DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review and Perspectives on Aspartic Acid Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review and Perspectives on Aspartic Acid Production fermentation Review Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This): A Review and Perspectives on Aspartic Acid Production Holly Appleton and Kurt A. Rosentrater * Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Aspartic acid, or “aspartate,” is a non-essential, four carbon amino acid produced and used by the body in two enantiomeric forms: L-aspartic acid and D-aspartic acid. The L-configuration of amino acids is the dominant form used in protein synthesis; thus, L-aspartic acid is by far the more common configuration. However, D-aspartic acid is one of only two known D-amino acids biosynthesized by eukaryotes. While L-aspartic acid is used in protein biosynthesis and neuro- transmission, D-aspartic acid is associated with neurogenesis and the endocrine system. Aspartic acid production and use has been growing in recent years. The purpose of this article is to discuss various perspectives on aspartic acid, including its industrial utility, global markets, production and manufacturing, optimization, challenges, and future outlook. As such, this review will provide a thorough background on this key biochemical. Keywords: bio-based; bio-chemicals; bio-materials; fermentation; synthesis Citation: Appleton, H.; Rosentrater, 1. Industrial Utility K.A. Sweet Dreams (Are Made of In addition to its biofunctionality, aspartic acid has wide application in the food, This): A Review and Perspectives on beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries [1]. L-aspartic acid is used Aspartic Acid Production. as a nutritional supplement in both functional foods and beverages, but its primary use Fermentation 2021, 7, 49. https:// is in combination with the amino acid phenylalanine which together make aspartame, doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020049 an artificial sweetener [2]. Aspartic acid is also used to bolster immune function and as a natural combatant to depression [1]. Its ability to aid in energy production, fatigue Academic Editor: Diomi Mamma resistance, RNA and DNA synthesis, and liver detoxification give it broad clinical use [1]. Additionally, it is used as an intermediary substrate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals Received: 29 January 2021 and organic chemicals, serving as the building block molecule for active pharmaceutical Accepted: 26 March 2021 Published: 29 March 2021 ingredients [1]. Aspartic acid’s utility stretches further upon consideration of its derivatives including acetyl aspartic acid, used as an active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics that target wrinkling, skin lifting, and loss of firmness [3]. It is also used to produce polyaspartic Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in acid, a fertilizer synergist which increases both nitrogen absorption and crop yields [4]. published maps and institutional affil- Polyaspartic acid hydrogels are a type of biodegradable superabsorbent polymer which iations. have exceptional water-holding abilities and are used in the production of many modern amenities including diapers, feminine products, and engineered tissue [5]. The range and depth of aspartic acid’s applicability, in particular the L-configuration, has placed it on the Department of Energy’s Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass list [2]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. 2. Global Markets Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article The global aspartic acid market is a highly fractionated market meaning it consists distributed under the terms and of several small company players rather than large conglomerates, yet it is growing with conditions of the Creative Commons significant potential for industrial relevance [6]. According to a 2015 report by Grand Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// View Research, the global aspartic acid market is projected to reach $101 million with a creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ market demand of 60.6 kilotons by 2022 which represents a compound annual growth 4.0/). rate of 5.6% [6]. As of 2014, the baseline year of said report, polyaspartic acid represented Fermentation 2021, 7, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020049 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentation Fermentation 2021, 7, 49 2 of 12 22.6% of the total aspartic acid market volume making