Assistive Technology Notebook

Jennifer Scagnelli

SPED 590

Summer 2007 Section One

Vocabulary and Classroom Assignments

1. Core Vocabulary List

2. Assignments 1. Person First Language • People First Language – Article by Kathie Snow • Examples of People First Language • Word Power – “We Are What We Say” by Mary Ann Glicksman 2. Universal Design • Universal Design for Learning- Improved Access for All (Schwab Learning) 3. Universal Access Features • Microsoft – Technology for Everyone • Technology Tips for Differentiated Instruction 4. Early Childhood Case Study • Technology for Young Children: Leveling the Playing Field 5. Augmentative Communication Devices • Lite Tech Should Always Be An Option In AAC Selection

3. Learning Simulation (handout)

4. Constructing Meaning From Text (handout)

5. Pre-Class and Post-Class Assessment Forms

Vocabulary

Computer Related

Accessibility - computer accessibility refers to the usability of a computer system by people with disabilities. It is largely a concern. However, when hardware or software is used to customize a computer for a disabled person, that equipment is known as adaptive technology.

Command Key - a key on Mac keyboards only that is used to access commands through the keyboard rather than the menus. Commands are commonly shortcuts.

Compatibility - refers to the ability of a computer, piece of software, or device to interact with one another.

Control Panel – is used to manage most (but not all) of Windows’ configuration settings. The is actually a system folder that contains a number of individual utilities that let you adjust and configure various system properties.

Copy Protect - any technical measure designed to prevent duplication of information.

CPU - the central processing unit of the computer which acts as the "brain" of your computer, it is the most important element of a computer system.

Desktop - a desktop is a computer display area that represents the kinds of objects one might find on a real desktop: documents, phonebook, telephone, reference sources, writing (and possibly drawing) tools, project folders. A desktop can be contained in a window that is part of the total display area or can be "full-screen" (the total display area).

Display - a screen used to display the output of a computer to the user.

Download – to copy a file from a machine on the '' to your machine. File Types (define by example)

Firewire - Apple Inc.'s brand name for the IEEE 1394 interface, it is a personal computer (and digital audio/digital video) serial bus interface standard, offering high- speed communications and isochronous real-time data services.

Folder – a folder is like a master file; each folder can contain both files and additional folders. The exact location of a file is called its path and contains all of the folders leading to the file.

Font - A font is a set of glyphs (images) representing the characters from a particular character set in a particular typeface. In professional typography the term typeface is not interchangeable with the word font, which is defined as a given alphabet and its associated characters in a single size. Format - to magnetically prepare a disk to receive data. A diskette or hard disk must be formatted before it can be used. Formatting a diskette erases all data previously stored on it. MS-DOS and Windows format disks differently than does the Macintosh System, therefore you can rarely use a disk formatted for a Mac in a PC. Most disks can be purchased pre-formatted, so that you do not have to format them.

Hard Drive - a computer's internal disk drive using a non-removable storage format. Used for the storage of data, documents and the computer's programs and . The hard drive stores all the computer's information and retains the information when the computer is turned off. A fast hard drive is needed to supply the CPU with data as fast as it needs it. Hard drive sizes are typically measured in Gigabytes.

Hybrid CD - a CD-ROM that has multiple file systems, so that it can be used on various system software, for example both Apple Mac and based operating systems.

Icon – on computer displays, a computer is a small pictogram. Icons have been used to supplement the normal alphanumerics of the computer. Modern now can handle bitmapped graphics on the display terminal, so the icons are widely used to assist users.

Input Devices – any device that enters information into the computer from an external device such as a standard or alternate keyboard, mouse, etc. In general, any sensor which monitors or scans information from the external world can be considered an , whether or not the information is under the direct control of a user. Input and output devices together make up the hardware interface between a computer and the user or external world.

Interface - a connection between hardware devices, applications, or different sections of a . For data communication, a hardware and software link that connects two computer systems, or a computer and its .

Memory - memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly. When your computer is in normal operation, its memory usually contains the main parts of the operating system and some or all of the application programs and related data that are being used.

MP3 - more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audio encoding format. It uses a loss compression that is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording, yet still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners.

Operating System - a set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer.

Output Devices - display information that has been held or generated within a computer. Examples include printers and synthesized voice.

Pixel - short for picture element (using the common abbreviation "pix" for "picture"), a pixel is a single point in a graphic image.

Pointer - an index entry in the directory of a disk (or other storage medium) that identifies the space on the disc in which an electronic document or piece of electronic data resides, thereby preventing that space from being overwritten by other data. In most cases, when an electronic document is “deleted,” the pointer is deleted, which allows the document to be overwritten, but the document is not actually erased. Can also refer to the of a pointing device, such as a mouse or an electronic pencil.

Preferences - user defined settings.

