DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review of Salmonella Enterica with Particular Focus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review of Salmonella Enterica with Particular Focus Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 REVIEW ARTICLE Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/April-2019/5.pdf Open Access A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance Saleh Mohammed Jajere Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Corresponding author: Saleh Mohammed Jajere, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 19-12-2018, Accepted: 11-02-2019, Published online: 06-04-2019 doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521 How to cite this article: Jajere SM (2019) A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance, Veterinary World, 12(4):504-521. Abstract Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as “host-restricted” whereas others have broad host spectrum known as “host-adapted” serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host’s intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI- 2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance. Keywords: Enteritidis, foodborne pathogens, Heidelberg, multidrug-resistant, pathogenicity and virulence factors, Salmonella enterica, Typhimurium. Introduction non-motile, the majority of members in the genus Salmonella represents a large genus of global Salmonella are motile by peritrichous flagella. The public health significance and is the leading cause SG and SP are associated with clinical disease in of foodborne illnesses responsible for thousands poultry, and they cause considerable economic losses of deaths worldwide [1-9]. Salmonella is Gram- – due to the replacement of infected flocks and asso- negative, rod-shaped bacteria, and facultative anaer- ciated treatment costs – to poultry farmers, especially obes belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. in developing countries of the world [11-13]. In gen- The genus Salmonella belongs to two broad species eral, the genus has a predilection limited to the diges- namely Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bon- tive tracts of both humans and animals hosts. Thus, gori. So far, more than 2600 serovars belonging to S. the presence of Salmonella in other habitats such as enterica have been described worldwide, and many the water, environment, and food represents fecal of these serovars are capable of causing illnesses in contamination. Recent data from the United States, both humans and animals [10]. While few variants of European countries, and low- and middle-income S. enterica namely Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and countries (LMICs) indicate that Salmonella cases are Salmonella Pullorum (SP) are non-flagellated and the most commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne disease globally and hence supporting the Copyright: Jajere. Open Access. This article is distributed under fact that the control programs aimed at reducing the the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which Salmonella contamination along the food chain have permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any not been successful [14]. Consequently, there will be medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons increased frequency and persistence of S. enterica in license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons the intestinal tracts of food animals and this situation Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this creates chronic or non-symptomatic carriers that con- article, unless otherwise stated. tinue to shed the organism in their feces. Thus, these Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 504 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/April-2019/5.pdf carriers serve as reservoirs for future contamination the organism and subsequently Gaffky isolated the and spread of Salmonella by contaminated milk, meat, bacillus responsible for human typhoid fever [55]. eggs and other agricultural products fertilized and Thereafter, in 1885 Theobald Smith together with grown in Salmonella contaminated manure [14]. Daniel Elmer Salmon discovered and isolated In recent years, the development of antimicrobial Salmonella from the intestines of pigs infected with resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens such classical swine fever (hog cholera). During this period, as Salmonella have been associated with an increased they thought the bacterium was the etiological agent number of human deaths, longer duration of hospi- of hog cholera [55,56]. Later, the bacterial strain was tal stay, and high costs of