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Measurement of Quantum State: Adequatio Intellectus Nostri Cum Re -A Zeitgeist Model

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Measurement of Quantum State: Adequatio Intellectus Nostri Cum Re -A Zeitgeist Model International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 1 ISSN 2250-3153 MEASUREMENT OF QUANTUM STATE: ADEQUATIO INTELLECTUS NOSTRI CUM RE -A ZEITGEIST MODEL Dr K N Prasanna Kumar, Prof B S Kiranagi, Prof C S Bagewadi ABSTRACT: Serge Haroche and David Wineland were awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for being able to resolve the conflict of Quantum measurement. We give a concomitant model for the same. Study of concatenated equation is done in the next paper. INTRODUCTION: Believe nothing on the faith of traditions, even though they have been held in honor for many generations and in diverse places. Do not believe a thing because many people speak of it. Do not believe on the faith of the sages of the past. Do not believe what you yourself have imagined, persuading yourself that a God inspires you. Believe nothing on the sole authority of your masters and priests. After examination, believe what you yourself have tested and found to be reasonable, and conform your conduct thereto. As the Buddha was dying, Ananda asked who would be their teacher after death. He replied to his disciple - "Be lamps unto yourselves. Be refuges unto yourselves. Take yourself no external refuge. Hold fast to the truth as a lamp. Hold fast to the truth as a refuge. Look not for a refuge in anyone besides yourselves. And those, Ananda, who either now or after I am dead, Shall be a lamp unto themselves, Shall betake themselves as no external refuge, But holding fast to the truth as their lamp, Holding fast to the truth as their refuge, Shall not look for refuge to anyone else besides themselves, www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 2 ISSN 2250-3153 It is they who shall reach to the very topmost height; But they must be anxious to learn." Quoted in Joseph Goldstein, The Experience of Insight Buddha Unbounded by time and space. If I look for you, I will always find you. But when I am not looking, You may be somewhere else entirely. For you are a pigment of my perception, As I am of yours. Together we form The brilliant and harmonious Rainbow of God's love. -CONNEE Acknowledgements: It is to be stated in unmistakable and unequivocal terms that the literary expatiation, predicational integrity, Introductory remarks, character constitution, ontological consonance, primordial exactitude, accolytish representation, atrophied asseveration, anamensial alienisms, anchorite aperitif, Arcadian Atticism reflective in passages, essential predications, primary focus on homologues receptiveness of the subject matter in question, differentiated instrumental and dynamism of the projective development of the topics consummate abstractions, rational representation, conferential extrinsicness, manifestation of histories, standard remarks, professed developments(Google Search) interfacial interference and syncopated justices, are taken from various sources Such as Wikipedia, author’s Home Page, ask a Physicist Column, Abstracts of articles of various authors, papers of various authors, Web Graphs, Google search photographs, Google search results and other sources which included literally dialectic deliberation, polemical argumentation, conjugatory confatalia with fellow Professors, and scholars of repute. I have to state that I have put all concerted efforts , sustained struggles, and protracted endeavor to mention each and every source at the cross reference or at the reference list at the end. In the eventuality of any act of omission or commission it is to be stated that such an eventuality has occurred attributable to inadvertence and in deliberation and I beg professedly and profusely and assiduously and avidly with all fervor and can dour the persons concerned. I am not presenting any panacea for all the ills despite the penance done for therefor, and it is attributable and ascribable to the fact that many highly esteemed and eminent persons allowed me to piggy ride on their backs I have been able to write summarily and expressly this paper. Explanation and deliberation of concatenation equations are done in the next paper. Towards the end of consummation, consolidations, concretization, reinforcement, revitalization, rejuvenation, resurrection, and consubstantiation of this mammoth project, singlehandedly I have gone through millions of pages and drafted and typed myself, and if by chance there are any repetition, I make a sincere entreat, earnest beseech, and fervent appeal and obsequesial dedication and consecration to kindly pardon me on that score www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 3 ISSN 2250-3153 (1) An ion trap is a combination of electric or magnetic fields that captures ions in a region of a vacuum system or tube. Ion traps have a number of scientific uses such as