25 Years of the Liberal Democrats
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For the study of Liberal, SDP and Issue 83 / Summer 2014 / £9.00 Liberal Democrat history Journal of LiberalHI ST O R Y 25 years of the Liberal Democrats Mark Pack The Liberal Democrat approach to campaigning Matt Cole The importance of local government to the Liberal Democrats David Howarth The Liberal Democrats and the functions of policy Duncan Brack Liberal Democrat leadership The four leaders analysed Andrew Russell Who votes for the Liberal Democrats? Sources of electoral support Liberal Democrat History Group New from the Liberal Democrat History Group The Dictionary of Liberal Quotations ‘A liberal is a man or a woman or a child who looks forward to a better day, a more tranquil night, and a bright, infinite future.’ (Leonard Bernstein) ‘I am for peace, retrenchment and reform, the watchword of the great Liberal Party thirty years ago.’ (John Bright) ‘Few organisations can debate for three days whether to stage a debate, hold a debate, have a vote and then proceed to have a debate about what they have debated. But that is why the Liberal Democrats hold a special place in the British constitution.’ (Patrick Wintour) Edited by Duncan Brack, with a foreword from Paddy Ashdown. Writers, thinkers, journalists, philosophers and politicians contribute nearly 2,000 quotations, musings, provocations, jibes and diatribes. A completely revised and updated edition of the History Group’s second book (published originally in 1999), this is the essential guide to who said what about Liberals and Liberalism. Available at a special discounted rate for Journal of Liberal History subscribers: £10 instead of the normal £12.99. To order by post, send a cheque (to ‘Liberal Democrat History Group’) for the cover price plus postage and packing at the rate of £2 per copy. Orders should be sent to: LDHG, 54 Midmoor Road, London SW12 0EN. The best single-volume study available of British Liberalism and British Liberals Peace, Reform and Liberation ‘This new volume, taking a long view from the later seventeenth century to the Cameron-Clegg coalition of today, is a collective enterprise by many hands … This is an excellent book.’ Kenneth O. Morgan, Cercles ‘I had not expected to enjoy this book as much as I did, or to learn as much from it.’ William Wallace, Lib Dem Voice ‘The editors and their fourteen authors deserve congratulation for producing a readable one-volume history of Liberal politics in Britain that is both erudite but perfectly accessible to any reader interested in the subject.’ Mark Smulian, Liberator Edited by Robert Ingham and Duncan Brack, with a foreword from Nick Clegg. Written by academics and experts, drawing on the most recent research, Peace, Reform and Liberation is the most comprehensive and most up-to-date guide to the story of those who called themselves Liberals, what inspired them and what they achieved over the last 300 years and more. An essential source for anyone interested in the contribution of Liberals and Liberalism to British politics. Available at a special discounted rate for Journal of Liberal History subscribers: £24 instead of the normal £30. To order, send a cheque (to ‘Liberal Democrat History Group’) for the cover price plus postage and packing at the rate of £4 for one copy; £7 for two copies; £9 for three copies; and add £1 for each further copy. Orders should be sent to: LDHG, 54 Midmoor Road, London SW12 0EN. 2 Journal of Liberal History 83 Summer 2014 Journal of Liberal History Issue 83: Summer 2014 The Journal of Liberal History is published quarterly by the Liberal Democrat History Group. ISSN 1479-9642 The Liberal Democrats: the first 25 years 4 Editor: Duncan Brack Duncan Brack and Mark Pack introduce this special issue of the Journal. Deputy Editor: Tom Kiehl Assistant Editor: Siobhan Vitelli Biographies Editor: Robert Ingham The Liberal Democrat approach to campaigning 6 Reviews Editor: Dr Eugenio Biagini Mark Pack examines the evolution of the party’s campaigning techniques and Contributing Editors: Graham Lippiatt, Tony Little, structures York Membery Can the Grand Old Duke of York march back up 16 Patrons Dr Eugenio Biagini; Professor Michael Freeden; again? Professor John Vincent The importance of local government to the Liberal Democrats; by Matt Cole Editorial Board The Liberal Democrats and the functions of 24 Dr Malcolm Baines; Dr Ian Cawood; Dr Matt Cole; policy Dr Roy Douglas; Dr David Dutton; Prof. David Gowland; Prof. Richard Grayson; Dr Michael Hart; Peter Hellyer; David Howarth explores the different roles played by policy and policy- Dr Alison Holmes; Dr J. Graham Jones; Dr Tudor Jones; making within the party Tony Little; Michael Meadowcroft; Dr Michael Steed; Dr Mark Pack; Dr Ian Packer; Dr John Powell; Jaime Liberal Democrat leadership 34 Reynolds; Dr Andrew Russell; Dr Iain Sharpe Duncan Brack describes the key characteristics of Liberal Democrat leaders, and analyses the record of the four leaders to date Editorial/Correspondence Contributions to the Journal – letters, articles, and book reviews – are invited. The Journal is a refereed Report 45 publication; all articles submitted will be reviewed. The progressive coalition that never was: lessons from the Ashdown–Blair Contributions should be sent to: ‘project’, with Paddy Ashdown, Roger Liddle and Pat McFadden; report by Duncan Brack (Editor) Douglas Oliver 54 Midmoor Road, London SW12 0EN email: [email protected] Who votes for the Liberal Democrats? 