Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 12, Number 3, June 2009 : 105 - 110 Accredited : 83/DIKTI/Kep/2009

Review

DEVELOPMENT OF OIL BIOREMEDIATION RESEARCH ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN

Yeti Darmayati*)

Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Marine Dynamics, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences – LIPI, 13340, Indonesia

Received : April, 15th 2009 ; Accepted : May, 25th 2009

ABSTRACT

Indonesian marine environment is one of the most vulnerable waters from oil pollution in the world. Therefore, a hard effort to minimize oil pollution impact is really needed. Physical and chemical approaches have been already popular to combat oil pollution; one of the other promising techniques is bioremediation, the use of microorganism to detoxify or remove pollutants. Research and application of bioremediation on soil environment has been started in Indonesia; however, in marine environment it is still need to be studied due to more complicated aspects and also difficulties. Development of bioremediation study on marine environment in Indonesia has been started from enumeration, isolation and identification of oil degrading (hydrocarbonoclastic) bacteria. Researches on taxonomic and functional genes have been conducted. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation studies are ongoing research which conducted from laboratory scale and microcosm scale to field experiment (sand column). To have a manual or guidelines on conducting bioremediation in marine environment is not easy and still many steps have to be done. Several aspects concerning with this study such as the diversity of polluted sites characteristic, oils characteristic, oceanographic conditions and engineering has to be studied comprehensively.

Key words: bioremediation, Indonesia, oil, marine.

*)Correspondence : Phone/Fax :+21-64713850, +21-64711948, e-mail : [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Indonesian marine waters is one of the most Concerning with these activities, there were vulnerable environments from oil pollution in about 100.000 vessels and 32.836 tankers the world, especially Malacca, Lombok, (capacity of 500.000 – 5.000.000 ton) passing Sunda, Makassar Straits and Coast of South through Malacca Strait during 1993 and for Java () because Indonesian this time being, of course, it will be higher. marine waters is a main road of world oil There were also over 2000 kilometres of transportation and locations of more than 82 submersible pipes lines and hoses, over 150 onshore and offshore exploration activities. oil jetties, 6 major processing plants and 4 105 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 12, Number 3, June 2009 : 105 - 110 Accredited : 83/DIKTI/Kep/2009

Review major big Transit Terminals all over whereas Darmayati (2003, 2004) exhibited in Indonesia. With this condition, oil spill and . It showed that accidents were recorded for at least 30 times oil degrading bacteria were present in the in all over Indonesian marine waters during marine environment. By using conventional 1975 – 2008. Therefore, hard effort to method, some hydrocarbonoclastics bacteria minimize oil pollution impact is really needed. of Jakarta Bay have been isolated such as Beside physical and chemical approaches that Aeromonas sp.,Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., are already popular, one of the other B. megaterium and Corynebacterium sp. promising techniques is bioremediation. After that, similar study has been done in The process of bioremediation is Makassar Strait, Malacca Strait and some defined as the use of microorganism to other Indonesia marine waters by several detoxify or remove pollutants, which relies researchers from different Indonesian upon microbial enzymatic activities to Institution (LIPI, University of Riau and transform or degrade the offending University of Hasanudin). Feliatra (1999) contaminants. It is an evolving method for the reported that Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, removal and destruction of many Micrococcus and Bacillus of Malacca Strait environmental pollutants (Philp et al, 2005). have been isolated. Darmayati (2003) showed Research and application of the distribution of hydrocarbonoclastic bioremediation on soil environment has been bacteria in Makassar Strait and Java Sea. started in Indonesia (Aditiawati et al., 2001; Susilawati (2000) mentioned that Sugoro and Aditiawati, 2003); however, in Pseudomonas cepacia and P. gladioli were marine environment it is still need to be present in Makasar Strait, whereas studied due to more complicated aspects and Achromobacter putrefaciens, Acinetobacter also difficulties. Therefore, comprehensive haemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus of Java study in biodegradation processes that involve Sea were isolated (unpublished data). various factors such as pollutants, Different approach with previous study microorganisms, energy sources, physical and on isolation and identification of oil degrading chemical conditions, toxicity, competition, bacteria in Indonesia by using biomolecular and metabolites accumulation have to be has been done since 2005, after Collaboration done. Research between LIPI and NITE (Indonesia- Japan) was implemented. Darmayati et al., (2008) isolated 131 different CURRENT RESEARCH AND hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial strains of DEVELOPMENT Jakarta Bay and Seribu Island. Some isolates (11 strains) were indicated as new strains. Common genus found was Alcanivorax, Development of bioremediation study on Marinobacter, Bacillus and Achromobacter. marine environment in Indonesia was started Further study in Jakarta ports showed that from enumeration, isolation and identification hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria of those sites of oil degrading (hydrocarbonoclastic) consisted of 37 strains fluoranthene degrading bacteria by Research Center for bacteria, 30 strains crude oil degrading Oceanography-LIPI in 1978. Thayib bacteria, 25 strains fluorene degrading (1978) showed the distribution of bacteria, 9 strains phenanthrene degrading hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria in Jakarta Bay, 106 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 12, Number 3, June 2009 : 105 - 110 Accredited : 83/DIKTI/Kep/2009