mass spectrometery and trapping ions while the ion's quantum state is manipulated. The two most common types of ion traps are the Penning trap and the Paul trap (quadrupole ion trap). (2) When using ion traps for scientific studies of quantum state manipulation, the Paul trap is most often used. This work may lead to a trapped ion quantum computer and has already been used to create the world's most accurate atomic clocks. (3) An ion trap mass spectrometer may incorporate a Penning trap (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance), Paul trap or the Kingdon trap. The Orbitrap, introduced in 2005, is based on the Kingdon trap. Other types of mass spectrometers may also use a linear quadrupole ion trap as a selective mass filter. In an electron gun (a device emitting high-speed electrons, such as those in CRTs), an ion trap may be implemented above the cathode (using an extra, positively-charged electrode between the cathode and the extraction electrode) to prevent its degradation by positive ions accelerated backward by the fields intended to pull electrons away from the cathode. Penning traps are devices for the storage of charged particles using a homogeneous static magnetic field and a spatially inhomogeneous static electric field. This kind of trap is particularly well suited to precision measurements of properties of ions and stable subatomic particles which have a non-zero electric charge. Recently this trap has been used in the physical realization of quantum computation and quantum information processing as well. The Penning trap has also been used in the realization of what is known as a geonium atom. Currently Penning traps are used in many laboratories worldwide. For example, they are used at CERN to store antiprotons. (4) Penning traps use a strong homogeneous axial magnetic field to confine particles radially and a quadrupole electric field to confine the particles axially. The static electric potential can be generated using a set of three electrodes: a ring and two end caps. In an ideal Penning trap the ring and end caps are hyperboloids of revolution. For trapping of positive (negative) ions, the end cap electrodes are kept at a positive (negative) potential relative to the ring. This potential produces a saddle point in the centre of the trap, which traps ions along www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 4 ISSN 2250-3153 the axial direction. (5) The electric field causes ions to oscillate (harmonically in the case of an ideal penning trap) along the trap axis. The magnetic field in combination with the electric field causes charged particles to move in the radial plane with a motion which traces out an epitrochoid. The orbital motion of ions in the radial plane is composed of two modes at frequencies which are called the magnetron and the modified cyclotron frequencies. These motions are similar to the deferent and epicycle, respectively, of the Ptolemaic model of the solar system. A classical trajectory in the radial plane for (Courtesy: Google Search: Wikipedia) (6) The sum of these two frequencies is the cyclotron frequency, which depends only on the ratio of electric charge to mass and on the strength of the magnetic field. This frequency can be measured very accurately and can be used to measure the masses of charged particles. (7) Many of the highest-precision mass measurements (masses of the electron, proton, 2H, 20Ne and 28Si) come from Penning traps. Buffer gas cooling, resistive cooling and laser cooling are techniques to remove energy from ions in a Penning trap. Buffer gas cooling relies on collisions between the ions and neutral gas molecules that bring the ion energy closer the energy of the gas molecules. (8) In resistive cooling, moving image charges in the electrodes are made to do work through an external resistor, effectively removing energy from the ions. Laser cooling can be used to remove energy from some kinds of ions in Penning traps. This technique requires ions with an appropriate electronic structure. Radiative cooling is the process by which the ions lose energy by creating electromagnetic waves by virtue of their acceleration in the magnetic field. This process dominates the cooling of electrons in Penning traps, but is very small and usually negligible for heavier particles. (9) Using the Penning trap can have advantages over the radio frequency trap (Paul trap). Firstly, in the Penning trap only static fields are applied and therefore www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 5 ISSN 2250-3153 there is no micro-motion and resultant heating of the ion due to the dynamic fields. Also, the Penning trap can be made larger whilst maintaining strong trapping. The trapped ion can then be held further away from the electrode surfaces. Interaction with patch potentials on the electrode surfaces can be responsible for heating and decoherence effects and these effects scale as a high power of the inverse distance between the ion and the electrode.
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