered diversity and ecosystem function.

Floristic and structural assessment of Australian rangeland vegetation with standardized plot based surveys (Zdravko Baruch)

Vegetation classification at a continental scale has been lacking over the rangelands in Australia due to a lack of consistent data beyond state and regional levels. Zdravko undertook an integrated and comparative environmental, floristic and structural description of rangeland vegetation based on the AusPlots Surveys. His results offer a tentative classification scheme that is novel, ecologically sound and coherent in terms of floristic composition and structural attributes.

Variation in chain-length of leaf wax n-alkanes in plants and soils across Australia (Sian Howard)

10 Leaf waxes are produced by plants to protect their leaves and one of their dominant components, n-alkanes, preserve well in soils and sediments and are readily used for reconstructing past vegetation and climate. Using plants and soils from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary and other sites, Sian found that longer-chained n-alkanes were associated with grasses and shorter-chained n-alkanes were associated with trees but that the n-alkanes in the soils were not related to that of the current dominant vegetation. This lack of correlation between current vegetation and soils suggests that n-alkanes may travel large distances and/or be retained in the surface soil despite a change in the local vegetation community.

The Biomes of Australian Soil Environments (Andrew Bissett) Soil samples from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary were subjected to DNA metabarcoding, a genetic screening technique for establishing the diversity of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and fungi. The BASE project has generated a database of microbial diversity with associated metadata across extensive environmental gradients at continental scale. As the characterisation of microbes rapidly expands, the BASE database provides an evolving platform for interrogating and integrating microbial diversity and function. BASE will evolve as a valuable tool for documenting an often overlooked component of biodiversity and the many microbe-driven processes that are essential to sustain soil function and ecosystem services.

The extent of forest in dryland biomes (Jean-Francois Bastin) The vegetation cover data from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary was also part of a recent mapping project undertaken by the Food and Agriculture arm of the UN. They were able to show that in 2015, 1327 million hectares of drylands had more than 10% tree-cover, and 1079 million hectares comprised forest. Their estimate is 40 to 47% higher than previous estimates, corresponding to 467 million hectares of forest that have never been reported before. This increases current estimates of global forest cover by at least 9%.

Herbarium Collections The AusPlots program works very closely with state and national herbaria to help augment their collections to enable research and to better understand species distributions. Located in valuable areas of native vegetation, the plant collections made in Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary have been eagerly accepted by the South Australian and National Herbarium. These specimens are currently being professionally mounted and preserved and will form a permanent part of their collection, which is available to botanical researchers globally to support ongoing research.

For more information More information on the AusPlots method can be found on our website www.AusPlots.org

For more information regarding the survey work on the Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary and assistance downloading and utilising the data from AEKOS and Soils2Satellites contact Emrys Leitch, TERN Field Survey Lead, [email protected]

For more information regarding the Adelaide TERN facility, contact Ben Sparrow, [email protected]

Appendices

Appendix 1. Summary of the TERN AusPlots data and samples from Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary

AusPlots Data and Samples Count

Total Collections 234

Total Leaf Tissue Samples 346

Total number of soil samples 119

Total weight of soil (kg) 119

Number of sites with Bulk Density data 2

Number of Sites with LAI 4

Number of Sites with Basal wedge 3

Total metagenomic samples 45

Total metagenomic weight (kg) 23

Appendix 2. Plot locations

Plot Name Date Location latitude longitude

SATFLB0016 06-Aug-13 Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. 3.6km south of Arkaroola village -30.343475 139.3396917

SATFLB0017 07-Aug-13 Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. 500m west of old homestead -30.33181111 139.3736722

Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary, Radium ridge. 10.3km north of SATFLB0018 08-Aug-13 Arkaroola village. -30.21904444 139.3241306

Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. 200m south of old wheal tuner SATFLB0019 09-Aug-13 mine. 14.4km north west of Arkaroola village -30.21953056 139.2328694

Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. 4.5km south south west of wheal SATFLB0020 10-Aug-13 turner mine. 12km north west of Arkaroola village -30.25567778 139.2272333

12 Appendix 3. Point intercept data

Plot name Herbarium ID Common name Approx. % cover SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0016 Eucalyptus gillii Arkaroola mallee 13.76