RAM - Random access memory, a type of data storage used in computers. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order — that is, at random and without the physical movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head.

Resolution – refers to the size of the images that can be displayed onscreen and is measured in pixels.

ROM – (read-only memory) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because data stored in ROM cannot be modified quickly or easily, it is mainly used to distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to require frequent updates).

Search Engine - an system designed to help find information stored on a computer system, such as on the , inside a corporate or proprietary network, or in a personal computer. The search engine allows one to ask for content meeting specific criteria (typically those containing a given word or phrase) and retrieves a list of items that match those criteria. This list is often sorted with respect to some measure of relevance of the results. Search engines use regularly updated indexes to operate quickly and efficiently.

Storage - holding of program instructions and data for use by the computer. Temporary storage while the computer is running is provided by the RAM, and permanent storage is available on disk and tape.

System Tray (Task bar)/Dock - introduced with Windows, the system tray is located in the Windows taskbar (usually at the bottom next to the clock) and contains miniature icons for easy access to system functions such as fax, printer, modem, volume, and more.

Toggle - A switch or command that reverses a value from off to on, or from on to off. Turn something on or off; make something, such as a command or toolbar button, active or inactive.

Upload – when a file from your machine is copied to a server on the internet.

URL - an acronym for "Uniform Resource Locator," this is the address of a resource on the Internet. URLs are typically entered into the address or location bar of a web browser.

USB – (Universal Serial Bus) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. USB was designed to allow peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket, to improve plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer (hot swapping).

Disability Related

AAC Device - (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) any system that increases or improves communication of individuals with receptive or expressive communication impairments. The system can include speech, gestures, sign language, symbols, synthesized speech, dedicated communication devices, microcomputers, and other communication systems.

ADA - the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 (PL101-336) prohibits employers from discriminating against people with disabilities and makes such discrimination a civil rights violation. Providers of public services, schools, public buildings and public transportation services also must provide accessibility to people with disabilities.

ADL Battery Interrupter – a battery interrupter allows the user to modify battery- operated devices for switch input. Simply place the battery interrupter between the battery and its connection point in the battery compartment. Make a notch in the compartment lid allowing the cord to pass through when it is closed and then secure the lid. Place the battery-operated device in its ON position. Plug your switch into the input jack of the battery interrupter and you’re set.

Alternative Keyboard - specially designed keyboards that can be programmed and customized to fit the needs of the particular user or application. They are often much larger or smaller than the typical keyboard to allow for gross, poorly controlled movements or very limited movement. These versatile devices can also be used to emulate mouse movement.

Assistive Technology - a term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices and the process used in selecting, locating, and using them. AT promotes greater independence for people with disabilities by enabling them to perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to or changed methods of interacting with the technology needed to accomplish such tasks.

Braille - a system of writing and printing for blind or visually impaired people, in which varied arrangements of raised dots representing letters and numerals are identified by touch. Each raised dot configuration represents a letter or word combination.

CCTV (Closed Captioned Television) - a text transcript of the audio portion of multimedia products, such as video and television, that is synchronized to the visual events taking place on screen.

Customer-driven – the person with the drives the process and ultimately makes the choices regarding selection of AT that affect his/her life and goals.

Dedicated Device - a piece of hardware that is permanently assigned to one task. The task, however, can be changed by reprogramming or by the introduction of different software.

Digitized - digitized speech is speech that has been digitally recorded for later playback. As it is a recording, the quality is good and easy to understand. Digitized speech may be used in CD-Roms for talking stories, in encyclopedias, and in software packages where teachers and students are able to record sounds, words and sentences themselves. Digitized Speech has a finite, predetermined vocabulary and so does not offer full access to mainstream software.

Dynamic Display - devices that have a computer touch screen. With a display of messages that change according to what area of the screen a person pushes. For example, they may press a picture labeled "About Me." The screen would then change to a number of new pictures that represent personal information. Each time the person presses one of these pictures, the device can speak a message aloud.

ECU (Environmental Control Unit) - enable people to manipulate and interact with their surroundings through a variety of easy to use interfaces such as the touch of a button, flip of a switch, or even the sound of a voice.

Eye Gaze – a camera mounted on computer monitor is focused on user's eye and determines where user is looking. The cursor is placed at the gaze point and mouse clicks are done with a slow eye blink, an eye dwell, or a hardware switch. An eye gaze board is a clear plexiglass board that is used as a simple communication device. Pictures are mounted at strategic areas on the board and the user is asked to look at the picture they want to choose.

FM System – an assistive listening device worn by the speaker to amplify his/her voice and transmit it directly to the listener's ears via an electronic receiver and special earphones or the listener's own hearing aids. The device reduces the problem of background noise interference and the problem of distance between speaker and hearing-impaired listener.

