Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more

Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 1 Mining Money Mineral-rich sand and gravel that can be profitably exploited is known to miners as what kind of dirt? pay dirt 2 Figurative Language What figure of speech is used repeatedly in this song lyric? It went zip when it moved and bop when it stopped and whir when it stood still. onomatopoeia 3 Circles If two chords of a circle are equal in length, what can be said about the lengths of the corresponding minor arcs? They are equal (in length) 4 Aviation Milestones Who was the U.S. president when the Wright brothers made their historic flight at Kitty Hawk? Theodore Roosevelt 5 Artificial Lakes Thanks to a dam completed in 1970, what African lake named for an Egyptian president is about 550 miles long when full? Lake Nasser Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 6 Elections The popular election of what U.S. officials was established in 1913 by the ratification of the 17th Amendment? senators 7 Autoantonyms What verb can mean either "cut off" as with fingernails or "add to" as with Christmas trees? trim 8 Anatomy Name the major cavity in the body containing the stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys. abdominal cavity 9 Color Symbology What color has come to be associated with agrarianism and environmentalism? green 10 Operas In what opera by Englebert Humperdinck does a witch lure children into her dwelling with cakes and sweets and then shove them into her oven where they turn into gingerbread? Hansel and Gretel Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 11 Action Characters What character created by Clive Cussler was instrumental in raising the Titanic, finding a Confederate ironclad in Africa, locating treasures from the Library of Alexandria in Texas, and discovering a third nuclear bomb that never made it to Japan in 1945? Dirk Pitt 12 Aviation Feats Name the aviation practice of flying an aircraft in complex maneuvers for recreation and the entertainment of an audience. aerobatics 13 Love at First Sight This passage by Anne Morrow is about whom? He is taller than anyone else - you see his head in a moving crowd, and you notice his glance as though it were keener, clearer, and brighter than anyone else's, lit with a more intense fire. What could I say to this boy? I felt the whole world before this to be frivolous, superficial, and ephemeral. Charles Lindbergh 14 Heat Transfer What heat transfer process involves transporting energy from a lower, hotter region to a higher, cooler region? convection 15 Plate Tectonics These are hotspots on what tectonic plate? Raton hotspot Anahim hotspot Yellowstone hotspot North American plate Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 16 Illnesses While diabetes and cancer are chronic illnesses, what corresponding adjective applies to disorders such as the common cold or hay fever? acute 17 Fish What group of mostly predatory, mostly saltwater fish have cartilaginous skeletons, five to seven gill slits, a covering of dermal denticles, and several sets of replaceable teeth? sharks 18 Explorers What Italian explorer and navigator is credited with first demonstrating that, contrary to conjectures from Columbus' voyages, the West Indies and Brazil were not the eastern outskirts of Asia but parts of an entirely new landmass? Amerigo Vespucci 19 Spying Spying on corporations is known as what kind of espionage? industrial (corporate, economic) espionage 20 Author's Inspiration His father was thrown into debtors' prison in 1824 and he was sent to work in a factory under miserable conditions. These circumstances led what famous British author to write several novels about these topics? Charles Dickens Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 21 Arcs An arc minute equals what fraction of a degree? 1/60th 22 Memorials What is the flight number on the national memorial in Pennsylvania honoring the crew and passengers of a United Airlines jet who heroically stopped terrorists from reaching their intended target? 93 23 U.S. Rivers Located near the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, the Hanford Reach is the last free-flowing section of the Columbia River in what state? Washington 24 Presidential Problems Some pundits referred to the 2014 immigration crisis as Obama's Katrina moment. This alluded to the federal response to a natural disaster that severely eroded public confidence in what former U.S. president? George W. Bush 25 Taxation Name the alternative to the progressive income tax under which individuals would pay the same percentage regardless of their earnings. flat tax Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 26 Liquids Alfred Nobel's fortune rested on his invention that involved the absorption of what explosive liquid into diatomaceous earth? nitroglycerin 27 Invasions In 