SATFLB0016 Acacia araneosa Spidery Wattle 2.87 Endangererd Species

SATFLB0016 Enneapogon cylindricus Jointed Bottlewashers 2.57

SATFLB0016 Melaleuca lanceolata Moonah 2.18

SATFLB0016 Eucalyptus gillii (dead) Arkaroola mallee 1.68

SATFLB0016 Myoporum montanum Boobialla 1.29

SATFLB0017 Acacia aptaneura Slender Mulga 11.09

SATFLB0017 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida 9.60

SATFLB0017 Acacia aptaneura (dead) Slender Mulga 5.15

SATFLB0017 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara 2.57

SATFLB0017 Acacia tetragonophylla (dead) Kurara 2.28

SATFLB0017 Dead Tree/Shrub (dead) 1.68

SATFLB0017 Acacia aneura var. intermedia 1.29

SATFLB0018 Triodia irritans Porcupine Grass 39.01

SATFLB0018 Scaevola humilis Sandplain Fan-flower 1.88

SATFLB0018 Codonocarpus pyramidalis Camel Poison 0.30 Endangererd Species

SATFLB0019 Triodia irritans Porcupine Grass 28.91

SATFLB0019 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box 2.28

SATFLB0019 Rhagodia parabolica Fragrant Saltbush 1.78

SATFLB0019 Alectryon oleifolius subsp. canescens 1.58

SATFLB0020 Eucalyptus socialis subsp. socialis 23.56

SATFLB0020 Myoporum platycarpum subsp. platycarpum 10.10

SATFLB0020 Amyema miquelii Box Mistletoe 3.76

SATFLB0020 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass 2.57

SATFLB0020 Sclerolaena diacantha (dead) Grey Copper Burr 1.88

SATFLB0020 Senna artemisioides subsp. x petiolaris 1.78

SATFLB0020 Alectryon oleifolius subsp. canescens 1.58

SATFLB0020 Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Copper Burr 1.39

SATFLB0020 Eucalyptus socialis subsp. socialis (dead) 1.19

SATFLB0020 *Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed 1.19

13 Appendix 4. Substrate and growth form

Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0016 Leaf litter 50.69 SATFLB0016 Shrub 7.72 SATFLB0016 Cryptogam 21.09 SATFLB0016 Shrub Mallee 7.33 SATFLB0016 Bare ground 15.35 SATFLB0016 Tree Mallee 6.44 SATFLB0016 Gravel 6.73 SATFLB0016 Tussock grass 2.77 SATFLB0016 Rock 3.47 SATFLB0016 Forb 0.40 SATFLB0016 Coarse woody debris 2.18 SATFLB0016 Chenopod 0.10 SATFLB0016 Outcrop 0.50 SATFLB0016 Vine 0.10 SATFLB0016 Tree/Palm 0.10 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0017 Leaf litter 34.75 SATFLB0017 Shrub 15.15 SATFLB0017 Gravel 30.99 SATFLB0017 Forb 11.19 SATFLB0017 Rock 26.53 SATFLB0017 Tussock grass 0.40 SATFLB0017 Outcrop 3.17 SATFLB0017 Tree/Palm 0.30 SATFLB0017 Coarse woody debris 2.38 SATFLB0017 Chenopod 0.10 SATFLB0017 Bare ground 2.18 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0018 Leaf litter 61.09 SATFLB0018 Hummock grass 39.01 SATFLB0018 Gravel 17.82 SATFLB0018 Forb 3.96 SATFLB0018 Rock 16.73 SATFLB0018 Shrub 1.58 SATFLB0018 Outcrop 2.97 SATFLB0018 Tree/Palm 1.09 SATFLB0018 Bare ground 1.09 SATFLB0018 Shrub Mallee 0.89 SATFLB0018 Coarse woody debris 0.30 SATFLB0018 Tussock grass 0.10 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0019 Leaf litter 48.22 SATFLB0019 Hummock grass 28.91 SATFLB0019 Rock 40.59 SATFLB0019 Shrub 3.27 SATFLB0019 Gravel 6.34 SATFLB0019 Tree/Palm 2.28 SATFLB0019 Bare ground 2.97 SATFLB0019 Chenopod 2.18 SATFLB0019 Outcrop 1.39 SATFLB0019 Forb 1.88 SATFLB0019 Coarse woody debris 0.50 SATFLB0019 Tussock grass 0.40 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0020 Leaf litter 58.42 SATFLB0020 Tree Mallee 11.19 SATFLB0020 Rock 15.35 SATFLB0020 Tree/Palm 4.26 SATFLB0020 Gravel 13.56 SATFLB0020 Shrub 3.86 SATFLB0020 Bare ground 7.92 SATFLB0020 Epiphyte 3.76 SATFLB0020 Coarse woody debris 4.16 SATFLB0020 Chenopod 3.27 SATFLB0020 Cryptogam 0.50 SATFLB0020 Hummock grass 2.57 SATFLB0020 Outcrop 0.10 SATFLB0020 Forb 1.29 SATFLB0020 Shrub Mallee 0.59