treatment due to therapy named Salmonella after Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon, an failure. Several clones of multidrug-resistant (MDR) American pathologist who has worked together with Salmonella have emerged during the late 1990s and Smith [57]. In recent years, the issue of nomencla- early 2000s and since then, their prevalence both in ture of the genus Salmonella has been complex, con- humans, domestic animals and other wildlife spe- troversial, and still remains subject of debate [57]. cies have expanded globally [9,15-25]. Recently, the At present, most Salmonella reference centers in increasing prevalence of MDR Salmonella such as the world including the Centers for Disease Control resistance towards clinically important antimicrobials (CDC) adopt the nomenclatural system of Salmonella like fluoroquinolones and third-generation cepha- as recommended by the World Health Organization losporins has become an emerging problem world- (WHO) [58]. This nomenclatural system classifies the wide [16,18,26-33]. In recent years, studies on the genus Salmonella into two species based on differ- global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) ences in their 16S rRNA sequence analysis. These two have shown an increasing incidence of NTS. For broad species included S. enterica (type species) and instance, one of these studies estimated that there are S. bongori [57]. approximately 94 million cases of NTS gastroenteritis Nomenclature/Taxonomy resulting in 155,000 deaths globally each year [34]. According to this study, majority of the NTS burden On the basis of biochemical properties and was found in the Southeast Asian and the Western genomic relatedness, the S. enterica is further clas- Pacific regions [34,35]. sified into six subspecies [59]. These subspecies in Moreover, of the 94 million NTS cases the nomenclature are denoted by Roman numerals: reported [34], 80.3 million cases were estimated as I. S. enterica subsp. enterica; II. S. enterica subsp. foodborne origin [15]. Among the NTS, Salmonella salamae; III. S. enterica subsp. arizonae; IIIa. S. enter- Typhimurium (ST), Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), ica subsp. diarizonae; IV. S. enterica subsp. houtenae; Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), and Salmonella Newport and V. S. enterica subsp. indica. Of all the subspecies (SN) are the epidemiologically important NTS sero- of Salmonella, the S. enterica subsp. enterica (I) is types – with poultry and poultry derived products as the most common and is found predominantly asso- important reservoir sources – and have been associ- ciated with mammals and attributes about 99% of ated with the majority of human salmonellosis burden Salmonella infections in humans and warm-blooded worldwide [5,36-40]. S. enterica is widely distributed animals. On the other hand, the other five
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Arizonae Infection of Adult Patients
    Lee et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2016) 16:746 DOI 10.1186/s12879-016-2083-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae infection of adult patients in Southern Taiwan: a case series in a non-endemic area and literature review Yi-Chien Lee1, Miao-Chiu Hung2, Sheng-Che Hung3,4, Hung-Ping Wang1, Hui-Ling Cho5, Mei-Chu Lai6 and Jann-Tay Wang7* Abstract Background: The majority of Salmonella arizonae human infections have been reported in southwestern United States, where rattlesnake-based products are commonly used to treat illness; however, little is known in non-endemic areas. We reviewed and analyzed the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in adult patients with S. arizonae infection at our institution. Method: A retrospective study was conducted at a regional teaching hospital in southern Taiwan from July 2007 to June 2014. All adult patients diagnosed with S. arizonae infections and treated for at least three days at Chia-Yi Christian Hospital were included. Patients were followed till discharge. Results: A total of 18 patients with S. arizonae infections (median age: 63.5 years) were enrolled for analysis, of whom two thirds were male. The three leading underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer disease and malignancy. Ten patients had bacteraemia and the most common infection focus was the lower respiratory tract. Most of the patients (72.2%) received third-generation cephalosporins as definitive therapy. In contrast, ampicillin-based regimens (accounting for 45.2%) were the major treatment modalities in previous reports. The crude in-hospital mortality was 5.6%, which was much lower than what was previously reported (22.7%).