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and temporarily annexed what country at the head of the Persian Gulf? Kuwait 28 Planetary Days A day on which planet lasts just a little bit longer than a day on Earth? Mars 29 Literary Forms Just from their titles, you can surmise that these works are what form of literature? Fifty Shames of Earl Grey New Moan: The Twishite Saga Jane Slayre Night of the Living Trekkies The Wind Done Gone The Meowmorphosis parodies 30 Solids These are characteristics of what geometric solid? Number of concurrent edges at a vertex = 3 Number of edges = 6 Number of vertices = 4 Number of faces = 4 tetrahedron ( triangular pyramid) Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 31 Kansas Cabins What famous abolitionist's cabin can be seen in Osawatomie, Kansas? John Brown's 32 Propaganda What propaganda technique involves an appeal to be part of a group? bandwagon 33 Musical Instruments While bassoons are baritone instruments and tubas are bass instruments, what category of instruments usually includes clarinets, flutes, and violins? soprano instruments 34 Heredity What molecular units of living organisms contain the information to pass hereditary traits to offspring? genes 35 U.S. Rivers What mountain range is the source of these rivers? American, Feather, Tuolumne, Stanislaus, Mokelumne, Kings, Kern, Merced, Truckee Sierra Nevada Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 36 Slavery Solutions In 1820, the American Colonization Society attempted to deal with slavery by returning volunteer African Americans to the African Pepper Coast. Those people formed the nucleus of what new country that still exists? Liberia 37 Bites Arachnidism is an injury resulting from the bite of what kind of creature? spider 38 Literary Techniques What technique is used when an author, for comic effect, exaggerates or distorts a character's physical features or other characteristics? caricature 39 Probability A bag contains 15 marbles, 8 of which are green, 4 blue, and 3 white. You remove 1 green and 1 blue ball. What is the probability that the next randomly selected ball from the bag will be blue? 3 in 13 40 Space Exploration Yuri Gagarin was to the Soviet Union as what astronaut was to the United States? Alan Shepard (or John Glenn) Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 41 Work If a force of 20 newtons acts along a point that travels 2 meters, how many joules of work are done? 40 joules 42 Homophones Spell the homophone for a street market lined with shops and stalls that sounds the same as the adjective indicating something strange or fantastic. bazaar 43 Unnatural Natural Explosions The Tunguska event occurred in 1908 in what country? Russia 44 Parliamentary Government In a parliamentary system, the death knell for the current government is a vote of no what? confidence 45 Memorable Massacres The late 17th-century Massacre of Glencoe, in which Campbell Clan soldiers slaughtered many members of the MacDonald Clan, occurred in what part of Great Britain? Scotland Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS *Alt Colonial Economic Failures James Oglethorpe tried to establish a silk industry in Georgia, but the plan was doomed from the outset because the right species of what kind of tree did not grow there? mulberry *Alt Angles Name the kind of angle formed by any angle and its supplement. straight angle *Alt Memorials What memorial in Washington D.C. honors U.S. armed forces personnel who fought in such battles as Chonan, Suwon Airfield, Taegu, Chosin Reservoir, and Pork Chop Hill? Korean War Veterans Memorial *Alt Asian Republics What island republic is due north of the island of Luzon and east of the people's Republic of China? Taiwan (Republic of China) *Alt Subatomic Particles What is the antimatter counterpart of the electron? positron Round # 1 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS *Alt Wartime Novels What war is the setting for these novels? From Here to Eternity The Eagle Has Landed The English Patient Catch-22 World War II *Alt Earth's Interior The asthenosphere is part of what layer of the Earth's interior between the crust and core? mantle Round # 2 Minnesota Service Cooperatives Knowledge Bowl - HS Pristine #375 HS 1 National Anthems The national anthem of the Principality of Andorra is entitled "El Gran Carlemany," named for what king of the Franks? Charlemagne 2 Archaeology What Latin American civilization constructed cities at sites such as Caracol, Rio Azul, Coba, Sayil, and Tikal? Maya 3 Predicates Consider the sentence, "She is a starlet and quite content." While "starlet" functions as a predicate nominative, what is the function of "content"? predicate adjective 4 Rhyme What is the rhyme scheme in this verse? The fire seven times tried this; Seven times tried that judgment is, That did never choose amiss.
Recommended publications
  • Hot Spots and Plate Movement Exercise