IDEA - the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was initially passed in 1975 as P.L. 94-142. That Law, known as the Education for All Handicapped children Act, or the EHA, guaranteed that eligible children and youth with disabilities would have a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) available to them, designed to meet their unique educational needs. P.L. 94-142 has been amended many times since passing in 1975, most recently in 2004.

IEP (Individualized Education Program) - each public school child who receives special education and related services must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP). Each IEP must be designed for one student and must be a truly individualized document. The IEP includes such information as present levels of functioning, future goals, and services to be provided. The IEP creates an opportunity for teachers, parents, school administrators, related services personnel, and students (when appropriate) to work together to improve educational results for children with disabilities.

IFSP - the IFSP is a written plan developed by parents or guardians with input from a multi disciplinary team. It addresses the family's strengths, needs, concerns and priorities; identifies support services available to meet those needs; and empowers the family to meet the developmental needs of their infant or toddler with a disability.

Infrared - light that is so red humans cannot see it. A band of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and the microwave.

IPE (Individualized Plan for Employment) - a written document stating the employment outcome of a vocational rehabilitation client and the specific vocational rehabilitation services the Department of Rehabilitation shall provide to the client.

Medically Necessary – service or treatment deemed absolutely necessary in treating a patient and the omission of such could adversely affect the patient's condition. Unless medical necessity is demonstrated, an insurer is likely to deny coverage of many assistive technology devices.

OCR - optical character recognition (OCR) software works with a scanner to convert images from a printed page into a standard computer file. With OCR software, the resulting computer file can be edited. Pictures and photographs do not require OCR software to be manipulated.

Onscreen Keyboard - software images of a standard or modified keyboard placed on the computer screen by software. The keys are selected by a mouse, touch screen, , , switch, or electronic pointing device.

Overlay – paper or other material placed over a membrane keyboard; can often be tailored to an individual’s needs.

Person-first – language that emphasizes the person, not the disability.

Scanning (referring to access) - scanning is an indirect method of computer access using software that automatically moves along available responses that the operator selects by activating a switch (an alternative to accessing the keyboard and mouse). Rows of items are highlighted in turn, and when the row with the item required is highlighted. The user presses the switch and each item in the row is highlighted in turn. When the required item is highlighted, the user selects it by pressing the switch.

Scanning (referring to text) - also known as digital imaging or digitizing, scanning allows you to make a digital copy of something. Scanning is the action or process of converting text on paper documents to digital copies. This "analog" to "digital" conversion process is required for computer users to be able to view electronic files.

Screen Enlargement - screen enlargement programs magnify a section of the screen, increasing the visibility for users with limited vision. Most screen enlargement programs have variable magnification levels and some offer text-to-speech options.

Screen Reader - a is a software program that uses synthesized speech to “speak” graphics and text out loud. This type of program is used by people with limited vision or blindness.

Section 504 - a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Section 504 ensures that the child with a disability has equal access to an education. The child may receive accommodations and modifications. Unlike the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Section 504 does not require the school to provide an individualized educational program (IEP) that is designed to meet the child's unique needs and provides the child with educational benefit. Under Section 504, fewer procedural safeguards are available to children with disabilities and their parents than under IDEA.

Section 508 - requires that Federal agencies' electronic and information technology is accessible to people with disabilities.

Sensory Aid - devices to help people with visual or hearing disabilities such as hearing aids, low-vision aids, and telecommunication devices for the deaf.

Speech Generating Device (SGD) – a speech aid that provides individuals with severe speech impairment the ability to meet their functional speaking needs.

Switch - switches offer an alternative method to provide input into a computer when it is not possible to use a more direct access method, such as a standard keyboard or mouse. Switches come in various sizes, shapes, colors, methods of activation, and placement options. An interface device and software program are usually required to connect the switch to the computer and interpret the operation of the switch.

Synthesized - the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech.

Tactile - pertaining to the sense of touch.

Touch Screen - a touch screen is a device placed on or built into the computer monitor that allows direct activation of the computer, or selection of a program, through a touch on the screen.

TTY - a telecommunication device for the deaf TTY/TDD is a device with a keyboard that sends and receives typed messages over a telephone line.

Universal Design - the design of products and environments so they are usable by a wide range of people. Examples of universally designed environments include buildings with ramps, curb cuts, and automatic doors.

VOCA (Voice Output Communication Aid) - an electrical communication device which assists people who have a communication impairment express their needs, exchange unique information, ask questions and participate in conversations. The label "VOCA" refers to devices that have been specially designed and built for communication.

Voice Recognition - voice recognition allows the user to speak to the computer, instead of using a keyboard or mouse, to input data or control computer functions. Voice recognition systems can be used to create text documents such as letters or email, to browse the Internet, and to navigate among applications and menus. Different types of voice recognition systems (also called ) are available.

WAI ( Initiative) - an effort to improve the accessibility of the World Wide Web for people using a wide range of user agent devices, not just standard web browsers. This is especially important for people with physical disabilities which require such devices to access the Web.