14 Appendix 5. Structural Summary

Plot name Structural description

SATFLB0016 Eucalyptus gillii low mallee woodland to open mallee shrubland with scattered Melaleuca lanceolata and Acacia araneosa throughout the site. Ground stratum dominated by Enneapogon cylindricus with some scattered Euphorbia drummondii and Salsola australis.

SATFLB0017 Acacia aptaneura tall open shrubland with Acacia tetragonophylla with sparse understratum of forbs dominated by Sida fibulifera

SATFLB0018 Triodia irritans low hummock grassland with emergent Codonocarpus and some scattered Eucalyptus intertexta and isolated Eucalyptus flindersii.

SATFLB0019 Triodia irritans low open hummock grassland with emergent Eucalyptus intertexta. Mid stratum of Rhagodia parabolica and Maireana triptera.

SATFLB0020 Eucalyptus socialis subsp. socialis mid mallee woodland with Myoporum platycarpum subsp. platycarpum and Amyema miquelii on most trees. Sparse ground stratum of Triodia scariosa

15 Appendix 6. Soil Classification

Sample Colour Upper Lower Plot name Horizon Texture when pH EC Effervescence depth depth moist

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 NC Not Collected NC 9.1 0.12 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 NC Not Collected NC 9.5 0.07 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 NC Not Collected NC 9.5 0.08 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 NC Not Collected NC 9.5 0.09 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Pit 0.4 0.5 NC Not Collected NC 9.6 0.07 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Pit 0.5 0.6 NC Not Collected NC 9.5 0.09 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0016 Sampled from Subsite 1 0 10 8.4 0.464 Highly Calcareous

SATFLB0017 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 NC Not Collected NC 8 0.05 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0017 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 NC Not Collected NC 7.8 0.04 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0017 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 NC Not Collected NC 7.9 0.05 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0017 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 NC Not Collected NC 7.9 0.03 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0018 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 NC Not Collected NC 7.8 0.05 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0018 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 NC Not Collected NC 7.7 0.05 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0018 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 NC Not Collected NC 7.5 0.07 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0018 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 NC Not Collected NC 7.3 0.05 Non-calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 NC Not Collected NC 9.3 0.14 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 NC Not Collected NC 9.1 0.16 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 NC Not Collected NC 9.1 0.21 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 NC Not Collected NC 9.6 0.2 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.4 0.5 NC Not Collected NC 9.7 0.19 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.5 0.6 NC Not Collected NC 9.7 0.17 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.6 0.7 NC Not Collected NC 9.7 0.18 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.7 0.8 NC Not Collected NC 9.7 0.17 Very highly calcareous

SATFLB0019 Sampled from Pit 0.8 0.9 NC Not Collected NC 9.7 0.25 Very highly calcareous

Appendix 7. Bulk density

Plot name Sample depth Fine earth weight Fine earth bulk density

SATFLB0016 10-20cms 229.05 1.23

SATFLB0016 20-30cms 229.05 1.66

SATFLB0019 0-10cms 264.24 1.26

SATFLB0019 10-20cms 222.49 1.06

SATFLB0019 20-30cms 285.55 1.36

16 Appendix 8. Plant collection

* Denotes introduced species

Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0016 Abutilon leucopetalum Desert Chinese Lantern