    Hot Spots and Plate Movement Exercise

    Name(s) Hot Spots and Plate Movement exercise Two good examples of present-day hot spot volcanism, as derived from mantle plumes beneath crustal plates, are Kilauea, Hawaii (on the Pacific oceanic plate) and Yellowstone (on the continental North American plate). These hot spots have produced a chain of inactive volcanic islands or seamounts on the Pacific plate (Fig. 1) and volcanic calderas or fields on the North American plate (Fig. 2) – see the figures below. Figure 1. Chain of islands and seamounts produced by the Hawaiian hot spot. Figure 2. Chain of volcanic fields produced by the Yellowstone hot spot. The purposes of this exercise are to use locations, ages, and displacements for each of these hot spot chains to determine 1. Absolute movement directions, and 2. Movement rates for both the Pacific and western North American plates, and then to use this information to determine 3. Whether the rates and directions of the movement of these two plates have been the same or different over the past 16 million years. This exercise uses the Pangaea Breakup animation, which is a KML file that runs in the standalone Google Earth application. To download the Pangaea Breakup KML file, go here: http://csmgeo.csm.jmu.edu/Geollab/Whitmeyer/geode/pangaeaBreakup /PangaeaBreakup.kml To download Google Earth for your computer, go here: https://www.google.com/earth/download/ge/agree.html Part 1. Hawaiian Island Chain Load the PangaeaBreakup.kml file in Google Earth. Make sure the time period in the upper right of the screen says “0 Ma” and then select “Hot Spot Volcanos” under “Features” in the Places menu on the left of the screen.
  • Related Magmatism in the Upper Wind River Basin, Wyoming (USA), GEOSPHERE; V

    Related Magmatism in the Upper Wind River Basin, Wyoming (USA), GEOSPHERE; V

    Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: Cenozoic Tectonics, Magmatism, and Stratigraphy of the Snake River Plain–Yellowstone Region and Adjacent Areas GEOSPHERE The leading wisps of Yellowstone: Post–ca. 5 Ma extension- related magmatism in the upper Wind River Basin, Wyoming (USA), GEOSPHERE; v. 14, no. 1 associated with the Yellowstone hotspot tectonic parabola doi:10.1130/GES01553.1 Matthew E. Brueseke1, Anna C. Downey1, Zachary C. Dodd1, William K. Hart2, Dave C. Adams3, and Jeff A. Benowitz4 12 figures; 2 tables; 1 supplemental file 1Department of Geology, Kansas State University, 108 Thompson Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA 2Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, 118C Shideler Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA 3Box 155, Teton Village, Wyoming 83025, USA CORRESPONDENCE: brueseke@ ksu .edu 4Geophysical Institute and Geochronology Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA CITATION: Brueseke, M.E., Downey, A.C., Dodd, Z.C., Hart, W.K., Adams, D.C., and Benowitz, J.A., 2018, The leading wisps of Yellowstone: Post–ca. 5 Ma ABSTRACT the issue of linking volcanic events to a specific driving mechanism (Fouch, extension-related magmatism in the upper Wind River 2012; Kuehn et al., 2015). Complicating matters, magmatism often continues Basin, Wyoming (USA), associated with the Yellow- The upper Wind River Basin in northwest Wyoming (USA) is located ~80– long after (e.g., millions of years) the upper plate has been translated away stone hotspot tectonic parabola: Geosphere, v. 14, no. 1, p. 74–94, doi:10.1130/GES01553.1. 100 km southeast of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field. While the upper from an upwelling plume (Bercovici and Mahoney, 1994; Sleep, 2003; Shervais Wind River Basin is a manifestation of primarily Cretaceous to Eocene Lara- and Hanan, 2008; Jean et al., 2014).
  • The Track of the Yellowstone Hot Spot: Volcanism, Faulting, and Uplift