Word Prediction - allows the user to select a desired word from an on-screen list located in the prediction window. The computer-generated list predicts words from the first or second letter(s) typed by the user. The word may then be selected from the list and inserted into the text by typing a number, clicking the mouse, or scanning with a switch.

Section Two

Websites (* A printout of the home page of each website is provided)

• Alliance for Technology Access - dedicated to providing information and support services to children and adults with disabilities and increasing their use of standard, assistive, and information technologies.

• WATI: Wisconsin Assistive Technology Initiative - state-funded project to help schools improve their assistive technology services. Includes resources, lending information, and related links.

• PLUK: Parents, Let’s Unite for Kids - PLUK is a private, nonprofit organization formed in 1984 by parents of children with disabilities and chronic illnesses in the state of Montana for the purpose of information, support, training and assistance to aid their children at home, school and as adults. Includes the Family Guide to Assistive Technology, which is intended to help parents learn more about assistive technology and how it can help their children and includes tips for getting started, funding, and many case studies. Comprehensive list of publications and information.

• Georgia Tools for Life - State Assistive Technology Project to help people with disabilities find and use leading-edge assistive and adaptive technology products and services.

• Learning Disabilities and Assistive Technologies – sponsored by GA Tools for life, this site is a resource for service providers, teachers, parents, consumers and their circles of support. It incorporates an assistive technology evaluation and information on specific difficulties, and also incorporates assistive technology success stories.

• Quality Indicators for Assistive Technology Services - this Web site contains a collection of many useful documents and tools related to assistive technology and it provides the opportunity to join the QIAT electronic mailing list where teachers, therapists, and family members routinely discuss assistive technology issues.

• Family Center on Technology and Disability - offers a range of information and services on the subject of assistive technology.

• CAST: Center for Applied Special Technology - CAST is best known for developing the concept of universal design for learning (UDL). Information on UDL, full text of several books about UDL, and other resources are available through the site.

• NCAM - The Carl and Ruth Shapiro Family National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM) is a research and development facility dedicated to the issues of media and information technology for people with disabilities in their homes, schools, workplaces, and communities.

• Center for Assistive Technology (SUNY Buffalo) - conducts research and provides education and services to increase knowledge about assistive devices for people with disabilities.

• Assistive Technology Training Online Project (ATTO) - provides a variety of information including: AT Basics, Tutorials on a variety of products, AT Decision Making and Resources (*sample switch training printout is included).

• Closing the Gap - this site has a variety of forums with useful information about AT, a place to request a free copy of their newsletter and excellent online directory of assistive technology. Access to the directory and past issues of the newsletter are granted for a membership fee.

• Generating Assistive Technology Systematically (GENASYS) - an excellent and brief overview of assistive technology. Quick tips on how to make Web sites accessible.

• Learning Disabilities Online - numerous articles about assistive technology for individuals with learning disabilities including technology integration and assistive technology assessment.

• Schwab Learning Foundation - The Assistive Technology Guide is available to download at this site. It contains an excellent overview of the types of tools available for parents to use with their child.

• Fritschi's Assistive Technology Tools Chart - an outstanding resource that contains brief descriptions of hundreds of products from low tech to hardware and software with hot links to their products.

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - provides a forum for information exchange regarding the development of World Wide Web to its full potential. Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) is devoted to increasing Web accessibility through various guidelines and tool, among other things.

• Trace Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison - Undertakes projects that aim to increase access to any individual. The site provides guidelines on universal design principles, creating accessible Web sites, consumer products, or documents.

• DO-IT Program, University of Washington - gives K–12 educators academic resources to be able to fully include students with special needs in their classrooms.

• Ability Hub - this site offers frequently asked questions about the use of assistive technology to access the computer as well as an overview of many products.

• AssistiveTech.net - online information on assistive technologies, adaptive environments and community resources. A diverse resource for assistive technology and disability-related information with a searchable that helps you target solutions, determine costs and find vendors of AT products.

• ETTAC - The East Tennessee Technology Access Center is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping people with disabilities reach their potential for learning, working, speaking and living through the use of assistive technology.

• EdTech Online – a resource guide developed in collaboration with the National Center for Technology Innovation (NCTI) to promote partnerships among researchers, developers and vendors to enhance the development of technology tools for students with special needs.

• IBM Human Ability and Accessibility Center - IBM's computer accessibility solutions for people with special needs.

• Apple Accessibility - a wide variety of Mac features and technologies specifically designed to provide accessibility to users with disabilities.

• Family Village - a very comprehensive site that covers all aspects of parenting a child with special needs.

• LD Online – a leading website on learning disabilities and ADHD whose goal is to help children and adults reach their full potential by providing accurate and up-to-date information and advice. Features hundreds of helpful articles, monthly columns by noted experts, first person essays, children’s writing and artwork, a comprehensive resource guide, and active forums. Includes a very useful assistive technology FAQ section.