SATFLB0016 Acacia araneosa Spidery Wattle Endangererd Species

SATFLB0016 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara

SATFLB0016 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae

SATFLB0016 *Acetosa vesicaria Bladder Dock

SATFLB0016 Amyema miquelii Box Mistletoe

SATFLB0016 Aristida sp. Aristida

SATFLB0016 Austrostipa pilata Prickly Spear-grass Vulnerable species

SATFLB0016 Dichelachne micrantha Short-haired Plume Grass

SATFLB0016 Digitaria brownii Cotton Grass

SATFLB0016 Dodonaea baueri

SATFLB0016 Enneapogon caerulescens

SATFLB0016 Enneapogon cylindricus Jointed Bottlewashers

SATFLB0016 Eucalyptus gillii Arkaroola mallee

SATFLB0016 Euphorbia drummondii Balsam

SATFLB0016 Lotus cruentus Red Bird's-foot Trefoil

SATFLB0016 Maireana coronata Crown Fissure-weed

SATFLB0016 Maireana pentatropis Erect Mallee Bluebush

SATFLB0016 Marsdenia australis Doubah

SATFLB0016 Melaleuca lanceolata Moonah

SATFLB0016 Myoporum montanum Boobialla

SATFLB0016 Omphalolappula concava Burr Stickseed

SATFLB0016 Pterocaulon sphacelatum Applebush

SATFLB0016 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush

SATFLB0016 Salsola australis

SATFLB0016 Sclerolaena obliquicuspis Limestone Bindii

SATFLB0016 Senecio spanomerus

SATFLB0016 Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii

SATFLB0016 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides

SATFLB0016 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida

SATFLB0016 Sida petrophila Rock Sida

SATFLB0016 Silene apetala Mallee Catchfly

SATFLB0016 Solanum ellipticum Hillside Flannel Bush

SATFLB0016 Solanum quadriloculatum Tomato Bush

SATFLB0016 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle

SATFLB0016 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass

SATFLB0016 Westringia rigida Stiff Western Rosemary

Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0016 Zygophyllum ovatum Dwarf Twin-leaf

SATFLB0017 Abutilon fraseri Dwarf Lantern Flower

SATFLB0017 Acacia aneura var. intermedia

SATFLB0017 Acacia aptaneura Slender Mulga

SATFLB0017 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara

SATFLB0017 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae

SATFLB0017 *Acetosa vesicaria Bladder Dock

SATFLB0017 Alectryon oleifolius subsp. canescens

SATFLB0017 Aristida contorta Bunched Kerosene Grass

SATFLB0017 Calotis latiuscula Leafy Burr-daisy

SATFLB0017 Cheilanthes lasiophylla Woolly Cloak Fern

SATFLB0017 Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed

SATFLB0017 Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon Grass

SATFLB0017 Digitaria brownii Cotton Grass

SATFLB0017 Dissocarpus paradoxus Cannonball Burr

SATFLB0017 Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa

SATFLB0017 Enneapogon nigricans Black-heads

SATFLB0017 Eremophila freelingii Limestone Fuchsia

SATFLB0017 Erodium crinitum Blue Storkbill

SATFLB0017 Euphorbia australis Hairy Caustic Weed

SATFLB0017 Glycine rubiginosa

SATFLB0017 Gnephosis arachnoidea

SATFLB0017 Goodenia cycloptera Cut-leaf Goodenia

SATFLB0017 Goodenia fascicularis Silky Goodenia

SATFLB0017 Heliotropium cunninghamii

SATFLB0017 Hibiscus sturtii var. grandiflorus

SATFLB0017 Lepidium oxytrichum Green Peppercress

SATFLB0017 Lysiana exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe

SATFLB0017 *Malvastrum americanum Malvastrum

SATFLB0017 Nicotiana simulans Native Tobacco

SATFLB0017 Portulaca oleracea Pig Weed

SATFLB0017 Pterocaulon sphacelatum Applebush

SATFLB0017 Ptilotus nobilis subsp. nobilis

SATFLB0017 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush

SATFLB0017 Rhodanthe pygmaea Pigmy Sunray

SATFLB0017 Rhyncharrhena linearis Purple Pentatrope

SATFLB0017 Scaevola spinescens Currant Bush

SATFLB0017 Sclerolaena convexula Tall Copperburr

SATFLB0017 Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii

SATFLB0017 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides

SATFLB0017 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida

SATFLB0017 Sida petrophila Rock Sida

Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0017 *Sisymbrium irio London Rocket