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic and Genomic Analyses of Burkholderia Stabilis Clinical Contamination, Switzerland Helena M.B
    RESEARCH Phenotypic and Genomic Analyses of Burkholderia stabilis Clinical Contamination, Switzerland Helena M.B. Seth-Smith, Carlo Casanova, Rami Sommerstein, Dominik M. Meinel,1 Mohamed M.H. Abdelbary,2 Dominique S. Blanc, Sara Droz, Urs Führer, Reto Lienhard, Claudia Lang, Olivier Dubuis, Matthias Schlegel, Andreas Widmer, Peter M. Keller,3 Jonas Marschall, Adrian Egli A recent hospital outbreak related to premoistened gloves pathogens that generally fall within the B. cepacia com- used to wash patients exposed the difficulties of defining plex (Bcc) (1). Burkholderia bacteria have large, flexible, Burkholderia species in clinical settings. The outbreak strain multi-replicon genomes, a large metabolic repertoire, vari- displayed key B. stabilis phenotypes, including the inabil- ous virulence factors, and inherent resistance to many anti- ity to grow at 42°C; we used whole-genome sequencing to microbial drugs (2,3). confirm the pathogen was B. stabilis. The outbreak strain An outbreak of B. stabilis was identified among hos- genome comprises 3 chromosomes and a plasmid, shar- ing an average nucleotide identity of 98.4% with B. stabilis pitalized patients across several cantons in Switzerland ATCC27515 BAA-67, but with 13% novel coding sequenc- during 2015–2016 (4). The bacterium caused bloodstream es. The genome lacks identifiable virulence factors and has infections, noninvasive infections, and wound contamina- no apparent increase in encoded antimicrobial drug resis- tions. The source of the infection was traced to contaminat- tance, few insertion sequences, and few pseudogenes, ed commercially available, premoistened washing gloves suggesting this outbreak was an opportunistic infection by used for bedridden patients. After hospitals discontinued an environmental strain not adapted to human pathogenic- use of these gloves, the outbreak resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmonella Spp. Mehrdad Tajkarimi
    PHR 250, B6 04/04/07 Salmonella spp. Mehrdad Tajkarimi 1 Introduction, history and contemporary problems 1.1 Introduction Infections with Salmonella are a major cause of bacterial foodborne diarrhea in humans worldwide. These bacterial pathogens are crucial zoonotic agents in the veterinary as well as medical field. Sporadic cases of human infections due to contact with household animals shedding Salmonella have repeatedly been reported; however, prevalence of Salmonella spp was 0% for all samples from 94 wild turtles. 1.2 History Water and milk were found to be vehicles of the etiologic agent of enteric fever by epidemiological evidence several years before the agent itself was identified in 1874. The organism, now named Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, was discovered in 1880. While S. Typhi became an enormous problem in the US in the early industrial era, the disease burden associated with non-typhoid Salmonella was low before World War II. In 1943 in Sweden, it was found that 26% of wild rats were carriers of S. Enteritidis and/or S. Typhimurium. These creatures still seem closely associated with Salmonella also in the US. There are limited historical data on the prevalence of Salmonella in healthy animals, carcasses or meat. Improvements in sanitation nearly eliminated S. Typhi as a cause of indigenous infections in the US and other developed countries. Decades later, non-typhoid Salmonella infections began to increase in importance – a trend that may have peaked near 1990. In 2006, 2496 farm samples were collected quarterly from 18 different farms across five states (Alabama, California, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington) over a 24- month period.
    [Show full text]
  • Subtractive Inhibition Assay for the Detection of Campylobacter Jejuni In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Subtractive inhibition assay for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken samples using surface Received: 5 March 2019 Accepted: 13 August 2019 plasmon resonance Published: xx xx xxxx Noor Azlina Masdor1,2, Zeynep Altintas3, Mohd. Yunus Shukor4 & Ibtisam E. Tothill1 In this work, a subtractive inhibition assay (SIA) based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni was developed. For this, rabbit polyclonal antibody with specifcity to C. jejuni was frst mixed with C. jejuni cells and unbound antibody was subsequently separated using a sequential process of centrifugation and then detected using an immobilized goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody on the SPR sensor chip. This SIA-SPR method showed excellent sensitivity for C. jejuni with a limit of detection (LOD) of 131 ± 4 CFU mL−1 and a 95% confdence interval from 122 to 140 CFU mL−1. The method has also high specifcity. The developed method showed low cross- reactivity to bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (7.8%), Listeria monocytogenes (3.88%) and Escherichia coli (1.56%). The SIA-SPR method together with the culturing (plating) method was able to detect C. jejuni in the real chicken sample at less than 500 CFU mL−1, the minimum infectious dose for C. jejuni while a commercial ELISA kit was unable to detect the bacterium. Since the currently available detection tools rely on culturing methods, which take more than 48 hours to detect the bacterium, the developed method in this work has the potential to be a rapid and sensitive detection method for C.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmonella Bongori Provides Insights Into the Evolution of the Salmonellae