• Adaptable Minds - dedicated to the use of Assistive Technology to help improve the communication, play, and life experiences of children with disabilities. Focuses on using "low tech" assistive technology strategies.

• NATE -- the National Assistive Technology in Education Network -- brings together information from the many fields and disciplines that are involved in assistive technology services in educational settings. Includes an excellent resource page and a mentoring program designed to foster the development of mentoring relationships between experienced AT service providers and those new to the field or undertaking new challenges.

• Georgia Tech Center for Assistive Technology and Environmental Access – quick reference series highlights and lists resources for various types of assistive technology. These reference guides are arranged by topic and available online as web pages, large-print versions, and ready-to-print PDF files.

• Harris Communications - a large selection of products for Deaf and Hard of Hearing people, as well as for children, parents, teachers, students, interpreters and others interested in American Sign Language and the Deaf Culture (sign language books, TTYs, amplified telephones, signalers and vibrating clocks, etc).

Section Three

Assessment and Checklists

1. Assistive Technology Screening and Initial Solution Toolkit

2. WATI Checklists

• Assistive Technology • Composing Written Material • Communication Skills • Reading Skills • Learning and Studying • Math Skills Recreation and Leisure • Mobility • Seating and Positioning • Vision • Hearing • Mechanics of Writing • Fine Motor Related to Computer/Device Access

3. Closing the Gap Product Features Article – Implementing the Stages Framework: Assistive technology assessment, alternate assessment, and access to curriculum

4. Assessing, Teaching and Measuring Choice Making Skills of Students with Significant Disabilities using SoftTouch Steps to Learning Programs and IntelliKeys Keyboard

Section Four

Assistive Technology Products

1. Assistive Technology Decision Tree

2. Product Descriptions

• Big Keys LX • BigTrac • Go Talk 20+ • CameraMouse • Reach “Smart Key” Technology • ScanBuddy • Dragon NaturallySpeaking 9 • Integrated Touch Screen Monitors and Magic Touch Software • Focus 40/80 Braille Display • Sci-Plus Scientific Calculator with Speech • Big Red Switch • Pal Pad Switch • Jelly Bean Switch • ITalk Communicator • Big Step by Step • Tango! • Mercury II AAC Device • Read & Write • Kurzweil 3000 • Speaking Dynamically Pro • Boardmaker • MathPad Plus • Simon Sounds It Out • Test Me Score Me • SOLO • Clicker 4 • 101 Animations • ReadPlease • 3.2 • MouseTrial Autism Software

* A printout of each product is provided

Product Information Form

Product Source Uses and Applications

Big Red Switch AbleNet A single switch measuring 5" that is activated by pressing anywhere on the top surface.

Pal Pad Switch Adaptivation A flat touch sensitive switch which is available in three sizes. This switch requires only a light touch to activate, and does not provide any audible feedback on activation. Jelly Bean Switch AbleNet Activates no matter where the student presses on the switch. Easy to mount with standard flange base. Audible click signals student a cause-effect link has been made. iTalk Communicator AbleNet Dual-message communicator that gives students the freedom to choose between two options. 8.5 seconds of recording time per activation surface Big Step by Step AbleNet Allows a series of messages which the user can step through in sequence.

Tango! Blink Twice Speech generating device that brings the power of mass communications and consumer electronics to the world of AAC. It combines a broad array of communication methods, such as an intuitive language hierarchy, ingenious new icons, and easy-to-access pop-ups, with the vast power of consumer electronics - like a built-in camera and voice morphing. Mercury II Assistive Technology Inc. An integrated computer and AAC device with a big screen. Provides individuals with a voice to communicate socially and a fully accessible Windows computer to work independently. Read & Write Texthelp Offers users speech feedback and word prediction and provides many tools to help access and compose written material. Features include speech feedback, phonetic , word prediction, dictionary and talking calculator. Product Information Form