SATFLB0017 Solanum quadriloculatum Tomato Bush

SATFLB0017 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle

SATFLB0017 Streptoglossa adscendens Desert Daisy

SATFLB0017 Tetragonia eremaea Desert Spinach

SATFLB0017 Tribulus eichlerianus Bullhead

SATFLB0018 Acacia continua Thorn Wattle

SATFLB0018 Acacia rivalis Creek Wattle

SATFLB0018 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae

SATFLB0018 Aristida nitidula

SATFLB0018 Brachyscome ciliaris var. ciliaris

SATFLB0018 Cassinia complanata Smooth Cassinia

SATFLB0018 Cheilanthes lasiophylla Woolly Cloak Fern

SATFLB0018 Codonocarpus pyramidalis Camel Poison Endangererd Species

SATFLB0018 Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon Grass

SATFLB0018 Digitaria brownii Cotton Grass

SATFLB0018 Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima

SATFLB0018 Dysphania cristata Crested Crumbweed

SATFLB0018 Eremophila deserti Turkey-bush

SATFLB0018 Eucalyptus flindersii Grey mallee

SATFLB0018 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box

SATFLB0018 Euphorbia drummondii Balsam

SATFLB0018 Exocarpos aphyllus Current Bush

SATFLB0018 Gossypium sturtianum Desert Rose

SATFLB0018 Heliotropium asperrimum Rough Heliotrope

SATFLB0018 Indigofera longibractea Showy Indigo

SATFLB0018 Leiocarpa semicalva subsp. semicalva

SATFLB0018 Lomandra multiflora subsp. dura

SATFLB0018 Nicotiana simulans Native Tobacco

SATFLB0018 Olearia decurrens Clammy Daisy-bush

SATFLB0018 Oxalis perennans Woody-root oxalis

SATFLB0018 Pterocaulon sphacelatum Applebush

SATFLB0018 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush

SATFLB0018 Scaevola humilis Sandplain Fan-flower

SATFLB0018 *Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass

SATFLB0018 Senecio magnificus Camel Weed

SATFLB0018 Senecio quadridentatus Auricled Groundsel

SATFLB0018 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida

SATFLB0018 Sida petrophila Rock Sida

SATFLB0018 Solanum quadriloculatum Tomato Bush

SATFLB0018 Templetonia aculeata Spiny Bush-pea

Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0018 Trichodesma zeylanicum var. zeylanicum

SATFLB0018 Triodia irritans Porcupine Grass

SATFLB0018 Vittadinia blackii Western New Holland Daisy

SATFLB0018 Wahlenbergia communis Tufted Bluebell

SATFLB0018 Wahlenbergia luteola

SATFLB0018 Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata

SATFLB0019 Abutilon fraseri Dwarf Lantern Flower

SATFLB0019 Abutilon halophilum

SATFLB0019 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara

SATFLB0019 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae

SATFLB0019 Alectryon oleifolius subsp. canescens

SATFLB0019 Amyema miquelii Box Mistletoe

SATFLB0019 Aristida nitidula

SATFLB0019 Bulbine semibarbata Leek Lily

SATFLB0019 Calandrinia eremaea Small Purslane

SATFLB0019 Calotis hispidula Bindy eye

SATFLB0019 Cheilanthes lasiophylla Woolly Cloak Fern

SATFLB0019 Codonocarpus pyramidalis Camel Poison Endangererd Species

SATFLB0019 Cymbopogon obtectus Silky Heads

SATFLB0019 Cynanchum viminale subsp. australe

SATFLB0019 Daucus glochidiatus Australian Carrot

SATFLB0019 Dichelachne micrantha Short-haired Plume Grass

SATFLB0019 Dodonaea lobulata Bead Hopbush

SATFLB0019 Dysphania cristata Crested Crumbweed

SATFLB0019 Enneapogon nigricans Black-heads

SATFLB0019 Eremophila freelingii Limestone Fuchsia

SATFLB0019 Eremophila maculata subsp. maculata

SATFLB0019 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box

SATFLB0019 Eucalyptus socialis subsp. socialis

SATFLB0019 Euphorbia drummondii Balsam

SATFLB0019 Glycine rubiginosa

SATFLB0019 Goodenia calcarata Streaked Goodenia

SATFLB0019 Gossypium australe Australian Desert Rose

SATFLB0019 Hakea leucoptera Kuloa

SATFLB0019 Hydrocotyle callicarpa Small Pennywort

SATFLB0019 Hydrocotyle trachycarpa Wild Parsley

SATFLB0019 Indigofera cornuligera subsp. flindersensis

SATFLB0019 Leiocarpa semicalva subsp. semicalva

SATFLB0019 Lepidium papillosum Warty Peppercress

SATFLB0019 Maireana ciliata Fissure Weed

SATFLB0019 Maireana sp.

Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0019 Maireana triptera Three-wing Bluebush

SATFLB0019 Minuria cunninghamii Bush Minuria

SATFLB0019 Nicotiana simulans Native Tobacco

SATFLB0019 Omphalolappula concava Burr Stickseed

SATFLB0019 Paspalidium constrictum Box Grass

SATFLB0019 Pimelea stricta Erect Rice-flower

SATFLB0019 Portulaca oleracea Pig Weed

SATFLB0019 Prostanthera striatiflora Striated or Striped Mintbush

SATFLB0019 Pterocaulon sphacelatum Applebush

SATFLB0019 Ptilotus nobilis subsp. nobilis

SATFLB0019 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush

SATFLB0019 Rhagodia parabolica Fragrant Saltbush

SATFLB0019 Rhodanthe stricta Slender Sunray

SATFLB0019 Scaevola humilis Sandplain Fan-flower

SATFLB0019 Senecio magnificus Camel Weed

SATFLB0019 Senecio spanomerus

SATFLB0019 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides

SATFLB0019 Senna artemisioides subsp. x coriacea

SATFLB0019 Senna artemisioides subsp. x sturtii

SATFLB0019 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida

SATFLB0019 Sida petrophila Rock Sida

SATFLB0019 Sigesbeckia australiensis Cobber Weed

SATFLB0019 *Sisymbrium sp.

SATFLB0019 Solanum ellipticum Hillside Flannel Bush

SATFLB0019 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle

SATFLB0019 Triodia irritans Porcupine Grass

SATFLB0019 Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy

SATFLB0019 Wahlenbergia gracilenta Annual Bluebell

SATFLB0020 Abutilon halophilum

SATFLB0020 Acacia oswaldii Boree

SATFLB0020 Acacia rivalis Creek Wattle

SATFLB0020 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara

SATFLB0020 Acacia victoriae Bramble Wattle

SATFLB0020 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae

SATFLB0020 *Acetosa vesicaria Bladder Dock

SATFLB0020 Alectryon oleifolius subsp. canescens

SATFLB0020 Amyema miquelii Box Mistletoe

SATFLB0020 Amyema miraculosa subsp. boormanii

SATFLB0020 Amyema preissii Long-leaf Mistletoe

SATFLB0020 Aristida contorta Bunched Kerosene Grass

SATFLB0020 Atriplex vesicaria Bladder Saltbush

SATFLB0020 Austrostipa pilata Prickly Spear-grass Vulnerable species

Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status

SATFLB0020 Austrostipa sp.

SATFLB0020 Callitris glaucophylla White Cypress

SATFLB0020 *Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed

SATFLB0020 Dissocarpus paradoxus Cannonball Burr

SATFLB0020 Dodonaea lobulata Bead Hopbush

SATFLB0020 Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa

SATFLB0020 Enneapogon avenaceus Bottle Washers

SATFLB0020 Eremophila longifolia Berrigan

SATFLB0020 Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. arida

SATFLB0020 Eucalyptus socialis subsp. socialis

SATFLB0020 Euphorbia drummondii Balsam

SATFLB0020 Hakea leucoptera Kuloa

SATFLB0020 Maireana astrotricha Low Bluebush

SATFLB0020 Maireana erioclada Rosy Bluebush

SATFLB0020 Maireana trichoptera Pink-seeded Bluebush, Downy Bluebush

SATFLB0020 *Marrubium vulgare Hoarhound

SATFLB0020 Myoporum platycarpum subsp. platycarpum

SATFLB0020 Rhagodia parabolica Fragrant Saltbush

SATFLB0020 Rhagodia spinescens Berry Saltbush

SATFLB0020 Salsola tragus Russian thistle

SATFLB0020 Salsola tragus subsp. tragus

SATFLB0020 Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Copper Burr

SATFLB0020 Senecio spanomerus

SATFLB0020 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides

SATFLB0020 Senna artemisioides subsp. x coriacea

SATFLB0020 Senna artemisioides subsp. x petiolaris

SATFLB0020 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida

SATFLB0020 *Sisymbrium erysimoides Smooth Mustard

SATFLB0020 Solanum ellipticum Hillside Flannel Bush

SATFLB0020 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle

SATFLB0020 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass