THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE KM BRACING BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, DOCTRINAL, AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL BIOGRAPHY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Based on the Third Edition of the Realencyklopadie Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck PREPARED BY MORE THAN SIX HUNDRED SCHOLARS AND SPECIALISTS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. (Editor-in-Chief) WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN AND GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. (Associate Editors) AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D. (Department of Systematic Theology ) (Department of the Old Testament) HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D. (Department of Minor Denomination!) (Department of the New Testament) JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D. (Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders) (Department of Church History) (VOL. I.) FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A. JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. (Department of Pronunciation and Typography) (Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders) (VOLS. II. TO XII.) Complete in twelve Uolumee FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON JAN 6 1909 Copyright, 1908, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England [Printed in the United States of America] Published May, 1908 ~\\ Animism 183 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Annihilationism too received comforting promises from the angel. ANNIHILATIONISM. When the daughter was one year old the parents Definition and Classification of Theories (§ 1). prepared a banquet, and Anna sang a song of praise Pure Mortal ism (§2). similar to the Magnificat. When three years of Conditional Immortalityt} 3). age, Mary, having been dedicated before her birth Annihilationism Proper ($4). to the service of God, was brought to Jerusalem Mingling of Theories (§5). by her parents and given to the priests to be edu Early History of Annihilationistic Theories (J 6). Nineteenth Century Theories ( § 7). cated in the Temple. According to later apocryphal English Advocates ((8). legends, Joachim died soon after Mary's birth, and Modifications of the Theory (§9). Anna, " not out of sensual lusts, but at the prompt ing of the Holy Spirit," married first Cleophas, theories A term which designating unite in broadly contending a large that body human of to whom she bore Mary, the wife of Alphaeus, and after his death Salomas, by whom she became the i. Defini- ence beings altogether. pass, or are These put, outtheories of exist- fall mother of a third Mary, the wife of Zebedaus. The legend in this form, which owes its develop tion and logically into three classes, according ment to the luxuriant Anne cult of the later medieval Classifica- as they hold that all souls, being period, was known to Jean Gerson (d. 1429; cf. Theories, tion of death;mortal, or actually that, souls cease being to naturally exist at his Oratio de nalivitate virginis Marias, Opera, iii. 59). Conrad Wimpina (in his Oratio de diva; Anna; mortal, only those persist in life to trinubio, 1518), as well as Johann Eck (in a sermon which immortality is given by God; or that, though in vol. iii. of his Homilice, Paris, 1579), defended souls are naturally immortal and persist in exist the legend. ence unless destroyed by a force working upon Thus the most fantastic excesses of the Anne cult them from without, wicked souls are actually thus coincide with the Reformation epoch, and were destroyed. These three classes of theories may defended by Roman Catholic theologians of the be conveniently called respectively, (1) pure mor- most different schools,— not only immaculistic talism, (2) conditional immortality, and (3) anni Franciscans, but also Dominicans, Carmelites, hilationism proper. and Augustinian hermits. Even Luther, in his form The the common first of contention these classes of theis that theories human which life youth, when overtaken by a thunderstorm, cried to Anne for help, and vowed, if delivered, to become Mortalism. 2. Pure thatisout bound of therefore being up with with the theentire the organism, dissolution man passes and of a monk (Kostlin, Leben Luthers, i. 49, Berlin, 1893). It was a firm belief in the popular mind of the time that Christ's grandmother preserved health, made the organism. The usual basis of rich, and protected in death. The pictorial repre this contention is either materialistic or panthe sentations of the fifteenth to the seventeenth cen istic or at least pantheizing (e.g., realistic); the tury dedicated to Anne are almost innumerable soul being conceived in the former case as but a as well as the Anne churches. In post-Reformation function of organized matter and necessarily ceasing times popes promoted the Anne cult; thus Gregory to exist with the dissolution of