Kurzweil 3000 Kurzweil Educational Systems A reading, writing, and study skills solution for struggling learners, including ELL students and students with special needs. It enables educators to provide differentiated instruction without having to differentiate the curriculum. Speaking Dynamically Pro Mayer-Johnson Dynamic screen communication software which allows you to use a computer as a powerful speech output device. SD Pro can also be used to create interactive learning activities. Accessible through touch monitor, mouse (or alternative), switch. Symbols not included. Boardmaker Mayer-Johnson A computer software program used to make communication boards, picture schedules, instruction sheets and more, it is one of the most commonly used programs in the field of augmentative/alternative communication. Contains over 3,000 symbols in its picture that can quickly and easily be pasted onto communication boards for use by those whose speech is not readily understood by others. MathPad Plus Intellitools Students can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using factions and decimals. They can view problems as pie charts, fraction bars, or decimal grids which can be manipulated on the screen. Simon Sounds It Out Don Johnston Inc. A phonics intervention program for students of all ages. Simon Sounds It Out is appropriate for any person wishing to learn to read through phonological awareness exercises and comprehension activities. Simon S.I.O. includes 66 levels of sounds arranged by word families. Young and old students enjoy this program. Simon SIO has built in accessibility options. Keyboard shortcuts or single switch scanning can be used to run all activities. Test Me Score Me SoftTouch Assessment software for students with moderate to severe disabilities. Create tests with yes/no or multiple-choice answers. Use pictures, movies, text and speech. Use items that are familiar to the student, or use new items to check for generalization. SOLO Don Johnston, Inc. A software tool set that builds learning skills in reading, writing, planning, organizing, revising and editing for students in grades 3 to 12. Product Information Form

Clicker 4 Crick Software A powerful and easy-to-use writing support and multimedia tool that enables children to write with whole words, phrases or pictures. Clicker 4 is the talking word processor that has the ability to combine graphics, text, and speech to support students' reading and writing skills. 101 Animations R.J. Cooper & Associates A simple cause and effect activity that simply puts a large and loud animation (non-age- specific cartoon) on the screen with every switch activation. ReadPlease ReadPlease Reads any text you see on your screen - all purpose text- to-speech software (available in a free version).

Bobby 3.2 Watchfire Corporation A commercial Windows-based tool to analyze web pages for their accessibility to people with disabilities.

Big Keys LX Greystone Digital Inc. 1-inch square keys that are easy to see and locate; Large black printing on bright-white or multi-color keys or bright- white letters on black keys is available. Each key press generates only 1 character, no matter how long the key is held down. BigTrac Infogrip Largest trackball available requires less fine motor control than a standard trackball. Click buttons help avoid unwanted mouse clicks. Works on Windows and Mac. Go Talk 20+ Attainment Company Learning and communication tool that has a 100 message capacity, 20 message keys each with five distinct levels, and ability to record a total of fifteen minutes of message CameraMouse CameraMouse, Inc. Software for hands-free control of a computer using a video camera to track body movements, such as the head, and convert those movements into cursor movements on a computer screen. Reach “Smart Key” Technology Applied Human Factors, Inc. Helps to increase typing speed and accuracy, Product Information Form

ScanBuddy Applied Human Factors, Inc. An assistive technology program that allows the user to perform mouse and pointer functions by scanning with single or dual switches. Can increase the user’s scanning speed and accuracy. Dragon Naturally Speaking 9 Nuance Speech recognition software, voice can be used to dictate, edit and control just about any Windows-based application.

Integrated Touch Screen Monitor with Keytec, Inc. Is a transparent pressure-sensitive membrane overlay Magic Touch Software capable of detecting your touch for mouse cursor movement, clicking, double clicking and dragging. Your finger or a stylus becomes the mouse control. Magic Touch works for any mouse-driven programs, and the mouse can still be used simultaneously. Focus 40/80 Braille Display Freedom Scientific Used with the JAWS screen reader, the refreshable braille cells act as a tactile monitor that allows you to navigate and read information in dynamic braille. Sci-Plus Scientific Calculator with Speech Humanware Group Large display calculator that allows people with low vision to perform scientific, statistical and trigonometric calculations; speech output. MouseTrial Autism Software Dan Welchman Productions Exercises and games designed for children with autistic www.mousetrial.com spectrum disorders. Based on the method of discrete trial therapy. Several different exercises that can be tried for free.

Section Five

Case Studies

1. Carol: Benefits of Assistive Technology for Students with Temporary Disabilities

2. Shane: Masters Student in Ireland

3. Michael: Accommodations for Deafness

4. Lorraine: How Assistive Technology Boosts Employment

5. Christopher: Computers and Assistive Technology as Tools for Learning and Employment

6. Satoshi: Professor Using Assistive Technology

Case Studies Form

Disability Technology Method of Access Goals Support System Information Utilized

Carol – College student Alternative computer Voice was used to To be able to complete class Training was provided to with Carpal Tunnel access using speech bypass the computer assignments using a students and staff to introduce Syndrome. Could not use input software. keyboard. computer. the software and spread a standard computer awareness of computer access keyboard. options. Shane – Graduate Laptop computer Traditional computer Shane needed to be able to Learning support professionals, student with . (unlimited access to access and keyboard work at his own pace and assistive technology service. help both in the use. work without the stress and classroom and while pressure of having to keep doing homework). He up in class. used a tape recorder to record answers. Michael – Graduate Real-time captioning The specific captioning Michael needed to be able to Office of Disability Services, student with severe- was used to device was not fully participate in his classes support from instructors. profound, bilateral hearing simultaneously convert mentioned, but access and develop critical thinking loss. Uses hearing aids the spoken would be by sight. A skills. and speech reading. Does lectures/discussions classroom note taker not know enough ASL to into print format. was also provided. effectively use an . Lorraine – blind, works Windows OS, JAWS Training in customer To move into a career after Sensory Access Foundation, as an access technology screen-reading care and computer losing her vision, steady Department of Rehabilitation trainer at the Sensory software, keyboard skills. With JAWS employment. services, support of her Access Foundation commands, Microsoft software information employers (Schoolpop). Office suite from the screen is read aloud and also outputs to refreshable braille displays. Case Studies Form