    Salmonella bongori Provides Insights into the Evolution of the Salmonellae Maria Fookes1", Gunnar N. Schroeder2", Gemma C. Langridge1", Carlos J. Blondel3, Caterina Mammina4, Thomas R. Connor1, Helena Seth-Smith1, Georgios S. Vernikos1, Keith S. Robinson2, Mandy Sanders1, Nicola K. Petty1, Robert A. Kingsley1, Andreas J. Ba¨umler5, Sean-Paul Nuccio5,Ine´s Contreras3, Carlos A. Santiviago3, Duncan Maskell6, Paul Barrow7, Tom Humphrey8, Antonino Nastasi9, Mark Roberts10, Gad Frankel2, Julian Parkhill1, Gordon Dougan1, Nicholas R. Thomson1* 1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2 Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 3 Departamento de Bioquı´mica y Biologı´a Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas y Farmace´uticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 4 Dept. Sciences for Health Promotion ‘‘G. D’Alessandro’’, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, 5 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United State of America, 6 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 7 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, 8 National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom, 9 Dipartimento di Sanita` Publica, Universita` di Firenze, Italy, 10 Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Abstract The genus Salmonella contains two species, S. bongori and S. enterica. Compared to the well-studied S. enterica there is a marked lack of information regarding the genetic makeup and diversity of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Bacterial Competitors on Salmonella Enterica And
    foods Article Influence of Bacterial Competitors on Salmonella enterica and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Growth in Microbiological Media and Attachment to Vegetable Seeds Da Liu 1, Ronald Walcott 2, Kevin Mis Solval 1 and Jinru Chen 1,* 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (K.M.S.) 2 Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-770-412-4738 Abstract: Interests in using biological agents for control of human pathogens on vegetable seeds are rising. This study evaluated whether probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, bacterial strains previously used as biocontrol agents in plant science, as well as a selected plant pathogen could compete with foodborne human pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), for growth in microbiological media and attachment to vegetable seeds; and to determine whether the metabolites in cell-free supernatants of competitive bacterial spent cultures could inhibit the growth of the two pathogens. The results suggest that the co-presence of competitive bacteria, especially L. rhamnosus GG, significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the growth of Salmonella and EHEC. Cell-free supernatants of L. rhamnosus GG cultures significantly reduced the pathogen populations in microbiological media. Although not as effective as L. rhamnosus GG in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella and EHEC, the biocontrol agents were more effective in competing for attachment to vegetable seeds. The study observed the inhibition of human bacterial pathogens Citation: Liu, D.; Walcott, R.; Mis by competitive bacteria or their metabolites and the competitive attachment to sprout seeds among Solval, K.; Chen, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Relevance of Helicobacter Pylori Virulence Factors for Vaccine Development
    Relevance of H. pylori virulence factors ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN Relevance of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors for vaccine development Luz del Carmen Hernández-Hernández, MS,(1) Eduardo César Lazcano-Ponce, PhD,(2) Yolanda López-Vidal, PhD,(3) Germán Rubén Aguilar-Gutiérrez, PhD(1) Hernández-Hernández LC, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Hernández-Hernández LC, Lazcano-Ponce EC, López-Vidal Y, Aguilar-Gutiérrez GR. López-Vidal Y, Aguilar-Gutiérrez GR. Relevance of Helicobacter pylori virulence Relevancia de los factores de virulencia factors for vaccine development. de Helicobacter pylori para el desarrollo de vacunas. Salud Publica Mex 2009;51 suppl 3:S447-S454. Salud Publica Mex 2009;51 supl 3:S447-S454. Abstract Resumen Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk for a wide spec- La infección por Helicobacter pylori incrementa el riesgo de trum of clinical outcomes, ranging from peptic ulcer disease un amplio espectro de cuadros clínicos, que van de la úlcera to gastric cancer. However, the infection induces gastric and péptica al cáncer gástrico. Sin embargo, la infección sólo duodenal ulceration or gastric cancer in only a minority of in- induce ulceración gástrica y duodenal o cáncer gástrico en fected subjects because H. pylori strains are genetically diverse la minoría de los sujetos infectados debido que las cepas de and express different virulence factors. Individuals infected H. pylori son genéticamente diversas y expresan diferentes with strains that express these virulence factors probably factores de virulencia. Así, los individuos infectados por cepas develop severe diseases such as gastric cancer. Nevertheless, que expresan estos factores de virulencia probablemente the ancient relationship between H. pylori and humans sug- desarrollan enfermedades severas como el cáncer gástrico.