it the largest market segment, seconded by aspartame [6]. Both aspartic acid derivatives are anticipated to increase in demand as polyaspartic biodegradable polymers replace polyacrylic acid in agriculture, water treatment, and the petrochemical industries and as food and beverage trends shift towards added sugar labeling and health-conscious, convenience foods [6]. Of all aspartic Fermentation 2021, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 acid market sectors, the medical sector is projected to grow the most as is attributed to the American healthcare system, which is housed in the largest regional market, accounting for 39.0% of total aspartic acid volume as of 2014 [6]. Internationally increased demand Viewfor asparticResearch, acid the is global also expected aspartic toacid increase market in is the projected form of to greater reach aspartame $101 million demand with a for marketcarbonated demand beverages of 60.6 inkilotons Asia Pacific by 2022 [6]. which represents a compound annual growth rate of 5.6% [6]. As of 2014, the baseline year of said report, polyaspartic acid represented 3. Production and Manufacturing 22.6% of the total aspartic acid market volume making it the largest market segment, se‐ condedThere by aspartame are three [6]. main Both methods aspartic to acid produce derivatives aspartic are acid: anticipated protein extraction, to increase chemical in de‐ mandsynthesis, as polyaspartic and enzymatic biodegradable conversion polymers [2]. The replace hydrolysis polyacrylic of protein acid for in extraction agriculture, methods wa‐ terproduces treatment, an and abundance the petrochemical of amino acids industries from which and as the food L-aspartic and beverage acid must trends be separated.shift to‐ wardsChemical added synthesis sugar labeling requires and high health temperature‐conscious, and convenience pressure and foods results [6]. inOf a all racemic aspartic mix- acidture, market producing sectors, both the L-medical and D-isomers sector is projected thereby requiring to grow the the most additional as is attributed processing to the steps of optical resolution and racemization to achieve the preferred L-isomer [1]. Thus, enzy- American healthcare system, which is housed in the largest regional market, accounting matic conversion is the currently favored route of production. The enzymatic conversion for 39.0% of total aspartic acid volume as of 2014 [6]. Internationally increased demand process exists in two forms: simple enzyme-substrate interaction (hereafter referred to as for aspartic acid is also expected to increase in the form of greater aspartame demand for “enzymatic conversion”) or whole-cell enzymatic conversion, i.e., fermentation. Table1 carbonated beverages in Asia Pacific [6]. summarizes various economic and technical aspects of the production of aspartic acid. Stereospecific, industrial production of L-aspartic acid currently utilizes a one-step re- 3. Production and Manufacturing action of fumaric acid, in the presence of high concentrations of ammonia, to L-aspartic acid viaThere L- aspartate are three ammonia-lyase, main methods an to enzyme produce also aspartic referred acid: to protein as “L-aspartase” extraction, (Figure chemical1 )[ 7]. synthesis,L-aspartase and canenzymatic be purified conversion and immobilized [2]. The hydrolysis in a gel of matrix protein for for continuous extraction production methods producesor overexpressed an abundance in bacterial of amino cells acids bound from which to polyurethane the L‐aspartic carriers acid must [7]. be Production separated. via Chemicalimmobilized synthesis enzymatic requires conversion high temperature or bacterial and fermentation pressure and utilizes results the in same a racemic enzyme mix and‐ ture,substrate; producing however, both L enzymatic‐ and D‐isomers production thereby is requiring favored for the its additional high product processing concentration, steps of productivity,optical resolution minimal and byproducts, racemization and to the achieve ease ofthe downstream preferred L processing‐isomer [1]. [2 Thus,]. Yet, enzy fermen-‐ matictative conversion production, is the albeit currently less productive, favored route has beenof production. around since The theenzymatic 1950s when conversion research processand development exists in two into forms: the simple production enzyme of aspartic‐substrate acid interaction began [8]. (hereafter referred to as “enzymaticWhile conversion”) several species or ofwhole bacteria‐cell includingenzymatic select conversion, Pseudomonas, i.e., fermentation. Bacillus, and Table Proteus 1 summarizeshave been various identified economic as producers and technical of aspartic aspects acid, ofE. the coli productionand Cornybacterium of aspartic glutamacium acid. areStereospecific, nearly exclusively industrial used production by industry of [ 1L,9‐aspartic]. Fumaric acid acid currently is the primaryutilizes a substrate one‐step in reactionL-aspartic of fumaric acid production; acid, in the however, presence maleate, of high concentrations a less expensive of feedstock, ammonia, can to L be‐aspartic used in a acidtwo-step via L‐ aspartate reaction which ammonia uses‐lyase, maleate an isomeraseenzyme
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hyperbranched Polyaspartate Esters and a Process for Their Preparation
    Europäisches Patentamt *EP000743335B1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 0 743 335 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.7: C08G 63/685 of the grant of the patent: 26.09.2001 Bulletin 2001/39 (21) Application number: 96107069.5 (22) Date of filing: 06.05.1996 (54) Hyperbranched polyaspartate esters and a process for their preparation Hyperverzweigte Polyaspartatester und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung Ester de polyaspartate hyperramifiés et procédé pour leur préparation (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Pettrich, Klaus-Günter, Dr. AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE c/o Bayer AG, Konzernbereich RP (30) Priority: 18.05.1995 US 443505 Patente und Lizenzen 51368 Leverkusen (DE) (43) Date of publication of application: 20.11.1996 Bulletin 1996/47 (56) References cited: US-A- 5 126 170 (73) Proprietor: Bayer Corporation Pittsburgh, PA 15205-9741 (US) • ISRA L JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 9, 1971, JERUSALEM, pages 105-109, XP000670606 A. (72) Inventors: SINGERMAN ET AL.: "Poly threo-beta-hydroxy • Yeske, Philip E. aspartic acid" Pittsburgh, PA 15228 (US) • Gindin, Lyuba K. Remarks: Pittsburgh, PA 15216 (US) The file contains technical information submitted • Wicks, Douglas A. after the application was filed and not included in this Mt. Lebanon, PA 15228 (US) specification • Jonsson, E. Haakan Coraopolis, PA 15108 (US) Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiling Taste and Aroma Compound Metabolism During Apricot Fruit Development and Ripening
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 998; doi:10.3390/ijms17070998 S1 of S4 Supplementary Materials: Profiling Taste and Aroma Compound Metabolism during Apricot Fruit Development and Ripening Wanpeng Xi, Huiwen Zheng, Qiuyun Zhang and Wenhui Li Figure S1. Sugars HPLC chromatogram of apricot fruit. Peaks (1) Fructose (2) Glucose (3) Sucrose. (a) sugars mixture standards; (b) sugars for SG peel of S5; (c) sugars for SG pulp of S5. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 998; doi:10.3390/ijms17070998 S2 of S4 Figure S2. Organic acids HPLC chromatogram of apricot fruit. Peaks (1) oxalic acid (2) tartaric acid (3) quininic acid (4) malic acid (5) citric acid (6) fumaric acid. (a) organic acids mixture standard; (b) organic acid for YC peel of S4; (c) organic acid for YC pulp of S4. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 998; doi:10.3390/ijms17070998 S3 of S4 Table S1. Chroma values of apricot fruit during development and ripening. L* a* b* C* H Cultivars S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 DX 54.52 57.13 61.56 62.61 55.49 20.28 18.13 14.41 8.87 17.97 39.02 37.67 38.27 39.99 43.83 43.98 42.27 41.06 42.26 47.67 117.46 116.92 110.21 76.26 67.36 HY 54.97 55.83 61.53 65.08 65.11 −16.04 −14.77 −13.30 11.01 12.78 34.44 31.68 32.74 38.82 42.51 37.99 34.84 35.35 52.69 45.14 114.91 114.94 112.05 72.65 72.57 KE 47.02 47.00 48.32 60.11 60.66 −17.08 −17.37 −16.65 −0.36 8.20 30.83 29.09 29.08 48.23 48.48 35.26 33.88 33.51 48.33 49.33 118.94 120.86 119.85 90.67 118.02 AK 50.02 50.90 52.19 68.35 60.28 −21.98 −21.76 −19.02 -4.97 4.04 40.07 39.12 35.71
    [Show full text]
  • Molecule Based on Evans Blue Confers Superior Pharmacokinetics and Transforms Drugs to Theranostic Agents
