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Mugwumps and Never Trumps: the Rhetoric of Party Bolting

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Mugwumps and Never Trumps: the Rhetoric of Party Bolting MUGWUMPS AND NEVER TRUMPS: THE RHETORIC OF PARTY BOLTING AND PARTY REPAIR _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by JOEL LANSING REED Dr. Mitchell S. McKinney, Dissertation Supervisor July 2019 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MUGWUMPS AND NEVER TRUMPS: THE RHETORIC OF PARTY BOLTING AND PARTY REPAIR presented by Joel Lansing Reed, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Mitchell S. McKinney Professor Cassandra C. Kearney Professor Rebecca J. Meisenbach Professor Ryan J. Thomas Professor Benjamin R. Warner This Project is Dedicated to the Memory of Geraldine Lansing (1918-2016) The wisest woman I have ever known. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am profoundly aware that from my first day of kindergarten at California Elementary School to the completion of my dissertation defense, each of the educators along my path has been a public employee of the State of Missouri. The time each of those individuals has dedicated to the craft of teaching has shaped me and this project in immeasurable ways. I must start with an acknowledgement of the last of those educators along my journey, Dr. Mitchell McKinney, without whom this project would not have been possible. I am grateful for his guidance, feedback, and insights throughout the dissertation process. His wisdom is reflected in these pages. Those portions of the manuscript that are resonant and offer unique contributions to the discipline are a direct product of Dr. McKinney’s guidance, while any errors are my own. I am also grateful for the contributions of my committee members Dr. Benjamin R. Warner, Dr. Cassandra C. Kearney, Dr. Rebecca J. Meisenbach, and Dr. Ryan J. Thomas, each of whom gave generously of their time and energy and contributed significantly to the final product. Among the other educators whose influence is apparent in these pages are Dr. Elizabeth Dudash-Buskirk, Dr. Eric Morris, and Dr. Joel Paddock. I must also extend my sincere thanks to my fellow political communication colleague Dr. Josh C. Bramlett. Outside of my committee, no other individual has done more to shape my perspectives on political communication and political partisanship than Josh. I am blessed to count him as a colleague and as a friend. I am also grateful for the contributions of my other friends and colleagues in the Political Communication Institute including Dr. Rocio Galarza Molina, Dr. Molly Hardy, Dr. Calvin Coker, Ms. Sopheak Hoeun, and Mr. William Bryan Paul. iii I am truly blessed to have had the support of so many amazing friends and colleagues, in addition to those already listed, who made this journey not only possible but enjoyable. My friends Scotti Branton, Lauren Johnsen, and Dr. T.J. Thomson have provided me unmatched emotional support and encouragement throughout the dissertation process. I have received support of too many individuals to name, but I want to acknowledge the friendship of my amazing cohort at the University of Missouri, my teammates from the Holt V. Spicer Debate Forum, and my close friends from my hometown of Nixa, Missouri. To Jeff, Doug, Nick, Chris, Jen, Katie, Nettie, Jarid, Tim, Monique, Megan, Leslie, Kristin, Carly, Lucy, Troy, Sarah, Maria, Anna, Alyssa, Jesus, Christine, Mike, and so many more, thank you for having my back during this process. I want to acknowledge the special contribution of my friends Dan and Mary Brauch who graciously opened their hearts and their home to a poor doctoral student at Mizzou. A sizeable portion of this manuscript was written with their encouragement at their beautiful home overlooking the Missouri River in Jamestown, MO. Thanks is also due to Dorothy Carner, who was an invaluable resource in locating archival materials about the 1884 election and all of the library staff at the University of Missouri. I have been blessed to have the love and support of my amazing family. Through phone calls, texts, and visits, my brothers Nate and David Reed have consistently uplifted and encouraged me over the last two years. I have similarly drawn strength from the love and support from the other members of my family: Alex, Lisa, Jacob, and Hugh Juden, Linda and Lawrence Graves, and John and Deb Reed. While her formal education only extended through the eighth grade, Geraldine Lansing was the wisest woman I’ve ever known and a proud party bolter. She was not iv able to see this project come to completion, but the memory of her strength and determination have sustained me along this road. This dissertation is dedicated to her memory. Finally, it would be impossible to put into words the debt of gratitude I owe James and Debra Reed. Their financial, emotional, and spiritual support has meant more than any other factor in my achieving this milestone. Their unconditional love has already helped me to achieve more than I thought was possible, and their example inspires me each and every day. I am truly honored to have them as my parents. v Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Parties in America: A Debate Across Time ............................................................ 5 Study Overview .................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 19 Political Parties and their Divisions: A Study in Definition ................................. 19 Parties as Organizations ................................................................................. 25 Parties as ‘Faced’ Organizations ................................................................... 29 Factions ................................................................................................................. 34 Social Movements ................................................................................................. 42 The Rhetoric of Defection and Party Bolting ....................................................... 45 The Rhetoric of Intraparty Divisions in American History .................................. 51 The Jacksonians ............................................................................................. 53 Rail Splitter or Party Splitter?........................................................................ 57 Ma, Ma, Where’s My Party? ......................................................................... 60 William Jennings Bryan and the Cross of Electability .................................. 64 The New Deal Versus the Old Guard ............................................................ 66 Truman Defeats Dewey… and Wallace… and Thurmond ............................ 68 Tea Party v. Establishment ............................................................................ 73 Never Trump & Bernie-or-Bust ..................................................................... 75 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 81 Chapter 3: Method ............................................................................................................ 83 Rhetorical Criticism .............................................................................................. 83 The Rhetorical Situation ....................................................................................... 88 Organizational Rhetoric & Organizational Identity .............................................. 91 Text Analysis ........................................................................................................ 97 Text Selection ....................................................................................................... 99 1884 Texts ................................................................................................... 100 1948 Texts ................................................................................................... 102 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 103 vi Chapter 4: The Mugwump Revolt of 1884 ..................................................................... 105 The Mugwumps .................................................................................................. 107 Carl Schurz .................................................................................................. 108 George William Curtis and Harper’s Weekly ............................................. 111 Thomas Nast ................................................................................................ 113 E. L. Godkin, The Nation, and the New-York Evening Post ........................ 115 Moorfield Storey .......................................................................................... 116 Henry
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