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Typing and Evolutionary Relationships of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi
    Molecular typing and evolutionary relationships of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Sophie Octavia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Australia A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2008 PLEASE TYPE 1.3.1 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Octavia First name: Sophie Other name/s: PhD in Microbiology Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: School: Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty: Science Title: Molecular typing and evolutionary relationships of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) The evolutionary relationship between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, other typhoid-like enteric fever causing serovars and 10 non- Typhoid serovars from S. enterica subspecies I, could not be determined by comparative nucleotide sequences of six genes. Phylogenetic analyses of the dataset showed that the genes of interest underwent frequent recombination, suggesting a low level of clonality within subspecies I of S. enterica. To establish the evolutionary relationships within serovar Typhi, genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) was explored as a marker for both typing purposes and phylogenetic analysis. Thirty eight SNPs were typed in 73 global Typhi isolates, including 18 isolates expressing the special flagellar antigen z66, using restriction enzyme digestion method. The isolates were differentiated into 23 SNP profiles and grouped into four distinct clusters. The z66 isolates were divided into four SNP profiles and were all grouped into one cluster, suggesting a single origin. An alternative SNP typing method using the hairpin real time PCR assay was investigated to type four additional SNPs, termed as biallelic polymorphisms (BiP).
    [Show full text]
  • Salmonella Sp. and Other Enterobacteriaceae) in Common Quails (Coturnix Coturnix) Submitted to Different Forced-Molting Procedures
    Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola Bacteriological Investigation of Microorganisms ISSN 1516-635X Jan - Mar 2013 / v.15 / n.1 / 47-52 (Salmonella sp. and Other Enterobacteriaceae) in Common Quails (Coturnix coturnix) Submitted to Different Forced-Molting Procedures Author(s) ABSTracT Teixeira RSC1 Cardoso WM2* The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella Lopes ES1 Rocha-e-Silva RC1 in common quails submitted to forced molting. A total of 240 quails Albuquerque AH1 were divided at 40 weeks of age into four groups: CG (control, quails Horn RV3 not submitted to molting); FM (fasting method); WM (fed wheat midds Salles RPR4 ad libitum); and ZM (zinc oxide method). From each group, 10 cloacal 1 Ph.D. students of the Post-Graduation swabs, 10 fecal samples, and 20 egg samples were collected before Program in Veterinary Sciences, UECE / Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. molting (two weeks) and after molting (two weeks). The microbiological 2 Professor, advisor of the Post-Graduation procedures for Salmonella spp. identification were performed in four Program in Veterinary Sciences, UECE / steps. The agglutination test, using somatic and flagellar antigens, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. 3 M.Sc. student of the Post-Graduation was used to confirm Salmonella-suspected colonies. According to the Program in Veterinary Sciences, UECE / methodology applied, none of the samples was positive for Salmonella Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. 4 Laboratório BIOLAB S/C Ltda spp. The results showed that 20.0% of the egg samples from birds submitted to forced molting were contaminated with enterobacteria. It * Laboratory of Ornithological Studies of the was concluded that, under the conditions of the present experiment, the School of Veterinary Medicine of the State University of Ceará stress caused by forced molting did not induce infection by Salmonella spp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Association Between Bowel Resection and the Risk Of