Review bacteria, 9 strains naphtalene degrading situ methods. Those which may be involved bacteria, 8 strains dibenzothiophene degrading are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and bacteria and 7 strains pyrene degrading natural monitored bioattenuation (Philp and bacteria (Darmayati, 2008). Atlas, 2005). Biostimulation and Taxonomic studies on oil degrading bioaugmentation studies were studied in 1997 bacteria have been conducted by Research - 1999 at Research Center for Oceanography- Center for Biology-LIPI since 2005 in LIPI. Biostimulation by using urea, modified accordance with NITE-LIPI Cooperation customblen and oleophilic as fertilizer has project. These included morphology, been tested on oil-polluted sea water column physiology, chemotaxonomy and phylogeny. by mesocosm approaches in field experiment Sudiana, et al., (2009) mentioned that (Ruyitno, 1997). Bioaugmentation has also hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria of Jakarta Bay been studied by using single culture and and Seribu Island isolated consisted of 5 consortium local bacteria with the same groups namely alpha-proteobacteria, approaches (Darmayati, 1999). gamma-proteobacteria, Flavobacteria and Improvement on bioremediation studies Actinobacteria. Suspected Novel genus in Indonesia has been occurred by belonging to Rhodobacteriales has been found involvement of molecular science since 2005, in 11 strains. One of them was a new species after LIPI-NITE collaboration research within Rhodovulum. Based on the taxonomic conducted. Biostimulation studies were done data obtained in this study, a novel species, from laboratory scale and microcosm scale to Salipiger pariensis sp.nov, is proposed; RI- field experiment (sand column). These were P1_LIPIMC is the type strain for Salipiger stressed on bioremediation in sand beach pariensis. environment. It was different from the Functional genes have also been previous experiment which concentrated on studied in this collaboration research by the water column. The present studies showed Research Center for Biotechnology-LIPI. that “Osmocote” was the best slow release These included screening functional genes for fertilizer compared to other studies. Besides oil degradation and surfactant properties that the study revealed the microbial analyses of selected bacteria. The results community succession during the showed that some potential isolates were able bioremediation processes, the proper amount to degrade both alkene and poly-aromatic of fertilizer and the period of fertilizer hydrocarbon. Sequences of mono-oxygenase application should be suitable and, also the gene from eight isolates showed 60–90% impact on microalgae growth (Darmayati, identity with alkane mono-oxygenase from 2009). public database of gene bank. This result Other issue on biostimulation is showed the diversity of alkenes mono- bioactivator, a complex mixture that functions oxygenase sequence from bacteria with as biostimulans for the performance of different taxon (Yopi, 2009). Biodiversities of specific bacteria to degrade petroleum surfactant bacteria of Jakarta Bay and Pari hydrocarbons entering into marine Island were very divers and interesting environment. Study on oil natural (Susilaningsih, 2009). biodegradation and development of Various approaches to do bioactivator to overcome oil pollution in the bioremediation are described as in situ and ex sea has been conducted at University of 107 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 12, Number 3, June 2009 : 105 - 110 Accredited : 83/DIKTI/Kep/2009

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Hasanudin (Noor, 1999). The formula, ONCLUDING EMARKS hitherto named Bioactivator UH-1 (BUH-1), C R has been used for studies on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in marine As a conclusion (1) Indonesia need ‘green’ environment. methods/techniques to control oil pollution, Bioaugmentation studies are still not only in soil environment but also in ongoing research. Several selected marine environment; (2) Many steps have to hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria have been tested be done to develop bioremediation technology on their capability to degrade oil and certain for marine environment; and (3) Collaboration toxic compounds, also studied on their growth research intra and inter characteristic and on formulation of robust disciplines/institutes/countries will accelerate consortium bacteria. For this time being, achievement on oil pollution control. bioaugmentation and biostimulation experiments are conducting in vitro by using oil contaminated sediment from Pari Island. REFERENCES For the near future, this experiment will be done on oil-contaminated beach for pilot plan scale. Aditiawati P., D. Indriani, N.P. Aryantha., 2001. Production of biosurfactan by hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria for oil spills bioremediation. Report on FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION Competitive Grant. Microbiology Laboratory – Biology Department, Based on these facts, bioremediation ITB, Bandung technology is promising to apply in a certain marine environment in Indonesia, especially Darmayati, Y. 2009. From isolation to field for sandy beach and may be for mangrove experiment : a summary of 3 years rco forest. However, to have a manual or activities on collaboration with Japan. guidelines on conducting bioremediation in Presentation on Final Meeting of LIPI- marine environment is not easy and still many NITE Cooperation Project, Jakarta, 10th steps have to be done. Several aspects February 2009. concerning with this study such as the diversity of polluted sites characteristic, oils Darmayati, Y., 2003. Marine oil degrading characteristic, oceanographic conditions and bacteria: the distribution in Makasar engineering has to be studied Strait, p. 555-562. In D. Natalia (ed.), comprehensively. Besides, some trials and Proceedings of the Annual Scientific errors need to be passed to confirm the result, Meeting Indonesian Society for to identify and to overcome the limitation and Microbiology 2003, Indonesian Society a real need, to ensure that the discoveries in for Microbiology, Jakarta (In the laboratory can be successfully applied in Indonesian) the field. Darmayati, Y., S. Harayama, A. Yamazoe, A. hatmanti, Sulistiani, R. Nuchsin and D.H. Kunarso, 2008. 108 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 12, Number 3, June 2009 : 105 - 110 Accredited : 83/DIKTI/Kep/2009

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