    Novel “Add-On” Molecule Based on Evans Blue Confers Superior Pharmacokinetics and Transforms Drugs to Theranostic Agents Haojun Chen*1,2, Orit Jacobson*2, Gang Niu2, Ido D. Weiss3, Dale O. Kiesewetter2, Yi Liu2, Ying Ma2, Hua Wu1, and Xiaoyuan Chen2 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiamen Cancer Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; 2Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and 3Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland One of the major design considerations for a drug is its The goal of drug development is to achieve high activity and pharmacokinetics in the blood. A drug with a short half-life in specificity for a desired biologic target. However, many potential the blood is less available at a target organ. Such a limitation pharmaceuticals that meet these criteria fail as therapeutics because dictates treatment with either high doses or more frequent doses, of unfavorable pharmacokinetics, in particular, rapid blood clearance, both of which may increase the likelihood of undesirable side effects. To address the need for additional methods to improve which prevents the achievement of therapeutic concentrations. For the blood half-life of drugs and molecular imaging agents, we some drugs, the administration of large or frequently repeated doses developed an “add-on” molecule that contains 3 groups: a trun- is required to achieve and maintain therapeutic levels (1) but can, in cated Evans blue dye molecule that binds to albumin with a low turn, increase the probability of undesired side effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Stimuli-Responsive Poly(Aspartamide) Derivatives and Their Applications As Drug Carriers
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Stimuli-Responsive Poly(aspartamide) Derivatives and Their Applications as Drug Carriers Guangyan Zhang 1,2,* , Hui Yi 1 and Chenhui Bao 1 1 School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; [email protected] (H.Y.); [email protected] (C.B.) 2 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Poly(aspartamide) derivatives, one kind of amino acid-based polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, meet the key requirements for application in various areas of biomedicine. Poly(aspartamide) derivatives with stimuli-responsiveness can usually respond to external stimuli to change their chemical or physical properties. Using external stimuli such as tem- perature and pH as switches, these smart poly(aspartamide) derivatives can be used for convenient drug loading and controlled release. Here, we review the synthesis strategies for preparing these stimuli-responsive poly(aspartamide) derivatives and the latest developments in their applications as drug carriers. Keywords: poly(aspartamide) derivatives; stimuli-responsive; drug carrier; nanoparticles; hydrogel; polymer-drug conjugate; drug-loading; controlled drug release Citation: Zhang, G.; Yi, H.; Bao, C. Stimuli-Responsive Poly(aspartamide) Derivatives and 1. Introduction Their Applications as Drug Carriers. Though the carbon-carbon backbone is conducive to the stability of polymers, it also Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8817. limits the applications of these polymers in biomedical fields due to its low biocompat- http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168817 ibility and non-biodegradability. In the past decades, the interest in amino acid-based biodegradable polymers has increased significantly in biomedicine due to their good Academic Editors: Ádám Juhász and biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity of their degradation products.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2019/079361 Al 25 April 2019 (25.04.2019) W 1P O PCT
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization I International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2019/079361 Al 25 April 2019 (25.04.2019) W 1P O PCT (51) International Patent Classification: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, C12Q 1/68 (2018.01) A61P 31/18 (2006.01) DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, C12Q 1/70 (2006.01) HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (21) International Application Number: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, PCT/US2018/056167 OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (22) International Filing Date: SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, 16 October 2018 (16. 10.2018) TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (26) Publication Language: English GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, (30) Priority Data: UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, 62/573,025 16 October 2017 (16. 10.2017) US TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, ΓΕ , IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, (71) Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, SM, TECHNOLOGY [US/US]; 77 Massachusetts Avenue, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (US).