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The association between bowel resection and the risk of nontyphoidal salmonella infection: a nationwide propensity score‑matched cohort study Kuang‑Tsu Yang1, Sin‑Ei Juang2, Yao‑Min Hung3,4,5, James Cheng‑Chung Wei6,7, Hei‑Tung Yip8 & Renin Chang9,10* Nontyphoidal salmonella (NTS) infection has a high mortality rate. Bowel resections afect gut microbiota and immune function, and the association between bowel resection and NTS infection in human beings has not been addressed. We conducted a nationwide propensity score (PS)‑matched cohort study to clarify this association. Data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database of Taiwan were used to establish a case‑cohort with bowel resections from 2000 to 2013. Informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital (CMUH104‑REC2‑115) because all personal identifying information used had been de‑identifed. Each case was matched with one control without any bowel resection according to age, gender, index date, and propensity score (PS). Cumulative incidences of and hazard ratios (HRs) for NTS infection development were analyzed. The incidence of NTS infection was greater in patients with a bowel resection than in the control group (2.97 vs. 1.92 per 10,000 person‑years), with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.64 (95% CI = 1.08–2.48). The incidence of NTS infection increased signifcantly for cases with small bowel resections and right hemicolectomies. Age (31–40 and > 50 years), hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and autoimmune diseases were signifcant risk factors of NTS infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Analysis of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium
    LETTERS 7. Bonnin RA, Rotimi V, Al Hubail M, Gasiorowski E, Al Sweih N, Nordmann P, et al. Wide dissemination of GES-type carbapenemases in Acinetobacter bau- mannii in Kuwait. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:183–8. http://dx.doi. org/10.1128/AAC.01384-12 8. Diancourt L, Passet V, Nemec A, Dijkshoorn L, Brisse S. The population structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: expanding multiresistant clones from an ancestral susceptible genetic pool. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e10034. http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010034 9. Gogou V, Pournaras S, Giannouli M, Voulgari E, Piperaki ET, Zarrilli R, et al. Evolution of multidrug-resistant Aci- netobacter baumannii clonal lineages: a 10-year study in Greece (2000–09). J An- timicrob Chemother. 2011;66:2767–72. Figure. Results of Diversilab system (bioMérieux, La Balme-les-Grottes, France) analysis http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr390 of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Similarity line shows the cutoff that separates the 10. Poirel L, Bonnin RA, Boulanger A, Schren- different clones. zel J, Kaase M, Nordmann P. Tn125-re- lated acquisition of blaNDM-like genes in identified mainly carbapenem-hydro- Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Rémy A. Bonnin, Gaëlle Cuzon, Agents Chemother. 2012;56:1087–9. lyzing carbapenemase OXA-58 (9). Laurent Poirel, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05620-11 Recently, we showed that the and Patrice Nordmann blaNDM-1 gene was carried by a com- Author affiliation: Hôpital de Bicêtre, Address for correspondence: Patrice Nordmann, posite transposon bracketed by 2 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital copies of ISAba125 in A.
    [Show full text]
  • Attenuated Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Strain NC983, Is Immunogenic, and Protective Against Virulent Typhimurium Challenges in Mice
    Article Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Strain NC983, Is Immunogenic, and Protective against Virulent Typhimurium Challenges in Mice Bryan Troxell 1 , Mary Mendoza 1, Rizwana Ali 1, Matthew Koci 1 and Hosni Hassan 1,2,* 1 Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; [email protected] (B.T.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 Microbiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +919-515-7081; Fax: +919-515-2625 Received: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 29 October 2020; Published: 3 November 2020 Abstract: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are significant health burden worldwide. Although much effort has been devoted to developing typhoid-based vaccines for humans, currently there is no NTS vaccine available. Presented here is the efficacy of a live attenuated serovar Typhimurium strain (NC983). Oral delivery of strain NC983 was capable of fully protecting C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice against challenge with virulent Typhimurium. Strain NC983 was found to elicit an anti-Typhimurium IgG response following administration of vaccine and boosting doses. Furthermore, in competition experiments with virulent S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), NC983 was highly defective in colonization of the murine liver and spleen. Collectively, these results indicate that strain NC983 is a potential live attenuated vaccine strain that warrants further development. Keywords: Salmonella typhimurium; NC983; vaccine; in vivo; infection; C57BL/6 mice; BALB/c mice; IgG 1. Introduction Foodborne pathogens are a group of infectious agents that threaten public health. Members of this diverse group contaminate food and water while being spread between the environment, agriculture animals, plants, and people.
    [Show full text]