48 All articles copyright © Journal of Liberal History. All Sources of electoral support; by Andrew Russell rights reserved. Liberal Democrats in coalition: the Scottish 56 Advertisements record Full page £100; half page £60; quarter page £35. Discounts available for repeat ads or offers to readers Caron Lindsay examines the record of the Liberal Democrat–Labour coalitions (e.g. discounted book prices). To place ads, please in Scotland, 1999–2007 contact the Editor. Going into Labour: the Welsh Liberal Democrat 62 Subscriptions/Membership coalition experience 2000–2003 An annual subscription to the Journal of Liberal History costs £20.00 (£12.50 unwaged rate). This includes Russell Deacon examines the record of the Liberal Democrat–Labour coalition membership of the History Group unless you inform in Wales, 2000–2003 us otherwise. Non-UK subscribers should add £10.00. Institutional rate £50.00, including online access. As well as printed copies, online subscribers can access online copies of current and past Journals. Online subscriptions are available to individuals at £40.00. Cheques (payable to ‘Liberal Democrat History Group’) should be sent to: Patrick Mitchell 6 Palfrey Place, London SW8 1PA; email: [email protected] Liberal Democrat History Group Payment is also possible via our website, www.liberalhistory.org.uk. The Liberal Democrat History Group promotes the discussion and research of topics relating to the histories of the Liberal Democrats, Liberal Party, and SDP, and of Liberalism. The Cover design concept: Lynne Featherstone Group organises discussion meetings and produces the Journal of Liberal History and other Published by the Liberal Democrat History Group, occasional publications. c/o 54 Midmoor Road, London SW12 0EN For more information, including historical commentaries, details of publications, back issues Printed by Kall-Kwik, of the Journal, and archive and other research sources, see our website at: 18 Colville Road, London W3 8BL www.liberalhistory.org.uk. August 2014 Chair: Tony Little Honorary President: Lord Wallace of Saltaire Journal of Liberal History 83 Summer 2014 3 THE LIBERAL DEMOCRAts: thE First 25 YEARS n 3 March 2013, the Lib- On 3 March special issue of the Journal of Liberal party’s campaigning techniques eral Democrats marked History, but rather than simply tell and structures. Otheir twenty-fifth birth- 2013, the the story chronologically, we have Although the Liberal Demo- day. The story of the party since aimed to identify the key factors in crats have never managed to win 1988 has been a dramatic one, from Liberal the party’s survival and success, at as much as 10 per cent of Parlia- near-extinction, through a failed least up until entry into coalition. mentary constituencies, they have realignment of the left, a period of Democrats First, the party’s campaign- been much more successful at local rapidly changing leaders, and then ing ability. As noted above, from level. The Liberal Party had built into government, for the first time marked their 1997 onwards the Liberal Demo- up its local strength to almost 1,500 for a third party for sixty years. crats have managed to win signifi- councillors by the time the SDP The Liberal Democrat History twenty-fifth cantly greater numbers of seats than was formed in 1983; the Alliance Group’s history of British Liber- birthday. their predecessor parties, often on took this to over 3,500 by 1987. For alism, Peace, Reform and Liberation smaller shares of the national vote. most of the lifetime of the Liberal (published in 2011; see advert on This has been the outcome of a Democrats, the party has had over page 2), analysed the history of the combination of intensive local cam- 4,000 councillors, briefly topping Liberal Democrats in six phases: paigning – both contributing to 5,000 in 1996–97, 22 per cent of the survival, 1988–92; an attempt to and reinforced by local government UK total. Local Liberal Democrats realign the left, 1992–99; a return success – an increasing targeting of have had a focus for their efforts to more traditional protest politics, resources on winnable seats and a and, in most areas, a taste of elec- 1999–2005; a period of instability, steadily more professional organi- toral success and a demonstration including two leadership elections, sation. Parliamentary by-elections of the way in which effective cam- 2005–07; the search for a definition have also helped, and sometimes paigning and organisation can lead in the wake of the disintegration of proved vital, to the party’s national to results.