    The Track of the Yellowstone Hot Spot: Volcanism, Faulting, and Uplift

    Geological Society of America Memoir 179 1992 Chapter 1 The track of the Yellowstone hot spot: Volcanism, faulting, and uplift Kenneth L. Pierce and Lisa A. Morgan US. Geological Survey, MS 913, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 ABSTRACT The track of the Yellowstone hot spot is represented by a systematic northeast-trending linear belt of silicic, caldera-forming volcanism that arrived at Yel- lowstone 2 Ma, was near American Falls, Idaho about 10 Ma, and started about 16 Ma near the Nevada-Oregon-Idaho border. From 16 to 10 Ma, particularly 16 to 14 Ma, volcanism was widely dispersed around the inferred hot-spot track in a region that now forms a moderately high volcanic plateau. From 10 to 2 Ma, silicic volcanism migrated N54OE toward Yellowstone at about 3 cm/year, leaving in its wake the topographic and structural depression of the eastern Snake River Plain (SRP). This <lo-Ma hot-spot track has the same rate and direction as that predicted by motion of the North American plate over a thermal plume fixed in the mantle. The eastern SRP is a linear, mountain- bounded, 90-km-wide trench almost entirely(?) floored by calderas that are thinly cov- ered by basalt flows. The current hot-spot position at Yellowstone is spatially related to active faulting and uplift. Basin-and-range faults in the Yellowstone-SRP region are classified into six types based on both recency of offset and height of the associated bedrock escarpment. The distribution of these fault types permits definition of three adjoining belts of faults and a pattern of waxing, culminating, and waning fault activity.
  • Discovery of Two New Super-Eruptions from the Yellowstone Hotspot Track (USA): Is the Yellowstone Hotspot Waning? Thomas R

    Discovery of Two New Super-Eruptions from the Yellowstone Hotspot Track (USA): Is the Yellowstone Hotspot Waning? Thomas R

    https://doi.org/10.1130/G47384.1 Manuscript received 13 January 2020 Revised manuscript received 16 April 2020 Manuscript accepted 16 April 2020 © 2020 The Authors. Gold Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license. Published online 1 June 2020 Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning? Thomas R. Knott1, Michael J. Branney1, Marc K. Reichow1, David R. Finn1, Simon Tapster2 and Robert S. Coe3 1 School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 2 British Geological Survey, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK 3 Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA ABSTRACT Super-Eruption Recognition Super-eruptions are amongst the most extreme events to affect Earth’s surface, but too few Recognizing a super-eruption requires quan- examples are known to assess their global role in crustal processes and environmental impact. tification of the dense rock equivalent (DRE) We demonstrate a robust approach to recognize them at one of the best-preserved intraplate volume of the erupted deposit (Pyle, 2000). large igneous provinces, leading to the discovery of two new super-eruptions. Each generated However, several similar deposits may coexist huge and unusually hot pyroclastic density currents that sterilized extensive tracts of Idaho in a succession, presenting a challenge to dis- and Nevada in the United States. The ca. 8.99 Ma McMullen Creek eruption was magnitude tinguish and correlate individual deposits. Suc- 8.6, larger than the last two major eruptions at Yellowstone (Wyoming).
  • Geoscenario Introduction: Yellowstone Hotspot Yellowstone Is One of America’S Most Beloved National Parks

    Geoscenario Introduction: Yellowstone Hotspot Yellowstone Is One of America’S Most Beloved National Parks