Christopher – learning Standard Windows PC Christopher a variety of To identify the learning Learning Disabilities Center at disability, works for the outfitted with Texthelp software programs to situations and tools that the University of Georgia, GA State of Georgia as a Read & Write, Dragon access the computer. could help him after his Tools for Life program. project director in the Naturally Speaking, He uses the computer was Tools for Life program. Zoomtext screen to access a screen identified, learn how the enlarger, Inspiration reader, phonetic state of Georgia helps software, Kurzweil spelling checker, accommodate people with 3000 screen reading homonym color coder, disabilities, use assistive program, Soothsayer word prediction and technology to more on-screen keyboard, thesaurus. Uses effectively communicate Microsoft accessibility Inspiration visual through the written word, options. thinking and learning function and thrive at his job software to assist in as project director as clear expression. Also successfully as possible. used as speech input, an on-screen keyboard, and a character recognition program. Satoshi – deaf and blind, Uses a computer with a Uses the internet and Relies on assistive Uses his assistant for support. A is an associate professor refreshable Braille email to gather technology to communicate combination of support using and a project director at display, portable Braille information and and do his job. technology and human power is the University of Tokyo. electronic notebook. He communicate by email. his assistive technology solution. also uses Finger Braille A volunteer team of (invented by his finger Braille mother) which is a translators helped him method of conversation understand lectures through fingertip taps while in college. that simulate Braille letters..

Section Six

Lesson Plans & Activities Using Assistive Technology

• Integrating Boardmaker and Kid Pix into an Emergent Literacy Program In a classroom of primary school students with language processing delays and cognitive disabilities, Boardmaker was used to make a communication wallet for one non-verbal student in particular. The symbols were integrated into the emergent literacy curriculum, and helped not only the non-verbal student to communicate better, but helped many of the other students to begin to make stronger word/symbol connections. Boardmaker was used to write out a recipe and symbols were created for objects and events that were not included in the Boardmaker library. PixMaker was also used to give the struggling writers visual and auditory support & feedback. This use of assistive technology helped the students to develop language fluency and skills.

• Snakes (Chutes) and Ladders Communication Display. In this activity, Boardmaker is used to create an overlay to be used while playing the game Chutes and Ladders. With pictures that show game-related objects and activities, the student can interact appropriately with others as the game is played. This activity promotes interaction and a sense of being included in playtime (especially when used with Speaking Dynamically Pro), and it can be used for a wide array of games.

• Dancing Teddy Dancing Teddy is a simple cause-effect activity that can be activated by a mouse click, which makes it suitable for use with a switch-adapted mouse. A series of nine teddy bears each have a different movement and sound effect. This activity is appropriate for younger children and requires IntelliPics or IntelliPics Player.

• What We Wear in Winter – Talking Book Students take photos of themselves in winter clothing, and use the photos to make a talking book about winter clothing. This activity is suitable for pre-K and elementary grade levels and can be used to teach language arts content (such as vocabulary), as well as decision-making skills. This activity allows participation of students with varying degrees of disability. The students can select their winter clothes using eye gaze or by pointing to/grasping the item of their choice or selecting the representative picture. The students assist one another other by using a switch adapted digital camera to photograph each in their winter clothes, and the teacher records a sentence for each student. This seems like a fun activity that can be modified to fit many different topics (for example, holidays and cultural differences).

• Cooking Delicious Apple Treats This activity can be used to teach communication skills and how to follow directions, and would be suitable for students in secondary and elementary grade classrooms. A Step-by-Step communicator is used to record the list of ingredients and the recipe. Students take turns gathering the required ingredients and then follow the step-by-step directions to complete the recipe. The students then use the iTalk2 to share what they liked best about the cooking activity. This activity uses a switch adapted electric peeler and food chopper, but if a different recipe is used the needed equipment could be adapted as well. All children seem to like creating things on their own, and I’m sure those with disabilities are no exception.

• Letter Bingo This is an activity that helps students learn about letters as they create their own Letter Bingo cards to use as they play the game. They review the letters and make their own bingo cards. The students then take turns spinning for a letter (using an All-Turn-It spinner) and name the letter verbally or by using the Bigmack communicator. When a student gets bingo they can use the Bigmack communicator to say Bingo! (the word would already be programmed). This seems to be a good activity for communication, letter identification, direction following, and active participation.