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions to 7.012 Problem Set 1
    MIT Biology Department 7.012: Introductory Biology - Fall 2004 Instructors: Professor Eric Lander, Professor Robert A. Weinberg, Dr. Claudette Gardel Solutions to 7.012 Problem Set 1 Question 1 Bob, a student taking 7.012, looks at a long-standing puddle outside his dorm window. Curious as to what was growing in the cloudy water, he takes a sample to his TA, Brad Student. He wanted to know whether the organisms in the sample were prokaryotic or eukaryotic. a) Give an example of a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic organism. Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic: All bacteria Yeast, fungi, any animial or plant b) Using a light microscope, how could he tell the difference between a prokaryotic organism and a eukaryotic one? The resolution of the light microscope would allow you to see if the cell had a true nucleus or organelles. A cell with a true nucleus and organelles would be eukaryotic. You could also determine size, but that may not be sufficient to establish whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. c) What additional differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms? Any answer from above also fine here. In addition, prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms differ at the DNA level. Eukaryotes have more complex genomes than prokaryotes do. Question 2 A new startup company hires you to help with their product development. Your task is to find a protein that interacts with a polysaccharide. a) You find a large protein that has a single binding site for the polysaccharide cellulose. Which amino acids might you expect to find in the binding pocket of the protein? What is the strongest type of interaction possible between these amino acids and the cellulose? Cellulose is a polymer of glucose and as such has many free hydroxyl groups.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of D-Cycloserine As a Memory Enhancer NCT00842309 Marchmay 23, 15, 2016 2019 Sabine Wilhelm, Ph.D
    MayMarch 23, 2016 15, 2019 An investigation of D-cycloserine as a memory enhancer NCT00842309 MarchMay 23, 15, 2016 2019 Sabine Wilhelm, Ph.D. May 23, 2016 1. Background and Significance BDD is defined as a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance; if a slight physical anomaly is present, the concern is markedly excessive (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994). Preoccupations may focus on any body area but commonly involve the face or head, most often the skin, hair, or nose (Phillips et al., 1993). These preoccupations have an obsessional quality, in that they occur frequently and are usually difficult to resist or control (Phillips et al., 1998). Additionally, more than 90% of BDD patients perform repetitive, compulsive behaviors (Phillips et al., 1998), such as frequent mirror checking (Alliez & Robin, 1969), excessive grooming (Vallat et al., 1971), and skin picking (Phillips & Taub, 1995). Accordingly, a core component of Cognitive-Behavioral treatment for BDD is exposure and response prevention (ERP). Exposure and response prevention involves asking patients to gradually expose themselves to situations that make them anxious (e.g. talking to a stranger, going to a party) while refraining from engaging in any rituals (e.g. excessive grooming or camouflaging) or safety behaviors (e.g. avoiding eye contact). Rituals and safety behaviors are thought to maintain the fear response because they prevent the sufferer from staying in contact with the stimulus long enough for his or her anxiety to extinguish. By exposing the patient to the feared situation while preventing the rituals and safety behaviors, the patient’s anxiety is allowed to naturally extinguish and he is able to acquire a sense of safety in the presence of the feared stimulus.