    Geoscenario Introduction: Yellowstone Hotspot Yellowstone is one of America’s most beloved national parks. Did you know that its unique scenery is the result of the area’s geology? Yellowstone National Park lies in a volcanic Hydrothermal Features caldera, an area that collapsed after an Hot springs are naturally warm bodies of eruption. Below the caldera is a hotspot. water. Hot magma heats water underground There, huge amounts of magma sit just below to near boiling. Some organisms still manage Earth’s surface. In this geoscenario, you’ll to live in these springs. learn some of the geologic secrets that make Yellowstone such a special place. Its vivid colors and huge size make Grand Prismatic www.fossweb.com Spring the most photographed feature at Yellowstone. Extremely hot water rises 37 m from a crack in Earth’s crust to form this hot spring. permission. further Berkeley without use California of classroom University than the of other use or Regents The redistribution, Copyright resale, for Investigation 8: Geoscenarios 109 2018-2019 Not © 1558514_MSNG_Earth History_Text.indd 109 11/29/18 3:15 PM The water in mud pots tends to be acidic. Hotspot Theory It dissolves the surrounding rock. Hot water Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions mixes with the dissolved rock to create occur near plate boundaries, but there are bubbly pots. some exceptions. In 1963, John Tuzo Wilson Other hydrothermal features include (1908–1993) came up with a theory for these fumaroles and geysers. Fumaroles exceptions. He described stationary magma are cracks that allow steam to escape chambers beneath the crust.
  • Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, West-Central British Columbia

    Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, West-Central British Columbia

    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-10-24 A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia Kuehn, Christian Kuehn, C. (2014). A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25002 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1936 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia by Christian Kuehn A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS CALGARY, ALBERTA OCTOBER, 2014 © Christian Kuehn 2014 Abstract Alkaline and peralkaline magmatism occurred along the Anahim Volcanic Belt (AVB), a 330 km long linear feature in west-central British Columbia. The belt includes three felsic shield volcanoes, the Rainbow, Ilgachuz and Itcha ranges as its most notable features, as well as regionally extensive cone fields, lava flows, dyke swarms and a pluton. Volcanic activity took place periodically from the Late Miocene to the Holocene.
  • Protocols for Geologic Hazards Response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory

    Protocols for Geologic Hazards Response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory

    Prepared in cooperation with Yellowstone National Park, the University of Utah, the University of Wyoming, the Idaho Geological Survey, the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Wyoming State Geological Survey, and UNAVCO Protocols for Geologic Hazards Response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Circular 1351 Version 2.0, November 2014 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Images clockwise from upper left: Schematic organization of an Incident Command incorporating Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. University of Utah and Yellowstone National Park staff during wintertime equipment deployment. Example of data routing for monitoring data from Yellowstone Seismic Network. Logo of Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. Protocols for Geologic Hazards Response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory By the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Circular 1351 Version 2.0, November 2014 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia First release: 2010 Revised and reprinted: November 2014 (ver. 2.0) For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, 2014, Protocols for geologic hazards response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (ver. 2.0, November 2014): U.S.
  • Young Tracks of Hotspots and Current Plate Velocities

    Young Tracks of Hotspots and Current Plate Velocities

    Geophys. J. Int. (2002) 150, 321–361 Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities Alice E. Gripp1,∗ and Richard G. Gordon2 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97401, USA 2Department of Earth Science MS-126, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 2001 October 5. Received 2001 October 5; in original form 2000 December 20 SUMMARY Plate motions relative to the hotspots over the past 4 to 7 Myr are investigated with a goal of determining the shortest time interval over which reliable volcanic propagation rates and segment trends can be estimated. The rate and trend uncertainties are objectively determined from the dispersion of volcano age and of volcano location and are used to test the mutual consistency of the trends and rates. Ten hotspot data sets are constructed from overlapping time intervals with various durations and starting times. Our preferred hotspot data set, HS3, consists of two volcanic propagation rates and eleven segment trends from four plates. It averages plate motion over the past ≈5.8 Myr, which is almost twice the length of time (3.2 Myr) over which the NUVEL-1A global set of relative plate angular velocities is estimated. HS3-NUVEL1A, our preferred set of angular velocities of 15 plates relative to the hotspots, was constructed from the HS3 data set while constraining the relative plate angular velocities to consistency with NUVEL-1A. No hotspots are in significant relative motion, but the 95 per cent confidence limit on motion is typically ±20 to ±40 km Myr−1 and ranges up to ±145 km Myr−1.
  • Geoscenario Resources—Yellowstone Hotspot