• Go Fish Game This is one of the many activities that can be found on the IntelliShare classroom activity exchange. This game is suitable for non-verbal students or students with hearing impairments, and can be use to build socialization and play skills, teach the importance of turn-taking, and reinforce color identification skills. When I saw this game I remembered playing it as a child, and I really like the idea of adapting it so that all children can have fun playing it.

• My Place in the World The purpose of this activity is to give students a better understanding, using IntelliTools Classroom Suite, of where they are located on earth. The version on the website is for students living in Arizona, but it could be modified to be suitable for students in other states or countries. This activity is perfect for a social studies or geography lesson as it uses maps and information that is location-specific.

• Integrating Technology Tools into an ELA Unit Wanting to improve students’ reading comprehension, the teacher in this technology integration vignette used Inspiration as a tool to help students map out the plot and understand character development. She also decided to integrate multimedia into the unit, and Kid Pix was used to create and combine images, sound, animation, and text. By relating the events of the story to music, the students were able to demonstrate their understanding of the plot and convey their understanding of the characters’ evolving emotional states. This lesson shows that technology can be used as valuable learning tool for all students. Using Inspiration for an activity such as this one might be especially beneficial for students with learning disabilities, but the students with no disabilities benefited as well.

• Staying Warm Like Penguins Do In this lesson students follow step-by-step directions to complete a science experiment (simulate the insulation of a penguin). They use touch to make an observation about the outcome of the experiment, and use an iTalk2 communicator to select and communicate the outcome they observe. Symbols to represent “cold” and “no” and placed on the iTalk, and it is programmed with the sentences “This feels cold” and “No, this does not feel cold”. The students read the directions using a programmed Step-by-Step communicator and feel ice cubes with a plastic bag on their hand, using the iTalk to communicate if it feels cold or not. This seems like a fun learning activity that would be enjoyed by all students, and the use of assistive technology allows everyone to participate.

Section Seven

Articles & Information Sheets

• Assistive Technology 101- What Is Assistive Technology? • What is Assistive Technology – Fact Sheet • Assistive Technology Examples – Fact Sheet • At-Risk Online Learners: Barriers to Success • E-Learning as an Assistive Technology Tool • NETg integrates assistive technology to provide access to learners with disabilities • Early Childhood Education & AT: A Tool, Not a Crutch • Toys for Children with Special Needs: You Can See a Lot by Observing • Assistive Technology for Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children with Disabilities - Information Sheet • Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) • Facts About Autism • Assistive Technology for Kids with Learning Disabilities – An Overview • Product Spotlight – Kurzweil 3000 Successfully Raises Reading Scores and grades of Arizona High School Students • Product Spotlight – Massachusetts Schools Choose Kurzweil 3000 to Aid Students with Learning Disabilities • Using Flexible Technology to Meet the Needs of Diverse Learners: What Teachers Can Do • Product Feature – Visual Cues and Strategies for the Success of All Learners

Section Eight

Funding, Training, Resources

• Assistive Technology Funding Search Tips • General Funding Tips • Funding for AT • DisabilityInfo.gov – Information on Grants and Funding • Winter Institute - Assistive Technology Funding Related Resources • Tennessee Disability Pathfinder: an internet community for persons seeking disability resources • Alliance for Technology Access Listserv • Assistive Technology Laws • AT Tutorials from ATTO • TechSoup Message Board • UT Office of Disability Services • ITC Forum Message – Captioning Workshop for Media (& the Classroom) – a UT event that will focus on the need to ensure that deaf and hard-of- hearing individuals have access to materials available in various audio media formats. • 10th Annual Accessing Higher Ground: Accessible Media, Web and Technology Conference. Accessing Higher Ground focuses on the implementation and benefits of Assistive Technology in the university and college setting for sensory, physical and learning disabilities. Other topics include legal and policy issues, including ADA and 508 compliance, and making campus media and information resources accessible • Section 508 Checklist for HTML • National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard (NIMAS) • Coordinating Instructional Materials Accessibility: NIMAS Guidelines Checklist • NIMAS Workflow Graphic • Autism Software, Activities and Resources • Adapting Materials for Blind and Visually Impaired Students • Alphabet Fingerspelling Handout • Accessibility Resources Available Online for Individuals with Visual Impairments • AT and UDL References and Resources List • Assistive technology for Early Childhood Literacy • Free Communication Symbold • AAC Vendor List • Technology and Differentiated Instruction – Websites for Further Exploration • Adapting and Protecting Early Childhood Books • Adapting Books for Easier Access • Toy Adapting Ideas – Vermont Assistive Technology Project • Family Information Guide to Assistive Technology – includes information about funding, assistive technology in schools, glossary of terms, questions and tips, and additional information resources. • Full Feature Demonstration Programs on the Internet