the organism, in XIII. in 1584 ordered that on July 26, the supposed the latter case as but the individualized manifes day of Anne's death, a double mass should be said tation of a much more extensive entity, back throughout the whole Church; and Benedict XIV. into which it sinks with the dissolution of the in his De festis Maria Virginis (ii. 9), recommends organism in connection with which the individ the veneration of St. Anne. In the Greek church ualization takes place. Rarely, however, the con St. Anne is also celebrated, partly by festivals tention in question is based on the notion that the (July 25 in commemoration of her death; Dec. soul, although a spiritual entity distinct from the 9, as the day of her conception; Sept. 9, as the day material body, is incapable of maintaining its exist of her marriage with Joachim), partly by a rich ence separate from the body. The promise of ascetic-homiletical literature, which reaches back eternal life is too essential an element of Christianity to Gregory of Nyssa, but without following the for theories like these to thrive in a Christian atmos later medieval legends of Western tradition. phere. It is even admitted now by Stade, Oort, O. ZoCKLERf. Schwally, and others that the Old Testament, Bibliography: J. Trithemius, De laudibue S. Anncr, Mainz, even in its oldest strata, presupposes the persist 1494; P. Canisius, S. J., De Maria deipara virgine, i. 4, ence of life after death, — which used to be very IngolBtadt, 1577; C. Frantz, Geechichte dee Marien- und commonly denied. Nevertheless, the materialists Annen-Cultue, Halberstadt, 1854; H. Samson, Die Schutz- heiligen, pp. 1 sqq., Paderborn, 1889. From the Protes (e.g., Feuerbach, Vogt, Moleschott, Biichner, tant standpoint: G. Kawerau, Caspar Guttel, pp. 16 sqq., Hackel), and pantheists (Spinoza, Fichte, Schelling, Halle, 1882; E. Schaumkell, Der Cultue der heiligen Anna Hegel, Strauss; cf. S. Davidson, Doctrine of the am Auegang dee MitUlalters, Freiburg, 1893; G. Bossert, Last Things, London, 1882, pp. 132-133), still deny St. A nna Cultue in WUrtiemberg, in Blatter fur wurttemberg- ieche Kirchengeechichte, i. (1886) 17, 64 sqq. For Anne the possibility of immortality; and in exceedingly in art: H. Detzel, Chriettidie /konographie, i. 66-80, Frei wide circles, even among those who would not burg, 1894. wholly break with Christianity, men permit them ANNET, PETER. See Deism. selves to cherish nothing more than a " hope " ATTNI CLERI: A method of repaying loans of it (S. Hoekstra, De hoop der onsterfelijkheid, for the erection of a church or parsonage, whereby Amsterdam, 1867; L. W. E. Rauwenhoff, Wijs- succeeding pastors contribute a portion of their begeerte van den Godsdienst, Leyden, 1887, p. 811; income in fixed instalments. cf. the " Ingersoll Lecture?"). Annihilationism THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 184 The class of theories to which the designation a question of salvation by a gift of grace to ever of " conditional immortality " is most properly lasting life or of being left to the disintegrating applicable, agree with the theories effects of sin. The point of distinction between 3- Con- of pure mortalism in teaching the theories of this class and " conditionalism " is that ditional natural mortality of man in his en- these theories with more or less consistency or Immor- tirety, but separate from them in heartiness recognize what is called the " natural tality. maintaining that this mortal may, immortality of the soul," and are not tempted and in many cases does, put on im therefore to think of the soul as by nature passing mortality. Immortality in their view is a gift of out of being at death (or at any time), and yet God, conferred on those who have entered into teach that the actual punishment inflicted upon living communion with him. Many theorists of or suffered by the wicked results in extinction of this class adopt frankly the materialistic doctrine being. They may differ among themselves, as to of the soul, and deny that it is a distinct entity; the time when this extinction takes place, — they therefore teach that the soul necessarily dies whether at death, or at the general judgment, — with the body, and identify life beyond death with or as to the more or less extended or intense pun the resurrection, conceived as essentially a recrea ishment accorded to the varying guilt of each soul. tion of the entire man. Whether all men are sub They may differ also as to the means by which the jects of this recreative resurrection is a mooted annihilation of the wicked soul is accomplished, — question among themselves. Some deny it, and whether by a mere act of divine power, cutting off affirm therefore that the wicked perish finally at the -infill life, or by the destructive fury of the death, the children of God alone attaining to punishment inflicted, or by the gradual enervating resurrection. The greater part, however, teach a and sapping working of sin itself on the personality.