    Geoscenario Resources—Yellowstone Hotspot

    Geoscenario Resources—Yellowstone Hotspot: Geologist Task Now that you have explored as a team, the general story of the Yellowstone Hotspot, it is time for each of you to dive into more specialized information. The geologist focuses on the historic path of the Yellowstone Hotspot and how the major geothermal features work. Add helpful details to your notes for Geoscenario Team Questions. Then work together and combine all the information to successfully present your story of the Yellowstone Hotspot. Questions for the Geologist to Consider • How do the major geothermal features in Yellowstone work? • What is the historic path of the Yellowstone Hotspot? Information Water cools near the vent’s surface. Yellowstone National Park is known for its This cooler water “caps” the hotter diverse hydrothermal features. How do they water below. Eventually, superheated work? These diagrams explain how geysers build Side channels can often release pressure water flashes to steam, expanding and within thermal systems. Side channels lifting the water above the vent in an pressure to erupt and why hot springs are so blue. can act as indicators of when primary- eruption. The brilliant colors in hot springs come from feature eruptions may occur. archaebacteria. Aptly called extremophiles for Silica is dissolved from rhyolite (the their ability to survive in extreme environments, Side Channel volcanic rock) and precipitates as these colorful organisms can live in extremely sinter, which forms the geyser cone. high temperatures. Scientists study these bacteria Sinter Sinter to understand how their cells and proteins can Sinter is deposited on the walls and acts High-pressure area caused by survive and function in environmental conditions like a throttle in the vent by constricting expanding water and steam.
  • Yellowstone Plume Head: Postulated Tectonic Relations to the Vancouver Slab, Continental Boundaries, and Climate

    Yellowstone Plume Head: Postulated Tectonic Relations to the Vancouver Slab, Continental Boundaries, and Climate

    Pierce and others—Yellowstone Plume Head: Postulated Tectonic Relations 5 Yellowstone Plume Head: Postulated Tectonic Relations to the Vancouver Slab, Continental Boundaries, and Climate Kenneth L. Pierce,1 Lisa A. Morgan,2 and Richard W. Saltus2 ABSTRACT and 0.706 line in intermediate crust, and the area of cen- tral and southern Nevada east of the 0.706 line in Pre- We trace the Yellowstone hotspot track back to an cambrian continental crust. Geophysical modeling is con- apparent inception centered near the Oregon-Nevada sistent with a dense crust north of the Nevada-Oregon border. We and others have concluded this is the locus of border and an asthenospheric low-density body that ex- a starting plume or plume head. Consideration of this tends several hundred kilometers south and north of the plume-head model leads us to discuss the following three Nevada-Oregon boundary. A reconstruction of the initial implications. contact of the plume head with the lithosphere suggests (1) The apparent center of the relic plume head is about relatively thin lithosphere at 17 Ma beneath Oregon and 250 km west of the location where both the trends of the Washington, which would favor the spreading of the younger hotspot track and the inferred plate motions plume northward in this direction, more decompression would place the hotspot at 16 Ma. A possible explanation melting in this “thinspot” area, and the eruption of basalt for this discrepancy is the westward deflection of the through dense, oceanic lithosphere. Thus, preferential plume up the bottom of the inclined Vancouver slab. Plate extrusion of flood basalts north of the plume center may tectonic reconstructions and an intermediate dip for the be the result of differences in the pre-plume lithosphere, Vancouver slab indicate a plume head would have inter- and not the location of the center of the plume head.
  • 7.09 Hot Spots and Melting Anomalies G