    [Show full text]
  • Genefor the De Novo
    Agric. Biol. Chem., 47 (10), 2405~2408, 1983 2405 Rapid Paper B; these two proteins are collectively termed quinolinate synthetase, (2) Protein B converts Synthesis of Quinolinic Acid by aspartic acid to an intermediate capable of the EnzymePreparation of undergoing condensation with DHAP cata- Escherichia coli Which Contains lyzed by Protein A, (3) Proteins A and B are coded by nadA and nadB, respectively, and (4) a Plasmid Carrying the nad the quinolinate synthetase system is subjected Gene for the de novo to feedback inhibition as well as end product Synthesis of NAD repression. An outline of quinolinic acid syn- thesis is shown in Fig. 1. Intermediates of Masaaki Kuwahara, Mizuyo Yonehana, quinolinic acid synthesis, however, have not Tetsuhiro Kimura and Yutaka Ishida yet been isolated in pure forms except for butynedioic acid and its amination product2) Department of Food Science, KagawaUniversity, which are proposed to be intermediates. Our Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-07, Japan experiment aimed to elucidate the inter- Received March 17, 1983 mediary metabolism of the de novo pathway for NADsynthesis using recombinant DNA A plasmid, pNADHl, carrying the nad gene for the de techniques with an E. coli host-vector system. novo synthesis of NADwas constructed with pBR322 and chromosomal DNAof Escherichia coli. Cleavage by re- MATERIALS AND METHODS striction endonucleases showed that the plasmid contained a DNAinsert of 8.9 Kbp at the Hin&lll site ofpBR322. Strains. Escherichia coli C600 (F~, thr~, leu", thi ~, m~, The cell-free extract of a transformant of E. coli C600 r~, LacY) and HB101 carrying plasmid pBR322 were which contained the plasmid formed 5 times more quinol- provided by Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 136757A0.Pdf
    NOVEMBER 9, 1935 NATURE 757 quantitatively by the aspartase enzyme, and identified Using the ordinary technique, we have examined qualitatively in the form of the copper salt. Approxi­ specimens of purified l-fructose and l-arabinose, and mately the other half of the nitrogen ( 40-50 per cent) in neither event have we been able to detect the is precipitable by phosphotungstic acid. Since slightest reducing action on Tillmans's reagent. We cystine, arginine, histidine and aromatic amino acids have no explanation to offer of Jonnissian's results, are absent, it is probable that this fraction consists but we thought it might be of interest to publish of lycine. Further work is in progress to determine the above facts, in case that author's statements the nature of the compounds precipitated by phospho­ should lead other workers to under-value what has tungstic acid. come to be recognised as an extremely useful reagent. In an earlier paper1, it was mentioned that aspartic A. L. BACHARACH. acid is not present in the amino acid mixture. This H. E. GLYNN. erroneous conclusion is ascribable to the fact that, Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., owing to the small amount of material available, the 56 Osnaburgh Street, determination was made from the solution from London, N.W.l. which ammonia had first been distilled off according Oct. 18. to van Slyke, in which process aspartic acid seems to • Proc. 6th Caw,. Cong. Phys. Pharm. Bio., Academy of Sciences be precipitated as a calcium salt. Press, Moscow and Leningrad, 101; 1935. The composition of the excreted amino acid mixture is very interesting in several respects.
    [Show full text]
  • Strecker Degradation Products of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids and Their Amides
    Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 19, No. 2: 41–45 Strecker Degradation Products of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids and their Amides JAN RÖSSNER, JAN VELÍEK, FRANTIEK PUDIL and JIØÍ DAVÍDEK Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic Abstract RÖSSNER J., VELÍEK J., PUDIL F., DAVÍDEK J. (2001): Strecker degradation products of aspartic and glutamic acids and their amides. Czech J. Food Sci., 19: 4145. Aspartic and glutamic acids, asparagine and glutamine were oxidised with either potassium peroxodisulphate or glyoxal. Non- volatile products were derivatised and analysed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Volatile reaction products were isolated and analysed by the same methods. It was found that the degradation reactions of amino acids are complex. Amino acids are principally degraded via the corresponding α-keto acids to Strecker aldehydes (aspartic acid to oxalacetic and 3-oxopropionic acids and glutamic acid to α-ketoglutaric and 4-oxobutyric acids), which are unstable and decomposed by decarboxylation to the corresponding alde- hydes. Aspartic acid also eliminates ammonia and yields fumaric acid whereas glutamic acid gives rise to an imine, pyroglutamic acid. A recombination of free radicals leads to dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid from aspartic acid, succinic, glutaric and adipic acids from glutamic acid). The major volatile products (besides the aldehydes) are lower carboxylic acids (acetic acid from aspartic acid and propionic acid acid from glutamic acid) that can at least partly arise by radical reactions. In both quality and quantity terms, a higher amount of degradation products arises by oxidation of amino acids by peroxodisulphate. Keywords: Strecker degradation; Strecker aldehydes; amino acids; glyoxal; sodium peroxodisulphate; aspartic acid; glutamic acid; asparagine; glutamine; radicals The reaction of an α-amino acid with an oxidation re- asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln).