    7.09 Hot Spots and Melting Anomalies G

    7.09 Hot Spots and Melting Anomalies G. Ito, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA P. E. van Keken, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ª 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 7.09.1 Introduction 372 7.09.2 Characteristics 373 7.09.2.1 Volcano Chains and Age Progression 373 7.09.2.1.1 Long-lived age-progressive volcanism 373 7.09.2.1.2 Short-lived age-progressive volcanism 381 7.09.2.1.3 No age-progressive volcanism 382 7.09.2.1.4 Continental hot spots 383 7.09.2.1.5 The hot-spot reference frame 386 7.09.2.2 Topographic Swells 387 7.09.2.3 Flood Basalt Volcanism 388 7.09.2.3.1 Continental LIPs 388 7.09.2.3.2 LIPs near or on continental margins 389 7.09.2.3.3 Oceanic LIPs 391 7.09.2.3.4 Connections to hot spots 392 7.09.2.4 Geochemical Heterogeneity and Distinctions from MORB 393 7.09.2.5 Mantle Seismic Anomalies 393 7.09.2.5.1 Global seismic studies 393 7.09.2.5.2 Local seismic studies of major hot spots 395 7.09.2.6 Summary of Observations 399 7.09.3 Dynamical Mechanisms 400 7.09.3.1 Methods 400 7.09.3.2 Generating the Melt 401 7.09.3.2.1 Temperature 402 7.09.3.2.2 Composition 402 7.09.3.2.3 Mantle flow 404 7.09.3.3 Swells 405 7.09.3.3.1 Generating swells: Lubrication theory 405 7.09.3.3.2 Generating swells: Thermal upwellings and intraplate hot spots 407 7.09.3.3.3 Generating swells: Thermal upwellings and hot-spot–ridge interaction 408 7.09.3.4 Dynamics of Buoyant Upwellings 410 7.09.3.4.1 TBL instabilities 410 7.09.3.4.2 Thermochemical instabilities 411 7.09.3.4.3 Effects of variable mantle properties 412 7.09.3.4.4 Plume
  • Yellowstone Science a Quarterly Publication Devoted to the Natural and Cultural Resources

    Yellowstone Science a Quarterly Publication Devoted to the Natural and Cultural Resources

    Yellowstone Science A quarterly publication devoted to the natural and cultural resources A Chat with a Geophysicist Yellowstone’s Architecture Windows into the Earth Reviewed A Tribute to Aubrey Haines Volume 8 Number 4 NPS photo Through a Glass, Darkly? On the surface of the wild “Wonder- that reflect a motley collection of styles Haines passed from his earthly life, caus- land” that is today called Yellowstone, and eras. ing mourning among many Yellowstone modern Americans have noticeably left Underneath the park teem the unseen, fans. In his NPS career and afterward, their mark, in the buildings they have uncontrollable forces of the earth’s geol- Aubrey pursued the facts behind count- constructed over the last century or more. ogy, only hinted at by the surface mani- less tales and traditions of park history. A historic structure can be especially val- festations of geothermal energy. Many Looking through the windows Aubrey ued—or censured—based on how it re- scientists and visitors long to see and opened onto Yellowstone Park’s “cre- lates to the surrounding human-built and understand what lies beneath Yellow- ation,” some viewers saw light and others natural landscape. Nowadays whenever a stone. Robert B. Smith has worked to saw shadows cast upon a sacred story; new building is proposed in the park, open such a window for the better part of they even tried to close the window. I was extensive discussion precedes (and con- four decades and, in this issue, shares honored to know him, briefly, and hope siderable criticism follows) the chosen some of his journeys of geologic discov- that park managers and others will al- architectural design.