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Control of Steroidogenesis by Nitric Oxide and Its Adaptation with Hypoxia
    259 THEMATIC REVIEW eNOS activation and NO function: Differential control of steroidogenesis by nitric oxide and its adaptation with hypoxia Charles A Ducsay and Dean A Myers1 Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA (Correspondence should be addressed to C A Ducsay; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in a wide range of physiological regulation of NO synthases in specific endocrine tissues processes. Aside from its widely studied function in the including ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. The effects of regulation of vascular function, NO has been shown to hypoxia on generation of NO and subsequent effects on impact steroidogenesis in a number of different tissues. The steroid biosynthesis will also be examined. Finally, a potential goal of this review is to explore the effects of NO on steroid model for the interaction of hypoxia on NO synthesis and production and further, to discern its source(s) and steroid production is proposed. mechanism of action. Attention will be given to the Journal of Endocrinology (2011) 210, 259–269 Introduction NO and steroidogenesis The initial rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis involves Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free-radical gas involved in a cholesterol transport to the inner mitochondrial membrane number of physiologic processes (Moncada & Palmer 1991, by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and its Moncada et al.1991) and is synthesized from L-arginine by a binding partner, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary File 1 (PDF, 650 Kib)
    Preliminary Zinc and boscalid sub lethal concentrations Zinc and boscalid sub lethal concentrations were determined by running preliminary 72‐hour LC50 exposures. A range of concentrations, resulting in 100% survival to 100% mortality was run for both chemicals in water only exposures. Filtered seawater was used as a control and to dilute stock concentrations of zinc and boscalid. Six treatments with three replicates were run for both chemicals including a control (seawater only). The zinc chloride (ZnCl2) exposure concentrations were: 62mg/L; 125mg/L; 250mg/L; 500mg/L and 1000mg/L. The commercial fungicide Filan® has 500g/kg active ingredient of boscalid, concentrations of 100mg/L; 250mg/L; 500mg/L; 750mg/L and 1000mg/L. Acid‐ rinsed 600ml glass beakers were randomly placed in a temperature‐controlled incubator at 20oC (+/‐ 1oC) with added aeration and a one ply sheet of ethanol rinsed toilet paper in each beaker as substratum. No food was added; the average pH of the water was 7.5 across treatments. The dissolved oxygen remained between 70‐100%. Zinc chloride LC50 = 125mg/L and boscalid LC50 = 750mg/L. Table S1. –Concentrations of boscalid and zinc at 0 h and one week. Measured concentrations of boscalid and zinc detected in estuaries in Victoria, Australia. Exposure at Control Exposure at 0 hr Environmental dose 1 week Boscalid 0 N/A 75 mg/L 3.3 mg/L (Vu et al. 2016) Zinc 0.026 – 0.034 mg/L 12.5 mg/L 3.4 mg/L (Long et al. 2015) Table S2. Water Quality Parameters. Date Sample Dissolved oxygen (%) pH Conductivity (µS/cm) Ammonia 15/05/17 Control 98.36 8.44 59464.4 0.25 15/05/17 Zinc 99.10 8.31 59379.1 0.25 15/05/17 Boscalid 99.18 8.28 59656.8 0.25 15/05/17 Mixture 94.81 8.25 59386.0 0.25 30/05/17 Control 101.90 8.16 59332.4 0.5 30/05/17 Zinc 102.47 8.11 59536.7 0.5 30/05/17 Boscalid 92.17 8.15 59489.3 0.5 30/05/17 Mixture 101.57 8.14 59593.2 0.5 Supplementary Material .
    [Show full text]